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<li id="toc-Fabrication_and_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabrication_and_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fabrication and assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabrication_and_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_mission_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_mission_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>End of mission planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_mission_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Objectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Scientific payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System_(E-THEMIS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System_(E-THEMIS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System_(E-THEMIS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa_(MISE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa_(MISE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa_(MISE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europa_Imaging_System_(EIS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa_Imaging_System_(EIS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Europa Imaging System (EIS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa_Imaging_System_(EIS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_(Europa-UVS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_(Europa-UVS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_(Europa-UVS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface_(REASON)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface_(REASON)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface_(REASON)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer_(ECM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer_(ECM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer_(ECM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_(PIMS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_(PIMS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.7</span> <span>Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_(PIMS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration_(MASPEX)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration_(MASPEX)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.8</span> <span>Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration_(MASPEX)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_Dust_Analyzer_(SUDA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_Dust_Analyzer_(SUDA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.9</span> <span>Surface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_Dust_Analyzer_(SUDA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravity_&_Radio_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravity_&_Radio_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.10</span> <span>Gravity & Radio Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravity_&_Radio_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_and_trajectory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_trajectory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Launch and trajectory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_trajectory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public outreach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Europa Clipper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="أوروبا كليبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروبا كليبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="اروپا کلیپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپا کلیپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%ED%8C%8C_%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8D%BC" title="유로파 클리퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유로파 클리퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%91%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC" title="エウロパ・クリッパー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エウロパ・クリッパー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Europa Clipper" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E5%BF%AB%E8%88%B9" title="欧罗巴快船 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧罗巴快船" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15637513#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Europa Clipper</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png/260px-Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png/390px-Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png/520px-Europa_Clipper_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="5423" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's rendering of the Europa Clipper spacecraft</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Europa Multiple Flyby Mission</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> reconnaissance</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2024-182A">2024-182A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15637513#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">61507<span style="float:right"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15637513?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.nasa.gov/">europa<wbr />.nasa<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Cruise: 5.5 years<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Science phase: 4 years<br /> Elapsed: 1 month, 15 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">6,065 kg (13,371 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-SN20210129_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN20210129-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gov_Home_About_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Home_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SextantMarch2018-Weight_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SextantMarch2018-Weight-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 2,750 kg (6,060 lb) propellant<sup id="cite_ref-APLpropulsionmodule_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APLpropulsionmodule-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,241 kg (7,145 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Gov_Home_About_20230313_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Home_About_20230313-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">352 kg (776 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">Height: 6 m (20 ft)<br />Solar panel span: 22 m (72 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-Gov_Home_About_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Home_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">600 watts from <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a><sup id="cite_ref-Europa_Clipper_Update_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_Clipper_Update-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 14, 2024, 16:06:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2024-10-14UTC16:06Z</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (12:06 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> Block 5<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-202107232_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-202107232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> <span class="nowrap">(gravity assist)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 2025<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of Earth <span class="nowrap">(gravity assist)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">December 3, 2026<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Jupiter orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 2030 (first closest approach to Europa)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits</th><td class="infobox-data">49<sup id="cite_ref-Gov_Home_About_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Home_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding" title="Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding">PIMS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer" title="Europa Clipper Magnetometer">ECM</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Europa Clipper Magnetometer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa" title="Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa">MISE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Imaging_System" title="Europa Imaging System">EIS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Europa Imaging System</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface" title="Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface">REASON</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System">E-THEMIS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration">MASPEX</a></th><td class="infobox-data">MAss SPectrometer for Planetary EXploration</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph" title="Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph">Europa-UVS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Europa-Ultraviolet Spectrograph</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Surface_Dust_Analyser" title="Surface Dust Analyser">SUDA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SUrface Dust Analyzer<sup id="cite_ref-europa.nasa.gov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa.nasa.gov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Europa_Clipper_patch.png/180px-Europa_Clipper_patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Europa_Clipper_patch.png/270px-Europa_Clipper_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Europa_Clipper_patch.png/360px-Europa_Clipper_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><br />Europa Clipper mission patch <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic Science Missions</a></b><br /><i>Planetary Science Division</i></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">Mars Sample Return</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Europa Clipper</b> (previously known as <b>Europa Multiple Flyby Mission</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. It was launched on October 14, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft will use <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a> from Mars on March 1, 2025,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Earth on December 3, 2026,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before arriving at Europa in April 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_use_commercial_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_use_commercial-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft will then perform a series of <a href="/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)" title="Flyby (spaceflight)">flybys</a> of Europa while in orbit around Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-TG-20230305_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-20230305-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europa Clipper is designed to follow up on evidence for a subsurface ocean underneath Europa's ice <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, found using the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003. Plans to send a spacecraft to Europa were initially conceived with projects such as <a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a>, in which a spacecraft would be inserted into orbit around Europa. However, due to the adverse effects of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">magnetosphere of Jupiter</a> in Europa orbit, it was decided that it would be safer to insert a spacecraft into an <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptical orbit</a> around Jupiter and make 49 close flybys of the moon instead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Europa Clipper spacecraft is larger than any other used for previous NASA planetary missions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europa Clipper complements the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a>, launched in 2023, which will attempt to fly past Europa twice and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> multiple times before moving into orbit around <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, a <a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a> mission was proposed by a team for NASA's <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery Program</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Europa_Ocean_Discovery_mission_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Europa_Ocean_Discovery_mission-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was not selected. NASA's JPL announced one month after the selection of Discovery proposals that a NASA Europa orbiter mission would be conducted. JPL then invited the Discovery proposal team to be the Mission Review Committee (MRC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the same time as the proposal of the Discovery-class Europa Orbiter, the robotic <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft was already orbiting Jupiter. From December 8, 1995, to December 7, 1997, Galileo conducted the primary mission after entering the orbit of Jupiter. On that final date, the Galileo orbiter commenced an extended mission known as the Galileo Europa Mission (GEM), which ran until December 31, 1999. This was a low-cost mission extension with a budget of only US$30 million. The smaller team of about 40–50 people (compared with the primary mission's 200-person team from 1995 to 1997) did not have the resources to deal with problems, but when they arose, it was able to temporarily recall former team members (called "tiger teams") for intensive efforts to solve them. The spacecraft made several flybys of Europa (8), <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> (4) and <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> (2). On each flyby of the three moons it encountered, the spacecraft collected only two days' worth of data instead of the seven it had collected during the primary mission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During GEM's eight flybys of Europa, it ranged from 196 to 3,582 km (122 to 2,226 mi), in two years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europa has been identified as one of the locations in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> that could possibly harbor microbial <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_a_must_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_a_must-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schulze-Makuch2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulze-Makuch2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zab_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zab-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately following the Galileo spacecraft's discoveries and the independent Discovery program proposal for a Europa orbiter, JPL conducted preliminary mission studies that envisioned a capable spacecraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a> (a US$16 billion mission concept),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a> (a US$4.3 billion concept), another orbiter (US$2 billion concept), and a multi-flyby spacecraft: Europa Clipper.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mission to Europa was recommended by the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (United States)">National Research Council</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_a_must_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_a_must-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zab_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zab-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approximate cost estimate rose from US$2 billion in 2013 to US$4.25 billion in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission is a joint project between the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> (APL), and the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL).<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OPAG_Update_2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPAG_Update_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission's name is a reference to the lightweight <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper ships</a> of the 19th century that routinely plied trade routes around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Clipper_name_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clipper_name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moniker was chosen because the spacecraft will sail past Europa, as frequently as every two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Clipper_name_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clipper_name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2013, US$75 million was authorized to expand on the formulation of mission activities, mature the proposed science goals, and fund preliminary instrument development,<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_SETI_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_SETI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as suggested in 2011 by the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zab_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zab-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2014, a House bill substantially increased the Europa Clipper (referred to as <i>Europa Multiple Flyby Mission</i>) funding budget for the 2014 fiscal year from US$15 million<sup id="cite_ref-March_2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March_2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to US$100 million to be applied to pre-formulation work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2014">2014 election cycle</a>, bipartisan support was pledged to continue funding for the <i>Europa Multiple Flyby Mission</i> project.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive branch also granted US$30 million for preliminary studies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015, NASA invited the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> to submit concepts for an additional probe to fly together with the Europa Clipper spacecraft, with a mass limit of 250 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedetto_2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedetto_2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could be a simple probe, an impactor,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2015_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2015-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An internal assessment at European Space Agency (ESA) considered whether there was interest and funds available,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-researchIT_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchIT-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JEM2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEM2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opening a collaboration scheme similar to the very successful <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-JEM2017_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEM2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2015, NASA chose nine instruments that would fly on board the orbiter, budgeted to cost about US$110 million over the next three years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, NASA approved the mission concept, allowing the orbiter to move to its formulation stage.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2016, NASA approved the addition of a lander,<sup id="cite_ref-2016_Funds_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_Funds-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lander_funding_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_funding-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was canceled in 2017 because it was deemed too risky.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-science-report_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-science-report-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a> was approved,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the Europa mission is part.<sup id="cite_ref-OWEP_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWEP-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017, the mission moved from Phase A to Phase B (the preliminary design phase).<sup id="cite_ref-Greicius_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greicius-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 18, 2017, the House Space Subcommittee held hearings on the Europa Clipper as a scheduled <a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic Science Missions</a> class, and to discuss a possible follow up mission simply known as the <a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flagship_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flagship-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phase B continued into 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Greicius_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greicius-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, subsystem vendors were selected, as well as prototype hardware elements for the science instruments. Spacecraft sub-assemblies were built and tested as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Greicius_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greicius-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, the spacecraft faced concerns of delay and missing the launch window because of a discovery in June 2024 that its components were not as radiation-hardened as previously believed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, over the summer, intensive re-testing of the transistor components in question found that they would likely be annealed enough to 'self-heal'.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_transistor_healing_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_transistor_healing-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_transistor_healing_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_transistor_healing-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2024, Europa Clipper was approved for a launch window opening on October 10, 2024;<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_transistor_healing_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_transistor_healing-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_transistor_healing_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_transistor_healing-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, on October 6, 2024, NASA announced that it would be standing down from the October 10 launch due to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Hurricane Milton</a>. Europa Clipper was finally launched on October 14, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabrication_and_assembly">Fabrication and assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fabrication and assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Europa_Clipper.jpg/220px-Europa_Clipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Europa_Clipper.jpg/330px-Europa_Clipper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Europa_Clipper.jpg/440px-Europa_Clipper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5941" data-file-height="5020" /></a><figcaption>NASA's Europa Clipper, with all of its instruments installed, is visible in the clean room of High Bay 1 at the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 19, 2019, the Europa Clipper proceeded to Phase C: final design and fabrication.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20190819_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190819-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 3, 2022, the spacecraft moved on to Phase D: assembly, testing, and launch.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20220303_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220303-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 7, 2022, the main body of the spacecraft was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20220607_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220607-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 2022, the high-gain antenna had completed its major testing campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Clipper_HGA_Tests_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clipper_HGA_Tests-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 30, 2024, all of the science instruments were added to the spacecraft. The REASON instrument's electronics were aboard the spacecraft, while its antennas were added to the spacecraft's solar arrays at Kennedy Space Center later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20240130_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20240130-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, it was reported that the spacecraft underwent successful testing and was on track for launch later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2024, the spacecraft arrived at Kennedy Space Center for final launch preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2024, final pre-launch review was successfully completed, clearing the way for launch.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early October 2024, due to the incoming Hurricane Milton, the spacecraft was placed in secure storage for safekeeping until the hurricane passed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_mission_planning">End of mission planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: End of mission planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The probe is scheduled to be crashed into Jupiter, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, or Callisto, to protect it from crashing into Europa. In June 2022, lead project scientist Robert Pappalardo revealed that mission planners for Europa Clipper were considering disposing of the probe by crashing it into the surface of Ganymede in case an extended mission was not approved early in the main science phase. He noted that an impact would help the ESA's <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a> mission collect more information about Ganymede's surface chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-LPI_OPAG_2022_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPI_OPAG_2022-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waldek_2022_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldek_2022-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2024 paper, Pappalardo said the mission would last four years in Jupiter orbit, and that the disposal was targeted for September 3, 2034, if NASA did not approve a mission extension.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappalardo_et_al_2024_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappalardo_et_al_2024-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg/220px-Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg/330px-Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg/440px-Photo_composite_of_suspected_water_plumes_on_Europa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The photo composite of suspected water plumes on Europa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EuropaClipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EuropaClipper.jpg/220px-EuropaClipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EuropaClipper.jpg/330px-EuropaClipper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EuropaClipper.jpg/440px-EuropaClipper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The concept to achieve global-regional coverage of Europa during successive flybys</figcaption></figure> <p>The goals of Europa Clipper are to explore Europa, investigate its <a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">habitability</a> and aid in the selection of a landing site for the proposed <a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lander_funding_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_funding-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Europa_Lander_2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_Lander_2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exploration is focused on understanding the three main requirements for life: <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">liquid water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-ASC_2017_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC_2017-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the objectives are to study:<sup id="cite_ref-OPAG_Update_2013_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPAG_Update_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ice shell and ocean: Confirm the existence and characterize the nature of water within or beneath the ice, and study processes of surface-ice-ocean exchange.</li> <li>Composition: Distribution and chemistry of key compounds and the links to ocean composition.</li> <li>Geology: Characteristics and formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current activity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png/240px-Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png/360px-Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png/480px-Europa_Clipper_Radiation.png 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>A wide orbit of Jupiter with several flybys of Europa will minimize radiation exposure and increase data transfer speed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because Europa lies well within the harsh radiation fields surrounding Jupiter, even a radiation-hardened spacecraft in near orbit would be functional for just a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most instruments can gather data far faster than the communications system can transmit it to Earth due to the limited number of antennas available on Earth to receive the scientific data.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2014_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, another key limiting factor on science for a Europa orbiter is the time available to return data to Earth. In contrast, the amount of time during which the instruments can make close-up observations is less important.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2014_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies by scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory show that by performing several flybys with many months to return data, the Europa Clipper concept will enable a US$2 billion mission to conduct the most crucial measurements of the canceled US$4.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a> concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2014_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between each of the flybys, the spacecraft will have seven to ten days to transmit data stored during each brief encounter. That will let the spacecraft have up to a year of time to transmit its data compared to just 30 days for an orbiter. The result will be almost three times as much data returned to Earth, while reducing exposure to radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kane_2014_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa Clipper will not orbit Europa, but will instead orbit <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and conduct 44 <a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_flybys" class="mw-redirect" title="List of planetary flybys">flybys</a> of Europa, each at altitudes ranging from 25 km to 2,700 km (16 mi to 1,678 mi) during its 3.5-year mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Gov_Home_About_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Home_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key feature of the mission concept is that Europa Clipper would use <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a> from Europa, Ganymede and Callisto to change its trajectory, allowing the spacecraft to return to a different close approach point with each flyby.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each flyby would cover a different sector of Europa to achieve a medium-quality global topographic survey, including ice thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-FPE_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europa Clipper could conceivably fly by at low altitude through the plumes of water vapor erupting from the moon's ice crust, thus sampling its subsurface ocean without having to land on the surface and drill through the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-March_2014_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March_2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2014_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft is expected to receive a total ionizing dose of 2.8 megarads (28 kGy) during the mission. Shielding from Jupiter's harsh radiation belt will be provided by a radiation vault with 0.3 inches (7.6 mm) thick aluminum alloy walls, which enclose the spacecraft electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maximize the effectiveness of this shielding, the electronics are also nested in the core of the spacecraft for additional radiation protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FPE_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png/440px-Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png/660px-Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png/880px-Europa-Clipper-Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Spacecraft diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>This mission is a flight of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Science Division">Planetary Science Division</a>, designated a <a href="/wiki/Large_strategic_science_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science missions">Large Strategic Science Mission</a>, and funded under the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a> as its second flight.<sup id="cite_ref-Flagship_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flagship-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sse_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sse-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also supported by the new <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OWEP_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWEP-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus">spacecraft bus</a> is a 5-meter-long combination of a 150-cm-wide aluminum cylindrical propulsion module and a rectangular box.<sup id="cite_ref-APLpropulsionmodule_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APLpropulsionmodule-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electronic components are protected from the intense radiation by a 150-kilogram <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and aluminum shielded vault in the box.<sup id="cite_ref-Gov_Home_About_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov_Home_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FPE_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft payload and trajectory are subject to change as the mission design matures.<sup id="cite_ref-BEE_2016_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEE_2016-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) and <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> power sources were assessed to power the orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-Eremenko2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eremenko2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although solar power is only 4% as intense at Jupiter as it is in Earth's orbit, powering a Jupiter orbital spacecraft by <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> was demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno mission</a>. The alternative to solar panels was a <a href="/wiki/Multi-mission_radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator">multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (MMRTG), fueled with <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FPE_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power source has already been demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL) mission. Five units were available, with one reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020_rover_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 2020 rover mission">Mars 2020 rover mission</a> and another as backup. In September 2013, it was decided that the solar array was the less expensive option to power the spacecraft, and on October 3, 2014, it was announced that solar panels were chosen to power Europa Clipper. The mission's designers determined that solar power was both cheaper than plutonium and practical to use on the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Eremenko2014_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eremenko2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the increased weight of solar panels compared to plutonium-powered generators, the vehicle's mass had been projected to still be within acceptable launch limits.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each panel has a surface area of 18 m<sup>2</sup> (190 sq ft) and produces 150 watts continuously when pointed towards the Sun while orbiting Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_panels_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_panels-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Europa's shadow, batteries will enable the spacecraft to continue gathering data. However, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> can damage solar panels. The Europa Clipper<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> orbit will pass through Jupiter's intense magnetosphere, which is expected to gradually degrade the solar panels as the mission progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FPE_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPE-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solar panels were provided by <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a>, Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-SextantMarch2018-Highlights_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SextantMarch2018-Highlights-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The propulsion subsystem was built by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a>. It is part of the Propulsion Module,<sup id="cite_ref-Rehm_2022_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rehm_2022-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delivered by <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Applied_Physics_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel, Maryland</a>. It is 3 metres (10 ft) tall, 1.5 metres (5 ft) in diameter and comprises about two-thirds of the spacecraft's main body. The propulsion subsystem carries nearly 2,700 kilograms (6,000 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Monomethyl_hydrazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomethyl hydrazine">monomethyl hydrazine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> propellant, 50% to 60% of which will be used for the 6 to 8-hour Jupiter orbit insertion burn. The spacecraft has a total of 24 rocket engines rated at 27.5 N (6.2 lbf) thrust for attitude control and propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-APLpropulsionmodule_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APLpropulsionmodule-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg/220px-PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg/330px-PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg/440px-PIA22773_Europa_Clipper_Antenna_Prototype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Prototype of the high-gain antenna during testing</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The probe contains multiple antennas, including the high-gain antenna, which has a 3.1-meter (10-foot) diameter. The high-gain antenna operates on <a href="/wiki/X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> frequencies of 7.2 and 8.4 gigahertz, and a <a href="/wiki/Ka-band" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka-band">Ka-band</a> frequency of 32 gigahertz (12 times that of a typical cell phone).The antennas will be used to research gravity and radio science, allowing researchers to learn more about Europa's gravity<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed and constructed by a team led by Matt Bray at the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, before being tested at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in the spring and summer of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Clipper_HGA_Tests_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clipper_HGA_Tests-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_payload">Scientific payload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scientific payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Europa Clipper mission is equipped with nine scientific instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine science instruments for the orbiter, announced in May 2015, have a planned total mass of 82 kg (181 lb).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System_(E-THEMIS)"><span id="Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System_.28E-THEMIS.29"></span>Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System">Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> will provide high spatial resolution as well as multi-spectral imaging of the surface of Europa in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">mid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a> bands to help detect geologically active sites and areas, such as potential vents erupting plumes of water into space. The <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a> is <a href="/wiki/Philip_Christensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Christensen">Philip Christensen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>. This instrument is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">Thermal Emission Imaging System</a> (THEMIS) on the <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter, also developed by Philip Christensen.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa_(MISE)"><span id="Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa_.28MISE.29"></span>Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg/170px-Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg/255px-Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg/340px-Europa_Clipper%E2%80%99s_Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa" title="Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa">Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa</a> instrument</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa is an imaging <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">near infrared spectrometer</a> to probe the surface composition of Europa, identifying and mapping the distributions of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organics</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholins</a><sup id="cite_ref-amino_acids_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amino_acids-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPL2015_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL2015-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), salts, acid hydrates, water ice phases, and other materials. From these measurements, scientists expect to be able to relate the moon's surface composition to the habitability of its ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL2015_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL2015-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal investigator is <a href="/wiki/Diana_Blaney" title="Diana Blaney">Diana Blaney</a> of Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the instrument was built in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europa_Imaging_System_(EIS)"><span id="Europa_Imaging_System_.28EIS.29"></span>Europa Imaging System (EIS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europa Imaging System (EIS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Europa_Imaging_System" title="Europa Imaging System">Europa Imaging System</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> imaging suite to map Europa's surface and study smaller areas in high resolution, as low as 0.5 m (20 in) per pixel. The principal investigator is <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Turtle" title="Elizabeth Turtle">Elizabeth Turtle</a> of the Applied Physics Laboratory. It consists of two cameras, both of which use 2048x4096 pixel <a href="/wiki/CMOS_Sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS Sensor">CMOS detectors</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>Wide-angle Camera (WAC)</b> has a field of view of 48° by 24° and a resolution of 11 m (36 ft) from a 50 km (31 mi) altitude. Optically the WAC uses 8 lens refractive optics with an 8 mm <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> and a 46 mm <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> which give it a <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> of f/5.75.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WAC will obtain stereo imagery swaths throughout the mission.</li> <li>The <b>Narrow-angle Camera (NAC)</b> has a 2.3° by 1.2° field of view, giving it a resolution of 0.5 m (20 in) per pixel from a 50 km (31 mi) altitude. Optically the NAC uses a <a href="/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" title="Ritchey–Chrétien telescope">Ritchey Chrétien</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain</a> telescope with a 152 mm aperture and a 1000 mm focal length which give it a f-number of f/6.58.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NAC is mounted on a 2-axis gimbal, allowing it to point at specific targets regardless of the main spacecraft's orientation. This will allow for mapping of >95% of Europa's surface at a resolution of ≤50 m (160 ft) per pixel. For reference, only around 14% of Europa's surface has previously been mapped at a resolution of ≤500 m (1,600 ft) per pixel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_(Europa-UVS)"><span id="Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph_.28Europa-UVS.29"></span>Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph" title="Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph">Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph</a> instrument will be able to detect small plumes and will provide valuable data about the composition and dynamics of the moon's <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>. The principal investigator is Kurt Retherford of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a>. Retherford was previously a member of the group that discovered plumes erupting from Europa while using the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface_(REASON)"><span id="Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface_.28REASON.29"></span>Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface" title="Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface">Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface</a> (REASON)<sup id="cite_ref-REASON2015_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REASON2015-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a dual-frequency <a href="/wiki/Radioglaciology" title="Radioglaciology">ice penetrating radar</a> (9 and 60 MHz) instrument that is designed to characterize and sound Europa's ice crust from the near-surface to the ocean, revealing the hidden structure of Europa's ice shell and potential water pockets within. REASON will probe the <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a>, surface and near-surface and the full depth of the ice shell to the ice-ocean interface up to 30 km. The principal investigator is Donald Blankenship of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instrument was built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL2015_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL2015-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REASON2015_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REASON2015-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer_(ECM)"><span id="Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer_.28ECM.29"></span>Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer" title="Europa Clipper Magnetometer">Europa Clipper Magnetometer</a> (ECM) will be used to characterize the magnetic fields around Europa. The instrument consists of three magnetic flux gates placed along an 8 m (25 ft) boom, which were stowed during launch and deployed afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By studying the strength and orientation of Europa's magnetic field over multiple flybys, scientists hope to be able to confirm the existence of Europa's subsurface ocean, as well as characterize the thickness of its icy crust and measure the water's depth and salinity. The instrument team leader is <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kivelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Kivelson">Margaret Kivelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECM replaced the proposed <a href="/wiki/Interior_Characterization_of_Europa_using_Magnetometry" title="Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry">Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry</a> (ICEMAG) instrument, which was canceled due to cost overruns.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECM is a simpler and cheaper magnetometer than ICEMAG would have been.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_(PIMS)"><span id="Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_.28PIMS.29"></span>Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_(PIMS).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_%28PIMS%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_%28PIMS%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_%28PIMS%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_%28PIMS%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_%28PIMS%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding_%28PIMS%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7750" data-file-height="5209" /></a><figcaption>Two of the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cup" title="Faraday cup">Faraday cup</a> sensors for the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding" title="Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding">Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding</a> (PIMS) instrument. Left is the final flight configuration and right is at an earlier testing stage.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) measures the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> surrounding Europa to characterize the magnetic fields generated by plasma currents. These plasma currents mask the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">magnetic induction</a> response of Europa's subsurface ocean. In conjunction with a magnetometer, it is key to determining Europa's ice shell thickness, ocean depth, and salinity. PIMS will also probe the mechanisms responsible for weathering and releasing material from Europa's surface into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> and understanding how Europa influences its local space environment and Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>. The principal investigator is Joseph Westlake of the Applied Physics Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration_(MASPEX)"><span id="Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration_.28MASPEX.29"></span>Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration">Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration</a> (MASPEX) will determine the composition of the surface and subsurface ocean by measuring Europa's extremely tenuous atmosphere and any surface materials ejected into space. Jack Waite, who led development of MASPEX, was also Science Team Lead of the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer</a> (INMS) on the Cassini spacecraft. The principal investigator is Jim Burch of <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a>, who was previously the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_Dust_Analyzer_(SUDA)"><span id="Surface_Dust_Analyzer_.28SUDA.29"></span>Surface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Surface Dust Analyzer (SUDA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg/220px-Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg/330px-Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg/440px-Europa_Clipper%27s_Dust_Analyzer_sensor_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3825" /></a><figcaption>Europa Clipper's Dust Analyzer sensor head</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Surface_Dust_Analyser" title="Surface Dust Analyser">SUrface Dust Analyzer</a> (SUDA)<sup id="cite_ref-europa.nasa.gov_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa.nasa.gov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometer</a> that will measure the composition of small solid particles ejected from Europa, providing the opportunity to directly sample the surface and potential plumes on low-altitude flybys. The instrument is capable of identifying traces of organic and inorganic compounds in the ice of <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is sensitive enough to detect signatures of life even if the sample contains less than a single bacterial cell in a collected ice grain. The principal investigator is Sascha Kempf of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gravity_&_Radio_Science"><span id="Gravity_.26_Radio_Science"></span>Gravity & Radio Science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gravity & Radio Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it was designed primarily for communications, the high-gain radio antenna will be used to perform additional radio observations and investigate Europa's gravitational field, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Radio_science_subsystem" title="Radio science subsystem">radio science subsystem</a>. Measuring the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a> in the radio signals between the spacecraft and Earth will allow the spacecraft's motion to be determined in detail. As the spacecraft performs each of its 45 Europa flybys, its trajectory will be altered by the moon's gravitational field. The Doppler data will be used to determine the higher order coefficients of that gravity field, to determine the moon's interior structure, and to examine how Europa is deformed by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal forces">tidal forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument team leader is Erwan Mazarico of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_and_trajectory">Launch and trajectory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Launch and trajectory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_(KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_%28KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_%28KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_%28KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_%28KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_%28KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-NASA%27s_SpaceX_Europa_Clipper_Launch_%28KSC-20241014-PH-AJN01_0022%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> lifts off with Europa Clipper from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</a> on Monday, Oct. 14, 2024; 12:06 pm. EDT </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/220px--NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="NASA's_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm/NASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANASA%27s_Europa_Clipper_Mission-_Spacecraft_Separation.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Europa Clipper separates from Falcon Heavy's Second Stage after deployment</figcaption></figure> <p>Congress had originally mandated that Europa Clipper be launched on NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a>, but NASA had requested that other vehicles be allowed to launch the spacecraft due to a foreseen lack of available SLS vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Launch_2024_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch_2024-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Congress's 2021 omnibus spending bill directed the NASA Administrator to conduct a full and open competition to select a commercial launch vehicle if the conditions to launch the probe on a SLS rocket cannot be met.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 25, 2021, NASA's Planetary Missions Program Office formally directed the mission team to "immediately cease efforts to maintain SLS compatibility" and move forward with a commercial launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_use_commercial_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_use_commercial-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 10, 2021, it was announced that the mission would use a 5.5-year trajectory to the Jovian system, with gravity-assist maneuvers involving Mars (March 1, 2025) and Earth (December 3, 2026). Launch was targeted for a 21-day period between October 10 and 30, 2024, giving an arrival date in April 2030, and backup launch dates were identified in 2025 and 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_use_commercial_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_use_commercial-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SLS option would have entailed a direct trajectory to Jupiter taking less than three years.<sup id="cite_ref-2016_Funds_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_Funds-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lander_funding_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lander_funding-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2014_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One alternative to the direct trajectory was identified as using a commercial rocket, with a longer 6-year cruise time involving gravity assist maneuvers at <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, Earth and/or <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Additionally, a launch on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a> with a gravity assist at Venus was considered.<sup id="cite_ref-ARS-EC_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARS-EC-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021 the decision was announced to launch on a Falcon Heavy rocket, in fully expendable configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-202107232_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-202107232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three reasons were given: reasonable launch cost (ca. $178 million), questionable SLS availability, and possible damage to the payload due to strong vibrations caused by the solid boosters attached to the SLS launcher.<sup id="cite_ref-ARS-EC_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARS-EC-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move to Falcon Heavy saved an estimated US$2 billion in launch costs alone.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA was not sure an SLS would be available for the mission since the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> would use SLS rockets extensively, and the SLS's use of <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket boosters</a> (SRBs) generates more vibrations in the payload than a launcher that does not use SRBs. The cost to redesign Europa Clipper for the SLS vibratory environment was estimated at US$1 billion. </p><p>Europa Clipper was launched on October 14, 2024, at 12:06 p.m. EDT from <a href="/wiki/Launch_Pad_39A" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Pad 39A">Launch Pad 39A</a> at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Launched_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launched-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Hurricane Milton</a> caused a launch attempt for October 10 to be scrubbed,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the launch being finalized for October 14. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of Europa Clipper</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory.gif/300px-Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory.gif/450px-Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Sun<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span> Europa Clipper</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span>  Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime; color:black;"> </span>  Jupiter</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Sun</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Darkkhaki; color:black;"> </span> Mars</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif/300px-Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif/450px-Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Animation_of_Europa_Clipper_trajectory_around_Jupiter.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around Jupiter<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span> Europa Clipper</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> Europa</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Callisto</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> Io</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The trajectory of Europa Clipper will include a gravity assist from Mars on March 1, 2025,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing it to speed further away from the Sun, then down towards the Sun and back out, and gain additional kinetic energy from an Earth gravity assist on December 3, 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probe will then arc (reach <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>) beyond Jupiter's orbit on October 4, 2029<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before slowly falling into Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">gravity well</a> and executing its orbital insertion burn in April 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-Manley_2024_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manley_2024-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the trajectory in the Jupiter system is planned as follows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> After entry into the Jupiter system, Europa Clipper will perform a flyby of Ganymede at an altitude of 500 km (310 mi), which will reduce the spacecraft velocity by ~400 m/s (890 mph). This will be followed by firing the main engine at a distance of 11 Rj (Jovian radii), to provide a further ~840 m/s (1,900 mph) of <a href="/wiki/Delta-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-V">delta-V</a>, sufficient to insert the spacecraft into a 202-day orbit around Jupiter. Once the spacecraft reaches the <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> of that initial orbit, it will perform another engine burn to provide a ~122 m/s (270 mph) <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> raise maneuver (PRM).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The spacecraft's cruise and science phases will overlap with the European Space Agency's JUICE spacecraft, which was launched in April 2023 and will arrive at Jupiter in July 2031. Europa Clipper is due to arrive at Jupiter 15 months prior to JUICE, despite a launch date planned 18 months later, owing to a more powerful launch vehicle and a faster flight plan with fewer gravity assists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_outreach">Public outreach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Public outreach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To raise public awareness of the Europa Clipper mission, NASA undertook a "Message In A Bottle" campaign, i.e. an actual "Send Your Name to Europa" campaign on June 1, 2023, through which people around the world were invited to send their names as signatories to a poem called "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" written by the U.S. Poet Laureate <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Ada Limón">Ada Limón</a>, for the 2.9-billion-kilometer (1.8-billion mi) voyage to Jupiter. The poem connects the two water worlds – Earth, yearning to reach out and understand what makes a world habitable, and Europa, waiting with secrets yet to be explored. </p><p>The poem is engraved on Europa Clipper inside a <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> metal plate, about 7 by 11 inches (18 by 28 centimeters), that seals an opening into the vault. The inward-facing side of the metal plate is engraved with the poem in the poet's own handwriting. The public participants' names are etched onto a microchip attached to the plate, within an artwork of a wine bottle surrounded by the four <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>. After registering their names, participants received a digital ticket with details of the mission's launch and destination. According to NASA, 2,620,861 people signed their names to Europa Clipper's Message in a Bottle, most of whom were from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other elements etched on the inwards side together with the poem and names are the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a>, representations of the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">atomic hydrogen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radical</a>, together known as the <a href="/wiki/Water_hole_(radio)" title="Water hole (radio)">water hole</a>, and a portrait of planetary scientist <a href="/wiki/Ron_Greeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Greeley">Ron Greeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outward-facing panel features art that highlights Earth's connection to Europa. Linguists collected recordings of the word "water" spoken in 103 languages, from families of languages around the world. The audio files were converted into waveforms and etched into the plate. The waveforms radiate out from a symbol representing the <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> sign for "water".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research organization <a href="/wiki/METI_International" title="METI International">METI International</a> gathered the audio files for the words for "water", and its president <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Vakoch" title="Douglas Vakoch">Douglas Vakoch</a> designed the water hole component of the message.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The outside of the Europa Clipper commemorative plate features waveforms that are visual representations of the sound waves formed by the word "water" in 103 languages"><img alt="The outside of the Europa Clipper commemorative plate features waveforms that are visual representations of the sound waves formed by the word "water" in 103 languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg/200px-Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg/300px-Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg/400px-Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7661" data-file-height="5742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The outside of the Europa Clipper commemorative plate features waveforms that are visual representations of the sound waves formed by the word "water" in 103 languages</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The inside of a commemorative plate mounted on NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft features U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón's handwritten "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" (blurred for copyright reasons)"><img alt="The inside of a commemorative plate mounted on NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft features U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón's handwritten "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" (blurred for copyright reasons)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg/154px-Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg/230px-Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg/307px-Europa_Clipper_commemorative_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The inside of a commemorative plate mounted on NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft features U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón's handwritten "In Praise of Mystery: A Poem for Europa" (blurred for copyright reasons)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a> – Cancelled NASA orbiter mission to Europa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission_%E2%80%93_Laplace" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace">Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace</a> – Canceled orbiter mission concept to Jupiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a> – Overview of the exploration of Jupiter the planet and its moons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo (spacecraft)</a> – First NASA mission to orbit Jupiter (1989–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> – European mission to study Jupiter and its moons since 2023</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a> – Canceled NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter's icy moons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> – Proposed Russian spacecraft to study the Jovian moon system and land on Ganymede</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leone-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leone_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAA+clears+European+asteroid+probe+for+launch%2C+but+stormy+weather+threatens+delay&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2024-10-06&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Ffaa-clears-european-asteroid-probe-launch-stormy-weather-threatens-delay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eyes.nasa.gov/apps/solar-system/#/sc_europa_clipper/distance?rate=0&time=2029-10-04T12:00:00.000+00:00&to=jupiter">"Eyes on the Solar System: October 4, 2029"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. November 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Eyes+on+the+Solar+System%3A+October+4%2C+2029&rft.date=2024-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feyes.nasa.gov%2Fapps%2Fsolar-system%2F%23%2Fsc_europa_clipper%2Fdistance%3Frate%3D0%26time%3D2029-10-04T12%3A00%3A00.000%2B00%3A00%26to%3Djupiter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span> See also the point at which deldot equals 0 for Clipper relative to the Sun in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/">Horizons system app</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manley_2024-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manley_2024_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Manley, Scott (October 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYieX09IgXw&t=220"><i>SpaceX Ditched an Entire Falcon Heavy To Launch NASA's Massive Probe To Europa!</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(YouTube video)</span>. <i>YouTube</i>. Scott Manley. Event occurs at 3 minutes 40 seconds<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceX+Ditched+an+Entire+Falcon+Heavy+To+Launch+NASA%27s+Massive+Probe+To+Europa%21&rft.pub=Scott+Manley&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQYieX09IgXw%26t%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffington2014" class="citation cs2">Buffington, Brent (August 5, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trylam.com/CPP/AIAA_SPACE2014_Buffington_PrePrint_v2.pdf"><i>Trajectory Design for the Europa Clipper Mission Concept</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501185746/https://www.trylam.com/CPP/AIAA_SPACE2014_Buffington_PrePrint_v2.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectory+Design+for+the+Europa+Clipper+Mission+Concept&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.aulast=Buffington&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trylam.com%2FCPP%2FAIAA_SPACE2014_Buffington_PrePrint_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.nasa.gov/455Yt0L">"NASA's Message in a Bottle"</a>. <i>NASA's Europa Clipper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616100628/https://europa.nasa.gov/message-in-a-bottle/join-us/?utm_source=message_in_a_bottle_share&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=message_in_a_bottle&utm_content=europa_clipper">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA%27s+Europa+Clipper&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Message+in+a+Bottle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.nasa.gov%2F455Yt0L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-unveils-design-for-message-heading-to-jupiters-moon-europa">"NASA Unveils Design for Message Heading to Jupiter's Moon Europa"</a>. <i>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309115210/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-unveils-design-for-message-heading-to-jupiters-moon-europa">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory+%28JPL%29&rft.atitle=NASA+Unveils+Design+for+Message+Heading+to+Jupiter%27s+Moon+Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnasa-unveils-design-for-message-heading-to-jupiters-moon-europa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowing2024" class="citation web cs1">Cowing, Keith (March 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.com/2024/03/an-astrobiology-droid-asks-and-answers-how-many-ways-can-you-say-water.html">"An Astrobiology Droid Asks And Answers 'How Many Ways Can You Say Water'?"</a>. <i>Astrobiology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616100627/https://astrobiology.com/2024/03/an-astrobiology-droid-asks-and-answers-how-many-ways-can-you-say-water.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=An+Astrobiology+Droid+Asks+And+Answers+%27How+Many+Ways+Can+You+Say+Water%27%3F&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft.aulast=Cowing&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.com%2F2024%2F03%2Fan-astrobiology-droid-asks-and-answers-how-many-ways-can-you-say-water.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakoch2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Vakoch" title="Douglas Vakoch">Vakoch, Douglas</a> (March 27, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134840-200-see-the-messages-nasa-is-sending-to-jupiters-icy-moon-europa/">"See the messages NASA is sending to Jupiter's icy moon, Europa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014421/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134840-200-see-the-messages-nasa-is-sending-to-jupiters-icy-moon-europa/">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=See+the+messages+NASA+is+sending+to+Jupiter%27s+icy+moon%2C+Europa&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft.aulast=Vakoch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg26134840-200-see-the-messages-nasa-is-sending-to-jupiters-icy-moon-europa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakoch2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Vakoch" title="Douglas Vakoch">Vakoch, Douglas</a> (March 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/nasas-mission-to-an-ice-covered-moon-will-contain-a-message-between-water-worlds-225771">"NASA's mission to an ice-covered moon will contain a message between water worlds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616100948/https://theconversation.com/nasas-mission-to-an-ice-covered-moon-will-contain-a-message-between-water-worlds-225771">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+mission+to+an+ice-covered+moon+will+contain+a+message+between+water+worlds&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.aulast=Vakoch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fnasas-mission-to-an-ice-covered-moon-will-contain-a-message-between-water-worlds-225771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochraneMurphyRaymondBiersteker2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cochrane, Corey J.; et al. (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10220138">"Magnetic Field Modeling and Visualization of the Europa Clipper Spacecraft"</a>. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>219</b> (4): 34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SSRv..219...34C">2023SSRv..219...34C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-023-00974-y">10.1007/s11214-023-00974-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10220138">10220138</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37251605">37251605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Magnetic+Field+Modeling+and+Visualization+of+the+Europa+Clipper+Spacecraft&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10220138%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37251605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-023-00974-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023SSRv..219...34C&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Neil&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Biersteker%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Dang%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Jia%2C+Xianzhe&rft.au=Korth%2C+Haje&rft.au=Narvaez%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Ream%2C+Jodie+B.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Benjamin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10220138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappalardoBurattiKorthSenske2024" class="citation journal cs1">Pappalardo, Robert T.; et al. (June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-024-01070-5">"Science Overview of the Europa Clipper Mission"</a>. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>220</b> (4): 40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024SSRv..220...40P">2024SSRv..220...40P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-024-01070-5">10.1007/s11214-024-01070-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-6308">0038-6308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Science+Overview+of+the+Europa+Clipper+Mission&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2024-06&rft.issn=0038-6308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-024-01070-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024SSRv..220...40P&rft.aulast=Pappalardo&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft.au=Buratti%2C+Bonnie+J.&rft.au=Korth%2C+Haje&rft.au=Senske%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Blaney%2C+Diana+L.&rft.au=Blankenship%2C+Donald+D.&rft.au=Burch%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Philip+R.&rft.au=Kempf%2C+Sascha&rft.au=Kivelson%2C+Margaret+G.&rft.au=Mazarico%2C+Erwan&rft.au=Retherford%2C+Kurt+D.&rft.au=Turtle%2C+Elizabeth+P.&rft.au=Westlake%2C+Joseph+H.&rft.au=Paczkowski%2C+Brian+G.&rft.au=Ray%2C+Trina+L.&rft.au=Kampmeier%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Craft%2C+Kate+L.&rft.au=Howell%2C+Samuel+M.&rft.au=Klima%2C+Rachel+L.&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Erin+J.&rft.au=Matiella+Novak%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Cynthia+B.&rft.au=Daubar%2C+Ingrid+J.&rft.au=Blacksberg%2C+Jordana&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Shawn+M.&rft.au=Choukroun%2C+Mathieu+N.&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Corey+J.&rft.au=Diniega%2C+Serina&rft.au=Elder%2C+Catherine+M.&rft.au=Ernst%2C+Carolyn+M.&rft.au=Gudipati%2C+Murthy+S.&rft.au=Luspay-Kuti%2C+Adrienn&rft.au=Piqueux%2C+Sylvain&rft.au=Rymer%2C+Abigail+M.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+James+H.&rft.au=Steinbr%C3%BCgge%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Cable%2C+Morgan+L.&rft.au=Scully%2C+Jennifer+E.+C.&rft.au=Castillo-Rogez%2C+Julie+C.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Hamish+C.+F.+C.&rft.au=Persaud%2C+Divya+M.&rft.au=Glein%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=McKinnon%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Dustin+M.&rft.au=Vance%2C+Steven+D.&rft.au=Wyrick%2C+Danielle+Y.&rft.au=Zolotov%2C+Mikhail+Y.&rft.au=Hand%2C+Kevin+P.&rft.au=Nimmo%2C+Francis&rft.au=McGrath%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&rft.au=Paty%2C+Carol+S.&rft.au=Soderblom%2C+Jason+M.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Geoffrey+C.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Britney+E.&rft.au=Rathbun%2C+Julie+A.&rft.au=Shock%2C+Everett+L.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Tracy+C.&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Alexander+G.&rft.au=Prockter%2C+Louise+M.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Benjamin+P.&rft.au=Hibbitts%2C+Charles+A.&rft.au=Moussessian%2C+Alina&rft.au=Brockwell%2C+Timothy+G.&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Hsiang-Wen&rft.au=Jia%2C+Xianzhe&rft.au=Gladstone%2C+G.+Randall&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Alfred+S.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+G.+Wesley&rft.au=McNutt%2C+Ralph+L.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Jordan+P.&rft.au=Larson%2C+Timothy+W.&rft.au=Cangahuala%2C+L.+Alberto&rft.au=Havens%2C+Glen+G.&rft.au=Buffington%2C+Brent+B.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Ben&rft.au=Campagnola%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Hardman%2C+Sean+H.&rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Short%2C+Kendra+L.&rft.au=Jedrey%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=St.+Vaughn%2C+Joshua+A.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Kevin+P.&rft.au=Vertesi%2C+Janet&rft.au=Niebur%2C+Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11214-024-01070-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsMcKinnonElderTobie2023" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, James H.; et al. (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10457249">"Exploring the Interior of Europa with the Europa Clipper"</a>. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>219</b> (6): 46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SSRv..219...46R">2023SSRv..219...46R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-023-00990-y">10.1007/s11214-023-00990-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10457249">10457249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37636325">37636325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Interior+of+Europa+with+the+Europa+Clipper&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2023-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10457249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37636325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-023-00990-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023SSRv..219...46R&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=McKinnon%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Elder%2C+Catherine+M.&rft.au=Tobie%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Biersteker%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Young%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Park%2C+Ryan+S.&rft.au=Steinbr%C3%BCgge%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Nimmo%2C+Francis&rft.au=Howell%2C+Samuel+M.&rft.au=Castillo-Rogez%2C+Julie+C.&rft.au=Cable%2C+Morgan+L.&rft.au=Abrahams%2C+Jacob+N.&rft.au=Bland%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Chivers%2C+Chase&rft.au=Cochrane%2C+Corey+J.&rft.au=Dombard%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Ernst%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Genova%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Gerekos%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Glein%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Harris%2C+Camilla+D.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Hamish+C.+F.+C.&rft.au=Hayne%2C+Paul+O.&rft.au=Hedman%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Hussmann%2C+Hauke&rft.au=Jia%2C+Xianzhe&rft.au=Khurana%2C+Krishan&rft.au=Kiefer%2C+Walter+S.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Randolph&rft.au=Kivelson%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Justin&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Erin+J.&rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&rft.au=Mazarico%2C+Erwan&rft.au=McCord%2C+Thomas+B.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Paty%2C+Carol&rft.au=Quick%2C+Lynnae+C.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Retherford%2C+Kurt+D.&rft.au=Roth%2C+Lorenz&rft.au=Rymer%2C+Abigail&rft.au=Saur%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Scanlan%2C+Kirk&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Dustin+M.&rft.au=Senske%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Shao%2C+Wencheng&rft.au=Soderlund%2C+Krista&rft.au=Spiers%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Styczinski%2C+Marshall+J.&rft.au=Tortora%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Vance%2C+Steven+D.&rft.au=Villarreal%2C+Michaela+N.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Benjamin+P.&rft.au=Westlake%2C+Joseph+H.&rft.au=Withers%2C+Paul&rft.au=Wolfenbarger%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Buratti%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Korth%2C+Haje&rft.au=Pappalardo%2C+Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10457249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropa+Clipper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Clipper&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/moons/europa">NASA – Overview of Europa</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europa_Clipper" title="Template:Europa Clipper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europa_Clipper" title="Template talk:Europa Clipper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europa_Clipper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europa Clipper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europa_Clipper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Scientific_payload">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper_Magnetometer" title="Europa Clipper Magnetometer">ECM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System">E-THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Imaging_System" title="Europa Imaging System">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Ultraviolet_Spectrograph" title="Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph">Europa-UVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Spectrometer_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration">MASPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_Imaging_Spectrometer_for_Europa" title="Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa">MISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Instrument_for_Magnetic_Sounding" title="Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding">PIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_for_Europa_Assessment_and_Sounding:_Ocean_to_Near-surface" title="Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface">REASON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Dust_Analyser" title="Surface Dust Analyser">SUDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Characterization_of_Europa_using_Magnetometry" title="Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry">ICEMAG</a> <small>(cancelled)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg/100px-Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg/150px-Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg/200px-Europa_Mission_Spacecraft_-_Artist%27s_Rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8352" data-file-height="7352" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network (DSN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a> <small>(Independent launch)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></li> <li>Proposed rockets: <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europa_(moon)" title="Template:Europa (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europa_(moon)" title="Template talk:Europa (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europa_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europa (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaotic terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Chaos" title="Conamara Chaos">Conamara Chaos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll_(crater)" title="Pwyll (crater)">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilix_(crater)" title="Cilix (crater)">Cilix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lineae_on_Europa" title="List of lineae on Europa">List of lineae on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">List of geological features on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">List of craters on Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_in_natural_color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/150px-Europa_in_natural_color.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/225px-Europa_in_natural_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/300px-Europa_in_natural_color.png 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> <small>(2023)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P/Europa Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Europa">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Europa in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europa_(moon)" title="Category:Europa (moon)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>,<br />orbital<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template talk:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discovery_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Opportunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">NExT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Strofio</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration#Scientific_payload" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/80px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/120px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/160px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 12 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Mission 13 and 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 15 and 16 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">JET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_Surveyor" title="Phobos Surveyor">Phobos Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple (spacecraft)">Whipple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Frontiers_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/80px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/120px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/160px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">SAGE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 4 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">ELSAH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Solar_System_Exploration_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE instruments</a></u></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><u>Underline</u> indicates active current missions</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a> (active)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Probe"><i>Galileo</i> Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (JUICE) (2023, insertion 2031)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, insertion 2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> (2029, insertion 2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander" title="Europa Lander">Europa Lander</a> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2036)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission_%E2%80%93_Laplace" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace">Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer" title="Innovative Interstellar Explorer">Innovative Interstellar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiolkovsky mission">Tsiolkovsky mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Missions to outer planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the outer Solar System">Colonization of the outer Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extraterrestrial_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template talk:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extraterrestrial_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Events and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shergotty_meteorite" title="Shergotty meteorite">Shergotty meteorite</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhla_meteorite" title="Nakhla meteorite">Nakhla meteorite</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking lander biological experiments</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_77005" title="Allan Hills 77005">Allan Hills 77005</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato 000593</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI1_fossils" title="CI1 fossils">CI1 fossils</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Signals of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Misidentified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">CP 1919</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified pulsar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTA-102" title="CTA-102">CTA-102</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified quasar)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Stars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">KIC 8462852</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204278916" title="EPIC 204278916">EPIC 204278916</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHGb02%2B14a" title="SHGb02+14a">SHGb02+14a</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio source)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(inconclusive)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLC1" title="BLC1">BLC1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio signal)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Life in the Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Life on Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology#Missions" title="Astrobiology">Space missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europa Clipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">Foton-M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_mission" title="Tanpopo mission">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">Venus In Situ Explorer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_communication" title="Interstellar communication">Interstellar<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_SETI" title="Active SETI">Active SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center" title="Berkeley SETI Research Center">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracewell_probe" title="Bracewell probe">Bracewell probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence">Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_Pythagorean_right_triangle_proposal" title="Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal">Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIROSETI" title="NIROSETI">NIROSETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cyclops" title="Project Cyclops">Project Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ozma" title="Project Ozma">Project Ozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Phoenix_(SETI)" title="Project Phoenix (SETI)">Project Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERENDIP" title="SERENDIP">SERENDIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SetiQuest" title="SetiQuest">setiQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hole_(radio)" title="Water hole (radio)">Water hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Xenolinguistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism" title="Cosmic pluralism">Cosmic pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediocrity_principle" title="Mediocrity principle">Mediocrity principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a> solutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_hypothesis" title="Aestivation hypothesis">Aestivation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker_hypothesis" title="Berserker hypothesis">Berserker hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis" title="Dark forest hypothesis">Dark forest hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firstborn_hypothesis" title="Firstborn hypothesis">Firstborn hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Filter" title="Great Filter">Great Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Tipler_conjecture" title="Hart–Tipler conjecture">Hart–Tipler conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatastrophism" title="Neocatastrophism">Neocatastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium_hypothesis" title="Planetarium hypothesis">Planetarium hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis" title="Rare Earth hypothesis">Rare Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis" title="Zoo hypothesis">Zoo hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life" title="Outline of extraterrestrial life">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroecology" title="Astroecology">Astroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Report" title="Brookings Report">Brookings Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_extraterrestrial_life_debate" title="History of the extraterrestrial life debate">History of the extraterrestrial life debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_cultural_impact_of_extraterrestrial_contact" title="Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact">Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_Scale" title="San Marino Scale">San Marino Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SpaceX" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX" title="Template:SpaceX"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SpaceX" title="Template talk:SpaceX"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SpaceX" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SpaceX"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SpaceX" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_SpaceX" title="History of SpaceX">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters" title="List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters">boosters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">Super Heavy booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">lunar lander</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li>Falcon 9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">"Full Thrust" v1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust#Block_4" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">Block 4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Air">Falcon 9 Air</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_vehicles#BFR_and_ITS" title="SpaceX launch vehicles">BFR and ITS</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/100px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/150px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg/200px-SpaceX-Logo-Xonly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="41" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cargo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon 1 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Dragon XL">Dragon XL</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2 Crew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endeavour" title="Crew Dragon Endeavour">C206 <i>Endeavour</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Resilience" title="Crew Dragon Resilience">C207 <i>Resilience</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Endurance" title="Crew Dragon Endurance">C210 <i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Freedom" title="Crew Dragon Freedom">C212 <i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Starship prototypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Super_Heavy#Development" title="SpaceX Super Heavy">first stage booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)#Development" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">upper stage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Grasshopper">Grasshopper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev1" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev1">F9R Dev1</a>†</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_2_DragonFly" title="Dragon 2 DragonFly">DragonFly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unflown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev2" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev2">F9R Dev2</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_rocket_engines" title="SpaceX rocket engines">Rocket engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a> <ul><li>1A</li> <li>1B*</li> <li>1C</li> <li>1D</li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco" title="SpaceX Draco">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a> <ul><li>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_2" title="SpaceX Raptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor#Raptor_3" title="SpaceX Raptor">3</a></li> <li>Vacuum</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:SpaceX_missions_and_payloads" title="Template:SpaceX missions and payloads">Lists of missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1#Launch_history" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches">Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2021)">2020–2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_Technologies#Satellite_constellation" title="Swarm Technologies">SpaceBEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starlink_and_Starshield_launches" title="List of Starlink and Starshield launches">launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War">in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Starship_launches" title="List of Starship launches">Starship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Launch facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">CCSFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40">SLC-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">KSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">VSFB</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4">SLC-4E</a></li> <li>VSFB <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_6" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6">SLC-6</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Omelek Island</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_rocket_development_and_test_facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_high-altitude_test_facility,_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">New Mexico</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase" title="SpaceX Starbase">Starbase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas" title="Boca Chica Village, Texas">Boca Chica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship" title="Autonomous spaceport drone ship">Autonomous spaceport drone ships</a></li> <li>Landing Zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Zones_1_and_2" title="Landing Zones 1 and 2">LZ-1 and LZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_4#LZ-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 4">LZ-4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX#Headquarters,_mission_control,_manufacturing,_and_refurbishment_facilities" title="SpaceX">Headquarters and factory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_launch_facilities#SpaceX_Rocket_Development_and_Test_Facility,_McGregor,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX launch facilities">Rocket development and test facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGregor,_Texas" title="McGregor, Texas">McGregor, Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_satellite_development_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX satellite development facility">Satellite development facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX#Regional_offices" title="SpaceX">Regional offices</a> <ul><li>Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STARGATE" title="STARGATE">STARGATE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Megan_(ship)" title="Megan (ship)">Megan</a></i> (recovery ship)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shannon_(ship)" title="Shannon (ship)">Shannon</a></i> (recovery ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_fairing_recovery_program" title="SpaceX fairing recovery program">SpaceX fairing recovery program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contracts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Human Landing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_program" title="Polaris program">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Cargo" title="Rocket Cargo">Rocket Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starshield" title="SpaceX Starshield">Starshield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">Reusability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_first-stage_landing_tests" title="Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests">Falcon 9 landing tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a> (canceled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">Mars transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (CEO, CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynne_Shotwell" title="Gwynne Shotwell">Gwynne Shotwell</a> (President and COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mueller" title="Tom Mueller">Tom Mueller</a> (former VP of Propulsion Development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_Federation,_LLC_v._United_States" title="Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States">Blue Origin Federation, LLC v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">Commercial astronaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Countdown:_Inspiration4_Mission_to_Space" title="Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space">Countdown: Inspiration4 Mission to Space</a></i> (2021 docuseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Space" title="Return to Space">Return to Space</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* denotes unflown vehicles or engines, and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles, and abandoned sites. <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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