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For example, resolvers can be used for: <ul> <li>Handling <a href="https://mercurial.selenic.com/">Mercurial</a> or <a href="http://bazaar.canonical.com/en/">Bazaar</a> repositories</li> <li>Speeding up checkouts of services like <a href="https://about.gitlab.com/">GitLab</a> or <a href="https://bitbucket.org/">Bitbucket</a></li> <li>Allowing to use packages from <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/">npm</a> or <a href="https://github.com/component/component.github.io">component.io</a></li> <li>Proxying downloads through 3rd party service like <a href="http://www.jfrog.com/artifactory/">Artifactory</a> or <a href="http://www.sonatype.com/nexus-repository-oss">Nexus Repository</a></li> <li>Implementing custom private registry (hosted on GitHub?)</li> <li>Adding authentication support for private <a href="https://enterprise.github.com/">GitHub Enterprise</a> instances</li> </ul> Pluggable resolvers were introduced in Bower 1.5. Please make sure your Bower version is correct (<code class="highlighter-rouge">bower --version</code>). <h2 id="using">Using</h2> A Pluggable Resolver is just an npm package that you install as <code class="highlighter-rouge">devDependency</code> in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">package.json</code> of your repository, or install globally with <code class="highlighter-rouge">npm install -g</code>. Declare what Pluggable resolvers your project uses by adding entries to the <code class="highlighter-rouge">resolvers</code> section of <a href="/docs/config">.bowerrc</a>. <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-json" data-lang="json">{ "resolvers": [ "bitbucket-resolver", "github-enterprise-resolver" ] }</code></pre></figure> Bower tries to use resolvers in the order specified. If no custom resolver matches the source being processed, Bower fallbacks to default resolvers (git, github, filesystem, svn, registry). You can find the list of available Bower resolvers on <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/search?q=bower-resolver">npm website</a>. <h2 id="creating">Creating</h2> As mentioned, custom resolvers are <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/">npm</a> packages with specific a API described below. The <code class="highlighter-rouge">package.json</code> should not list <code class="highlighter-rouge">bower</code> as a <code class="highlighter-rouge">dependency</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">peerDependency</code> (both have undesired behavior in npm 2.x, and we don’t want you to use bower internals). Instead, you can check for proper environment in resolver’s factory by reading provided <code class="highlighter-rouge">bower.version</code> parameter and use any other packages on npm (like <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/request">request</a>). Packages should list <code class="highlighter-rouge">bower-resolver</code> as one of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">keywords</code> in <code class="highlighter-rouge">package.json</code>. Resolvers should also follow <a href="http://semver.org/">semver</a> specification. Here is how an example <code class="highlighter-rouge">package.json</code> of a custom resolver can look like: <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-json" data-lang="json">{ "name": "custom-bower-resolver", "version": "1.0.0", "keywords": ["bower-resolver"], "main": "index.js", "dependencies": { "request": "^2.61.0" } }</code></pre></figure> The <code class="highlighter-rouge">index.js</code> should export factory for resolver, as follows: <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">var tmp = require('tmp'); /** * Factory function for resolver * It is called only one time by Bower, to instantiate resolver. * You can instantiate here any caches or create helper functions. */ module.exports = function resolver (bower) { // Resolver factory returns an instance of resolver return { // Match method tells whether resolver supports given source // It can return either boolean or promise of boolean match: function (source) { return source.indexOf('svn://') === 0 }, // Optional: // Can resolve or normalize sources, like: // "jquery" => "git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git" locate: function (source) { return source; }, // Optional: // Allows to list available versions of given source. // Bower chooses matching release and passes it to "fetch" releases: function (source) { return [ { target: 'v1.0.0', version: '1.0.0' }, { target: 'v1.0.1', version: '1.0.1' } ] }, // It downloads package and extracts it to temporary directory // You can use npm's "tmp" package to tmp directories // See the "Resolver API" section for details on this method fetch: function (endpoint, cached) { // If cached version of package exists, re-use it if (cached && cached.version) { return; } var tempDir = tmp.dirSync(); // ... download package to tempDir return { tempPath: tempDir.name, removeIgnores: true } } } }</code></pre></figure> If you need something more solid, see this real world example: <a href="https://github.com/phenomnomnominal/mercurial-bower-resolver" target="_blank">Mercurial Resolver</a>. <h2 id="resolver-api">Resolver API</h2> <h3 id="resolver-package">Resolver package</h3> <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">var plugResolver = require('pluggable-resolver') var resolver = plugResolver({ version: '1.5.0', config: {...}, logger: logger })</code></pre></figure> <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">resolver</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Resolver</code> - instance of the resolver.</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">version</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - Bower’s version that instantiates resolver. You can validate it.</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">config</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - Bower’s <a href="/docs/config/">config</a>. You can ask authors to put extra configuration in it.</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">logger</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - Bower’s <a href="https://github.com/bower/bower/tree/master/packages/bower-logger">logger</a>. Use it to output important warnings / information.</li> </ul> <code class="highlighter-rouge">plugResolver()</code> returns an instance of the resolver with the API described below. <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">resolver.match() resolver.locate() resolver.releases() resolver.fetch()</code></pre></figure> <h3 id="resolvermatch">resolver.match()</h3> Tells Bower whether to use or not use this resolver for some source. <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">var isMatched = resolver.match( source )</code></pre></figure> <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">source</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - source from bower.json, like <code class="highlighter-rouge">git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git</code></li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">isMatched</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Boolean</code> - Returns a boolean that tells whether resolver can handle given source (either by locating them with <code class="highlighter-rouge">locate</code> method, or fetching it with <code class="highlighter-rouge">fetch</code> + optional <code class="highlighter-rouge">releases</code> method).</li> </ul> <code class="highlighter-rouge">.match()</code> can also return a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise">Promise</a> of the result. It’s useful e.g. for filesystem checks. <h3 id="resolverlocate">resolver.locate()</h3> Allows to implement simplified registry. <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">var locatedSource = resolver.locate( source )</code></pre></figure> <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">source</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - source from bower.json, like <code class="highlighter-rouge">jquery/jquery</code></li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">locatedSource</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - Returns a resolved source string, like <code class="highlighter-rouge">"git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git"</code></li> </ul> <code class="highlighter-rouge">.locate()</code> can also return a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise">Promise</a> of the result. It’s useful e.g. for remote registry calls. <h3 id="resolverreleases">resolver.releases()</h3> Bower selects one matching <code class="highlighter-rouge">version</code> from the result and passes matching <code class="highlighter-rouge">target</code> field to <code class="highlighter-rouge">fetch</code> method. <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">var resolvedReleases = resolver.releases( source )</code></pre></figure> <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">source</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - source from bower.json, like <code class="highlighter-rouge">git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git</code></li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">resolvedReleases</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Array</code> - Returns available releases for given source (like list of available tags on GitHub) <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">target</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - unique target id for release (usually tag name)</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">version</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - semantic version for the target above</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <code class="highlighter-rouge">.releases()</code> can also return a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise">Promise</a> of the result. <h3 id="resolverfetch">resolver.fetch()</h3> Downloads given endpoint and returns path to temporary directory. <figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-javascript" data-lang="javascript">var fetched = resolver.fetch( endPoint, cached )</code></pre></figure> <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">endpoint</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - endpoint for the resource to download <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">name</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - name of resource (like <code class="highlighter-rouge">jquery</code>)</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">source</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - where to download resource from (like <code class="highlighter-rouge">git://github.com/jquery/jquery.git</code>)</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">target</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - the version or release of resource to download (like <code class="highlighter-rouge">v1.0.0</code>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">cached</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - contains information about cached resource <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">endpoint</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - endpoint of cached resource (the same format as above)</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">release</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - release of cached resource</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">releases</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Array</code> - the result of <code class="highlighter-rouge">releases</code> method</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">version</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - present cached resource has been resolved as version (like <code class="highlighter-rouge">1.0.0</code>)</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">resolution</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - the “resolution” returned from previous fetch call for same resource</li> </ul> </li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">fetched</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - Returned <ul> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">tempPath</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">String</code> - path to teporary directory with downloaded resource</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">removeIgnores</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Boolean</code> - tells whether bower should remove files ignores in bower.json.</li> <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">resolution</code>: <code class="highlighter-rouge">Object</code> - extra object that is saved in <code class="highlighter-rouge">.bower.json</code> and passed in <code class="highlighter-rouge">cached</code> field to the next <code class="highlighter-rouge">fetch</code> call. 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