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id="toc-Past_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Past elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Oath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties_and_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties_and_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Duties and functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duties_and_functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Duties and functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_the_Federal_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_the_Federal_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Appointment of the Federal Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_the_Federal_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Bundestag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Bundestag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dissolution of the Bundestag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Bundestag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promulgation_of_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promulgation_of_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Promulgation of the law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promulgation_of_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardons_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardons_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pardons and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardons_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_state_of_emergency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_state_of_emergency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Legislative state of emergency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_state_of_emergency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserve_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserve_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reserve powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserve_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachment_and_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment_and_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impeachment and removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment_and_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_office_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_office_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidential office and symbols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_office_and_symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential office and symbols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_office_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residences_and_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences_and_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Residences and office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences_and_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Presidential standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Weimar Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Democratic_Republic_("East_Germany")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Democratic_Republic_("East_Germany")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>German Democratic Republic ("East Germany")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Democratic_Republic_("East_Germany")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Republic_of_Germany_("West_Germany",_1949–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Republic_of_Germany_("West_Germany",_1949–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany", 1949–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Republic_of_Germany_("West_Germany",_1949–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_Duitsland" title="President van Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="President van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_(Deutschland)" title="Bundespräsident (Deutschland) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bundespräsident (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رئيس ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27Alemanya" title="President d'Alemanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="President d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_d%27Alema%C3%B1a" title="Presidente d'Alemaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente d'Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_Prezidenti" title="Almaniya Prezidenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya Prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Федэральны прэзідэнт Германіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэральны прэзідэнт Германіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Федерален президент (Германия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерален президент (Германия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_(Deitschland)" title="Bundespräsident (Deitschland) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bundespräsident (Deitschland)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27Alemanya" title="President d'Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_N%C4%9Bmecka" title="Prezident Německa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prezident Německa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundspr%C3%A6sident_(Tyskland)" title="Forbundspræsident (Tyskland) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forbundspræsident (Tyskland)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_(Deutschland)" title="Bundespräsident (Deutschland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bundespräsident (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Zw%C4%9Bzkoweje_Republiki_Nimska" title="Prezident Zwězkoweje Republiki Nimska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Prezident Zwězkoweje Republiki Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa_president" title="Saksamaa president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa president" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος της Γερμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος της Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Alemania" title="Presidente de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Germanio" title="Prezidanto de Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prezidanto de Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رئیس‌جمهور آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_(Allemagne)" title="Président fédéral (Allemagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président fédéral (Allemagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Presidente de Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="독일의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Zwjazkoweje_republiki_N%C4%9Bmska" title="Prezident Zwjazkoweje republiki Němska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prezident Zwjazkoweje republiki Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Njema%C4%8Dke" title="Predsjednik Njemačke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predsjednik Njemačke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Jerman" title="Presiden Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presiden Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_%C3%9E%C3%BDskalands" title="Forseti Þýskalands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forseti Þýskalands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_federale_della_Germania" title="Presidente federale della Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidente federale della Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="נשיא גרמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Германия Федералдық президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия Федералдық президенті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Ujerumani" title="Rais wa Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rais wa Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serok%C3%AA_Almanyay%C3%AA" title="Serokê Almanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serokê Almanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeses_foederalis_Germaniae" title="Praeses foederalis Germaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praeses foederalis Germaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_prezidents" title="Vācijas prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas prezidents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_prezidentas" title="Vokietijos prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos prezidentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9gi_eln%C3%B6k_(N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Szövetségi elnök (Németország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövetségi elnök (Németország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Претседател на Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიაშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رئيس المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Jerman" title="Presiden Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Холбооны ерөнхийлөгч (Герман) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Холбооны ерөнхийлөгч (Герман)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondspresident_van_Duitsland" title="Bondspresident van Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bondspresident van Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98_(%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84)" title="連邦大統領 (ドイツ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦大統領 (ドイツ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_president" title="Tysklands president – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysklands president" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="جرمن صدر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن صدر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="د المان ولسمشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د المان ولسمشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundspr%C3%A4sident_(D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland)" title="Bundspräsident (Düütschland) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bundspräsident (Düütschland)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Federalny_(Niemcy)" title="Prezydent Federalny (Niemcy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezydent Federalny (Niemcy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_da_Alemanha" title="Presidente da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Germaniei" title="Președintele Germaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Președintele Germaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Федеральный президент Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеральный президент Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_Germany" title="Preses o Germany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Preses o Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buundespr%C3%A4sident_(D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound)" title="Buundespräsident (Düütsklound) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Buundespräsident (Düütsklound)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_n%C3%AB_Gjermani" title="Presidenti në Gjermani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Presidenti në Gjermani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Nem%C4%8Dije" title="Predsednik Nemčije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predsednik Nemčije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Председник Немачке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Председник Немачке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Njema%C4%8Dke" title="Predsjednik Njemačke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predsjednik Njemačke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_liittopresidentti" title="Saksan liittopresidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan liittopresidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysklands_f%C3%B6rbundspresident" title="Tysklands förbundspresident – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tysklands förbundspresident" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Alemanya" title="Pangulo ng Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangulo ng Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประธานาธิบดีเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานาธิบดีเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Президенти федеролии Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Президенти федеролии Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya_cumhurba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Almanya cumhurbaşkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya cumhurbaşkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Федеральний президент Німеччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеральний президент Німеччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="جرمن صدر – Urdu" 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Bundespräsident</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of state of Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the position of president of Germany in the current Federal Republic of Germany. For the position of president of Germany in the Weimar Republic, see <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany (1919–1945)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/President_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/President of Germany">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22President+of+Germany%22">"President of Germany"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22President+of+Germany%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22President+of+Germany%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22President+of+Germany%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22President+of+Germany%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22President+of+Germany%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundespr%C3%A4sident_(Deutschland)_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_%28Deutschland%29_Logo.svg/250px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_%28Deutschland%29_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_%28Deutschland%29_Logo.svg/375px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_%28Deutschland%29_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_%28Deutschland%29_Logo.svg/500px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_%28Deutschland%29_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="125" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the German President</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="2657" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="#Presidential_standard">Standard of the German President</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg/220px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg/330px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg/440px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a><br /></div>since 19 March 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Herr Bundespräsident<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(informal)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(diplomatic)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Palace_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellevue Palace (Germany)">Schloss Bellevue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Villa_Hammerschmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Hammerschmidt">Villa Hammerschmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 years, renewable once consecutively</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Reichspräsident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1949<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949-05-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat" title="President of the German Bundesrat">President of the German Bundesrat</a><br /> <i>(Ex officio)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">€254,000 annually<sup id="cite_ref-bundespraesident_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundespraesident-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/">bundespraesident.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double var(--background-color-inverted, #101418);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#d33; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany"><span style="color: white;"><small>Politics of </small><br />Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Constitution <span style="font-size:85%;">(Basic Law)</span></span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Head of State</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor of Germany</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_agency_(Germany)" title="Federal agency (Germany)">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermittlungsausschuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermittlungsausschuss (page does not exist)"><i>Vermittlungsausschuss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsamer_Ausschuss" title="Gemeinsamer Ausschuss"><i>Gemeinsamer Ausschuss</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Federal courts</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Social</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Senate_of_the_Supreme_Courts_of_the_Federation" title="Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation">Joint Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany#Courts" title="Judiciary of Germany">Other courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State (<i>Land</i>)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President (Germany)">Minister president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">State Parliament (<i>Landtag</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">composition</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk"><i>Regierungsbezirk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (<i>Kreis</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Collective municipality (<i>Amt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipality (<i>Gemeinde</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">Coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">East Germany (1949–1960)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election"><i>2022</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Parliamentary election</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>European elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">State and local politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>State Politics</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Politics of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Berlin" title="Politics of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Bremen (page does not exist)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg" title="Politics of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Politics of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saarland" title="Politics of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony" title="Politics of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Politics of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Politics of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thuringia" title="Politics of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><br /> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations by country</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>International Relations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Political ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communism in Germany (disambiguation)">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Conservatism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian Conservatism in Germany">Agrarian Conservatism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>President of Germany</b>, officially titled the <b>Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany</b> (German: <i lang="de">Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FO_Official_title_of_President_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FO_Official_title_of_President-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>The current officeholder is <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> who was <a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">elected</a> on 12 February 2017 and <a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election">re-elected</a> on 13 February 2022. He is currently serving his second five-year-term, which began on 19 March 2022. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">1949 constitution (Basic Law)</a> Germany has a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government in which the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a> (similar to a prime minister or <a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">minister-president</a> in other parliamentary democracies) is the head of government. The president has a ceremonial role as <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a>, but also has the right and duty to act politically.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can give direction to general political and societal debates and have some important "<a href="/wiki/Reserve_power#Germany" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>" in case of political instability (such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president also holds the prerogative to grant pardons on behalf of the federation. The German presidents, who can be elected to two consecutive five-year terms, have wide discretion about how they exercise their official duties.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Article 59 (1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the president represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, all federal laws must be signed by the president before they can come into effect; presidents may veto a law if they believe it to violate the constitution. </p><p>The president's actions and public appearances represent the state itself, its existence, legitimacy, and unity. The president enjoys a higher ranking at official functions than the chancellor. The president's role is integrative and includes the control function of upholding the law and the constitution. It is a matter of political tradition – not legal restrictions – that the president generally does not comment routinely on issues in the news, particularly when there is some controversy among the political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitutional_basis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitutional_basis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distance from day-to-day politics and daily governmental issues allows the president to be a source of clarification, to influence public debate, voice criticism, offer suggestions, and make proposals. In order to exercise this power, they traditionally act above party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitutional_basis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitutional_basis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election">Election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (Germany)</a></div> <p>The president is elected for a term of five years by secret ballot, without debate, by a specially convened <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention</a> which mirrors the aggregated majority position in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> (the federal parliament) and in the <a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">parliaments</a> of the 16 German <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>. The convention consists of all Bundestag members, as well as an equal number of electors elected by the state legislatures in proportion to their respective populations. Since reunification, all Federal Conventions have had more than 1200 members, as the Bundestag has always had more than 600 parliamentarians since then. It is not required that state electors are chosen from the members of the state legislature; often some prominent citizens are chosen. </p><p>The German constitution, the Basic Law, requires that the convention be convened no later than 30 days before the scheduled expiry of the sitting president's term or 30 days after a premature expiry of a president's term. The body is convened and chaired by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the Bundestag</a>. From 1979 to 2009, all these conventions were held on 23 May, the anniversary of the foundation of the Federal Republic in 1949. The resignation of <a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> in 2010, which necessitated an early meeting of the Federal Convention, brought this tradition to an end. </p><p>In the first two rounds of the election, the candidate who achieves an absolute majority is elected. If, after two votes, no single candidate has received this level of support, in the third and final vote the candidate who wins a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of votes cast is elected. </p><p>The result of the election is often determined by party politics. In most cases, the candidate of the majority party or coalition in the Bundestag is considered to be the likely winner. However, as the members of the Federal Convention vote by secret ballot and are free to vote against their party's candidate, some presidential elections were considered open or too close to call beforehand because of relatively balanced majority positions or because the governing coalition's parties could not agree on one candidate and endorsed different people, as they did in 1969, when <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> won by only six votes on the third ballot. In other cases, elections have turned out to be much closer than expected. For example, in 2010, Wulff was expected to win on the first ballot, as the parties supporting him (CDU, CSU and FDP) had a stable absolute majority in the Federal Convention. Nevertheless, he failed to win a majority in the first and second ballots, while his main opponent <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> had an unexpectedly strong showing. In the end, Wulff obtained a majority in the third ballot. If the opposition has turned in a strong showing in state elections, it can potentially have enough support to defeat the chancellor's party's candidate; this happened in the elections in 1979 and 2004. For this reason, presidential elections can indicate the result of an upcoming general election. According to a long-standing adage in German politics, "if you can create a President, you can form a government."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_elections">Past elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Past elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Site</th> <th>Ballots</th> <th>Winner <p>(endorsing parties)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Electoral votes <p>(percentage) </p> </th> <th>Runner-up <p>(endorsing parties)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Electoral votes <p>(percentage) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1st Federal Convention</a></td> <td>12 September 1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> <p>(<b><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a>)</b> </p> </td> <td>416 (51.7%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td> <td>312 (38.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">2nd Federal Convention</a></td> <td>17 July 1954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>Theodor Heuss <br />(<b>FDP</b>, <b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, SPD)</td> <td>871 (85.6%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred Weber</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">KPD</a>)</td> <td>12 (1.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">3rd Federal Convention</a></td> <td>1 July 1959</td> <td>West Berlin</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>)</td> <td>526 (50.7%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Carlo Schmid</a> <br />(SPD)</td> <td>386 (37.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">4th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>1 July 1964</td> <td>West Berlin</td> <td>1</td> <td>Heinrich Lübke <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, SPD)</td> <td>710 (68.1%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Bucher" title="Ewald Bucher">Ewald Bucher</a> <br />(<b>FDP</b>)</td> <td>123 (11.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">5th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>5 March 1969</td> <td>West Berlin</td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> <br />(<b>SPD</b>, FDP)</td> <td>512 (49.4%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder</a> <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a>)</td> <td>506 (48.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">6th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>15 May 1974</td> <td>Bonn</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> <br />(<b>FDP</b>, <b>SPD</b>)</td> <td>530 (51.2%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a> <br />(CDU, CSU)</td> <td>498 (48.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">7th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 1979</td> <td>Bonn</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a> <br />(CDU, CSU)</td> <td>528 (51%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Annemarie Renger</a> <br />(<b>SPD</b>)</td> <td>431 (41.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">8th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 1984</td> <td>Bonn</td> <td>1</td> <td>Richard von Weizsäcker <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, <b>FDP</b>, SPD)</td> <td>832 (80%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rinser" title="Luise Rinser">Luise Rinser</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>)</td> <td>68 (6.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">9th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 1989</td> <td>Bonn</td> <td>1</td> <td>Richard von Weizsäcker <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, <b>FDP</b>, SPD)</td> <td>881 (84.9%)</td> <td>None</td> <td>108 (10.4%) no-votes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">10th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a> <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>)</td> <td>696 (52.6%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a> <br />(SPD)</td> <td>605 (45.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">11th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 1999</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>2</td> <td>Johannes Rau <br />(<b>SPD</b>, <b>Greens</b>)</td> <td>690 (51.6%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_Schipanski" title="Dagmar Schipanski">Dagmar Schipanski</a> <br />(CDU, CSU)</td> <td>572 (42.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">12th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 2004</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> <br />(CDU, CSU, FDP)</td> <td>604 (50.1%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gesine_Schwan" title="Gesine Schwan">Gesine Schwan</a> <br />(<b>SPD</b>, <b>Greens</b>)</td> <td>589 (48.9%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">13th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>23 May 2009</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>1</td> <td>Horst Köhler <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, FDP, <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a>)</td> <td>613 (50.1%)</td> <td>Gesine Schwan <br />(<b>SPD</b>, Greens)</td> <td>503 (41.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">14th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>30 June 2010</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, <b>FDP</b>)</td> <td>625 (50.2%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> <br />(SPD, Greens)</td> <td>494 (39.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">15th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>18 March 2012</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>1</td> <td>Joachim Gauck <br />(<b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, <b>FDP</b>, SPD, Greens, Free Voters, <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a>)</td> <td>991 (79.9%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beate_Klarsfeld" title="Beate Klarsfeld">Beate Klarsfeld</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>)</td> <td>126 (10.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">16th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>12 February 2017</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> <br />(<b>SPD</b>, <b>CDU</b>, <b>CSU</b>, Greens, FDP, SSW)</td> <td>931 (74.3%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Butterwegge" title="Christoph Butterwegge">Christoph Butterwegge</a> <br />(The Left)</td> <td>128 (10.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election">17th Federal Convention</a></td> <td>13 February 2022</td> <td>Berlin</td> <td>1</td> <td>Frank-Walter Steinmeier <br />(<b>SPD</b>, <b>Greens</b>, <b> FDP</b>, CDU, CSU, SSW)</td> <td>1045 (72.7%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Max Otte</a> <br />(AfD)</td> <td>140 (9.74%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">governing parties in bold</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">governing parties in bold</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of president is open to all Germans who are entitled to vote in Bundestag elections and have reached the age of 40, but no one may serve more than two consecutive five-year terms. As yet (2022), only five presidents (Heuss, Lübke, von Weizsäcker, Köhler and Steinmeier (in office)) have been elected for a second term and only two of them (Heuss and von Weizsäcker) completed those terms, while Lübke and Köhler resigned during their second term. The president must not be a member of the federal government or of a legislature at either the federal or state level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath">Oath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After taking office the president must take the following oath, stipulated by Article 56 of the Basic Law, in a joint session of the Bundestag and the <a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a> (it is the only event that demands such a joint session constitutionally). The religious references may optionally be omitted. </p> <blockquote><p>I swear that I will dedicate my efforts to the well-being of the German people, promote their welfare, protect them from harm, uphold and defend the Basic Law and the laws of the Federation, perform my duties conscientiously and do justice to all. (So help me God.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>German constitutional law does not consider oaths of office as <i>constitutive</i> but only as <i>affirmative</i>. This means that the president does not have to take the oath at the moment of entering office in order to be able to exercise its constitutional powers. In practice, the oath is usually administered during the first days or weeks of a president's term on a date convenient for a joint session of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. Nevertheless, in theory a persistent refusal to take the oath is considered to be an impeachable offence by legal scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a president is re-elected for a second consecutive term, he does not take the oath again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_functions">Duties and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duties and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg/220px-Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg/330px-Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg/440px-Schloss_Bellevue_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Palace,_Germany" title="Bellevue Palace, Germany">Bellevue Palace</a>, Berlin (primary seat)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg/220px-Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg/330px-Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg/440px-Villa_Hammerschmidt_-_Frontansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hammerschmidt_Villa" title="Hammerschmidt Villa">Hammerschmidt Villa</a>, Bonn (secondary seat)</figcaption></figure> <p>The president is involved in the formation of the Federal Government and remains in close cooperation with it. Basically, the president is free to act on his own discretion. However, according to Article 58 of the German constitution, the decrees, and directives of the president require the <a href="/wiki/Countersign_(legal)" title="Countersign (legal)">countersignature</a> of the chancellor or the corresponding federal minister in charge of the respective field of politics. This rule ensures the coherence of government action, similar to the system of checks and balances in the United States. There is no need for a countersignature if the president proposes, appoints, or dismisses the chancellor; convenes or dissolves the Bundestag according to Article 63; declares a legislative state of emergency; calls on a chancellor and ministers to remain in office after the end of a chancellor's term until a successor is elected; or exercises his right to pardon on behalf of the federation - as these are exclusive powers of the president. </p><p>Therefore, the president also receives the chancellor regularly for talks on current policy issues. German presidents also hold talks with individual federal ministers and other senior officials at their own discretion. The "Head of the Office of the President" represents the will and views of the president in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">meetings of the Federal Cabinet</a> and reports back to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-bundespraesident.de_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundespraesident.de-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president's most prominent powers and duties include:<sup id="cite_ref-bundespraesident.de_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bundespraesident.de-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Proposing the chancellor to the Bundestag</li> <li>Appointing and dismissing the chancellor and their cabinet ministers</li> <li>Dissolving the Bundestag under certain circumstances</li> <li>Declaring the legislative state of emergency under certain circumstances</li> <li>Convening the Bundestag</li> <li>Signing and promulgating laws or vetoing them under certain circumstances</li> <li>Appointing and dismissing federal judges, federal civil servants, and commissioned and non-commissioned officers of the Armed Forces</li> <li>Exercising the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation</li> <li>Awarding honors on behalf of the Federation</li> <li>Representing Germany at home and abroad</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_of_the_Federal_Government">Appointment of the Federal Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appointment of the Federal Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an election or other vacancy in the chancellor's office, the president must propose an individual to the Bundestag to be elected chancellor. The Bundestag is required to vote on this proposed candidate. If this vote fails, the right of nomination falls to the Bundestag, which is then given 14 days to elect another person. In either case, the President is obliged to appoint the person if a majority of the entire elected Bundestag, not just those present, votes for them (the so-called <i>Kanzlermehrheit</i>, "Chancellor majority"). </p><p>If the Bundestag cannot elect anyone with a majority in the 14-day period, it is required to hold one final ballot. If a person is elected with a majority on this ballot, the President is once again obliged to appoint them. If there is no majority, the President has seven days to either appoint the person who received a plurality of votes on the final ballot or dissolve the Bundestag. </p><p>The chancellor may only be removed if the Bundestag passes a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a>, indicating that a prospective new chancellor has the support of a majority. The President is then required to dismiss the chancellor and appoint the new candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president also appoints and dismisses the remaining members of the federal government upon proposal of the chancellor. This theoretically means that the president can appoint only those candidates presented by the chancellor. It is unclear whether the president could refuse to dismiss or appoint a proposed federal minister, as no president has ever done so. </p><p>The constitution places no restrictions on who may be chancellor. In practice, the president only proposes a person as chancellor who has previously garnered a majority support in prior coalition talks and traditionally does not interfere in those talks. However, after the "<a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a>" talks failed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 election</a>, President Steinmeier invited several Bundestag party leaders to try to bring them together to form a working government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_appointments">Other appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president appoints federal judges, federal civil servants, and military officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_Bundestag">Dissolution of the Bundestag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Bundestag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the head of state in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> parliamentary democracies, the President does not have the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve power</a> to unilaterally dissolve the Bundestag. The Bundestag also does not have the power to dissolve itself. Dissolution by the President can only occur in two scenarios caused by action of the Bundestag: </p> <ul><li>The Bundestag fails to elect a chancellor within 14 days of an election or vacancy. The Bundestag is then required to hold one final ballot. If the vote still fails to obtain a majority for anyone, the President has seven days to either dissolve the Bundestag, or appoint the person receiving the plurality of votes as chancellor.</li> <li>The chancellor proposes a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a> which fails. The chancellor may then advise the President to dissolve the Bundestag, which he may do within the shorter of 21 days or until a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a> passes to replace the chancellor. The chancellor is not obliged to ask for a dissolution, nor is the President is obliged to grant one.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first scenario has never happened. The second has been used to call <a href="/wiki/Snap_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap elections">snap elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a>, in all three cases with the incumbent chancellor asking his own party to vote down the confidence motion and obtaining a dissolution. Though the use of this strategy is controversial and the latter two cases resulted in complaints to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a>, it has been upheld as lawful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promulgation_of_the_law">Promulgation of the law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Promulgation of the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All federal laws must be signed by the president before they can come into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president may refuse to sign the law, thus effectively vetoing it. In principle, the president has the full veto authority on any bill, but this, however, is not how past presidents handled their power.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the president checks if the law was passed according to the order mandated by the Constitution and/or if the content of the law is constitutional. Only in cases in which the incumbent president had serious doubts about the constitutionality of a bill laid before them, they have refused to sign it. It also has to be stated that the president may at their own discretion sign such a "vetoed" bill at any later time, if for example the Basic Law has been changed in the relevant aspect or if the bill in question has been amended according to his concerns, because their initial refusal to sign a bill is not technically a final veto. </p><p>As of 2023, this has happened only nine times and no president has done it more often than two times during their term: </p> <ul><li>In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> vetoed a bill concerning income and corporation taxes, because it lacked the consent of the Bundesrat (in Germany some bills at the federal level need the consent of the Bundesrat, and some do not, which can be controversial at times).</li> <li>In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> refused to sign a bill concerning business and workforce trades he believed to be unconstitutional, because of a violation of the free choice of job.</li> <li>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> vetoed the "Engineer Act", because he believed this legislative area to be under the authority of the states.</li> <li>In 1970, Gustav Heinemann refused to sign the "Architects Act" for the same reason.</li> <li>In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> vetoed a bill about simplification measures regarding the conscientious objection of conscription, because it lacked the – in his opinion necessary – consent of the Bundesrat.</li> <li>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a> refused to sign an amendment to the "Air Traffic Act" allowing the privatisation of the air traffic administration, which he believed to be unconstitutional. He signed the bill later after the Basic Law was changed in this aspect.</li> <li>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> vetoed a bill concerning flight control, because he believed it to be unconstitutional.</li> <li>Later the same year, Horst Köhler vetoed the "Consumer Information Act" for the same reason.</li> <li>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> refused to sign the "Hate Speech Act" because of concerns about its constitutionality. In a letter sent to the Bundesrat, he stated his intent to sign the bill, if accordingly amended in a reasonable time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did so in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> have signed and promulgated all bills during their respective terms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president represents Germany in the world (Art. 59 Basic Law), undertakes foreign visits, and receives foreign dignitaries. They also conclude treaties with foreign nations (which do not come into effect until affirmed by the Bundestag), accredit German diplomats, and receive the letters of accreditation of foreign diplomats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardons_and_honours">Pardons and honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pardons and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Article 60 (2) of the German Constitution, the president has the power to pardon. This means the president "has the authority to revoke or commute penal or disciplinary sentences in individual cases. The federal president cannot, however, issue an amnesty waiving or commuting sentences for a whole category of offenses. That requires a law enacted by the Bundestag in conjunction with the Bundesrat. Due to the federal structure of Germany the federal president is only responsible for dealing with certain criminal matters (e.g. espionage and terrorism) and disciplinary proceedings against federal civil servants, federal judges, and soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is customary that the federal president becomes the honorary godparent of the seventh child in a family if the parents wish it. They also send letters of congratulations to centenarians and long-time married couples.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_state_of_emergency">Legislative state of emergency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legislative state of emergency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 81 makes it possible to enact a law without the approval of the Bundestag: if the Bundestag rejects a motion of confidence, but a new chancellor is not elected nor is the Bundestag dissolved, the chancellor can declare a draft law to be "urgent". If the Bundestag refuses to approve the draft, the cabinet can ask the federal president to declare a "legislative state of emergency" (<i>Gesetzgebungsnotstand</i>) with regard to that specific law proposal. </p><p>After the declaration of the president, the Bundestag has four weeks to discuss the draft law. If it does not approve it the cabinet can ask the <a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Federal Council</a> for approval. After the consent of the Federal Council is secured, the draft law becomes law. </p><p>There are some constraints on the "legislative state of emergency". After a president has declared the state of emergency for the first time, the government has only six months to use the procedure for other law proposals. Given the terms provided by the constitution, it is unlikely that the government can enact more than one other draft law in this way. </p><p>Also, the emergency has to be declared afresh for every proposal. This means that the six months are not a period in which the government together with the president and the Federal Council simply replaces the Bundestag as lawgiver. The Bundestag remains fully competent to pass laws during these six months. The state of emergency also ends if the office of the chancellor ends. During the same term and after the six months, the chancellor cannot use the procedure of Article 81 again. </p><p>A "legislative state of emergency" has never been declared. In case of serious disagreement between the chancellor and the Bundestag, the chancellor resigns or the Bundestag faces new elections. The provision of Article 81 is intended to assist the government for a short time, but not to use it in crisis for a longer period. According to constitutional commentator Bryde, Article 81 provides the executive (government) with the power to "enable decrees in a state of emergency" (<i>exekutives Notverordnungsrecht</i>), but for historical reasons the constitution avoided this expression.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_influence">Politics and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg/220px-Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg/330px-Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg/440px-Daniela-schadt-joachim-gauck-29-06-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Former President <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> and his partner <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Schadt" title="Daniela Schadt">Daniela Schadt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though candidates are usually selected by a political party or parties, the president nonetheless is traditionally expected to refrain from being an active member of any party after assuming office. Every president to date, except <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> (who was an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a>), has suspended their party membership for the duration of their term. Presidents have, however, spoken publicly about their personal views on political matters. The very fact that a president is expected to remain above politics usually means that when they do speak out on an issue, it is considered to be of great importance. In some cases, a presidential speech has dominated German political debate for a year or more.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reserve_powers">Reserve powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reserve powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to article 81 of the German constitution, the president can declare a "Legislation Emergency" and allow the federal government and the Bundesrat to enact laws without the approval of the Bundestag. They also have important decisive power regarding the appointment of a chancellor who was elected by plurality only, or the dissolution of the Bundestag under certain circumstances. </p><p>It is also theoretically possible, albeit a drastic step which has not happened since 1949, that the president refuses to sign legislation merely because they disagree with its content, thus vetoing it, or refuse to approve a cabinet appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all cases in which a bill was not signed by the federal president, all presidents have claimed that the bill in question was manifestly unconstitutional. For example, in the autumn of 2006, President Horst Köhler did so twice within three months. Also, in some cases, a president has signed a law while asking that the political parties refer the case to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> in order to test the law's constitutionality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg/150px-23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg/225px-23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg/300px-23_08_28_BSPC_DSCF7008_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuela_Schwesig" title="Manuela Schwesig">Manuela Schwesig</a>, the current President of the Bundesrat and Deputy of the President of Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Inheritance" title="Category:Inheritance">a series</a> on<br /><b><span style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Orders of succession</a></span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">Presidencies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Argentine presidential line of succession">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria#Succession" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Brazilian presidential line of succession">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Colombian presidential line of succession">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China#Line_of_succession" title="President of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Succession" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt#Succession" title="President of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland#Incapacity_and_succession" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France#Succession_and_incapacity" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Succession">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Succession" title="President of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia#Line_of_succession_and_impeachment" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_and_Acting_President_of_Israel" title="Interim and Acting President of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy#Succession" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland#Absence_of_a_president" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea#Order_of_succession" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico#Succession" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Pakistani presidential line of succession">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru#Line_of_succession" title="President of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Philippine presidential line of succession">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Poland" title="Acting President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presidential_line_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese presidential line of succession">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania#Succession" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Sri Lankan presidential line of succession">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China#Succession" title="President of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Uruguayan presidential line of succession">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam#Order_of_succession" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Template:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Template talk:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Basic Law did not create an office of Vice President, but designated the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat" title="President of the German Bundesrat">President of the Bundesrat</a> (by constitutional custom the <a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">head of government of one of the sixteen German states</a>, elected by the Bundesrat in a predetermined order of annual alternation) as deputy of the president of Germany (Basic Law, Article 57). If the office of president falls vacant, they assume the powers of the president on an acting basis until a successor is elected. While doing so, they do not continue to exercise the role of chair of the Bundesrat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the president is temporarily unable to perform their duties (this happens frequently, for example if the president is abroad on a state visit), he can at his own discretion delegate his powers or parts of them to the president of the Bundesrat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in early November 2022, then President of the Bundesrat <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tschentscher" title="Peter Tschentscher">Peter Tschentscher</a> deputised President Steinmeier when the latter was on a trip to Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the president dies in office, resigns, or is otherwise removed from office, a successor is to be elected within thirty days. Horst Köhler, upon his resignation on 31 May 2010, became the first president to trigger this re-election process. <a href="/wiki/Jens_B%C3%B6hrnsen" title="Jens Böhrnsen">Jens Böhrnsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Bremen" title="List of mayors of Bremen">President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen</a> and at the time President of the Bundesrat, became Acting President.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, when <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> resigned in 2012, it was <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a>, Minister-President of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, as President of the Bundesrat, who became Acting President. When Heinrich Lübke, on the other hand, announced his resignation in 1968, it only came into effect the following year, a mere three months before the scheduled end of his term and after the expedited election of his successor. Back in 1949, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Arnold" title="Karl Arnold">Karl Arnold</a>, at the time Minister-President of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and President of the Bundesrat, also acted as head of state for a few days: after the Basic Law had come into effect and he himself was elected as President of the Bundesrat, the first President of Germany was not yet elected and the office therefore vacant. </p><p>None of these three presidents of the Bundesrat acting as President, has used any of the more important powers of the president, as for example vetoing a law or dissolving the Bundestag, although they would have been entitled to do so under the same conditions as the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impeachment_and_removal">Impeachment and removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impeachment and removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in office, the president enjoys immunity from prosecution and cannot be voted out of office or recalled. The only mechanism for removing the president is impeachment by the Bundestag or Bundesrat for willfully violating German law. In either of the two bodies a two-thirds majority is required. Once the Bundestag or the Bundesrat impeaches the president, the Federal Constitutional Court is charged with determining if they are guilty of the offence. If the charge is sustained, the court has the authority to remove the president from office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_office_and_symbols">Presidential office and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Presidential office and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences_and_office">Residences and office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Residences and office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg/220px-Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg/330px-Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg/440px-Schloss_Bellevue_DSC8405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5734" data-file-height="3850" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial office in Bellevue Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>The official residence of the president is <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Palace,_Germany" title="Bellevue Palace, Germany">Bellevue Palace</a> in Berlin. The president's second official residence is the <a href="/wiki/Hammerschmidt_Villa" title="Hammerschmidt Villa">Hammerschmidt Villa</a> in Bonn, the former capital city of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </p><p>Although these are the president's official residences, they do not live in Bellevue palace. Instead, it is only used as a ceremonial office. The president and their spouse live in a villa in <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a> which is part of the Berlin borough of <a href="/wiki/Steglitz-Zehlendorf" title="Steglitz-Zehlendorf">Steglitz-Zehlendorf</a>. </p><p>The Office of the President (<i><a href="/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidialamt" title="Bundespräsidialamt">Bundespräsidialamt</a></i>) is a supreme federal authority. It organises the president's work, supports the president in the performance of their duties as head of state, and coordinate their working relationships with other parts of the German government and administration. Its top official, who takes precedence over all other <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">German state secretaries</a>, is the Head of the Office of the President (<i>Chef des Bundespräsidialamts</i>). </p><p>The office and its staff advise the president, inform them of all developments in domestic and foreign affairs and carry out the instructions of the president or forward these to the corresponding ministry or authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitutional_basis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitutional_basis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Air_Force_A340-300(16%2B02)_(6272414834).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/German_Air_Force_A340-300%2816%2B02%29_%286272414834%29.jpg/220px-German_Air_Force_A340-300%2816%2B02%29_%286272414834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/German_Air_Force_A340-300%2816%2B02%29_%286272414834%29.jpg/330px-German_Air_Force_A340-300%2816%2B02%29_%286272414834%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/German_Air_Force_A340-300%2816%2B02%29_%286272414834%29.jpg/440px-German_Air_Force_A340-300%2816%2B02%29_%286272414834%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>Airbus A340 aircraft used by the president</figcaption></figure> <p>The president's car is usually black, made in Germany and has the numberplate "0 – 1" with the presidential standard on the right wing of the car. The president also uses a VIP helicopter operated by the Federal Police and VIP aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Global_Express" title="Bombardier Global Express">Bombardier Global 5000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A319" title="Airbus A319">Airbus A319CJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340</a>) operated by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Transport_Wing_(German_Air_Force)" title="Executive Transport Wing (German Air Force)">Executive Transport Wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a>. When the president is on board, the flight's callsign is "German Airforce 001". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_standard">Presidential standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Presidential standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Germany" title="Presidential standard of Germany">Presidential standard of Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern-day position of German president is significantly different from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Reich President</a> of the Weimar Republic – a position which held considerable power and was regarded as an important figure in political life.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany (1919–1945)</a></div> <p>The position of president of Germany was first established by the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, which was drafted in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the abdication of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> in 1918. In Germany the new head of state was called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichspräsident</i></span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> served as Germany's first president, followed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>. The office effectively came to an end upon Hindenburg's death in 1934 when its powers were merged with those of the chancellor. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> ruled Germany as "<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer"><i>Führer und Reichskanzler</i></a>", combining his previous positions in the party and government. However, he did officially become president;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the office was not abolished (though the constitutionally mandated presidential elections every seven years did not take place in the Nazi era) and briefly revived at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when Hitler appointed Grand Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> as his successor as "President of Germany". Dönitz agreed to the surrender to the Allies and was arrested a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Weimar Constitution created a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential system</a> in which power was divided between the president, a cabinet, and a parliament. The president enjoyed far greater power than the current president and had an active political role rather than a largely ceremonial one. The influence of the president increased greatly as a result of the instability of the Weimar period. The president appointed the chancellor and, at his recommendation, appointed and dismissed members of the cabinet as well. It was also necessary for the cabinet to have the confidence of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> (parliament) because it could be removed by a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All bills had to receive the signature of the president to become law and, although he did not have an absolute veto on legislation, he could insist that a law be submitted for the approval of voters in a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. The president had the authority to dissolve the Reichstag, conduct foreign affairs, and had command the armed forces. <a href="/wiki/Article_48_(Weimar_Constitution)" title="Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)">Article 48</a> of the constitution provided the president sweeping powers in the event of a crisis. If there was a threat to "public order and security", he could, with the co-signature of the chancellor (per article 50), suspend civil rights and legislate by decree.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Weimar constitution provided that the president be directly elected and serve a seven-year term. The election involved a form of the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>. The first president was elected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a> and subsequently only two direct presidential elections took place. They were the election of Paul von Hindenburg in <a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a> and his re-election in <a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932.</a> </p><p>The system created by the Weimar Constitution led to a number of problems. The use of a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional electoral system</a> without <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">thresholds</a> allowed the rise of a multitude of political parties which made it difficult for any of them to establish stable coalitions. This factionalism contributed to frequent changes in government.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1930, when no workable majority could be formed after the resignation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_M%C3%BCller_cabinet" title="Second Müller cabinet">second Müller cabinet</a>, President Hindenburg appointed <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a> chancellor "with the note that his cabinet was to be put together without regard to coalition ties".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brüning's term in office was the beginning of the rule by decree which marked the three <a href="/wiki/Presidential_cabinets_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Presidential cabinets of the Weimar Republic">presidential cabinets</a> that preceded <a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Adolf Hitler's chancellorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Democratic_Republic_("East_Germany")"><span id="German_Democratic_Republic_.28.22East_Germany.22.29"></span>German Democratic Republic ("East Germany")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: German Democratic Republic ("East Germany")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">President of East Germany</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> established the office of a head of state with the title of President of the Republic (German: <i>Präsident der Republik</i>) in 1949, but abandoned the office with the death of the first president, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a>, in 1960 in favour of a <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">collective head of state</a> closely <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">modelled</a> on <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">its Soviet counterpart</a>. All government positions of the country, including the presidency, were appointed by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> on the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. Following the end of communist rule due to the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a>, the head of state became the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">parliamentary speaker</a> with <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">new, fair elections</a>. Later that year, a draft constitution was written that would have restored the presidency, but ultimately this never materialised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Republic_of_Germany_("West_Germany",_1949–1990)"><span id="Federal_Republic_of_Germany_.28.22West_Germany.22.2C_1949.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany", 1949–1990)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany", 1949–1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><i>Grundgesetz</i></a> in 1949, the office of President of the Federal Republic (in German: <i>Bundespräsident</i>) was created in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. Partly due to the misuse of presidential powers in the Weimar Republic, the office's powers were significantly reduced. Not only are they indirectly elected, but most of the real power was transferred to the chancellor. </p><p>Because the reunification of Germany in 1990 was accomplished by the five East German states joining the Federal Republic, the president became the president of all German states without the establishment of a new presidential office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_presidents">List of presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Germany" title="List of presidents of Germany">List of presidents of Germany</a></div> <p>Twelve persons have served as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Six of them were members of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (Lübke, Carstens, von Weizsäcker, Herzog, Köhler, Wulff), three were members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (Heinemann, Rau, Steinmeier), two were members of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (Heuss, Scheel) and one was an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> (Gauck). Four presidents were ministers in the federal government before entering office (Lübke <i>Agriculture</i>, Heinemann <i>Justice</i>, Scheel, Steinmeier <i>Foreign Affairs</i>), two of them (Scheel, Steinmeier) having been <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor of Germany</a>. Three were <a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">head of a state government</a> (von Weizsäcker <i><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a></i>, Rau <i><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></i>, Wulff <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></i>), Rau having been <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Bundesrat" title="President of the German Bundesrat">President of the Bundesrat</a>. Two were members of the Bundestag (Heuss, Carstens), Carstens having been <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the Bundestag</a>. One was president of the Federal Constitutional Court (Herzog), director of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> (Köhler), and Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records (Gauck). Only five presidents (Heuss, Lübke, von Weizsäcker, Köhler, Steinmeier) have been re-elected for a second five-year-term and only two of those (Heuss, von Weizsäcker) served the full ten years. Christian Wulff served the shortest tenure (1 year, 7 months and 18 days) of all presidents. </p><p>The president is (according to Art. 57 GG) deputised by the president of the Bundesrat who can perform any of the president's duties, if the president is temporarily unable to do so and delegates these duties to them (this frequently happens during state visits), or if the Presidency falls vacant, in which case they become acting President until a successor is elected, which has to happen within thirty days. This has happened three times: </p> <ul><li>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Arnold" title="Karl Arnold">Karl Arnold</a> acted as President after the <i>Grundgesetz</i> came into effect on 7 September 1949 and before <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> was elected by the <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1st Federal Convention</a> on 12 September 1949.</li> <li>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Jens_B%C3%B6hrnsen" title="Jens Böhrnsen">Jens Böhrnsen</a> acted as President after the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> and before the election of Christian Wulff.</li> <li>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a> acted as President after the resignation of Christian Wulff and before the election of Joachim Gauck.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">List of presidents of Germany from 1949 – till date.</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Portrait </th> <th scope="col">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Term </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Party </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Election </th> <th scope="col">Deputies<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Presidents of the Bundesrat)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="10"><i>President of the Bundesrat <a href="/wiki/Karl_Arnold" title="Karl Arnold">Karl Arnold</a> acted as President from 7 to 12 September 1949.</i> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">1 </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a,_Heuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="294" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Heuss"><b><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1884–1963)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001949-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 September 1949</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001959-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 September 1959</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFED00"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">FDP</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Karl Arnold (1949–1950)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehard" title="Hans Ehard">Hans Ehard</a> (1950–1951)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Wilhelm_Kopf" title="Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf">Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf</a> (1951–1952)<br /><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Reinhold Maier</a> (1952–1953)<br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn" title="Georg August Zinn">Georg August Zinn</a> (1953–1954)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altmeier" title="Peter Altmeier">Peter Altmeier</a> (1954–1955)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Kai-Uwe von Hassel</a> (1955–1956)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Sieveking" title="Kurt Sieveking">Kurt Sieveking</a> (1956–1957)<br /><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1957–1958)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kaisen" title="Wilhelm Kaisen">Wilhelm Kaisen</a> (1958–1959)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">2 </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A,_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A%2C_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A%2C_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A%2C_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A%2C_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A%2C_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-034-22A%2C_Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="787" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Lübke"><b><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1972)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001959-09-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">13 September 1959</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001969-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 1969</span><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#151518"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Wilhelm Kaisen (1959)<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_R%C3%B6der" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Röder">Franz Josef Röder</a> (1959–1960)<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Meyers" title="Franz Meyers">Franz Meyers</a> (1960–1961)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehard" title="Hans Ehard">Hans Ehard</a> (1961–1962)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> (1962–1963)<br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_Diederichs" title="Georg Diederichs">Georg Diederichs</a> (1963–1964)<br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn" title="Georg August Zinn">Georg August Zinn</a> (1964–1965)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altmeier" title="Peter Altmeier">Peter Altmeier</a> (1965–1966)<br /><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lemke" title="Helmut Lemke">Helmut Lemke</a> (1966–1967)<br /><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Klaus Schütz">Klaus Schütz</a> (1967–1968)<br /><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weichmann" title="Herbert Weichmann">Herbert Weichmann</a> (1968–1969)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010,_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F029021-0010%2C_Gustav_Heinemann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Heinemann"><b><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1899–1976)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001969-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 1969</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001974-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 1974</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E3000F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Herbert Weichmann (1969)<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_R%C3%B6der" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Röder">Franz Josef Röder</a> (1969–1970)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koschnick" title="Hans Koschnick">Hans Koschnick</a> (1970–1971)<br /><a href="/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn" title="Heinz Kühn">Heinz Kühn</a> (1971–1972)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Goppel" title="Alfons Goppel">Alfons Goppel</a> (1972–1973)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Hans Filbinger</a> (1973–1974)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20,_Walter_Scheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-047-20%2C_Walter_Scheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="798" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Scheel"><b><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–2016)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001974-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 1974</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001979-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 1979</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFED00"> </td> <td>FDP </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Hans Filbinger (1974)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubel" title="Alfred Kubel">Alfred Kubel</a> (1974–1975)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_Osswald" title="Albert Osswald">Albert Osswald</a> (1975–1976)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Vogel (politician)">Bernhard Vogel</a> (1976–1977)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg" title="Gerhard Stoltenberg">Gerhard Stoltenberg</a> (1977–1978)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Stobbe" title="Dietrich Stobbe">Dietrich Stobbe</a> (1978–1979)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020,_Ludwigshafen,_CDU-Bundesparteitag,_Carstens_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F054633-0020%2C_Ludwigshafen%2C_CDU-Bundesparteitag%2C_Carstens_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="517" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Carstens"><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1992)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001979-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 1979</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001984-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 1984</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#151518"> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Dietrich Stobbe (1979)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Klose" title="Hans-Ulrich Klose">Hans-Ulrich Klose</a> (1979–1980)<br /><a href="/wiki/Werner_Zeyer" title="Werner Zeyer">Werner Zeyer</a> (1980–1981)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koschnick" title="Hans Koschnick">Hans Koschnick</a> (1981–1982)<br /><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a> (1982–1983)<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> (1983–1984)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">6 </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11,_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11%2C_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg/160px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11%2C_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11%2C_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11%2C_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11%2C_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-039-11%2C_Richard_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Weizsäcker"><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–2015)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001984-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 1984</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001994-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 1994</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#151518"> </td> <td rowspan="2">CDU </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Franz Josef Strauß (1984)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Sp%C3%A4th" title="Lothar Späth">Lothar Späth</a> (1984–1985)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Albrecht_(politician,_born_1930)" title="Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1930)">Ernst Albrecht</a> (1985–1986)<br /><a href="/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner" title="Holger Börner">Holger Börner</a> (1986–1987)<br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wallmann" title="Walter Wallmann">Walter Wallmann</a> (1987)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Vogel (politician)">Bernhard Vogel</a> (1987–1988)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Engholm" title="Björn Engholm">Björn Engholm</a> (1988–1989)<br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_Momper" title="Walter Momper">Walter Momper</a> (1989–1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Henning_Voscherau" title="Henning Voscherau">Henning Voscherau</a> (1990–1991)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gomolka" title="Alfred Gomolka">Alfred Gomolka</a> (1991–1992)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berndt_Seite" title="Berndt Seite">Berndt Seite</a> (1992)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine">Oskar Lafontaine</a> (1992–1993)<br /><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wedemeier" title="Klaus Wedemeier">Klaus Wedemeier</a> (1993–1994)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">7 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG/160px-Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG/240px-Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG/320px-Roman_Herzog_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Herzog"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1934–2017)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 1994</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000001999-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 1999</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#151518"> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Klaus Wedemeier (1994)<br /><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a> (1994–1995)<br /><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a> (1995–1996)<br /><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Teufel" title="Erwin Teufel">Erwin Teufel</a> (1996–1997)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> (1997–1998)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eichel" title="Hans Eichel">Hans Eichel</a> (1998–1999)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roland_Koch" title="Roland Koch">Roland Koch</a> (1999)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">8 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_%281%29.jpg/160px-Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_%281%29.jpg/240px-Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_%281%29.jpg/320px-Johannes_rau_2004-05-16_berlin_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="667" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Rau"><b><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–2006)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 1999</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000002004-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 2004</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#E3000F"> </td> <td>SPD </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Roland Koch (1999)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf" title="Kurt Biedenkopf">Kurt Biedenkopf</a> (1999–2000)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Beck" title="Kurt Beck">Kurt Beck</a> (2000–2001)<br /><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wowereit" title="Klaus Wowereit">Klaus Wowereit</a> (2001–2002)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_B%C3%B6hmer" title="Wolfgang Böhmer">Wolfgang Böhmer</a> (2002–2003)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Althaus" title="Dieter Althaus">Dieter Althaus</a> (2003–2004)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">9 </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg/160px-Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg/240px-Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg/320px-Horst_K%C3%B6hler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Köhler"><b><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(b. 1943)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000002004-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 July 2004</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000002010-05-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 May 2010</span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#151518"> </td> <td rowspan="2">CDU </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dieter Althaus (2004)<br /><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Platzeck" title="Matthias Platzeck">Matthias Platzeck</a> (2004–2005)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harry_Carstensen" title="Peter Harry Carstensen">Peter Harry Carstensen</a> (2005–2006)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harald_Ringstorff" title="Harald Ringstorff">Harald Ringstorff</a> (2006–2007)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ole_von_Beust" title="Ole von Beust">Ole von Beust</a> (2007–2008)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Peter Müller (politician)">Peter Müller</a> (2008–2009)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jens_B%C3%B6hrnsen" title="Jens Böhrnsen">Jens Böhrnsen</a> (2009–2010)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="10"><i>President of the Bundesrat <a href="/wiki/Jens_B%C3%B6hrnsen" title="Jens Böhrnsen">Jens Böhrnsen</a> acted as President from 31 May to 30 June 2010.</i> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">10 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg/160px-Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg/240px-Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg/320px-Christian_Wulff_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="869" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Wulff"><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(b. 1959)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002010-06-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 June 2010</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000002012-02-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 February 2012</span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color:#151518"> </td> <td>CDU </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Jens Böhrnsen (2010)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hannelore_Kraft" title="Hannelore Kraft">Hannelore Kraft</a> (2010–2011)<br /><a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a> (2011–2012)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="10"><i>President of the Bundesrat <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a> acted as President from 17 February to 18 March 2012.</i> </td></tr> <tr style="height:12em;"> <th scope="row">11 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_Gauck_(2012_passport).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Joachim_Gauck_%282012_passport%29.jpg/160px-Joachim_Gauck_%282012_passport%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Joachim_Gauck_%282012_passport%29.jpg/240px-Joachim_Gauck_%282012_passport%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Joachim_Gauck_%282012_passport%29.jpg/320px-Joachim_Gauck_%282012_passport%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Gauck"><b><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(b. 1940)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-03-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 March 2012</span><br />–<br /><span data-sort-value="000000002017-03-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 March 2017</span> </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Horst Seehofer (2012)<br /><a href="/wiki/Winfried_Kretschmann" title="Winfried Kretschmann">Winfried Kretschmann</a> (2012–2013)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Weil" title="Stephan Weil">Stephan Weil</a> (2013–2014)<br /><a href="/wiki/Volker_Bouffier" title="Volker Bouffier">Volker Bouffier</a> (2014–2015)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Tillich" title="Stanislaw Tillich">Stanislaw Tillich</a> (2015–2016)<br /><a href="/wiki/Malu_Dreyer" title="Malu Dreyer">Malu Dreyer</a> (2016–2017)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th rowspan="2" scope="row">12 </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg/160px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg/240px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg/320px-Bundespr%C3%A4sident_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_auf_den_Stufen_der_Villa_Hammerschmidt_in_Bonn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Steinmeier"><b><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(b. 1956)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000002017-03-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 March 2017</span><br />–<br /><i>Incumbent</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E3000F"> </td> <td rowspan="2">SPD </td> <td class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Malu Dreyer (2017)<br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1964)" title="Michael Müller (politician, born 1964)">Michael Müller</a> (2017–2018)<br /><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G%C3%BCnther" title="Daniel Günther">Daniel Günther</a> (2018–2019)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Woidke" title="Dietmar Woidke">Dietmar Woidke</a> (2019–2020)<br /><a href="/wiki/Reiner_Haseloff" title="Reiner Haseloff">Reiner Haseloff</a> (2020–2021)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow" title="Bodo Ramelow">Bodo Ramelow</a> (2021–2022)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tschentscher" title="Peter Tschentscher">Peter Tschentscher</a> (2022–2023)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manuela_Schwesig" title="Manuela Schwesig">Manuela Schwesig</a> (<i>Incumbent</i>)</span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election">2022</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><b>Sources:</b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 14 October 1968, Lübke announced his resignation with effect to 30 June 1969, to make possible the election of his successor before the federal election campaign in the fall of 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 31 May 2010, Köhler declared his resignation with immediate effect.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 17 February 2012, Wulff declared his resignation with immediate effect.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany (1919–1945)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bundespraesident-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bundespraesident_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Service/Fragen-und-Antworten/fragen-und-antworten-node.html#doc1894320bodyText5">"Wie wird der Bundespräsident bezahlt?"</a>. <i>bundespraesident.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundespraesident.de&rft.atitle=Wie+wird+der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident+bezahlt%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FDE%2FService%2FFragen-und-Antworten%2Ffragen-und-antworten-node.html%23doc1894320bodyText5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FO_Official_title_of_President-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FO_Official_title_of_President_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official title within Germany is <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundespräsident</i></span></i>, with <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span></i> being added in international correspondence; the official English title is President of the Federal Republic of Germany<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Office_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1990). <i>German Institutions</i>. Terminological Series issued by the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany. Vol. 3. de Gruyter. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-584-2"><bdi>978-0-89925-584-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Institutions&rft.series=Terminological+Series+issued+by+the+Foreign+Office+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89925-584-2&rft.au=Foreign+Office+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Court ruling of the German Supreme Court: BVerfG, Urteil des Zweiten Senats vom 10. Juni 2014 – 2 BvE 4/13 – Rn. (1–33) [Link <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/e/es20140610_2bve000413.html">https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/e/es20140610_2bve000413.html</a>], retrieved 30 May 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#GGengl_000P81">"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"</a>. Gesetze-im-internet.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Law+for+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.pub=Gesetze-im-internet.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fenglisch_gg%2Fenglisch_gg.html%23GGengl_000P81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German constitutional court: BVerfG, – 2 BvE 4/13–10 June 2014, No. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Role-and-Functions/RoleInTheInternationalArena/roleintheinternationalarena-node.html">"Article: Role in the international arena"</a>. <i>Der Bundespräsident</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Article%3A+Role+in+the+international+arena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FEN%2FRole-and-Functions%2FRoleInTheInternationalArena%2Froleintheinternationalarena-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitutional_basis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitutional_basis_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitutional_basis_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitutional_basis_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Role-and-Functions/ConstitutionalBasis/ConstitutionalBasis-node.html">"Article: Constitutional basis"</a>. <i>Der Bundespräsident</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Article%3A+Constitutional+basis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FEN%2FRole-and-Functions%2FConstitutionalBasis%2FConstitutionalBasis-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>. Article 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundgesetz+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.pages=Article+56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaensle2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haensle, Walter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25798/1/Haensle_Amtseid.pdf">"Amtseid à la Obama – Verfassungsrechtliche Grundfragen und Probleme des Amtseids nach dem Grundgesetz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JURA – Juristische Ausbildung</i>. <b>31</b> (9): 670–676. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FJURA.2009.670">10.1515/JURA.2009.670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0170-1452">0170-1452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15442740">15442740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JURA+%E2%80%93+Juristische+Ausbildung&rft.atitle=Amtseid+%C3%A0+la+Obama+%E2%80%93+Verfassungsrechtliche+Grundfragen+und+Probleme+des+Amtseids+nach+dem+Grundgesetz&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=670-676&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15442740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0170-1452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FJURA.2009.670&rft.aulast=Haensle&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F25798%2F1%2FHaensle_Amtseid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bundespraesident.de-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bundespraesident.de_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bundespraesident.de_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Role-and-Functions/ConstitutionalBasis/InteractionBetweenConstitutionalOrgans/interactionbetweenconstitutionalorgans-node.html">"Article: Interaction between constitutional organs"</a>. <i>Der Bundespräsident</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Article%3A+Interaction+between+constitutional+organs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FEN%2FRole-and-Functions%2FConstitutionalBasis%2FInteractionBetweenConstitutionalOrgans%2Finteractionbetweenconstitutionalorgans-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i> (in German). Article 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundgesetz+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.pages=Article+67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i> (in German). Articles 67 and 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundgesetz+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.pages=Articles+67+and+68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i> (in German). Article 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundgesetz+f%C3%BCr+die+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.pages=Article+82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/apuz/31307/das-amt-des-bundespraesidenten-und-sein-pruefungsrecht?p=all">"Das Amt des Bundespräsidenten und sein Prüfungsrecht | bpb"</a>. 3 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Amt+des+Bundespr%C3%A4sidenten+und+sein+Pr%C3%BCfungsrecht+%26%23124%3B+bpb&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fapuz%2F31307%2Fdas-amt-des-bundespraesidenten-und-sein-pruefungsrecht%3Fp%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/hate-speech-gesetz-das-koennt-ihr-besser-1.5059141">"Das könnt ihr besser"</a>. 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+k%C3%B6nnt+ihr+besser&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fhate-speech-gesetz-das-koennt-ihr-besser-1.5059141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/hasskriminalitaet-gesetz-gegen-online-hetze-tritt-ostern-in-kraft-a-30ed56dc-5a72-4bef-bd77-84eb66994da7">"Hasskriminalität: Gesetz gegen Onlinehetze tritt Ostern in Kraft"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Hasskriminalit%C3%A4t%3A+Gesetz+gegen+Onlinehetze+tritt+Ostern+in+Kraft&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fnetzwelt%2Fnetzpolitik%2Fhasskriminalitaet-gesetz-gegen-online-hetze-tritt-ostern-in-kraft-a-30ed56dc-5a72-4bef-bd77-84eb66994da7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bundespraesidenten-das-achte-nein-a-453425.html">"Bundespräsidenten: Das achte Nein"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i>. 8 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Bundespr%C3%A4sidenten%3A+Das+achte+Nein&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fbundespraesidenten-das-achte-nein-a-453425.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Role-and-Functions/WorkInGermany/OfficialFunctions/officialfunctions-node.html">"Article: Official functions"</a>. <i>Der Bundespräsident</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Article%3A+Official+functions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FEN%2FRole-and-Functions%2FWorkInGermany%2FOfficialFunctions%2Fofficialfunctions-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/Role-and-Functions/WorkInGermany/AnniversariesAndHonoraryGodparenthood/anniversariesandhonorarygodparenthood-node.html">"Article: Anniversaries and honorary godparenthood"</a>. <i>Der Bundespräsident</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Article%3A+Anniversaries+and+honorary+godparenthood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FEN%2FRole-and-Functions%2FWorkInGermany%2FAnniversariesAndHonoraryGodparenthood%2Fanniversariesandhonorarygodparenthood-node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryde, in: von Münch/Kunig, GGK III, 5. Aufl. 2003, Rn. 7 zu Art. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/FTTV7M,3,0,Das_Amt_des_Bundespr%E4sidenten_und_sein_Pr%FCfungsrecht.html#art3">"<i>Das Amt des Bundespräsidenten und sein Prüfungsrecht</i>"</a> (in German). Bpb.de. 3 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Amt+des+Bundespr%C3%A4sidenten+und+sein+Pr%C3%BCfungsrecht&rft.pub=Bpb.de&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fpublikationen%2FFTTV7M%2C3%2C0%2CDas_Amt_des_Bundespr%25E4sidenten_und_sein_Pr%25FCfungsrecht.html%23art3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Wilms: Staatsrecht I: Staatsorganisationsrecht unter Berücksichtigung der Föderalismusreform. Stuttgart 2007. pp. 201 ff. (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/brgo_1966/gesamt.pdf">"Geschäftsordnung des Bundesrates"</a> [Rules of Procedure of the Bundesrat] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. §7 (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>. <q>Die Vizepräsidenten vertreten den Präsidenten im Falle seiner Verhinderung oder bei vorzeitiger Beendigung seines Amtes nach Maßgabe ihrer Reihenfolge. Ein Fall der Verhinderung liegt auch vor, solange der Präsident des Bundesrates nach Artikel 57 des Grundgesetzes die Befugnisse des Bundespräsidenten wahrnimmt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesch%C3%A4ftsordnung+des+Bundesrates&rft.pages=%C2%A77+%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fbundesrecht%2Fbrgo_1966%2Fgesamt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesrat.de/SharedDocs/termine/DE/praesident/2015-10-10_15.html">"Bouffier und Tillich vertreten Bundespräsidenten"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouffier+und+Tillich+vertreten+Bundespr%C3%A4sidenten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesrat.de%2FSharedDocs%2Ftermine%2FDE%2Fpraesident%2F2015-10-10_15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/hamburg/Hamburgs-Buergermeister-Tschentscher-zum-Bundesratspraesidenten-gewaehlt,bundesrat174.html">"Hamburgs Bürgermeister Tschentscher zum Bundesratspräsidenten gewählt"</a>. ndr.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+zum+K%C3%B6hler-R%C3%BCcktritt%3A+%22Das+hat+es+noch+nicht+gegeben%22&rft.pub=tagesschau.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Finland%2Fkoehlerruecktritt102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentner,_Christian_EdBedürftig,_Friedemann_Ed1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zentner, Christian <i>Ed</i>; Bedürftig, Friedemann <i>Ed</i> (1985). <i>Das große Lexikon des Dritten Reiches</i> (in German). München: Südwest Verlag. p. 686. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-517-00834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-517-00834-9"><bdi>978-3-517-00834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+gro%C3%9Fe+Lexikon+des+Dritten+Reiches&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=S%C3%BCdwest+Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-517-00834-9&rft.au=Zentner%2C+Christian+%27%27Ed%27%27&rft.au=Bed%C3%BCrftig%2C+Friedemann+%27%27Ed%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html">"documentArchiv.de – Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs (01.08.1934)"</a>. <i>www.documentarchiv.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.documentarchiv.de&rft.atitle=documentArchiv.de+%E2%80%93+Gesetz+%C3%BCber+das+Staatsoberhaupt+des+Deutschen+Reichs+%2801.08.1934%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fns%2Fstobrhpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:RGBL_I_1934_S_0747.png" class="extiw" title="de:Bild:RGBL I 1934 S 0747.png">"Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reiches"</a>. <i>Reichgesetzblatt</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Weimar+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-weimar-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mann, Golo (2001). <i>Deutsche Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts</i> [<i>19th and 20th Century German History</i>] (in German). Berlin: Fischer Taschenbuch. p. 755. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783596113309" title="Special:BookSources/9783596113309"><bdi>9783596113309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Geschichte+des+19.+und+20.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=755&rft.pub=Fischer+Taschenbuch&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783596113309&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Golo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScriba2014" class="citation web cs1">Scriba, Arnulf (6 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/en/kapitel/weimar-republic">"The Weimar Republic. Radicalization and the End of the Weimar Republic"</a>. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Weimar+Republic.+Radicalization+and+the+End+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft.aulast=Scriba&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fen%2Fkapitel%2Fweimar-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Germany&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Germany_(since_1949)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Germany" title="Template:Presidents of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Presidents of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Germany_(since_1949)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents of Germany (since 1949)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <br />Bundespräsident (1949–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President of Germany"><img alt="Standard of the President of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="2657" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of Germany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" title="Template:Heads of state of the European Union member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" title="Template talk:Heads of state of the European Union member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of the European Union member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_the_European_Union_member_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Van der Bellen</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Radev</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Milanović</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Christodoulides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Pavel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">Frederik X</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Karis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Stubb</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Steinmeier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Sakellaropoulou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Sulyok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Higgins</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Mattarella</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Rinkēvičs</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Nausėda</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Spiteri Debono</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Duda</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Rebelo de Sousa</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Iohannis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" 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href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Mattarella</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Sheinbaum</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25223#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239547792">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4253759-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008072821">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007385905905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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