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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rakendused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rakendused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rakendused</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rakendused-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Rakendused"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rakendused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energeetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energeetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Energeetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energeetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohtlikkus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanotehnoloogia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 113 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotegnologie" title="Nanotegnologie – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nanotegnologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="تقانة النانو – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقانة النانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnoloch%C3%ADa" title="Nanotecnolochía – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nanotecnolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteunolox%C3%ADa" title="Nanoteunoloxía – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nanoteunoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotexnologiya" title="Nanotexnologiya – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nanotexnologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="نانوتکنولوژی – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نانوتکنولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nanoteknologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nanoteknologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ন্যানোপ্রযুক্তি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ন্যানোপ্রযুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-ki-su%CC%8Dt" title="Nano-ki-su̍t – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nano-ki-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нанотехнология – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нанотехнология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нанатэхналогія – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нанатэхналогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нанатэхналёгіі – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нанатэхналёгіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologija" title="Nanotehnologija – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nanotehnologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologiezh" title="Nanoteknologiezh – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nanoteknologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нанотехнология – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нанотехнология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnologia" title="Nanotecnologia – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nanotecnologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnoleg" title="Nanotechnoleg – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nanotechnoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nanoteknologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νανοτεχνολογία – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νανοτεχνολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanutecnulug%C3%ACa" title="Nanutecnulugìa – emiilia-romanja" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Nanutecnulugìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="emiilia-romanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nanotechnology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnolog%C3%ADa" title="Nanotecnología – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nanotecnología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologio" title="Nanoteknologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nanoteknologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologia" title="Nanoteknologia – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nanoteknologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نانوفناوری – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نانوفناوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nanotechnology" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaitheicneola%C3%ADocht" title="Nanaitheicneolaíocht – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nanaitheicneolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnolox%C3%ADa" title="Nanotecnoloxía – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nanotecnoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="나노 기술 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나노 기술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նանոտեխնոլոգիա – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նանոտեխնոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="नैनोप्रौद्योगिकी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नैनोप्रौद्योगिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologija" title="Nanotehnologija – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nanotehnologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologio" title="Nanoteknologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nanoteknologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknolohia" title="Nanoteknolohia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nanoteknolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rt%C3%A6kni" title="Örtækni – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Örtækni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnologia" title="Nanotecnologia – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nanotecnologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ננוטכנולוגיה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ננוטכנולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanot%C3%A8knologi" title="Nanotèknologi – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nanotèknologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ನ್ಯಾನೋತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯಾನೋತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nanotechnology" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნანოტექნოლოგია – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნანოტექნოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нанотехнология – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нанотехнология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologieth" title="Nanoteknologieth – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nanoteknologieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нанотехнология – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нанотехнология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknolojia_ya_nano" title="Teknolojia ya nano – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Teknolojia ya nano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknoloji" title="Nanoteknoloji – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nanoteknoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknoloj%C3%AE" title="Nanoteknolojî – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nanoteknolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologia" title="Nanotechnologia – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nanotechnologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnolo%C4%A3ija" title="Nanotehnoloģija – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nanotehnoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologija" title="Nanotechnologija – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nanotechnologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnol%C3%B3gia" title="Nanotechnológia – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nanotechnológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нанотехнологија – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нанотехнологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%C3%B4tekn%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Nanôteknôlôjia – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nanôteknôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="നാനോസാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാനോസാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अतिसूक्ष्मतंत्रज्ञान – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अतिसूक्ष्मतंत्रज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nanoteknologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Нанотехнологи – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нанотехнологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="နာနိုနည်းပညာ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာနိုနည်းပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nanotechnologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="नेनोटेक्नोलोजी – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नेनोटेक्नोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8E%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="ナノテクノロジー – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナノテクノロジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nanoteknologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nanoteknologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnologia" title="Nanotecnologia – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nanotecnologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotexnologiya" title="Nanotexnologiya – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nanotexnologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਨੈਨੋਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੈਨੋਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="نینوٹیکنالوجی – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نینوٹیکنالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="نانو تکنالوژي – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نانو تکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologia" title="Nanotechnologia – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nanotechnologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotecnologia" title="Nanotecnologia – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nanotecnologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotexnologiya" title="Nanotexnologiya – karakalpaki" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nanotexnologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologie" title="Nanotehnologie – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nanotehnologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нанотехнология – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нанотехнология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologjia" title="Nanoteknologjia – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nanoteknologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="නැනෝ තාක්‍ෂණය – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නැනෝ තාක්‍ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nanotechnology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="نينو ٽيڪنالاجي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نينو ٽيڪنالاجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnol%C3%B3gia" title="Nanotechnológia – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nanotechnológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologija" title="Nanotehnologija – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nanotehnologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiknolajiga_nano" title="Tiknolajiga nano – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tiknolajiga nano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86" title="تەکنۆلۆژیای نانۆ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەکنۆلۆژیای نانۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нанотехнологија – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нанотехнологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologija" title="Nanotehnologija – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nanotehnologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanot%C3%A9hnologi" title="Nanotéhnologi – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nanotéhnologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknologia" title="Nanoteknologia – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nanoteknologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknik" title="Nanoteknik – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nanoteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknolohiya" title="Nanoteknolohiya – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nanoteknolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நானோ தொழில்நுட்பம் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நானோ தொழில்நுட்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="నానో సాంకేతికత – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నానో సాంకేతికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5" title="นาโนเทคโนโลยี – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาโนเทคโนโลยี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_nano" title="Công nghệ nano – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghệ nano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknoloji" title="Nanoteknoloji – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nanoteknoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologi%C3%BDa" title="Nanotehnologiýa – türkmeeni" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nanotehnologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="türkmeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Нанотехнології – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нанотехнології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="نینو ٹیکنالوجی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نینو ٹیکنالوجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="نانو تېخنىكىسى – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نانو تېخنىكىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteno%C5%82ozia" title="Nanotenołozia – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nanotenołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotehnologii" title="Nanotehnologii – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nanotehnologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E5%BE%AE%E4%B9%8B%E6%8A%80" title="毫微之技 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="毫微之技" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknolohiya" title="Nanoteknolohiya – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nanoteknolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳米技术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="נאנאטעכנאלאגיע – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאנאטעכנאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="納米科技 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納米科技" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoteknolociye" title="Nanoteknolociye – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nanoteknolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanuoteknuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Nanuoteknuoluogėjė – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nanuoteknuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Nanotehnoloogia</b> on <a href="/wiki/Teadus" title="Teadus">teaduse</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Tehnika" title="Tehnika">tehnika</a> haru, mis tegeleb väga väikeste (umbes <a href="/wiki/Nanomeeter" title="Nanomeeter">nanomeetri</a> suurusjärgus mõõtmetega) materjalide ja masinate, sealhulgas <a href="/wiki/Nanorobot" title="Nanorobot">nanorobotite</a> uurimise ja loomisega. </p><p>Algselt kirjeldati nanotehnoloogiat kui teadust, mille eesmärk oli läbi <a href="/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom">aatomite</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekulidega</a> manipuleerimise toota makroskaalas tooteid. Seda teadusharu nimetatakse tänapäeval molekulaarseks nanotehnoloogiaks. Üldistatum definitsioon nanotehnoloogiale määrati Ameerikas koostatud Rahvusliku Nanotehnoloogia Initsiatiivis, mis kirjeldab nanotehnoloogiat kui ainega manipuleerimist, mille vähemalt üks dimensioonidest jääb 1–100 nanomeetri vahele. </p><p>Nanotehnoloogias põimuvad omavahel erinevad elemendid traditsioonilistest teadusvaldkondadest nagu <a href="/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia">keemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materjaliteadus" title="Materjaliteadus">materjaliteadus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioloogia" title="Bioloogia">bioloogia</a> ja <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Füüsika">füüsika</a> <sup id="cite_ref-zrrP8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zrrP8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sama mitmekesised on ka nanotehnoloogilised uuringud, mis varieeruvad alates olemasolevate tehnoloogiate täiustamisest kuni uute <a href="/wiki/Materjal" title="Materjal">materjalide</a> väljatöötamiseni. </p><p>Nanotehnoloogia abil on võimalik luua mitmeid uusi materjale, mida oleks võimalik kasutada näiteks <a href="/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin">meditsiinis</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Elektroonika" title="Elektroonika">elektroonikas</a>, aga samas tõstatatakse nanotehnoloogilise arengu puhul samu küsimusi nagu teiste uute tehnoloogiate puhul, näiteks mõju kohta inimese tervisele ja looduskeskkonnale. Need küsimused on omakorda viinud aruteludeni, kas ja kuidas oleks vaja nanotehnoloogiat reguleerida. Nanotehnoloogia ohtude uurimisega tegeleb näiteks <a href="/wiki/Nanotoksikoloogia" title="Nanotoksikoloogia">nanotoksikoloogia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kortsus_grafeen.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kortsus_grafeen.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Kortsus_grafeen.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kortsus_grafeen.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Kortsus_grafeen.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kortsus_grafeen.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Kortsus_grafeen.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grafeen" title="Grafeen">Grafeenikihi</a> vaatlemine <a href="/wiki/Skaneeriv_elektronmikroskoop" title="Skaneeriv elektronmikroskoop">skaneeriva elektronmikroskoobi</a> all</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideedest, mis viisid nanotehnoloogia sünnini, räägiti esimest korda 1959. aastal, kui <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> kirjeldas oma loengus "Põhjas on palju ruumi" <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCntees" title="Süntees">sünteesi</a> võimalikkust otsese aatomite manipuleerimise teel <sup id="cite_ref-I02he_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I02he-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Terminit "nanotehnoloogia" kasutas esimest korda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norio_Taniguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norio Taniguchi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Norio Taniguchi</a> 1974. aastal. </p><p>Nanotehnoloogia kui teadusharu hakkas arenema 1980. aastatel, kui valdkonnas toimus kaks suuremat läbimurret. Esimeseks oli <a href="/wiki/Skaneeriv_tunnelmikroskoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaneeriv tunnelmikroskoop">skaneeriva tunnelmikroskoobi</a> leiutamine 1981. aastal, mille abil oli võimalik näha üksikuid aatomeid ja nendevahelisi <a href="/wiki/Side" class="mw-disambig" title="Side">sidemeid</a> ning 1989. aastal ka aatomitega manipuleerida. Skaneeriva tunnelmikroskoobi väljatöötajad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Binning (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gerd Binning</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> said selle töö eest 1986. aastal <a href="/wiki/Nobeli_f%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaauhind" title="Nobeli füüsikaauhind">Nobeli füüsikaauhinna</a><sup id="cite_ref-FGctn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGctn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Teiseks läbimurdeks oli <a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">fullereenide</a> avastamine 1985. aastal. C<sub>60</sub> ei kirjeldatud algselt kui nanotehnoloogiat. Seda terminit hakati kasutama seoses hilisemate töödega, mis hõlmasid grafeenitorukesi, millele nähti potentsiaalset kasutust <a href="/wiki/Nanoelektroonika" title="Nanoelektroonika">nanoelektroonikas</a> ja -seadmetes. </p><p>2000. aastate alguses pälvis nanotehnoloogia üha rohkem tähelepanu teadlastelt, poliitikutelt ja üldsuselt ning see aitas nii valdkonda arendada kui viis ka sellega seotud vastuoludeni. Vastuolud tekkisid peamiselt nanotehnoloogia defineerimises ja selle mõjudes <sup id="cite_ref-5nyUo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5nyUo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Samal ajal hakkasid nanotehnoloogial põhinevad tooted üha rohkem üldkasutusse levima. 2000. aastate keskel puhkes õitsele suurem teaduslik huvi nanotehnoloogia vastu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rakendused">Rakendused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Rakendused"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Rakendused" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tänapäeval on tavakasutajatele kättesaadav üle 1600 nanotehnoloogial põhineva toote.<sup id="cite_ref-NJ0fY_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NJ0fY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanotehnoloogia areng on võimaldanud näiteks <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennisepallidel</a> kauem vastu pidada, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golfipallidel</a> sirgemalt lennata ning muutnud keeglikuule vastupidavamaks ja nende pealispinna tugevamaks. <a href="/wiki/Sokk" class="mw-disambig" title="Sokk">Sokkidesse</a> ja aluspükstesse on põimitud nanotehnoloogilisi kiude, et pikendada nende esemete eluiga ja anda neile omadus temperatuuri reguleerida. Plaastreid seotakse <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B5be" title="Hõbe">hõbeda</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanoosake" title="Nanoosake">nanoosakestega</a> selleks, et <a href="/wiki/Haav" title="Haav">haavu</a> kiiremini ravida. Tänu nanotehnoloogiale on <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4ngukonsool" title="Mängukonsool">mängukonsoolid</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Arvuti" title="Arvuti">arvutid</a> muutunud odavamaks, võimsamaks ja on suurema mälumahuga<sup id="cite_ref-W8uST_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W8uST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nanotehnoloogia abil on võimalik olemasolevate meditsiiniliste aparaatide kasutamine muuta odavamaks ja paremini kättesaadavaks, mis võimaldaks neid kergemini kasutada ka perearstidel või kodus<sup id="cite_ref-qZtzH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qZtzH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Auto" title="Auto">Autosid</a> toodetakse kasutades nanomaterjale selleks, et väheneks kütusetarbimine<sup id="cite_ref-Y6NvB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Y6NvB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nanoinnovatsioon hõlmab uute nanomõõtmetes avastuste ja leiutiste kasutuselevõttu. Värskemateks nanotehnoloogilisteks uuendusteks on näiteks ühe aatomi paksused 2D-materjalid nagu <a href="/wiki/Grafeen" title="Grafeen">grafeen</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silitseen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silitseen (pole veel kirjutatud)">silitseen</a>. Mitmed tänapäevased laiatarbeseadmed, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Nutitelefon" title="Nutitelefon">nutitelefonid</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ikeseelement" title="Päikeseelement">päikeseelemendid</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Patarei" title="Patarei">patareid</a>, kasutavad nanotehnoloogilisi lahendusi. Nanovooluringid ja nanomaterjalid võimaldavad uue generatsiooni <a href="/wiki/Sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor">sensorite</a> ja kaasaskantavate arvutite loomist. <a href="/wiki/Nanomeditsiin" title="Nanomeditsiin">Nanomeditsiini</a> valdkonnas on peaaegu kõik <a href="/wiki/Viirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viirus">viirusi</a> käsitlevad uuendused nanomõõtmetes, sest enamik viirusi esineb just selles suurusjärgus. </p><p>Nanotehnoloogia alaliik, mis hõlmab nanotehnoloogia kasutamist elektroonikakomponentides, on <a href="/wiki/Nanoelektroonika" title="Nanoelektroonika">nanoelektroonika</a>. See on haru, mis tegeleb selliste nanoelektroonikakomponentide valmistamisega, mida kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/Mikroprotsessor" title="Mikroprotsessor">mikroprotsessorites</a>, mäludes, <a href="/wiki/Mikrokiip" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrokiip">mikrokiipides</a>, nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Nanolitograafia" title="Nanolitograafia">nanolitograafiaks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energeetika">Energeetika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Energeetika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Energeetika" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg/220px-Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg/330px-Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg/440px-Skeleton_Technologies_SkelCap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="4479" /></a><figcaption>Nanotehnoloogia on oluline <a href="/wiki/Superkondensaator" title="Superkondensaator">superkondensaatorite</a> arendamisel</figcaption></figure> <p>Energia tootmise ja hoiustamise võimaluste mitmekesistamisel nähakse võimalusi ka nanotehnoloogias. <a href="/wiki/Energeetika" title="Energeetika">Energeetika</a> rakendustes mängib tähtsat rolli <a href="/wiki/Nanolitograafia" title="Nanolitograafia">nanolitograafia</a>, mis tegeleb <a href="/wiki/Nanoelektroonika" title="Nanoelektroonika">nanoelektroonika</a> komponentide ja seadmete valmistamisega, mida kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/Mikroprotsessor" title="Mikroprotsessor">mikroprotsessorites</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4lu_(arvuti)" title="Mälu (arvuti)">mäludes</a>, rakendusotstarbelistes mikroskeemides ning mille mõõtmed on alla 100 <a href="/wiki/Nanomeeter" title="Nanomeeter">nanomeetri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W9QFA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W9QFA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tänapäeval parimad <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A4ikesepatareid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Päikesepatareid (pole veel kirjutatud)">päikesepatareid</a> koosnevad mitmetest laotud päikesevalgust neelavatest <a href="/wiki/Pooljuht" title="Pooljuht">pooljuhtkihtidest</a>. Päikesepaneelide maksimum <a href="/wiki/Efektiivsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Efektiivsus">efektiivsus</a> alla 40% ja nanotehnoloogia abil loodetakse seda tõsta. </p><p>Ettevõte Dais Analytic on välja arendanud seadme ConsERV, mis kasutab nanopolümeeridel põhinevaid poolläbilaskvaid membraane, et suurendada kütte- ja jahutusseadmete efektiivsust. Poolläbilaskev membraan püüab kinni õhus lendlevad osakesed, kuid laseb läbi vee osakesi (niiskust). Sellisel polümeeridel põhineval metoodikal võib ka olla palju muid rakendusi industriaalses, kommertsiaalses ning ka sõjanduse valdkondades.<sup id="cite_ref-SesLc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SesLc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Yorgis asustatud Applied NanoWork tegeleb <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> lampide erivariandi loomisega, mida nimetatakse valgeks LED-iks. Valge LED koosneb anoodist ja katoodist, mille vahel on orgaanilised pooljuhikiled, mis asetsevad üksteisest ~100 nm kaugusel. Valgus tekkib elektrivoolu läbilaskmisel orgaaniliste kihtide vahel <a href="/wiki/Elektroluminestsents" title="Elektroluminestsents">elektroluminestsentsi</a> ja selle abil parandatakse saadava valguse spektraalseid omadusi. </p><p>Arvutite üheks olulisemaks komponendiks on <a href="/wiki/Kondensaator" title="Kondensaator">kondensaator</a>, mille ülesandeks on salvestada elektrilaengut. Kondensaatori ühendamisel elektriahelasse tekib selles olevate plaatide vahel elektriväli ja elektroodidele kogunevad elektrilaengud, mille tulemusena omandab üks elektrood positiivse ja teine negatiivse laengu. Nanotehnoloogia abiga on teadlased välja töötanud ultrakondensaatori ehk <a href="/wiki/Superkondensaator" title="Superkondensaator">superkondensaatori</a>, millel on suur mahtuvus (salvestub palju laengut) ning võime kiiresti tühjeneda ja laaduda. Superkondensaatorid leivad rakendust hübriidautodes, kus on vaja saada akudelt täiendavat energiat auto kiirendamiseks. Selleks, et salvestada kondensaatorisse palju laengust, on vaja, et tal oleks suur mahtuvus ning selleks, et oleks suur mahtuvus on vaja suurt pindala, kuhu laenguosakesed koguneda saaksid. Samuti peab "mahutav" materjal sisaldama poore, kus laengud liikuda saaksid. </p><p>Nanopoorsed süsinik <a href="/wiki/Aerogeel" title="Aerogeel">aerogeelid</a> on üks võtmematerjalidest, mida kasutatakse superkondensaatorite ehitamisel. Aerogeelide omadusi saab ka muuta, vähendades nende pooride läbimõõtu ja jaotust, mille tagajärjel muutuvad kondensaatori näitajad. Samuti kasutatakse sellel otstarbel <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCsiniknanotoru" title="Süsiniknanotoru">süsiniknanotorusid</a> (CNT-sid), mille suur pindala sobib väga hästi laengu salvestamiseks. CNT sünteesimine on seni aga veel raskesti reprodutseeritav ning hind kallis.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Chemical_Society_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Chemical_Society-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ohtlikkus">Ohtlikkus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Ohtlikkus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Ohtlikkus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Üheks mureküsimuseks on kujunenud nanomaterjalide laiaulatusliku tootmise ja kasutamise mõju inimtervisele ja looduskeskkonnale. Seetõttu on pakutud välja, et nanotehnoloogia kasutust ja arendust peaksid reguleerima valitsused. Sellele on omakorda vastu vaieldud, kuna liiga tugev reguleerimine võib piirata teadustööd ja healoomuliste uuenduste arendust. Osadel nanotehnoloogilistel toodetel võivad olla soovimatud kõrvalmõjud. Teadlased on avastanud, et bakteriostaatilised hõbeda nanoosakesed, mida kasutatakse sokkides jalgade ebameeldiva lõhna vähendamiseks, satuvad pesemisel vette <sup id="cite_ref-HhxF2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HhxF2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Need osakesed satuvad seeläbi reoveesüsteemi ja võivad hävitada <a href="/wiki/Bakter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakter">baktereid</a>, mis võivad olla looduslike <a href="/wiki/%C3%96kos%C3%BCsteem" title="Ökosüsteem">ökosüsteemide</a> kriitilisteks osadeks. </p><p>Nanoosakeste võimalike kahjulike mõjude uurimisega tegeleb <a href="/wiki/Nanotoksikoloogia" title="Nanotoksikoloogia">nanotoksikoloogia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femtotehnoloogia" title="Femtotehnoloogia">Femtotehnoloogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloksiidsed_nanokristallid" title="Metalloksiidsed nanokristallid">Metalloksiidsed nanokristallid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanokiud" title="Nanokiud">Nanokiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobootika" title="Nanorobootika">Nanorobootika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotraat" title="Nanotraat">Nanotraat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoantenn" title="Nanoantenn">Nanoantenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopatarei" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanopatarei">Nanopatarei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">Nanosensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA-p%C3%B5hine_nanobioelektroonika" title="DNA-põhine nanobioelektroonika">DNA-põhine nanobioelektroonika</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist mw-references-columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-zrrP8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zrrP8_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890134/">Nanotechnology: The Future Medicine</a> J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2010 Jan-Apr; 3(1): 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-I02he-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-I02he_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ERIC DREXLER: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226131619/http://metamodern.com/2009/12/29/theres-plenty-of-room-at-the-bottom%E2%80%9D-feynman-1959/">"There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom"</a> metamodern.com, 29. detsember 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FGctn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FGctn_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html">Nobeli füüsikaauhinna laureaatide pressiteade</a> 15. oktoober 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5nyUo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5nyUo_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703013640/http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm">"Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm">Originaali</a> arhiivikoopia seisuga 3. juuli 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 10. veebruaril 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanoscience+and+nanotechnologies%3A+opportunities+and+uncertainties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanotec.org.uk%2FfinalReport.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ANanotehnoloogia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NJ0fY-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NJ0fY_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718111203/http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/">Nanotehnoloogial põhinevate toodete inventuur</a> (vaadatud 10.02.2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W8uST-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-W8uST_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114034926/http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/computing-and-electronics/">Nanotehnoloogia elektroonikas</a> 10.02.2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qZtzH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-qZtzH_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114035018/http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/medical/">Nanotehnoloogia meditsiinis</a> 10.02.2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Y6NvB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Y6NvB_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029130940/http://www.nanoandme.org/nano-products/transport/">Nanotehnoloogia transpordis</a> 10.02.2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W9QFA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-W9QFA_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm">What is Nanotechnology?</a> Center for Responsible Nanotechnology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SesLc-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SesLc_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daisanalytic.com">Dais Analytic Corporation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Chemical_Society-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Chemical_Society_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee et al. "Fabrication of Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Fluorinated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." American Chemical Society. May 2003: Volume 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HhxF2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HhxF2_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0871199">Lubick, N; Betts, Kellyn (2008). "Silver socks have cloudy lining". Environmental science & technology 42 (11)</a> 10.02.2015</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6724296">.mw-parser-output table.side-box{margin:4px 0;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output th.side-box-text,.mw-parser-output td.side-box-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.side-box-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.side-box a>img{max-width:none!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output table.side-box-left{margin-right:1em;border-collapse:collapse}}</style><table role="presentation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <tbody><tr> <td class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td class="side-box-text">Pildid, videod ja helifailid Commonsis: <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology?uselang=et">Nanotehnoloogia</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Siim Sepp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ap3.ee/Default2.aspx?ArticleID=da377934-5dac-4b48-ba98-27f2c9cc5b8e">"Nanotehnoloogia uued terviseohud"</a> Äripäeva veebiväljaanne, 28. mai 2008</li> <li>Siim Sepp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ap3.ee/Default2.aspx?ArticleID=f6522e86-8739-4396-9dfc-040ad95f5560">"Nanotehnoloogia murrab ulmest tegelikkuseks"</a> Äripäeva ajakiri Tehnotrend, 20. mai 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Lippmaa" title="Endel Lippmaa">Endel Lippmaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Kahru" title="Anne Kahru">Anne Kahru</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horisont.ee/node/1392">"Nanode ilu ja valu"</a> Horisont, 3/2010</li> <li>Kaur Reinjärv <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gogonano.com/nanotehnoloogia-ajalugu/">"Nanotehnoloogia ajalugu: Uus teadus, mis muudab maailma"</a> GoGoNano, 26.01.2023</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&oldid=6417370">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanotehnoloogia&oldid=6417370</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Nanotehnoloogia" title="Kategooria:Nanotehnoloogia">Nanotehnoloogia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 22:46, 9. juuni 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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