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</a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL_60" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL_60"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 COBOL 60 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL_60-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL-61_to_COBOL-65" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL-61_to_COBOL-65"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 COBOL-61 to COBOL-65 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL-61_to_COBOL-65-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL-68" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL-68"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 COBOL-68 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL-68-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL-74" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL-74"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 COBOL-74 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL-74-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL-85" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL-85"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 COBOL-85 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL-85-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL_2002_and_object-oriented_COBOL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL_2002_and_object-oriented_COBOL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 COBOL 2002 and object-oriented COBOL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL_2002_and_object-oriented_COBOL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 COBOL 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COBOL_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 COBOL 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metalanguage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalanguage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Metalanguage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalanguage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Code format </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Identification division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Object-oriented_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Object-oriented programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Environment division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Files </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Data division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aggregated_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregated_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Aggregated data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregated_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_data_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_data_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Other data levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_data_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Data types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PICTURE_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PICTURE_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3.1 PICTURE clause </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PICTURE_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USAGE_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USAGE_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3.2 USAGE clause </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USAGE_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Report_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Report_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Report writer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Report_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Procedure division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Procedures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Control_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2.1 Control flow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I/O" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I/O"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2.2 I/O </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I/O-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2.3 Data manipulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Scope termination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-modifying_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-modifying_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Self-modifying code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-modifying_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hello,_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hello,_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Hello, world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hello,_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lack of structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Compatibility issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbose_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbose_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Verbose syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbose_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation_from_the_computer_science_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation_from_the_computer_science_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Isolation from the computer science community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation_from_the_computer_science_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns_about_the_design_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_about_the_design_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Concerns about the design process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_about_the_design_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Influences on other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">COBOL</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="كوبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="কোবোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোবোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobolo" title="Kobolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kobolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="کوبول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوبول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobol" title="Cobol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cobol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B3%BC" title="코볼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코볼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Կոբոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոբոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კობოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კობოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="കോബോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോബോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="कोबॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोबॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobol" title="Cobol – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cobol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кобол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кобол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="கோபால் (நிரலாக்க மொழி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோபால் (நிரலாக்க மொழி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కోబాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาโคบอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโคบอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="کوبول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوبول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C" title="קאבאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאבאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="COBOL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">COBOL</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu/page1-121px-COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu/page1-182px-COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu/page1-242px-COBOL_Report_Apr60.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3108" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The COBOL 60 report to <a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a> (April 1960)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Howard Bromberg, Norman Discount, Vernon Reeves, <a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Jean E. Sammet</a>, William Selden, Gertrude Tierney, with indirect influence from <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a><a href="#cite_note-creators-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developers</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1959; 65 years ago (1959)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">ISO/IEC 1989:2023 / 2023</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weak_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak typing">Weak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.cbl</code>, <code>.cob</code>, <code>.cpy</code></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/GnuCOBOL" title="GnuCOBOL">GnuCOBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_COBOL" title="IBM COBOL">IBM COBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micro_Focus" title="Micro Focus">Micro Focus</a> Visual COBOL</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">COBOL/2, DEC COBOL-10, DEC PDP-11 COBOL, DEC PDP-11 COBOL-85, DEC VAX COBOL, DOSVS COBOL, Envyr ICOBOL, Fujitsu COBOL, Hitachi COBOL2002, HP3000 COBOL/II, IBM COBOL SAA, IBM COBOL/400, IBM COBOL/II, IBM Enterprise COBOL, IBM ILE COBOL, IBM OS/VS COBOL, ICL COBOL (VME), Micro Focus ACUCOBOL-GT, Micro Focus COBOL-IT, Micro Focus RM/COBOL, Micro Focus Visual COBOL, Microsoft COBOL, Raincode COBOL, Realia COBOL, Ryan McFarland RM/COBOL, Ryan McFarland RM/COBOL-85, Tandem (NonStop) COBOL, Tandem (NonStop) SCOBOL, UNIVAC COBOL, Unisys MCP COBOL74, Unisys MCP COBOL85, <a href="/wiki/X/Open" title="X/Open">X/Open</a> COBOL,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Veryant isCOBOL, Wang VS COBOL, <a href="/wiki/WATBOL" title="WATBOL">WATBOL</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Initial: <a href="/wiki/AIMACO" title="AIMACO">AIMACO</a>, <a href="/wiki/COMTRAN" title="COMTRAN">COMTRAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/FACT_computer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="FACT computer language">FACT</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a> COBOL 2002:<a href="#cite_note-2002_influence-6">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/CobolScript" title="CobolScript">CobolScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/EGL_(programming_language)" title="EGL (programming language)">EGL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_Language_for_Business" title="Programming Language for Business">PL/B</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/COBOL" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:COBOL">COBOL</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> COBOL (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkoʊbɒl, -bɔːl/</a>; an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for "common business-oriented language") is a <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a> English-like <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programming language">computer programming language</a> designed for business use. It is an <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, and, since 2002, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> language. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in applications deployed on <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, such as large-scale <a href="/wiki/Batch_processing" title="Batch processing">batch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> jobs. Many large financial institutions were developing new systems in the language as late as 2006,<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet-11">[10]</a> but most programming in COBOL today is purely to maintain existing applications. Programs are being moved to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages, or replaced with other software.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> COBOL was designed in 1959 by <a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a> and was partly based on the programming language <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a>. It was created as part of a <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> effort to create a <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a> programming language for data processing. It was originally seen as a stopgap, but the Defense Department promptly pressured computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> It was <a href="/wiki/Standardized" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized">standardized</a> in 1968 and has been revised five times. Expansions include support for <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. The current standard is <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 1989:2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023-14">[13]</a> COBOL statements have <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> syntax such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MOVE x TO y</code>, which was designed to be self-documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 300 <a href="/wiki/Reserved_word" title="Reserved word">reserved words</a> compared to the succinct and mathematically inspired syntax of other languages. The COBOL code is split into four divisions (identification, environment, data, and procedure), containing a rigid hierarchy of sections, paragraphs, and sentences. Lacking a large <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>, the standard specifies 43 statements, 87 functions, and just one class. Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> COBOL has been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_COBOL" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of COBOL">criticized</a> for its verbosity, design process, and poor support for <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>. These weaknesses result in monolithic programs that are hard to comprehend as a whole, despite their local readability. For years, COBOL has been assumed as a programming language for business operations in mainframes,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> although in recent years, many COBOL operations have been moved to <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_specification">History and specification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and specification">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="padding-left: 1.5em;"> <caption>Timeline of COBOL language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Informal name </th> <th>ANSI INCITS Standard </th> <th>ISO/IEC Standard </th></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>COBOL-60 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>COBOL-61 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td>COBOL-61 Extended </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>COBOL-65 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>COBOL-68 </td> <td>X3.23-1968 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>COBOL-74 </td> <td>X3.23-1974 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>COBOL-85 </td> <td>X3.23-1985 </td> <td>1989:1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>COBOL-2002 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1989:2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>COBOL-2014 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1989:2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>COBOL-2023 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1989:2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1950s, computer users and manufacturers were becoming concerned about the rising cost of programming. A 1959 survey had found that in any data processing installation, the programming cost US$800,000 on average and that translating programs to run on new hardware would cost US$600,000. At a time when new <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">programming languages were proliferating</a>, the same survey suggested that if a common business-oriented language were used, conversion would be far cheaper and faster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009282-18">[17]</a> On 8 April 1959, <a href="/wiki/Mary_K._Hawes" title="Mary K. Hawes">Mary K. Hawes</a>, a computer scientist at <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>, called a meeting of representatives from academia, computer users, and manufacturers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> to organize a formal meeting on common business languages.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Representatives included <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> (inventor of the English-like data processing language <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sammet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Sammet">Jean Sammet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Gorn" title="Saul Gorn">Saul Gorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009281–282-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a200-21">[20]</a> At the April meeting, the group asked the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (DoD) to sponsor an effort to create a common business language. The delegation impressed Charles A. Phillips, director of the Data System Research Staff at the DoD,<a href="#cite_note-Flahive,_Texas_Public_Radio,_2019-22">[21]</a> who thought that they "thoroughly understood" the DoD's problems. The DoD operated 225 computers, had 175 more on order, and had spent over $200 million on implementing programs to run on them. Portable programs would save time, reduce costs, and ease modernization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009283-23">[22]</a> Charles Phillips agreed to sponsor the meeting, and tasked the delegation with drafting the agenda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009284-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL_60">COBOL 60</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: COBOL 60">edit</a>]</div> On 28 and 29 May 1959 (exactly one year after the Zürich <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> meeting), a meeting was held at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> to discuss the creation of a common programming language for business. It was attended by 41 people and was chaired by Phillips.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The Department of Defense was concerned about whether it could run the same data processing programs on different computers. <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>, the only mainstream language at the time, lacked the features needed to write such programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet2004104-26">[25]</a> Representatives enthusiastically described a language that could work in a wide variety of environments, from banking and insurance to utilities and inventory control. They agreed unanimously that more people should be able to program and that the new language should not be restricted by the limitations of contemporary technology. A majority agreed that the language should make maximal use of English, be capable of change, be machine-independent, and be easy to use, even at the expense of power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009286-27">[26]</a> The meeting resulted in the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Steering_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Steering committee">steering committee</a> and short, intermediate, and long-range committees. The short-range committee was given until September (three months) to produce specifications for an interim language, which would then be improved upon by the other committees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/9-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a201-29">[28]</a> Their official mission, however, was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing programming languages; it did not explicitly direct them to create a new language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet2004104-26">[25]</a> The deadline was met with disbelief by the short-range committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132-30">[29]</a> One member, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a>, described the three-month deadline as "gross optimism" and doubted that the language really would be a stopgap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009288-31">[30]</a> The steering committee met on 4 June and agreed to name the entire activity the Committee on Data Systems Languages, or <a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a>, and to form an executive committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a203-32">[31]</a> The short-range committee members represented six computer manufacturers and three government agencies. The computer manufacturers were <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Minneapolis-Honeywell</a> (Honeywell Labs), <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Electric_Products" title="Sylvania Electric Products">Sylvania Electric Products</a>. The government agencies were the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>, the Navy's <a href="/wiki/David_Taylor_Model_Basin" title="David Taylor Model Basin">David Taylor Model Basin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.1.1-33">[32]</a> The committee was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wegstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Wegstein">Joseph Wegstein</a> of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards. Work began by investigating data descriptions, statements, existing applications, and user experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a204-34">[33]</a> The committee mainly examined the <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIMACO" title="AIMACO">AIMACO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COMTRAN" title="COMTRAN">COMTRAN</a> programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet2004104-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.1.2-35">[34]</a> The FLOW-MATIC language was particularly influential because it had been implemented and because AIMACO was a derivative of it with only minor changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009290-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-cisn-37">[36]</a> FLOW-MATIC's inventor, Grace Hopper, also served as a technical adviser to the committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132-30">[29]</a> FLOW-MATIC's major contributions to COBOL were long variable names, English words for commands, and the separation of data descriptions and instructions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a217-38">[37]</a> Hopper is sometimes called "the mother of COBOL" or "the grandmother of COBOL",<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sammet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Sammet">Jean Sammet</a>, a lead designer of COBOL, said Hopper "was not the mother, creator, or developer of Cobol."<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-creators-1">[1]</a> IBM's COMTRAN language, invented by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bemer" title="Bob Bemer">Bob Bemer</a>, was regarded as a competitor to FLOW-MATIC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009292-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971131-44">[43]</a> by a short-range committee made up of colleagues of Grace Hopper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009296-45">[44]</a> Some of its features were not incorporated into COBOL so that it would not look like IBM had dominated the design process,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/9-28">[27]</a> and Jean Sammet said in 1981 that there had been a "strong anti-IBM bias" from some committee members (herself included).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a221-46">[45]</a> In one case, after Roy Goldfinger, author of the COMTRAN manual and intermediate-range committee member, attended a subcommittee meeting to support his language and encourage the use of algebraic expressions, Grace Hopper sent a memo to the short-range committee reiterating Sperry Rand's efforts to create a language based on English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009291-47">[46]</a> In 1980, Grace Hopper commented that "COBOL 60 is 95% FLOW-MATIC" and that COMTRAN had had an "extremely small" influence. Furthermore, she said that she would claim that work was influenced by both FLOW-MATIC and COMTRAN only to "keep other people happy [so they] wouldn't try to knock us out.".<a href="#cite_note-Hopper_Oral_History-48">[47]</a> Features from COMTRAN incorporated into COBOL included formulas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a218-49">[48]</a> the <a href="#PICTURE_clause"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PICTURE</code> clause</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978a268-50">[49]</a> an improved <code>IF</code> statement, which obviated the need for <a href="/wiki/GO_TO" class="mw-redirect" title="GO TO">GO TOs</a>, and a more robust file management system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009292-43">[42]</a> The usefulness of the committee's work was a subject of great debate. While some members thought the language had too many compromises and was the result of <a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">design by committee</a>, others felt it was better than the three languages examined. Some felt the language was too complex; others, too simple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a205–206-51">[50]</a> Controversial features included those some considered useless or too advanced for data processing users. Such features included <a href="/wiki/Boolean_expression" title="Boolean expression">Boolean expressions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formula" title="Formula">formulas</a>, and table <dfn>subscripts</dfn> (indices).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978aFigure_8-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a230–231-53">[52]</a> Another point of controversy was whether to make keywords context-sensitive and the effect that would have on readability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978aFigure_8-52">[51]</a> Although context-sensitive keywords were rejected, the approach was later used in <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> and partially in COBOL from 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001846-54">[53]</a> Little consideration was given to <a href="/wiki/Interactivity" title="Interactivity">interactivity</a>, interaction with <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (few existed at that time), and functions (thought of as purely mathematical and of no use in data processing).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a220-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a228-56">[55]</a> The specifications were presented to the executive committee on 4 September. They fell short of expectations: Joseph Wegstein noted that "it contains rough spots and requires some additions," and Bob Bemer later described them as a "hodgepodge." The committee was given until December to improve it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132-30">[29]</a> At a mid-September meeting, the committee discussed the new language's name. Suggestions included "BUSY" (Business System), "INFOSYL" (Information System Language), and "COCOSYL" (Common Computer Systems Language).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210-57">[56]</a> It is unclear who coined the name "COBOL",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132:_''We_can't_find_a_single_individual_who_admits_coining_the_acronym_"COBOL"''-58">[57]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210:_''The_next_day,_the_name_COBOL_was_finally_agreed_to_as_an_acronym_for_COmmon_Business_Oriented_Language._Unfortunately,_my_notes_do_not_show_who_made_that_suggestion''_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210:_''The_next_day,_the_name_COBOL_was_finally_agreed_to_as_an_acronym_for_COmmon_Business_Oriented_Language._Unfortunately,_my_notes_do_not_show_who_made_that_suggestion''-59">[58]</a> although Bob Bemer later claimed it had been his suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In October, the intermediate-range committee received copies of the <a href="/wiki/FACT_(computer_language)" title="FACT (computer language)">FACT</a> language specification created by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Nutt" title="Roy Nutt">Roy Nutt</a>. Its features impressed the committee so much that they passed a resolution to base COBOL on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009293-63">[62]</a> This was a blow to the short-range committee, who had made good progress on the specification. Despite being technically superior, FACT had not been created with portability in mind or through manufacturer and user consensus. It also lacked a demonstrable implementation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132-30">[29]</a> allowing supporters of a FLOW-MATIC-based COBOL to overturn the resolution. RCA representative Howard Bromberg also blocked FACT, so that RCA's work on a COBOL implementation would not go to waste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009294-64">[63]</a> It soon became apparent that the committee was too large to make any further progress quickly. A frustrated Howard Bromberg bought a $15 tombstone with "COBOL" engraved on it and sent it to Charles Phillips to demonstrate his displeasure.<a href="#cite_note-66">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tombstone_story-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971130-68">[66]</a> A subcommittee was formed to analyze existing languages and was made up of six individuals:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet2004104-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009289-69">[67]</a> <ul><li>William Selden and Gertrude Tierney of IBM,</li> <li>Howard Bromberg and Howard Discount of RCA,</li> <li>Vernon Reeves and <a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Jean E. Sammet</a> of Sylvania Electric Products.</li></ul> The subcommittee did most of the work creating the specification, leaving the short-range committee to review and modify their work before producing the finished specification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet2004104-26">[25]</a> The specifications were approved by the executive committee on 8 January 1960, and sent to the government printing office, which printed them as COBOL 60. The language's stated objectives were to allow efficient, portable programs to be easily written, to allow users to move to new systems with minimal effort and cost, and to be suitable for inexperienced programmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.1.1-70">[68]</a> The CODASYL Executive Committee later created the COBOL Maintenance Committee to answer questions from users and vendors and to improve and expand the specifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197647-71">[69]</a> During 1960, the list of manufacturers planning to build COBOL compilers grew. By September, five more manufacturers had joined CODASYL (<a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE), <a href="/wiki/National_Cash_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cash Register">National Cash Register</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>), and all represented manufacturers had announced COBOL compilers. GE and IBM planned to integrate COBOL into their own languages, GECOM and COMTRAN, respectively. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_and_Tabulators" title="International Computers and Tabulators">International Computers and Tabulators</a> planned to replace their language, CODEL, with COBOL.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133-72">[70]</a> Meanwhile, RCA and Sperry Rand worked on creating COBOL compilers. The first COBOL program ran on 17 August on an RCA 501.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009297-73">[71]</a> On 6 and 7 December, the same COBOL program (albeit with minor changes) ran on an RCA computer and a Remington-Rand <a href="/wiki/Univac" class="mw-redirect" title="Univac">Univac</a> computer, demonstrating that compatibility could be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Williams12-74">[72]</a> The relative influence of the languages that were used is still indicated in the recommended advisory printed in all COBOL reference manuals: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">COBOL is an industry language and is not the property of any company or group of companies, or of any organization or group of organizations. No warranty, expressed or implied, is made by any contributor or by the CODASYL COBOL Committee as to the accuracy and functioning of the programming system and language. Moreover, no responsibility is assumed by any contributor or by the committee in connection therewith. The authors and copyright holders of the copyrighted material used herein are as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: inherit">FLOW-MATIC (trademark of <a href="/wiki/Unisys_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisys Corporation">Unisys Corporation</a>), Programming for the UNIVAC (R) I and II, Data Automation Systems, copyrighted 1958, 1959, by Unisys Corporation; IBM Commercial Translator Form No. F28-8013, copyrighted 1959 by IBM; FACT, DSI 27A5260-2760, copyrighted 1960 by Minneapolis-Honeywell.</blockquote> They have specifically authorized the use of this material, in whole or in part, in the COBOL specifications. Such authorization extends to the reproduction and use of COBOL specifications in programming manuals or similar publications.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL-61_to_COBOL-65">COBOL-61 to COBOL-65</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: COBOL-61 to COBOL-65">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> It is rather unlikely that Cobol will be around by the end of the decade. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Anonymous, June 1960<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></cite> </div> Many logical flaws were found in COBOL 60, leading General Electric's <a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Charles Katz</a> to warn that it could not be interpreted unambiguously. A reluctant short-term committee performed a total cleanup, and, by March 1963, it was reported that COBOL's syntax was as definable as <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>'s, although semantic ambiguities remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133-72">[70]</a> COBOL is a difficult language to write a compiler for, due to the large syntax and many optional elements within syntactic constructs, as well as the need to generate efficient code for a language with many possible data representations, implicit type conversions, and necessary set-ups for I/O operations.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Early COBOL compilers were primitive and slow. A 1962 US Navy evaluation found compilation speeds of 3–11 statements per minute. By mid-1964, they had increased to 11–1000 statements per minute. It was observed that increasing memory would drastically increase speed and that compilation costs varied wildly: costs per statement were between $0.23 and $18.91.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971134-78">[76]</a> In late 1962, IBM announced that COBOL would be their primary development language and that development of COMTRAN would cease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971134-78">[76]</a> The COBOL specification was revised three times in the five years after its publication. COBOL-60 was replaced in 1961 by COBOL-61. This was then replaced by the COBOL-61 Extended specifications in 1963, which introduced the sort and report writer facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197648-79">[77]</a> The added facilities corrected flaws identified by Honeywell in late 1959 in a letter to the short-range committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009297-73">[71]</a> COBOL Edition 1965 brought further clarifications to the specifications and introduced facilities for handling <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> files and <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.2.4-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL-68">COBOL-68</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COBOL-68">edit</a>]</div> Efforts began to standardize COBOL to overcome incompatibilities between versions. In late 1962, both ISO and the United States of America Standards Institute (now <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>) formed groups to create standards. ANSI produced USA Standard COBOL X3.23 in August 1968, which became the cornerstone for later versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.3-81">[79]</a> This version was known as American National Standard (ANS) COBOL and was adopted by ISO in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FS2003-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL-74">COBOL-74</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: COBOL-74">edit</a>]</div> By 1970, COBOL had become the most widely used programming language in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009301-83">[81]</a> Independently of the ANSI committee, the CODASYL Programming Language Committee was working on improving the language. They described new versions in 1968, 1969, 1970, and 1973, including changes such as new inter-program communication, debugging, and file merging facilities, as well as improved string handling and <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> inclusion features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197649-84">[82]</a> Although CODASYL was independent of the ANSI committee, the CODASYL Journal of Development was used by ANSI to identify features that were popular enough to warrant implementing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197652-85">[83]</a> The Programming Language Committee also liaised with <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a> and the Japanese COBOL Standard committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197649-84">[82]</a> The Programming Language Committee was not well-known, however. The vice president, William Rinehuls, complained that two-thirds of the COBOL community did not know of the committee's existence. It also lacked the funds to make public documents, such as minutes of meetings and change proposals, freely available.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In 1974, ANSI published a revised version of (ANS) COBOL, containing new features such as <a href="#Files">file organizations</a>, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DELETE</code> statement<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">segmentation</a> module. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein201016-88">[86]</a> Deleted features included the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NOTE</code> statement, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXAMINE</code> statement (which was replaced by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSPECT</code>), and the implementer-defined random access module (which was superseded by the new sequential and relative I/O modules). These made up 44 changes, which rendered existing statements incompatible with the new standard.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The report writer was slated to be removed from COBOL but was reinstated before the standard was published.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> ISO later adopted the updated standard in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FS2003-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL-85">COBOL-85</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: COBOL-85">edit</a>]</div> In June 1978, work began on revising COBOL-74. The proposed standard (commonly called COBOL-80) differed significantly from the previous one, causing concerns about incompatibility and conversion costs. In January 1981, Joseph T. Brophy, Senior Vice-president of Travelers Insurance, threatened to sue the standard committee because it was not <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">upwards compatible</a> with COBOL-74. Mr. Brophy described previous conversions of their 40-million-line code base as "non-productive" and a "complete waste of our programmer resources".<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Data_Processing_Management_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Processing Management Association">Data Processing Management Association</a> (DPMA) said it was "strongly opposed" to the new standard, citing "prohibitive" conversion costs and enhancements that were "forced on the user".<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_19_37-94">[92]</a> During the first public review period, the committee received 2,200 responses, of which 1,700 were negative form letters.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Garfunkel-95">[93]</a> Other responses were detailed analyses of the effect COBOL-80 would have on their systems; conversion costs were predicted to be at least 50 cents per line of code. Fewer than a dozen of the responses were in favor of the proposed standard.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> ISO TC97-SC5 installed in 1979 the international COBOL Experts Group, on initiative of <a href="/wiki/Wim_Ebbinkhuijsen" title="Wim Ebbinkhuijsen">Wim Ebbinkhuijsen</a>. The group consisted of COBOL experts from many countries, including the United States. Its goal was to achieve mutual understanding and respect between ANSI and the rest of the world with regard to the need of new COBOL features. After three years, ISO changed the status of the group to a formal Working Group: <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22#History" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22">WG 4 COBOL</a>. The group took primary ownership and development of the COBOL standard, where ANSI made most of the proposals. In 1983, the DPMA withdrew its opposition to the standard, citing the responsiveness of the committee to public concerns. In the same year, a National Bureau of Standards study concluded that the proposed standard would present few problems.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_19_37-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> A year later, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> released a <a href="/wiki/VAX/VMS" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX/VMS">VAX/VMS</a> COBOL-80, and noted that conversion of COBOL-74 programs posed few problems. The new <code>EVALUATE</code> statement and inline <code>PERFORM</code> were particularly well received and improved productivity, thanks to simplified <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The second public review drew another 1,000 (mainly negative) responses, while the last drew just 25, by which time many concerns had been addressed.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_19_37-94">[92]</a> In 1985, the ISO Working Group 4 accepted the then-version of the ANSI proposed standard, made several changes and set it as the new ISO standard COBOL 85. It was published in late 1985. Sixty features were changed or deprecated and 115<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> were added, such as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfunkel1987150-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <ul><li>Scope terminators (<code>END-IF</code>, <code>END-PERFORM</code>, <code>END-READ</code>, etc.)</li> <li>Nested subprograms</li> <li><code>CONTINUE</code>, a <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_(Computer_syntax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Placeholder (Computer syntax)">no-operation statement</a></li> <li><code>EVALUATE</code>, a <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch statement</a></li> <li><code>INITIALIZE</code>, a statement that can set groups of data to their default values</li> <li>Inline <code>PERFORM</code> loop bodies – previously, loop bodies had to be specified in a separate procedure</li> <li>Reference modification, which allows access to substrings</li> <li>I/O status codes.</li></ul> The new standard was adopted by all national standard bodies, including ANSI.<a href="#cite_note-FS2003-82">[80]</a> Two amendments followed in 1989 and 1993. The first amendment introduced intrinsic functions and the other provided corrections.<a href="#cite_note-FS2003-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL_2002_and_object-oriented_COBOL">COBOL 2002 and object-oriented COBOL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: COBOL 2002 and object-oriented COBOL">edit</a>]</div> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Gartner_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartner Group">Gartner Group</a> estimated that there were a total of 200 billion lines of COBOL in existence, which ran 80% of all business programs.<a href="#cite_note-Gartner_ubiquity-102">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> In the early 1990s, work began on adding object-orientation in the next full revision of COBOL. Object-oriented features were taken from <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SW95-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arranga98-4">[4]</a> The initial estimate was to have this revision completed by 1997, and an ISO Committee Draft (CD) was available by 1997. Some vendors (including <a href="/wiki/Micro_Focus_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Focus International">Micro Focus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>) introduced object-oriented syntax based on drafts of the full revision. The final approved ISO standard was approved and published in late 2002.<a href="#cite_note-cobolstandards.com-104">[101]</a> Fujitsu/GTSoftware,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Micro Focus introduced object-oriented COBOL compilers targeting the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>. There were many other new features, many of which had been in the CODASYL COBOL Journal of Development since 1978 and had missed the opportunity to be included in COBOL-85.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> These other features included:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001Annex_F-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein201021-108">[105]</a> <ul><li>Free-form code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-defined_function" title="User-defined function">User-defined functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">Recursion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)" title="Locale (computer software)">Locale</a>-based processing</li> <li>Support for extended character sets such as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">Floating-point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> data types (until then, binary items were truncated based on their declaration's <a href="/wiki/Base-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Base-10">base-10</a> specification)</li> <li>Portable arithmetic results</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a> data types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">Pointers</a> and syntax for getting and freeing storage</li> <li>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SCREEN SECTION</code> for <a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-based user interfaces</a></li> <li>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VALIDATE</code> facility</li> <li>Improved interoperability with other programming languages and <a href="/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">framework environments</a> such as .NET and <a href="/wiki/Java_(platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (platform)">Java</a>.</li></ul> Three <a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">corrigenda</a> were published for the standard: two in 2006 and one in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-WG4_Website-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL_2014">COBOL 2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: COBOL 2014">edit</a>]</div> Between 2003 and 2009, three technical reports were produced describing <a href="/wiki/Finalizer" title="Finalizer">object finalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> processing and <a href="/wiki/Collection_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection class">collection classes</a> for COBOL.<a href="#cite_note-WG4_Website-109">[106]</a> COBOL 2002 suffered from poor support: no compilers completely supported the standard. Micro Focus found that it was due to a lack of user demand for the new features and due to the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> test suite, which had been used to test compiler conformance. The standardization process was also found to be slow and under-resourced.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> COBOL 2014 includes the following changes:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014Annex_E-111">[108]</a> <ul><li>Portable arithmetic results have been replaced by <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> data types</li> <li>Major features have been made optional, such as the <code>VALIDATE</code> facility, the report writer and the screen-handling facility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_overloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Method overloading">Method overloading</a></li> <li>Dynamic capacity tables (a feature dropped from the draft of COBOL 2002)<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL_2023">COBOL 2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: COBOL 2023">edit</a>]</div> The COBOL 2023 standard added a few new features: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous messaging">Asynchronous messaging</a> syntax using the <code>SEND</code> and <code>RECEIVE</code> statements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.1-113">[110]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> facility with <code><a href="/wiki/Commit_(data_management)" title="Commit (data management)">COMMIT</a></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">ROLLBACK</a></code><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.1-113">[110]</a></li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/XOR" class="mw-redirect" title="XOR">XOR</a></code> logical operator<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.1-113">[110]</a></li> <li>The <code>CONTINUE</code> statement can be extended as to pause the program for a specified duration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.2-114">[111]</a></li> <li>A <code>DELETE FILE</code> statement<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.2-114">[111]</a></li> <li><code>LINE SEQUENTIAL</code> file organization<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_12.4.4.9-115">[112]</a></li> <li>Defined <a href="/wiki/Infinite_loop" title="Infinite loop">infinite looping</a> with <code>PERFORM UNTIL EXIT</code><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.2-114">[111]</a></li> <li><code>SUBSTITUTE</code> intrinsic function allowing for <a href="/wiki/String_operations" title="String operations">substring substitution</a> of different length<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.2-114">[111]</a></li> <li><code>CONVERT</code> function for base-conversion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_E.3.2-114">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_shift" title="Logical shift">Boolean shifting</a> operators<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023§_8.7.2-116">[113]</a></li></ul> There is as yet no known complete implementation of this standard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> COBOL programs are used globally in governments and businesses and are running on diverse operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z/VSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Z/VSE">z/VSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">VME</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/NonStop_(server_computers)" title="NonStop (server computers)">NonStop</a> OS, <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Gartner_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartner Group">Gartner Group</a> reported that 80% of the world's business ran on COBOL with over 200 billion lines of code<a href="#cite_note-Gartner_ubiquity-102">[c]</a> and 5 billion lines more being written annually.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Near the end of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">year 2000 problem</a> (Y2K) was the focus of significant COBOL programming effort, sometimes by the same programmers who had designed the systems decades before. The particular level of effort required to correct COBOL code has been attributed to the large amount of business-oriented COBOL, as business applications use dates heavily, and to fixed-length data fields.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Some studies attribute as much as "24% of Y2K software repair costs to Cobol".<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> After the clean-up effort put into these programs for Y2K, a 2003 survey found that many remained in use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrKizior200316-120">[117]</a> The authors said that the survey data suggest "a gradual decline in the importance of COBOL in application development over the [following] 10 years unless ... integration with other languages and technologies can be adopted".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrKizior200310-121">[118]</a> In 2006 and 2012, <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a> surveys (of 352 readers) found that over 60% of organizations used COBOL (more than <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a>) and that for half of those, COBOL was used for the majority of their internal software.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> 36% of managers said they planned to migrate from COBOL, and 25% said that they would do so if not for the expense of rewriting legacy code. Alternatively, some businesses have migrated their COBOL programs from mainframes to cheaper, faster hardware.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet-11">[10]</a> Testimony before the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House of Representatives</a> in 2016 indicated that COBOL is still in use by many federal agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Powner,_GAO,_2016-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported in 2017 that 43% of banking systems still used COBOL with over 220 billion lines of COBOL code in use.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> By 2019, the number of COBOL programmers was shrinking fast due to retirements, leading to an impending skills gap in business and government organizations which still use mainframe systems for high-volume transaction processing. Efforts to rewrite systems in newer languages have proven expensive and problematic, as has the outsourcing of code maintenance, thus proposals to train more people in COBOL are advocated.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the ensuing surge of unemployment, several US states reported a shortage of skilled COBOL programmers to support the legacy systems used for unemployment benefit management. Many of these systems had been in the process of conversion to more modern programming languages prior to the pandemic, but the process was put on hold.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Similarly, the US <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> rushed to patch its COBOL-based <a href="/wiki/Individual_Master_File" title="Individual Master File">Individual Master File</a> in order to disburse the tens of millions of payments mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Aid,_Relief,_and_Economic_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act">Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> COBOL has an English-like syntax, which is used to describe nearly everything in a program. For example, a condition can be expressed as  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x IS GREATER THAN y</code> or more concisely as  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x GREATER y</code>  or  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">x > y</code>. More complex conditions can be abbreviated by removing repeated conditions and variables. For example,  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a > b AND a > c OR a = d</code>  can be shortened to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a > b AND c OR = d</code>. To support this syntax, COBOL has over 300 <a href="/wiki/Keyword_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (computer programming)">keywords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.9-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[d]</a> Some of the keywords are simple alternative or pluralized spellings of the same word, which provides for more grammatically appropriate statements and clauses; e.g., the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IN</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OF</code> keywords can be used interchangeably, as can <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TIME</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TIMES</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VALUE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VALUES</code>. Each COBOL program is made up of four basic <a href="/wiki/Lexical_items" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical items">lexical items</a>: words, literals, picture character-strings (see <a href="#PICTURE_clause">§ PICTURE clause</a>) and separators. Words include reserved words and user-defined identifiers. They are up to 31 characters long and may include letters, digits, hyphens and underscores. Literals include numerals (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">12</code>) and strings (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'Hello!'</code>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.3.1.2-131">[127]</a> Separators include the space character and commas and semi-colons followed by a space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.3.2-132">[128]</a> A COBOL program is split into four divisions: the identification division, the environment division, the data division and the procedure division. The identification division specifies the name and type of the source element and is where classes and interfaces are specified. The environment division specifies any program features that depend on the system running it, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer files">files</a> and <a href="/wiki/Character_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Character sets">character sets</a>. The data division is used to declare <a href="/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameters</a>. The procedure division contains the program's <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a>. Each division is sub-divided into sections, which are made up of paragraphs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Metalanguage">edit</a>]</div> COBOL's syntax is usually described with a unique <a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalanguage</a> using braces, brackets, bars and underlining. The metalanguage was developed for the original COBOL specifications. Although <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a> did exist at the time, the committee had not heard of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985349-133">[129]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Elements of COBOL's metalanguage </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th>Appearance </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td>All capitals </td> <td>EXAMPLE </td> <td>Reserved word </td></tr> <tr> <td>Underlining </td> <td>EXAMPLE </td> <td>The reserved word is compulsory </td></tr> <tr> <td>Braces </td> <td>{ } </td> <td>Only one option may be selected </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brackets </td> <td>[] </td> <td>Zero or one options may be selected </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ellipsis </td> <td>... </td> <td>The preceding element may be repeated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Bars </td> <td>{| |} </td> <td>One or more options may be selected. Any option may only be selected once. </td></tr> <tr> <td>[| |] </td> <td>Zero or more options may be selected. Any option may only be selected once. </td></tr></tbody></table> As an example, consider the following description of an <code>ADD</code> statement: <div class="exemple-add-statement" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0; font-size: 85%; line-height: 0;"> <pre> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\underline {\text{ADD}}}\,{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{identifier-1}}\\{\text{literal-1}}\end{Bmatrix}}\dots \;{\underline {\text{TO}}}\,\left\{{\text{identifier-2}}\,\left[\,{\underline {\text{ROUNDED}}}\,\right]\right\}\dots \\[1em]\quad \left[\left|{\begin{array}{l}{\text{ON}}\,{\underline {\text{SIZE}}}\,{\underline {\text{ERROR}}}\,{\text{imperative-statement-1}}\\{\underline {\text{NOT}}}\,{\text{ON}}\,{\underline {\text{SIZE}}}\,{\underline {\text{ERROR}}}\,{\text{imperative-statement-2}}\end{array}}\right|\right]\\[1em]\quad \left[\,{\underline {\text{END-ADD}}}\,\right]\end{array}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="left" rowspacing="1.4em 1.4em 0.4em" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>ADD</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>identifier-1</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>literal-1</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>…</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>TO</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>identifier-2</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>ROUNDED</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> <mo>…</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ON</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>SIZE</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>ERROR</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>imperative-statement-1</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>NOT</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ON</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>SIZE</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>ERROR</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>imperative-statement-2</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munder> <mtext>END-ADD</mtext> <mo>_</mo> </munder> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\underline {\text{ADD}}}\,{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{identifier-1}}\\{\text{literal-1}}\end{Bmatrix}}\dots \;{\underline {\text{TO}}}\,\left\{{\text{identifier-2}}\,\left[\,{\underline {\text{ROUNDED}}}\,\right]\right\}\dots \\[1em]\quad \left[\left|{\begin{array}{l}{\text{ON}}\,{\underline {\text{SIZE}}}\,{\underline {\text{ERROR}}}\,{\text{imperative-statement-1}}\\{\underline {\text{NOT}}}\,{\text{ON}}\,{\underline {\text{SIZE}}}\,{\underline {\text{ERROR}}}\,{\text{imperative-statement-2}}\end{array}}\right|\right]\\[1em]\quad \left[\,{\underline {\text{END-ADD}}}\,\right]\end{array}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9bace771d005c9518bae91a76654a24c7763aba9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.567ex; margin-bottom: -0.771ex; width:61.608ex; height:21.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{\underline {\text{ADD}}}\,{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{identifier-1}}\\{\text{literal-1}}\end{Bmatrix}}\dots \;{\underline {\text{TO}}}\,\left\{{\text{identifier-2}}\,\left[\,{\underline {\text{ROUNDED}}}\,\right]\right\}\dots \\[1em]\quad \left[\left|{\begin{array}{l}{\text{ON}}\,{\underline {\text{SIZE}}}\,{\underline {\text{ERROR}}}\,{\text{imperative-statement-1}}\\{\underline {\text{NOT}}}\,{\text{ON}}\,{\underline {\text{SIZE}}}\,{\underline {\text{ERROR}}}\,{\text{imperative-statement-2}}\end{array}}\right|\right]\\[1em]\quad \left[\,{\underline {\text{END-ADD}}}\,\right]\end{array}}}"> </pre> </div> This description permits the following variants: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>ADD 1 TO x ADD 1, a, b TO x ROUNDED, y, z ROUNDED ADD a, b TO c ON SIZE ERROR DISPLAY "Error" END-ADD ADD a TO b NOT SIZE ERROR DISPLAY "No error" ON SIZE ERROR DISPLAY "Error" </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_format">Code format</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Code format">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg/220px-IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg/330px-IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg/440px-IBM_keypunch_deck_for_Cobol_student_program_at_New_York_University_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>COBOL program deck of punched cards, from the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_XEDIT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Original_XEDIT.png/220px-Original_XEDIT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Original_XEDIT.png/330px-Original_XEDIT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Original_XEDIT.png/440px-Original_XEDIT.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>3270 session</figcaption></figure> The height of COBOL's popularity coincided with the era of <a href="/wiki/Keypunch_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Keypunch machine">keypunch machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>. The program itself was written onto punched cards, then read in and compiled, and the data fed into the program was sometimes on cards as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken19762,_6–9-134">[130]</a> COBOL can be written in two formats: fixed (the default) or free. In fixed-format, code must be aligned to fit in certain areas (a hold-over from using punched cards). Until COBOL 2002, these were: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Column(s) </th> <th>Usage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sequence number area </td> <td>1–6 </td> <td>Originally used for card/line numbers (facilitating mechanical punched card sorting to assure intended program code sequence after manual editing/handling), this area is ignored by the compiler </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indicator area </td> <td>7 </td> <td>The following characters are allowed here: <ul><li><code>*</code> – Comment line</li> <li><code>/</code> – Comment line that will be printed on a new page of a source listing</li> <li><code>-</code> – Continuation line, where words or literals from the previous line are continued</li> <li><code>D</code> – Line enabled in debugging mode, which is otherwise ignored</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Area A </td> <td>8–11 </td> <td>This contains: <code>DIVISION</code>, <code>SECTION</code> and procedure headers; 01 and 77 level numbers and file/report descriptors </td></tr> <tr> <td>Area B </td> <td>12–72 </td> <td>Any other code not allowed in Area A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Program name area </td> <td>73– </td> <td>Historically up to column 80 for punched cards, it is used to identify the program or sequence the card belongs to </td></tr></tbody></table> In COBOL 2002, Areas A and B were merged to form the program-text area, which now ends at an implementor-defined column.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001§_F.2-135">[131]</a> COBOL 2002 also introduced free-format code. Free-format code can be placed in any column of the file, as in newer programming languages. Comments are specified using <code>*></code>, which can be placed anywhere and can also be used in fixed-format source code. Continuation lines are not present, and the <code>>>PAGE</code> directive replaces the <code>/</code> indicator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001§_F.2-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_division">Identification division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Identification division">edit</a>]</div> The identification division identifies the following code entity and contains the definition of a class or interface. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Object-oriented programming">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">Classes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a> have been in COBOL since 2002. Classes have factory objects, containing class <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">methods</a> and variables, and instance objects, containing instance methods and variables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_D.18.2-136">[132]</a> Inheritance and interfaces provide <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a>. Support for <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a> is provided through parameterized classes, which can be instantiated to use any class or interface. Objects are stored as references which may be restricted to a certain type. There are two ways of calling a method: the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INVOKE</code> statement, which acts similarly to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL</code>, or through inline method invocation, which is analogous to using functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_D.18-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>*> These are equivalent. INVOKE my-class "foo" RETURNING var MOVE my-class::"foo" TO var *> Inline method invocation </pre></div> COBOL does not provide a way to <a href="/wiki/Member_visibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Member visibility">hide</a> methods. Class data can be hidden, however, by declaring it without a <a href="/wiki/Property_(programming)" title="Property (programming)"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PROPERTY</code></a> clause, which leaves external code no way to access it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014108-138">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Method_overloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Method overloading">Method overloading</a> was added in COBOL 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014896-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_division">Environment division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environment division">edit</a>]</div> The environment division contains the configuration section and the input-output section. The configuration section is used to specify variable features such as currency signs, locales and character sets. The input-output section contains file-related information. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Files">Files</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Files">edit</a>]</div> COBOL supports three file formats, or <dfn>organizations</dfn>: sequential, indexed and relative. In sequential files, records are contiguous and must be traversed <a href="/wiki/Sequential_access" title="Sequential access">sequentially</a>, similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Linked_list" title="Linked list">linked list</a>. Indexed files have one or more indexes which allow records to be <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">randomly accessed</a> and which can be sorted on them. Each record must have a <a href="/wiki/Unique_key" title="Unique key">unique key</a>, but other, <dfn>alternate</dfn>, record keys need not be unique. Implementations of indexed files vary between vendors, although common implementations, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-ISAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-ISAM (page does not exist)">C-ISAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/VSAM" class="mw-redirect" title="VSAM">VSAM</a>, are based on IBM's <a href="/wiki/ISAM" title="ISAM">ISAM</a>. Other implementations are <a href="/wiki/Record_Management_Services" title="Record Management Services">Record Management Services</a> on <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enscribe" title="Enscribe">Enscribe</a> on <a href="/wiki/NonStop_(server_computers)" title="NonStop (server computers)">HPE NonStop</a> (Tandem). Relative files, like indexed files, have a unique record key, but they do not have alternate keys. A relative record's key is its ordinal position; for example, the 10th record has a key of 10. This means that creating a record with a key of 5 may require the creation of (empty) preceding records. Relative files also allow for both sequential and random access.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_D.2.1-140">[136]</a> A common non-standard extension is the <dfn>line sequential</dfn> organization, used to process text files. Records in a file are terminated by a <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> and may be of varying length.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_division">Data division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Data division">edit</a>]</div> The data division is split into six sections which declare different items: the file section, for file records; the working-storage section, for <a href="/wiki/Static_variable" title="Static variable">static variables</a>; the local-storage section, for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_variable" title="Automatic variable">automatic variables</a>; the linkage section, for parameters and the return value; the report section and the screen section, for <a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-based user interfaces</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aggregated_data">Aggregated data</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aggregated data">edit</a>]</div> Data items in COBOL are declared hierarchically through the use of level-numbers which indicate if a data item is part of another. An item with a higher level-number is subordinate to an item with a lower one. Top-level data items, with a level-number of 1, are called <dfn>records</dfn>. Items that have subordinate aggregate data are called <dfn>group items</dfn>; those that do not are called <dfn>elementary items</dfn>. Level-numbers used to describe standard data items are between 1 and 49.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.5.1.2-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler2014Appendix_A-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> 01 some-record. *> Aggregate group record item 05 num PIC 9(10). *> Elementary item 05 the-date. *> Aggregate (sub)group record item 10 the-year PIC 9(4). *> Elementary item 10 the-month PIC 99. *> Elementary item 10 the-day PIC 99. *> Elementary item </pre></div> In the above example, elementary item <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">num</code> and group item <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-date</code> are subordinate to the record <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">some-record</code>, while elementary items <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-year</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-month</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-day</code> are part of the group item <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-date</code>. Subordinate items can be disambiguated with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IN</code> (or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OF</code>) keyword. For example, consider the example code above along with the following example: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> 01 sale-date. 05 the-year PIC 9(4). 05 the-month PIC 99. 05 the-day PIC 99. </pre></div> The names <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-year</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-month</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-day</code> are ambiguous by themselves, since more than one data item is defined with those names. To specify a particular data item, for instance one of the items contained within the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">sale-date</code> group, the programmer would use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-year IN sale-date</code> (or the equivalent <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">the-year OF sale-date</code>). This syntax is similar to the "dot notation" supported by most contemporary languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_data_levels">Other data levels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other data levels">edit</a>]</div> A level-number of 66 is used to declare a re-grouping of previously defined items, irrespective of how those items are structured. This data level, also referred to by the associated <dfn><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RENAMES</code> clause</dfn>, is rarely used<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> and, circa 1988, was usually found in old programs. Its ability to ignore the hierarchical and logical structure data meant its use was not recommended and many installations forbade its use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_19.9-145">[141]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> 01 customer-record. 05 cust-key PIC X(10). 05 cust-name. 10 cust-first-name PIC X(30). 10 cust-last-name PIC X(30). 05 cust-dob PIC 9(8). 05 cust-balance PIC 9(7)V99. 66 cust-personal-details RENAMES cust-name THRU cust-dob. 66 cust-all-details RENAMES cust-name THRU cust-balance. </pre></div> A 77 level-number indicates the item is stand-alone, and in such situations is equivalent to the level-number 01. For example, the following code declares two 77-level data items, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">property-name</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">sales-region</code>, which are non-group data items that are independent of (not subordinate to) any other data items: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> 77 property-name PIC X(80). 77 sales-region PIC 9(5). </pre></div> An 88 level-number declares a <dfn>condition name</dfn> (a so-called 88-level) which is true when its parent data item contains one of the values specified in its <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VALUE</code> clause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler2014§_5.8.5-146">[142]</a> For example, the following code defines two 88-level condition-name items that are true or false depending on the current character data value of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">wage-type</code> data item. When the data item contains a value of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'H'</code>, the condition-name <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">wage-is-hourly</code> is true, whereas when it contains a value of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'S'</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'Y'</code>, the condition-name <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">wage-is-yearly</code> is true. If the data item contains some other value, both of the condition-names are false. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> 01 wage-type PIC X. 88 wage-is-hourly VALUE "H". 88 wage-is-yearly VALUE "S", "Y". </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_types">Data types</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Data types">edit</a>]</div> Standard COBOL provides the following data types:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.5.2-147">[143]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Data type </th> <th>Sample declaration </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alphabetic </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC A(30)</code> </td> <td>May contain only letters or spaces. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alphanumeric </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC X(30)</code> </td> <td>May contain any characters. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boolean </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC 1 USAGE BIT</code> </td> <td>Data stored in the form of 0s and 1s, as a binary number. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Index </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE INDEX</code> </td> <td>Used to reference table elements. </td></tr> <tr> <td>National </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC N(30)</code> </td> <td>Similar to alphanumeric, but using an extended character set, e.g. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Numeric </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC 9(5)V9(2)</code> </td> <td>Contains exactly 7 digits (7=5+2). 'V' locates the implicit decimal in a fixed point number. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Object </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE OBJECT REFERENCE</code> </td> <td>May reference either an object or <code>NULL</code>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pointer </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE POINTER</code> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Type safety is variable in COBOL. Numeric data is converted between different representations and sizes silently and alphanumeric data can be placed in any data item that can be stored as a string, including numeric and group data.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.24-148">[144]</a> In contrast, object references and pointers may only be assigned from items of the same type and their values may be restricted to a certain type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.35-149">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="PICTURE_clause">PICTURE clause</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: PICTURE clause">edit</a>]</div> A <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PICTURE</code> (or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC</code>) clause is a string of characters, each of which represents a portion of the data item and what it may contain. Some picture characters specify the type of the item and how many characters or digits it occupies in memory. For example, a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">9</code> indicates a decimal digit, and an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">S</code> indicates that the item is <a href="/wiki/Signedness" title="Signedness">signed</a>. Other picture characters (called <dfn>insertion</dfn> and <dfn>editing</dfn> characters) specify how an item should be formatted. For example, a series of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code> characters define character positions as well as how a leading sign character is to be positioned within the final character data; the rightmost non-numeric character will contain the item's sign, while other character positions corresponding to a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code> to the left of this position will contain a space. Repeated characters can be specified more concisely by specifying a number in parentheses after a picture character; for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">9(7)</code> is equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">9999999</code>. Picture specifications containing only digit (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">9</code>) and sign (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">S</code>) characters define purely <dfn>numeric</dfn> data items, while picture specifications containing alphabetic (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">A</code>) or alphanumeric (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">X</code>) characters define <dfn>alphanumeric</dfn> data items. The presence of other formatting characters define <dfn>edited numeric</dfn> or <dfn>edited alphanumeric</dfn> data items.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_13.18.40-150">[146]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PICTURE</code> clause </th> <th>Value in </th> <th>Value out </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC 9(5)</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">100</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">00100</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"Hello"</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"Hello"</code> (this is legal, but results in <a href="/wiki/Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior">undefined behavior</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.24-148">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC +++++</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-10</code> </td> <td><code>"  -10"</code> (note leading spaces) </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC 99/99/9(4)</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">30042003</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"30/04/2003"</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC *(4)9.99</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">100.50</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"**100.50"</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code>0</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"****0.00"</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PIC X(3)BX(3)BX(3)</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"ABCDEFGHI"</code> </td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"ABC DEF GHI"</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="USAGE_clause">USAGE clause</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: USAGE clause">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is missing information about COMPUTATIONAL-5. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:COBOL" title="Talk:COBOL">talk page</a>. (April 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE</code> clause declares the format in which data is stored. Depending on the data type, it can either complement or be used instead of a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PICTURE</code> clause. While it can be used to declare pointers and object references, it is mostly geared towards specifying numeric types. These numeric formats are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_13.18.60.3-151">[147]</a> <ul><li>Binary, where a minimum size is either specified by the <code>PICTURE</code> clause or by a <code>USAGE</code> clause such as <code>BINARY-LONG</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE COMPUTATIONAL</code>, where data may be stored in whatever format the implementation provides; often equivalent to  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE BINARY</code></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE DISPLAY</code>, the default format, where data is stored as a string</li> <li>Floating-point, in either an implementation-dependent format or according to IEEE 754</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE NATIONAL</code>, where data is stored as a string using an extended character set</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USAGE PACKED-DECIMAL</code>, where data is stored in the smallest possible decimal format (typically <a href="/wiki/Packed_binary-coded_decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Packed binary-coded decimal">packed binary-coded decimal</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Report_writer">Report writer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Report writer">edit</a>]</div> The report writer is a <a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declarative facility</a> for creating reports. The programmer need only specify the report layout and the data required to produce it, freeing them from having to write code to handle things like page breaks, data formatting, and headings and footings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014855-152">[148]</a> Reports are associated with report files, which are files which may only be written to through report writer statements. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> FD report-out REPORT sales-report. </pre></div> Each report is defined in the report section of the data division. A report is split into report groups which define the report's headings, footings and details. Reports work around hierarchical <dfn>control breaks</dfn>. Control breaks occur when a key variable changes it value; for example, when creating a report detailing customers' orders, a control break could occur when the program reaches a different customer's orders. Here is an example report description for a report which gives a salesperson's sales and which warns of any invalid records: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> RD sales-report PAGE LIMITS 60 LINES FIRST DETAIL 3 CONTROLS seller-name. 01 TYPE PAGE HEADING. 03 COL 1 VALUE "Sales Report". 03 COL 74 VALUE "Page". 03 COL 79 PIC Z9 SOURCE PAGE-COUNTER. 01 sales-on-day TYPE DETAIL, LINE + 1. 03 COL 3 VALUE "Sales on". 03 COL 12 PIC 99/99/9999 SOURCE sales-date. 03 COL 21 VALUE "were". 03 COL 26 PIC $$$$9.99 SOURCE sales-amount. 01 invalid-sales TYPE DETAIL, LINE + 1. 03 COL 3 VALUE "INVALID RECORD:". 03 COL 19 PIC X(34) SOURCE sales-record. 01 TYPE CONTROL HEADING seller-name, LINE + 2. 03 COL 1 VALUE "Seller:". 03 COL 9 PIC X(30) SOURCE seller-name. </pre></div> The above report description describes the following layout: <pre>Sales Report Page 1 Seller: Howard Bromberg Sales on 10/12/2008 were $1000.00 Sales on 12/12/2008 were $0.00 Sales on 13/12/2008 were $31.47 INVALID RECORD: Howard Bromberg XXXXYY Seller: Howard Discount ... Sales Report Page 12 Sales on 08/05/2014 were $543.98 INVALID RECORD: William Selden 12O52014FOOFOO Sales on 30/05/2014 were $0.00 </pre> Four statements control the report writer: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INITIATE</code>, which prepares the report writer for printing; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GENERATE</code>, which prints a report group; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUPPRESS</code>, which suppresses the printing of a report group; and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TERMINATE</code>, which terminates report processing. For the above sales report example, the procedure division might look like this: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> OPEN INPUT sales, OUTPUT report-out INITIATE sales-report PERFORM UNTIL 1 <> 1 READ sales AT END EXIT PERFORM END-READ VALIDATE sales-record IF valid-record GENERATE sales-on-day ELSE GENERATE invalid-sales END-IF END-PERFORM TERMINATE sales-report CLOSE sales, report-out . </pre></div> Use of the Report Writer facility tends to vary considerably; some organizations use it extensively and some not at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976338-153">[149]</a> In addition, implementations of Report Writer ranged in quality, with those at the lower end sometimes using excessive amounts of memory at runtime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976338-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedure_division">Procedure division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Procedure division">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Procedures">Procedures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Procedures">edit</a>]</div> The sections and paragraphs in the procedure division (collectively called procedures) can be used as <a href="/wiki/Label_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Label (programming)">labels</a> and as simple <a href="/wiki/Subroutines" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutines">subroutines</a>. Unlike in other divisions, paragraphs do not need to be in sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.4-154">[150]</a> Execution goes down through the procedures of a program until it is terminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.6.3-155">[151]</a> To use procedures as subroutines, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> verb is used. A <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement somewhat resembles a procedure call in a newer languages in the sense that execution returns to the code following the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement at the end of the called code; however, it does not provide a mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameter passing</a> or for returning a result value. If a subroutine is invoked using a simple statement like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM subroutine</code>, then control returns at the end of the called procedure. However, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> is unusual in that it may be used to call a range spanning a sequence of several adjacent procedures. This is done with the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM sub-1 THRU sub-n</code> construct: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>PROCEDURE so-and-so. PERFORM ALPHA PERFORM ALPHA THRU GAMMA STOP RUN. ALPHA. DISPLAY 'A'. BETA. DISPLAY 'B'. GAMMA. DISPLAY 'C'. </pre></div> The output of this program will be: "A A B C". <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> also differs from conventional procedure calls in that there is, at least traditionally, no notion of a call stack. As a consequence, nested invocations are possible (a sequence of code being <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code>'ed may execute a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement itself), but require extra care if parts of the same code are executed by both invocations. The problem arises when the code in the inner invocation reaches the exit point of the outer invocation. More formally, if control passes through the exit point of a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> invocation that was called earlier but has not yet completed, the COBOL 2002 standard stipulates that the behavior is <a href="/wiki/Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior">undefined</a>. The reason is that COBOL, rather than a "return address", operates with what may be called a continuation address. When control flow reaches the end of any procedure, the continuation address is looked up and control is transferred to that address. Before the program runs, the continuation address for every procedure is initialized to the start address of the procedure that comes next in the program text so that, if no <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statements happen, control flows from top to bottom through the program. But when a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement executes, it modifies the continuation address of the called procedure (or the last procedure of the called range, if <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM THRU</code> was used), so that control will return to the call site at the end. The original value is saved and is restored afterwards, but there is only one storage position. If two nested invocations operate on overlapping code, they may interfere which each other's management of the continuation address in several ways.<a href="#cite_note-FR99-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-VV07-157">[153]</a> The following example (taken from <a href="#CITEREFVeermanVerhoeven2006">Veerman & Verhoeven 2006</a>) illustrates the problem: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>LABEL1. DISPLAY '1' PERFORM LABEL2 THRU LABEL3 STOP RUN. LABEL2. DISPLAY '2' PERFORM LABEL3 THRU LABEL4. LABEL3. DISPLAY '3'. LABEL4. DISPLAY '4'. </pre></div> One might expect that the output of this program would be "1 2 3 4 3": After displaying "2", the second <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> causes "3" and "4" to be displayed, and then the first invocation continues on with "3". In traditional COBOL implementations, this is not the case. Rather, the first <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement sets the continuation address at the end of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LABEL3</code> so that it will jump back to the call site inside <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LABEL1</code>. The second <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement sets the return at the end of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LABEL4</code> but does not modify the continuation address of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LABEL3</code>, expecting it to be the default continuation. Thus, when the inner invocation arrives at the end of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LABEL3</code>, it jumps back to the outer <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement, and the program stops having printed just "1 2 3". On the other hand, in some COBOL implementations like the open-source TinyCOBOL compiler, the two <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statements do not interfere with each other and the output is indeed "1 2 3 4 3". Therefore, the behavior in such cases is not only (perhaps) surprising, it is also not portable.<a href="#cite_note-VV07-157">[153]</a> A special consequence of this limitation is that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> cannot be used to write recursive code. Another simple example to illustrate this (slightly simplified from <a href="#CITEREFVeermanVerhoeven2006">Veerman & Verhoeven 2006</a>): <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> MOVE 1 TO A PERFORM LABEL STOP RUN. LABEL. DISPLAY A IF A < 3 ADD 1 TO A PERFORM LABEL END-IF DISPLAY 'END'. </pre></div> One might expect that the output is "1 2 3 END END END", and in fact that is what some COBOL compilers will produce. But other compilers, like IBM COBOL, will produce code that prints "1 2 3 END END END END ..." and so on, printing "END" over and over in an endless loop. Since there is limited space to store backup continuation addresses, the backups get overwritten in the course of recursive invocations, and all that can be restored is the jump back to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DISPLAY 'END'</code>.<a href="#cite_note-VV07-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statements">Statements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Statements">edit</a>]</div> COBOL 2014 has 47 statements (also called <dfn>verbs</dfn>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9-158">[154]</a> which can be grouped into the following broad categories: control flow, I/O, data manipulation and the report writer. The report writer statements are covered in the <a href="#Report_writer">report writer section</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Control_flow">Control flow</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Control flow">edit</a>]</div> COBOL's <a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">conditional statements</a> are <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EVALUATE</code>. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EVALUATE</code> is a <a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch-like statement</a> with the added capability of evaluating multiple values and conditions. This can be used to implement <a href="/wiki/Decision_table" title="Decision table">decision tables</a>. For example, the following might be used to control a <a href="/wiki/CNC_lathe" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC lathe">CNC lathe</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>EVALUATE TRUE ALSO desired-speed ALSO current-speed WHEN lid-closed ALSO min-speed THRU max-speed ALSO LESS THAN desired-speed PERFORM speed-up-machine WHEN lid-closed ALSO min-speed THRU max-speed ALSO GREATER THAN desired-speed PERFORM slow-down-machine WHEN lid-open ALSO ANY ALSO NOT ZERO PERFORM emergency-stop WHEN OTHER CONTINUE END-EVALUATE </pre></div> The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement is used to define loops which are executed until a condition is true (not while true, which is more common in other languages). It is also used to call procedures or ranges of procedures (see the <a href="#Procedures">procedures section</a> for more details). <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INVOKE</code> call subprograms and methods, respectively. The name of the subprogram/method is contained in a string which may be a literal or a data item.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§§_14.9.4,_14.9.22-159">[155]</a> Parameters can be passed <a href="/wiki/Call_by_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by reference">by reference</a>, by content (where a copy is passed by reference) or <a href="/wiki/Call_by_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by value">by value</a> (but only if a <a href="/wiki/Function_prototype" title="Function prototype">prototype</a> is available).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_D.6.5.2.2-160">[156]</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CANCEL</code> unloads subprograms from memory. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code> causes the program to jump to a specified procedure. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GOBACK</code> statement is a <a href="/wiki/Return_statement" title="Return statement">return statement</a> and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STOP</code> statement stops the program. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXIT</code> statement has six different formats: it can be used as a return statement, a <a href="/wiki/Break_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Break statement">break statement</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Continue_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Continue statement">continue statement</a>, an end marker or to leave a procedure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.13.1-161">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exceptions</a> are raised by a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RAISE</code> statement and caught with a handler, or <dfn>declarative</dfn>, defined in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DECLARATIVES</code> portion of the procedure division. Declaratives are sections beginning with a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USE</code> statement which specify the errors to handle. Exceptions can be names or objects. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RESUME</code> is used in a declarative to jump to the statement after the one that raised the exception or to a procedure outside the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DECLARATIVES</code>. Unlike other languages, uncaught exceptions may not terminate the program and the program can proceed unaffected. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="I/O">I/O</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: I/O">edit</a>]</div> File I/O is handled by the self-describing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPEN</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CLOSE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE</code> statements along with a further three: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REWRITE</code>, which updates a record; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">START</code>, which selects subsequent records to access by finding a record with a certain key; and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UNLOCK</code>, which releases a <a href="/wiki/Lock_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (database)">lock</a> on the last record accessed. User interaction is done using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ACCEPT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DISPLAY</code>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Data_manipulation">Data manipulation</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Data manipulation">edit</a>]</div> The following verbs manipulate data: <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INITIALIZE</code>, which sets data items to their default values.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MOVE</code>, which <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assigns</a> values to data items ; MOVE CORRESPONDING assigns corresponding like-named <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)#COBOL" title="Record (computer science)">fields</a>.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET</code>, which has 15 formats: it can modify indices, assign object references and alter table capacities, among other functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§14.9.35.1-162">[158]</a></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ADD</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUBTRACT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MULTIPLY</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIVIDE</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMPUTE</code>, which handle arithmetic (with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COMPUTE</code> assigning the result of a formula to a variable).</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALLOCATE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FREE</code>, which handle <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory">dynamic memory</a>.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">VALIDATE</code>, which validates and distributes data as specified in an item's description in the data division.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STRING</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UNSTRING</code>, which <a href="/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation">concatenate</a> and split <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>, respectively.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INSPECT</code>, which tallies or replaces instances of specified <a href="/wiki/Substring" title="Substring">substrings</a> within a string.</li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SEARCH</code>, which searches a table for the first entry satisfying a condition.</li></ul> Files and tables are sorted using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SORT</code> and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MERGE</code> verb merges and sorts files. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RELEASE</code> verb provides records to sort and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RETURN</code> retrieves sorted records in order. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scope_termination">Scope termination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Scope termination">edit</a>]</div> Some statements, such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code>, may themselves contain statements. Such statements may be terminated in two ways: by a period (<dfn>implicit termination</dfn>), which terminates all unterminated statements contained, or by a scope terminator, which terminates the nearest matching open statement. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>*> Terminator period ("implicit termination") IF invalid-record IF no-more-records NEXT SENTENCE ELSE READ record-file AT END SET no-more-records TO TRUE. *> Scope terminators ("explicit termination") IF invalid-record IF no-more-records CONTINUE ELSE READ record-file AT END SET no-more-records TO TRUE END-READ END-IF END-IF </pre></div> Nested statements terminated with a period are a common source of bugs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014899-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_8.4-164">[160]</a> For example, examine the following code: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>IF x DISPLAY y. DISPLAY z. </pre></div> Here, the intent is to display <code>y</code> and <code>z</code> if condition <code>x</code> is true. However, <code>z</code> will be displayed whatever the value of <code>x</code> because the <code>IF</code> statement is terminated by an erroneous period after <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DISPLAY y</code>. Another bug is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Dangling_else_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangling else problem">dangling else problem</a>, when two <code>IF</code> statements can associate with an <code>ELSE</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>IF x IF y DISPLAY a ELSE DISPLAY b. </pre></div> In the above fragment, the <code>ELSE</code> associates with the  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF y</code>  statement instead of the  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF x</code>  statement, causing a bug. Prior to the introduction of explicit scope terminators, preventing it would require  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ELSE NEXT SENTENCE</code>  to be placed after the inner <code>IF</code>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_8.4-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-modifying_code">Self-modifying code</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Self-modifying code">edit</a>]</div> The original (1959) COBOL specification supported the infamous  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALTER X TO PROCEED TO Y</code>  statement, for which many compilers generated <a href="/wiki/Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">self-modifying code</a>. <code>X</code> and <code>Y</code> are procedure labels, and the single  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>  statement in procedure <code>X</code> executed after such an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALTER</code> statement means  <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO Y</code>  instead. Many compilers still support it,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> but it was deemed <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">obsolete</a> in the COBOL 1985 standard and deleted in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001§_F.1-166">[162]</a> The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALTER</code> statement was poorly regarded because it undermined "locality of context" and made a program's overall logic difficult to comprehend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976355-167">[163]</a> As textbook author <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._McCracken" title="Daniel D. McCracken">Daniel D. McCracken</a> wrote in 1976, when "someone who has never seen the program before must become familiar with it as quickly as possible, sometimes under critical time pressure because the program has failed ... the sight of a GO TO statement in a paragraph by itself, signaling as it does the existence of an unknown number of ALTER statements at unknown locations throughout the program, strikes fear in the heart of the bravest programmer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976355-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello,_world">Hello, world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hello, world">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> in COBOL: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobol mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. hello-world. PROCEDURE DIVISION. DISPLAY "Hello, world!" . </pre></div> When the now famous "Hello, World!" program example in <a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a> was first published in 1978 a similar mainframe COBOL program sample would have been submitted through <a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">JCL</a>, very likely using a punch card reader, and 80 column punch cards. The listing below, with an empty DATA DIVISION, was tested using Linux and the System/370 <a href="/wiki/Hercules_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules emulator">Hercules emulator</a> running <a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a> 3.8J. The JCL, written in July 2015, is derived from the Hercules tutorials and samples hosted by Jay Moseley.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> In keeping with COBOL programming of that era, HELLO, WORLD is displayed in all capital letters. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cobolfree mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>//COBUCLG JOB (001),'COBOL BASE TEST', 00010000 // CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=A,MSGLEVEL=(1,1) 00020000 //BASETEST EXEC COBUCLG 00030000 //COB.SYSIN DD * 00040000 00000* VALIDATION OF BASE COBOL INSTALL 00050000 01000 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 00060000 01100 PROGRAM-ID. 'HELLO'. 00070000 02000 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 00080000 02100 CONFIGURATION SECTION. 00090000 02110 SOURCE-COMPUTER. GNULINUX. 00100000 02120 OBJECT-COMPUTER. HERCULES. 00110000 02200 SPECIAL-NAMES. 00120000 02210 CONSOLE IS CONSL. 00130000 03000 DATA DIVISION. 00140000 04000 PROCEDURE DIVISION. 00150000 04100 00-MAIN. 00160000 04110 DISPLAY 'HELLO, WORLD' UPON CONSL. 00170000 04900 STOP RUN. 00180000 //LKED.SYSLIB DD DSNAME=SYS1.COBLIB,DISP=SHR 00190000 // DD DSNAME=SYS1.LINKLIB,DISP=SHR 00200000 //GO.SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=A 00210000 // 00220000 </pre></div> After submitting the JCL, the MVS console displayed: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> 19.52.48 JOB 3 $HASP100 COBUCLG ON READER1 COBOL BASE TEST 19.52.48 JOB 3 IEF677I WARNING MESSAGE(S) FOR JOB COBUCLG ISSUED 19.52.48 JOB 3 $HASP373 COBUCLG STARTED - INIT 1 - CLASS A - SYS BSP1 19.52.48 JOB 3 IEC130I SYSPUNCH DD STATEMENT MISSING 19.52.48 JOB 3 IEC130I SYSLIB DD STATEMENT MISSING 19.52.48 JOB 3 IEC130I SYSPUNCH DD STATEMENT MISSING 19.52.48 JOB 3 IEFACTRT - Stepname Procstep Program Retcode 19.52.48 JOB 3 COBUCLG BASETEST COB IKFCBL00 RC= 0000 19.52.48 JOB 3 COBUCLG BASETEST LKED IEWL RC= 0000 19.52.48 JOB 3 +HELLO, WORLD 19.52.48 JOB 3 COBUCLG BASETEST GO PGM=*.DD RC= 0000 19.52.48 JOB 3 $HASP395 COBUCLG ENDED </pre></div> Line 10 of the console listing above is highlighted for effect, the highlighting is not part of the actual console output. The associated compiler listing generated over four pages of technical detail and job run information, for the single line of output from the 14 lines of COBOL. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_structure">Lack of structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lack of structure">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> paradigm was becoming increasingly widespread. <a href="/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Edsger Dijkstra</a>, a preeminent computer scientist, wrote a <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_editor" title="Letter to the editor">letter to the editor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>, published in 1975 entitled "How do we tell truths that might hurt?", in which he was critical of COBOL and several other contemporary languages; remarking that "the use of COBOL cripples the mind".<a href="#cite_note-Dijkstra1-169">[165]</a> In a published dissent to Dijkstra's remarks, the computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins claimed that <a href="/wiki/Unstructured_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstructured programming">unstructured</a> COBOL tended to be "written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well", arguing that the issue was primarily one of training.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> One cause of <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_code" title="Spaghetti code">spaghetti code</a> was the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code> statement. Attempts to remove <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>s from COBOL code, however, resulted in convoluted programs and reduced code quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehle1992125-171">[167]</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GO TO</code>s were largely replaced by the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> statement and procedures, which promoted <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular programming</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehle1992125-171">[167]</a> and gave easy access to powerful looping facilities. However, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM</code> could be used only with procedures so loop bodies were not located where they were used, making programs harder to understand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985349–350-172">[168]</a> COBOL programs were infamous for being monolithic and lacking modularization.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> COBOL code could be modularized only through procedures, which were found to be inadequate for large systems. It was impossible to restrict access to data, meaning a procedure could access and modify any data item. Furthermore, there was no way to pass <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameters</a> to a procedure, an omission Jean Sammet regarded as the committee's biggest mistake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978b258-174">[170]</a> Another complication stemmed from the ability to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PERFORM THRU</code> a specified sequence of procedures. This meant that control could jump to and return from any procedure, creating convoluted control flow and permitting a programmer to break the <a href="/wiki/Single-entry_single-exit" title="Single-entry single-exit">single-entry single-exit</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehle1992126-175">[171]</a> This situation improved as COBOL adopted more features. COBOL-74 added subprograms, giving programmers the ability to control the data each part of the program could access. COBOL-85 then added nested subprograms, allowing programmers to hide subprograms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiehle1992127-176">[172]</a> Further control over data and code came in 2002 when object-oriented programming, user-defined functions and user-defined data types were included. Nevertheless, much important legacy COBOL software uses unstructured code, which has become practically unmaintainable. It can be too risky and costly to modify even a simple section of code, since it may be used from unknown places in unknown ways.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility_issues">Compatibility issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Compatibility issues">edit</a>]</div> COBOL was intended to be a highly portable, "common" language. However, by 2001, around 300 dialects had been created.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> One source of dialects was the standard itself: the 1974 standard was composed of one mandatory nucleus and eleven functional modules, each containing two or three levels of support. This permitted 104,976 possible variants.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> COBOL-85 was not fully compatible with earlier versions, and its development was controversial. Joseph T. Brophy, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Information_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Information Officer">CIO</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Travelers" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul Travelers">Travelers Insurance</a>, spearheaded an effort to inform COBOL users of the heavy reprogramming costs of implementing the new standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfunkel198711-180">[176]</a> As a result, the ANSI COBOL Committee received more than 2,200 letters from the public, mostly negative, requiring the committee to make changes. On the other hand, conversion to COBOL-85 was thought to increase productivity in future years, thus justifying the conversion costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfunkel198715-181">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbose_syntax">Verbose syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Verbose syntax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="text-align: left;">COBOL: /koh′bol/, n.</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A weak, verbose, and flabby language used by code grinders to do boring mindless things on dinosaur mainframes. [...] Its very name is seldom uttered without ritual expressions of disgust or horror. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/The_Jargon_File" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jargon File">The Jargon File</a> 4.4.8.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></cite> </div> COBOL syntax has often been criticized for its verbosity. Proponents say that this was intended to make the code <a href="/wiki/Self-documenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-documenting">self-documenting</a>, easing program maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197653-183">[179]</a> COBOL was also intended to be easy for programmers to learn and use,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_II.1.1-184">[180]</a> while still being readable to non-technical staff such as managers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985350-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1961381-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/10-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978a263-188">[184]</a> The desire for readability led to the use of English-like syntax and structural elements, such as nouns, verbs, clauses, sentences, sections, and divisions. Yet by 1984, maintainers of COBOL programs were struggling to deal with "incomprehensible" code<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/10-187">[183]</a> and the main changes in COBOL-85 were there to help ease maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-Computerworld_Garfunkel-95">[93]</a> Jean Sammet, a short-range committee member, noted that "little attempt was made to cater to the professional programmer, in fact people whose main interest is programming tend to be very unhappy with COBOL" which she attributed to COBOL's verbose syntax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/14-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolation_from_the_computer_science_community">Isolation from the computer science community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Isolation from the computer science community">edit</a>]</div> The COBOL community has always been isolated from the computer science community. No academic computer scientists participated in the design of COBOL: all of those on the committee came from commerce or government. Computer scientists at the time were more interested in fields like numerical analysis, physics and system programming than the commercial file-processing problems which COBOL development tackled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1961380-190">[186]</a> Jean Sammet attributed COBOL's unpopularity to an initial "snob reaction" due to its inelegance, the lack of influential computer scientists participating in the design process and a disdain for business data processing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978a266-191">[187]</a> The COBOL specification used a unique "notation", or <a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalanguage</a>, to define its syntax rather than the new <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a> which the committee did not know of. This resulted in "severe" criticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978b255-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985348–349-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133-72">[70]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The academic world tends to regard COBOL as verbose, clumsy and inelegant, and tries to ignore it, although there are probably more COBOL programs and programmers in the world than there are for FORTRAN, ALGOL and PL/I combined. For the most part, only schools with an immediate vocational objective provide instruction in COBOL. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Conway" title="Richard W. Conway">Richard Conway</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Gries" title="David Gries">David Gries</a>, 1973<a href="#cite_note-conway-gries-194">[190]</a></cite> </div> Later, COBOL suffered from a shortage of material covering it; it took until 1963 for introductory books to appear (with Richard D. Irwin publishing a college textbook on COBOL in 1966).<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> By 1985, there were twice as many books on FORTRAN and four times as many on BASIC as on COBOL in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985349-133">[129]</a> University professors taught more modern, state-of-the-art languages and techniques instead of COBOL which was said to have a "trade school" nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985351-196">[192]</a> Donald Nelson, chair of the CODASYL COBOL committee, said in 1984 that "academics ... hate COBOL" and that computer science graduates "had 'hate COBOL' drilled into them".<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> By the mid-1980s, there was also significant condescension towards COBOL in the business community from users of other languages, for example <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assembler_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembler language">assembler</a>, implying that COBOL could be used only for non-challenging problems.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> In 2003, COBOL featured in 80% of <a href="/wiki/Information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information systems">information systems</a> curricula in the United States, the same proportion as <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(Programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (Programming language)">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrKizior200313-199">[195]</a> Ten years later, a poll by <a href="/wiki/Micro_Focus" title="Micro Focus">Micro Focus</a> found that 20% of university academics thought COBOL was outdated or dead and that 55% believed their students thought COBOL was outdated or dead. The same poll also found that only 25% of academics had COBOL programming on their curriculum even though 60% thought they should teach it.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_about_the_design_process">Concerns about the design process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Concerns about the design process">edit</a>]</div> Doubts have been raised about the competence of the standards committee. Short-term committee member Howard Bromberg said that there was "little control" over the development process and that it was "plagued by discontinuity of personnel and ... a lack of talent."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009301-83">[81]</a> Jean Sammet and Jerome Garfunkel also noted that changes introduced in one revision of the standard would be reverted in the next, due as much to changes in who was in the standard committee as to objective evidence.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> COBOL standards have repeatedly suffered from delays: COBOL-85 arrived five years later than hoped,<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> COBOL 2002 was five years late,<a href="#cite_note-SW95-3">[3]</a> and COBOL 2014 was six years late.<a href="#cite_note-cobolstandards.com-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> To combat delays, the standard committee allowed the creation of optional addenda which would add features more quickly than by waiting for the next standard revision. However, some committee members raised concerns about incompatibilities between implementations and frequent modifications of the standard.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_on_other_languages">Influences on other languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Influences on other languages">edit</a>]</div> COBOL's data structures influenced subsequent programming languages. Its record and file structure influenced <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, and the <code>REDEFINES</code> clause was a predecessor to Pascal's variant records. Explicit file structure definitions preceded the development of <a href="/wiki/Database_management_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management systems">database management systems</a> and aggregated data was a significant advance over Fortran's arrays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985349-133">[129]</a> <code>PICTURE</code> data declarations were incorporated into PL/I, with minor changes. COBOL's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COPY</code> facility, although considered "primitive",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978b274-205">[201]</a> influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">include directives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShneiderman1985349-133">[129]</a> The focus on portability and standardization meant programs written in COBOL could be portable and facilitated the spread of the language to a wide variety of hardware platforms and operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Additionally, the well-defined division structure restricts the definition of external references to the Environment Division, which simplifies platform changes in particular.<a href="#cite_note-cobol-intro-207">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_list_of_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabetical list of programming languages">Alphabetical list of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLIS/COBOL" title="BLIS/COBOL">BLIS/COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages#COBOL_based" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational list of programming languages § COBOL based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compilers#COBOL_compilers" title="List of compilers">List of compilers § COBOL compilers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2002_influence-6"><a href="#cite_ref-2002_influence_6-0">^</a> Specifically influenced COBOL 2002's object-oriented features.<a href="#cite_note-SW95-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arranga98-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The tombstone is currently at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gartner_ubiquity-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gartner_ubiquity_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gartner_ubiquity_102-1">b</a> The reader should be cautioned that although the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Gartner_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartner Group">Gartner Group</a> study is referenced ubiquitously with a famous "200 billion lines of COBOL" quote, the actual report is difficult to find.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Moreover, some speculate<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> that "the only involvement of Gartner in these numbers" was the 1995 study<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> which "projected that fixing the Y2K bug would cost $1 per line or $300 billion total," which caused the misinterpretation of the report. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Vendor-specific extensions cause many implementations to have far more: one implementation recognizes over 1,100 keywords.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-creators-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-creators_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-creators_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSammet2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sammet, Jean E. (March 2000). "The real creators of Cobol". IEEE Software. 17 (2): 30–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F52.841602">10.1109/52.841602</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-4194">1937-4194</a>. <q>The Short-Range Committee worked diligently from June 1959 on, but there were great difficulties in having a fairly large committee try to create a programming language. In November, the Short-Range Committee chair appointed six people to develop specifications for consideration: William Selden and Gertrude Tierney (IBM), Howard Bromberg and Norman Discount (RCA), and Vernon Reeves and Jean E. Sammet (Sylvania Electric Products). We worked for two full weeks (including some round-the-clock sessions) in November 1959 and sent the proposed specifications to the full Short-Range Committee, which accepted almost all of them. After some editing (by the same six people), we turned in the specifications as a final report in December to the Executive Committee, which accepted them in January 1960. After some further editing, the Government Printing Office issued Cobol 60. [...] [Grace Hopper] did not participate in its work except through the general guidance she gave to her staff who were direct committee members. Thus, while her indirect influence was very important, regrettably the frequent repeated statements that "Grace Hopper developed Cobol" or "Grace Hopper was a codeveloper of Cobol" or "Grace Hopper is the mother of Cobol" are just not correct.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Software&rft.atitle=The+real+creators+of+Cobol&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=30-32&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F52.841602&rft.issn=1937-4194&rft.aulast=Sammet&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009680799/toc.pdf">Technical Standard, COBOL Language</a> (PDF). 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Dr. Dobb's Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1995/9510/9510e/9510e.htm">the original</a> on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=COBOL+%2797%3A+A+Status+Report&rft.date=1995-10&rft.aulast=Saade&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca%2Fscience%2Frpn%2Fbiblio%2Fddj%2FWebsite%2Farticles%2FDDJ%2F1995%2F9510%2F9510e%2F9510e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arranga98-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arranga98_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arranga98_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrangaCoyle1998" class="citation book cs1">Arranga, Edmund C.; Coyle, Frank P. (February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=posN1cl6XFUC&pg=PA15">Object-Oriented COBOL</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0132611404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0132611404"><bdi>978-0132611404</bdi></a>. <q>Object-Oriented COBOL's style reflects the influence of Smalltalk and C++.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object-Oriented+COBOL&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-02&rft.isbn=978-0132611404&rft.aulast=Arranga&rft.aufirst=Edmund+C.&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Frank+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DposN1cl6XFUC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrangaCoyle1997" class="citation journal cs1">Arranga, Edmund C.; Coyle, Frank P. 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Computer. 30 (3): 127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.573683">10.1109/2.573683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9162">0018-9162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=Cobol%3A+Perception+and+Reality&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=127&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F2.573683&rft.issn=0018-9162&rft.aulast=Arranga&rft.aufirst=Edmund+C.&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Frank+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImajoMiyakeSatoIto2000" class="citation conference cs1">Imajo, Tetsuji; et al. 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IBM Software Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/adm/EGLOverviewtoOMG.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+EGL&rft.pub=IBM+Software+Group&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Wing+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omg.org%2Fadm%2FEGLOverviewtoOMG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadin1978" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Radin" title="George Radin">Radin, George</a> (1978). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). The early history and characteristics of PL/I. 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Infopro, Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2022. <q>... conversion to an alternate, extended COBOL or to ANSI COBOL is very difficult, if at all possible</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sysmaker.com&rft.atitle=What+is+PL%2FB+-+The+Programming+Language+for+Business%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sysmaker.com%2Finfopro%2Fx3j15%2Fwhatart.htm%23why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Computerworld_Not_Dead_Yet_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Robert L. 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SIGCSE Bull. 34 (2): 175–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F543812.543853">10.1145/543812.543853</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8418">0097-8418</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2577644">2577644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIGCSE+Bull.&rft.atitle=Pioneering+Women+in+Computer+Science&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-180&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2577644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0097-8418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F543812.543853&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrer&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009281–282-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009281–282_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, pp. 281–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a200-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a200_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flahive,_Texas_Public_Radio,_2019-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Flahive,_Texas_Public_Radio,_2019_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlahive2019" class="citation web cs1">Flahive, Paul (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524035248/https://www.tpr.org/post/how-cobol-still-powers-global-economy-60-years-old">"How COBOL Still Powers The Global Economy At 60 Years Old"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Radio" title="Texas Public Radio">Texas Public Radio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tpr.org/post/how-cobol-still-powers-global-economy-60-years-old">the original</a> on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019. <q>(Grace Hopper) Nicknamed Grandma Cobol, the code was based on some of her earlier work. She said — after hearing the rumors — one of her collaborators went out and bought a granite tombstone. "He had the word COBOL cut in the front of it. Then he shipped it express collect to Mr. Phillips in the pentagon." The prank on Charles Phillips, a leader for the project at the defense department, got the attention of the powers that be and was a turning point she said. COBOL would go on to become the most widely used and longest lasting computer languages in history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=How+COBOL+Still+Powers+The+Global+Economy+At+60+Years+Old&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Flahive&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpr.org%2Fpost%2Fhow-cobol-still-powers-global-economy-60-years-old&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009283-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009283_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009284-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009284_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Early Meetings of the Conference on Data Systems Languages". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 7 (4): 316–325. 1985. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1985.10047">10.1109/MAHC.1985.10047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35625728">35625728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+Meetings+of+the+Conference+on+Data+Systems+Languages&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=316-325&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1985.10047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35625728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet2004104-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet2004104_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet2004104_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet2004104_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet2004104_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet2004104_26-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet2004">Sammet 2004</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009286-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009286_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/9-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/9_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConner1984ID/9_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConner1984">Conner 1984</a>, p. ID/9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a201-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a201_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemer1971">Bemer 1971</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009288-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009288_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a203-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a203_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.1.1-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.1.1_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCODASYL1969">CODASYL 1969</a>, § I.2.1.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a204-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a204_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.1.2-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.1.2_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCODASYL1969">CODASYL 1969</a>, § I.1.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009290-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009290_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-cisn-37"><a href="#cite_ref-cisn_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammet1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sammet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Sammet">Sammet, Jean</a> (1978). "The Early History of COBOL". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 13 (8): 121–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F960118.808378">10.1145/960118.808378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10743643">10743643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+COBOL&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=121-161&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F960118.808378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10743643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sammet&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a217-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a217_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Adams, Vicki Porter (5 October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA33">"Captain Grace M. Hopper: the Mother of COBOL"</a>. InfoWorld. Vol. 3, no. 20. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Captain+Grace+M.+Hopper%3A+the+Mother+of+COBOL&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1981-10-05&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Vicki+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJT0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1992" class="citation journal cs1">Betts, Mitch (6 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-_T3bxgvMwC&pg=PA14">"Grace Hopper, mother of Cobol, dies"</a>. Computerworld. 26 (1): 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Grace+Hopper%2C+mother+of+Cobol%2C+dies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1992-01-06&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-_T3bxgvMwC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohr2008" class="citation book cs1">Lohr, Steve (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfPLVx6qS_cC&pg=PA52">Go To: The Story of the Math Majors, Bridge Players, Engineers, Chess Wizards, Maverick Scientists, and Iconoclasts—The Programmers Who Created the Software Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786730766" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786730766"><bdi>978-0786730766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+To%3A+The+Story+of+the+Math+Majors%2C+Bridge+Players%2C+Engineers%2C+Chess+Wizards%2C+Maverick+Scientists%2C+and+Iconoclasts%E2%80%94The+Programmers+Who+Created+the+Software+Revolution&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0786730766&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfPLVx6qS_cC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/pioneering-software-engineer-and-cobol-co-designer-1.3111332">"Pioneering software engineer and Cobol co-designer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Pioneering+software+engineer+and+Cobol+co-designer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fpeople%2Fpioneering-software-engineer-and-cobol-co-designer-1.3111332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009292-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009292_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009292_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971131-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971131_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemer1971">Bemer 1971</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009296-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009296_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a221-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a221_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009291-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009291_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopper_Oral_History-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopper_Oral_History_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225202555/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf">"Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. December 1980. p. 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+of+Captain+Grace+Hopper&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=1980-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Ftext%2FOral_History%2FHopper_Grace%2F102702026.05.01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a218-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a218_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978a268-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978a268_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcotty1978a">Marcotty 1978a</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a205–206-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a205–206_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, pp. 205–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978aFigure_8-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978aFigure_8_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978aFigure_8_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, Figure 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a230–231-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a230–231_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001846-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001846_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2001</a>, p. 846. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a220-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a220_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a228-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a228_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132:_''We_can't_find_a_single_individual_who_admits_coining_the_acronym_"COBOL"''-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971132:_''We_can't_find_a_single_individual_who_admits_coining_the_acronym_"COBOL"''_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemer1971">Bemer 1971</a>, p. 132: We can't find a single individual who admits coining the acronym "COBOL". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210:_''The_next_day,_the_name_COBOL_was_finally_agreed_to_as_an_acronym_for_COmmon_Business_Oriented_Language._Unfortunately,_my_notes_do_not_show_who_made_that_suggestion''-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammet1978a210:_''The_next_day,_the_name_COBOL_was_finally_agreed_to_as_an_acronym_for_COmmon_Business_Oriented_Language._Unfortunately,_my_notes_do_not_show_who_made_that_suggestion''_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSammet1978a">Sammet 1978a</a>, p. 210: The next day, the name COBOL was finally agreed to as an acronym for COmmon Business Oriented Language. Unfortunately, my notes do not show who made that suggestion. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2004" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Patricia (25 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4138-2004Jun24.html">"Computer Pioneer Bob Bemer, 84"</a>. The Washington Post. p. B06. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobbemer.com/arranga.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+COBOL+REPORT+-+Interview+with+Bob+Bemer+-+the+Father+of+COBOL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobbemer.com%2Farranga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031223115509/http://cobolreport.com/cobolreport/archives/TCR_bemer.htm">"THE COBOL REPORT - Interview with Bob Bemer - the Father of COBOL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cobolreport.com/cobolreport/archives/TCR_bemer.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+COBOL+REPORT+-+Interview+with+Bob+Bemer+-+the+Father+of+COBOL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcobolreport.com%2Fcobolreport%2Farchives%2FTCR_bemer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009293-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009293_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009294-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009294_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X572.85">COBOL Tombstone</a>. Computer History Museum. 1960. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=COBOL+Tombstone&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fcollections%2Fcatalog%2FX572.85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tombstone_story-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Tombstone_story_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/TCMR-V13.pdf">"The Story of the COBOL Tombstone"</a> (PDF). The Computer Museum Report. 13: 8–9. Summer 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403015336/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/TCMR-V13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Museum+Report&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+COBOL+Tombstone&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2Fcomp-hist%2FTCMR-V13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971130-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971130_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemer1971">Bemer 1971</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009289-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009289_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.1.1-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.1.1_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCODASYL1969">CODASYL 1969</a>, § I.1.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197647-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197647_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971133_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemer1971">Bemer 1971</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009297-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009297_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009297_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams12-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams12_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kathleen Broome (10 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKmiw-_2gYIC&pg=PT124">Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea</a>. US Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612512655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612512655"><bdi>978-1612512655</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/818867202">818867202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper%3A+Admiral+of+the+Cyber+Sea&rft.pub=US+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012-11-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F818867202&rft.isbn=978-1612512655&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Broome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKmiw-_2gYIC%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Compaq Computer Corporation: Compaq COBOL Reference Manual, Order Number: AA–Q2G0F–TK October 2000, Page xviii; Fujitsu Corporation: Net Cobol Language Reference, Version 15, January 2009; IBM Corporation: Enterprise COBOL for z/OS Language Reference, Version 4 Release 1, SC23-8528-00, December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfunkel1984" class="citation journal cs1">Garfunkel, Jerome (11 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLbHc0Acrm4C&pg=RA1-PA67">"In defense of Cobol"</a>. Computerworld. 18 (24): ID/19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+Cobol&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=ID%2F19&rft.date=1984-11-11&rft.aulast=Garfunkel&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLbHc0Acrm4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1975" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Terrence W. (1975). Programming Languages: Design and Implementation. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 361–362, 381–382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-730432-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-730432-3"><bdi>0-13-730432-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Languages%3A+Design+and+Implementation&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=361-362%2C+381-382&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-13-730432-3&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Terrence+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBemer1971134-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971134_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBemer1971134_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBemer1971">Bemer 1971</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197648-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197648_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.2.4-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.2.4_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCODASYL1969">CODASYL 1969</a>, § I.2.2.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.3-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECODASYL1969§_I.2.3_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCODASYL1969">CODASYL 1969</a>, § I.2.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FS2003-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FS2003_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FS2003_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FS2003_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FS2003_82-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolletSammet2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Follet, Robert H.; <a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Sammet, Jean E.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1074734">"Programming language standards"</a>. In Ralston, Anthony; Reilly, Edwin D.; Hemmendinger, David (eds.). Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 1467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470864128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470864128"><bdi>978-0470864128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Programming+language+standards&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science&rft.pages=1467&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0470864128&rft.aulast=Follet&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Sammet%2C+Jean+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1074734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009301-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009301_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer2009301_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyer2009">Beyer 2009</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197649-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197649_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197649_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197652-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197652_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1972" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Alan (2 August 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBUJf4n2QxkC&pg=PT10">"Few Realise Wasted Resources of Local DP Schools"</a>. 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Manchester University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719005923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719005923"><bdi>978-0719005923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+COBOL%3A+A+Course+of+Twelve+Television+Lectures&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0719005923&rft.aulast=Triance&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCs1RAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein201016-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein201016_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlein2010">Klein 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairdOliver1977" class="citation report cs1">Baird, George N.; Oliver, Paul (May 1977). 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Sams Teach Yourself COBOL in 24 hours. <a href="/wiki/Sams" title="Sams">SAMS Publishing</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0672314537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0672314537"><bdi>978-0672314537</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98087215">98087215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sams+Teach+Yourself+COBOL+in+24+hours&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=SAMS+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98087215&rft.isbn=978-0672314537&rft.aulast=Hubbell&rft.aufirst=Thane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_19.9-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_19.9_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCrackenGolden1988">McCracken & Golden 1988</a>, § 19.9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler2014§_5.8.5-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler2014§_5.8.5_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCutler2014">Cutler 2014</a>, § 5.8.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.5.2-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_8.5.2_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 8.5.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.24-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.24_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.24_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 14.9.24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.35-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.35_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 14.9.35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_13.18.40-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_13.18.40_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 13.18.40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_13.18.60.3-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_13.18.60.3_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 13.18.60.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014855-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014855_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, p. 855. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976338-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976338_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976338_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCracken1976">McCracken 1976</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.4-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.4_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 14.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.6.3-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.6.3_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 14.6.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FR99-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FR99_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldRamalingam1999" class="citation conference cs1">Field, John; Ramalingam, G. (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ramali/Papers/paste99.pdf">Identifying Procedural Structure in Cobol Programs</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~wgg/paste99.html">PASTE '99</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F381788.316163">10.1145/381788.316163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1581131372" title="Special:BookSources/1581131372"><bdi>1581131372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224060615/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ramali/Papers/paste99.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Identifying+Procedural+Structure+in+Cobol+Programs&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F381788.316163&rft.isbn=1581131372&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ramalingam%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2F~ramali%2FPapers%2Fpaste99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VV07-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VV07_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VV07_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VV07_157-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeermanVerhoeven2006" class="citation journal cs1">Veerman, Niels; Verhoeven, Ernst-Jan (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306135410/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~nveerman/research/minefield/minefield.pdf">"Cobol minefield detection"</a> (PDF). Software: Practice and Experience. 36 (14). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspe.v36%3A14">10.1002/spe.v36:14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18619757">18619757</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.vu.nl/~nveerman/research/minefield/minefield.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software%3A+Practice+and+Experience&rft.atitle=Cobol+minefield+detection&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspe.v36%3A14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18619757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Veerman&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft.au=Verhoeven%2C+Ernst-Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.vu.nl%2F~nveerman%2Fresearch%2Fminefield%2Fminefield.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 14.9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§§_14.9.4,_14.9.22-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§§_14.9.4,_14.9.22_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, §§ 14.9.4, 14.9.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_D.6.5.2.2-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_D.6.5.2.2_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § D.6.5.2.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.13.1-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§_14.9.13.1_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, § 14.9.13.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§14.9.35.1-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014§14.9.35.1_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, §14.9.35.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014899-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014899_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2014</a>, p. 899. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_8.4-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_8.4_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCrackenGolden1988§_8.4_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCrackenGolden1988">McCracken & Golden 1988</a>, § 8.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Examples of compiler support for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ALTER</code> can be seen in the following: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Tiffin, Brian (18 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505181734/http://sourceforge.net/p/open-cobol/discussion/cobol/thread/7dc2941f/">"September 2013"</a>. GNU Cobol. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/p/open-cobol/discussion/cobol/thread/7dc2941f/#5ee9">the original</a> on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Cobol&rft.atitle=September+2013&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft.aulast=Tiffin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fp%2Fopen-cobol%2Fdiscussion%2Fcobol%2Fthread%2F7dc2941f%2F%235ee9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documentation.microfocus.com/help/topic/com.microfocus.eclipse.infocenter.visualcobol.vs2013/HRLHLHPDF803.html">"The ALTER Statement"</a>. Micro Focus Visual COBOL 2.2 for Visual Studio 2013 COBOL Language Reference. Micro Focus. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Micro+Focus+Visual+COBOL+2.2+for+Visual+Studio+2013+COBOL+Language+Reference&rft.atitle=The+ALTER+Statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocumentation.microfocus.com%2Fhelp%2Ftopic%2Fcom.microfocus.eclipse.infocenter.visualcobol.vs2013%2FHRLHLHPDF803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031540/http://www.csim.scu.edu.tw/~kuo/COBOL/COBOLCompiler/COBOL%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/cob_lrf.pdf">"ALTER Statement (Nucleus)"</a> (PDF). COBOL85 Reference Manual. Fujitsu. November 1996. p. 555. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csim.scu.edu.tw/~kuo/COBOL/COBOLCompiler/COBOL%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/cob_lrf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COBOL85+Reference+Manual&rft.atitle=ALTER+Statement+%28Nucleus%29&rft.pages=555&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csim.scu.edu.tw%2F~kuo%2FCOBOL%2FCOBOLCompiler%2FCOBOL%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%2586%258A%2Fcob_lrf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/pdthelp/v1r1/topic/com.ibm.entcobol.doc_5.1/PGandLR/ref/rlpsalte.html">"ALTER Statement"</a>. Enterprise COBOL for z/OS Language Reference. IBM. June 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enterprise+COBOL+for+z%2FOS+Language+Reference&rft.atitle=ALTER+Statement&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpic.dhe.ibm.com%2Finfocenter%2Fpdthelp%2Fv1r1%2Ftopic%2Fcom.ibm.entcobol.doc_5.1%2FPGandLR%2Fref%2Frlpsalte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001§_F.1-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001§_F.1_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 2001</a>, § F.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976355-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976355_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCracken1976355_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCracken1976">McCracken 1976</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2015" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Jay (17 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaymoseley.com/hercules/compilers/cobol.htm">"COBOL Compiler from MVT"</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COBOL+Compiler+from+MVT&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaymoseley.com%2Fhercules%2Fcompilers%2Fcobol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dijkstra1-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Dijkstra1_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra1975" class="citation web cs1">Dijkstra, Edsger W. (18 June 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502143353/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD04xx/EWD498.html">"How do we tell truths that might hurt?"</a>. University of Texas at Austin. EWD498. 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Retrieved 2 September 2014. <q>The earliest date that a new COBOL standard could be developed and approved is the year 1980 [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Data+Base+Facility+for+COBOL+80&rft.place=Anaheim%2C+California&rft.pages=1107-1112&rft.pub=AFIPS+Press&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAFIPS.1978.63&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F55-44701&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fproceedings%2Fafips%2F1978%2F5086%2F00%2F50861107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308015945/http://www.cobolstandard.info/wg4/open/wg4n0188.doc">"Resolutions from WG4 meeting 24 – June 26–28, 2003 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA"</a>. 11 July 2003. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobolstandard.info/wg4/open/wg4n0188.doc">the original</a> (doc) on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2014. <q>a June 2008 revision of the COBOL standard</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolutions+from+WG4+meeting+24+%E2%80%93+June+26%E2%80%9328%2C+2003+Las+Vegas%2C+Nevada%2C+USA&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2003-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobolstandard.info%2Fwg4%2Fopen%2Fwg4n0188.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1986" class="citation journal cs1">Babcock, Charles (14 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQOdtdJmVSsC&pg=PA12">"Cobol standard add-ons flayed"</a>. Computerworld. 20 (28): 1, 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Cobol+standard+add-ons+flayed&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=1%2C+12&rft.date=1986-07-14&rft.aulast=Babcock&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQOdtdJmVSsC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978b274-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcotty1978b274_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcotty1978b">Marcotty 1978b</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> This can be seen in: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-304.ibm.com/partnerworld/gsd/solutiondetails.do?solution=48040&expand=true&lc=en">"Visual COBOL"</a>. IBM PartnerWorld. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 21 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712183624/http://www-304.ibm.com/partnerworld/gsd/solutiondetails.do?solution=48040">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. <q>Micro Focus Visual COBOL delivers the next generation of COBOL development and deployment for Linux x86-64, Linux for System z, AIX, HP/UX, Solaris, and Windows.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+PartnerWorld&rft.atitle=Visual+COBOL&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-304.ibm.com%2Fpartnerworld%2Fgsd%2Fsolutiondetails.do%3Fsolution%3D48040%26expand%3Dtrue%26lc%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/products/cobol-compiler-family">"IBM COBOL Compiler Family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+COBOL+Compiler+Family&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fproducts%2Fcobol-compiler-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnucobol.sourceforge.io">"GnuCOBOL - GNU Project"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.ul.ie/cobol/course/COBOLIntro.htm#part1">the original</a> on 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+COBOL&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.ul.ie%2Fcobol%2Fcourse%2FCOBOLIntro.htm%23part1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/dept/irm/y2k/gartner.html">"Gartner Group Studies"</a>. 1997-2001.state.gov. Year 2000 Program Management Office. 2000. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1997-2001.state.gov&rft.atitle=Gartner+Group+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fdept%2Firm%2Fy2k%2Fgartner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelmann2021" class="citation web cs1">Engelmann, Viktor (8 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobsolete.de/2021/04/08/cobol-fact-check/#%E2%80%9EThere_are_150_to_300_billion_lines_of_COBOL_code_and_%E2%80%9E5_billion_lines_of_COBOL_code_are_newly_written_each_year">"COBOL Fact-Check"</a>. cobsolete.de. COBSOLETE. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cobsolete.de&rft.atitle=COBOL+Fact-Check&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.aulast=Engelmann&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobsolete.de%2F2021%2F04%2F08%2Fcobol-fact-check%2F%23%25E2%2580%259EThere_are_150_to_300_billion_lines_of_COBOL_code_and_%25E2%2580%259E5_billion_lines_of_COBOL_code_are_newly_written_each_year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"What Will the Future Hold". <a href="/wiki/CIO_(magazine)" title="CIO (magazine)">CIO</a>. International Data Group. 15 December 1995 – 1 January 1996. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIO&rft.atitle=What+Will+the+Future+Hold&rft.pages=82&rft.date=1995-12-15%2F1996-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemer1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bemer" title="Bob Bemer">Bemer, Bob</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122164500/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2776-Honeywell-mag-History-Cobol.pdf">"A View of the History of COBOL"</a> (PDF). Honeywell Computer Journal. 5 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2776-Honeywell-mag-History-Cobol.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honeywell+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=A+View+of+the+History+of+COBOL&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bemer&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Ftext%2FKnuth_Don_X4100%2FPDF_index%2Fk-8-pdf%2Fk-8-u2776-Honeywell-mag-History-Cobol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Kurt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5KKwGjulEwC&pg=PA282">Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262013109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262013109"><bdi>978-0262013109</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008044229">2008044229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+and+the+Invention+of+the+Information+Age&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008044229&rft.isbn=978-0262013109&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5KKwGjulEwC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1976" class="citation book cs1">Brown, William R. 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Computerworld. 18 (20): ID/7–ID/18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4841">0010-4841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Cobol%2C+your+age+is+showing&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=ID%2F7-ID%2F18&rft.date=1984-05-14&rft.issn=0010-4841&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBrEo9KtAQH4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2014" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Gary (9 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencobol.add1tocobol.com/guides/GNU%20COBOL%202.1%2023NOV2013%20Programmers%20Guide%20(US%20Letter).pdf">GNU COBOL Programmer's Guide</a> (PDF) (3rd ed.). Retrieved 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GNU+COBOL+Programmer%27s+Guide&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopencobol.add1tocobol.com%2Fguides%2FGNU%2520COBOL%25202.1%252023NOV2013%2520Programmers%2520Guide%2520%28US%2520Letter%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfunkel1987" class="citation book cs1">Garfunkel, Jerome (1987). The COBOL 85 Example Book. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471804611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471804611"><bdi>978-0471804611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+COBOL+85+Example+Book&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0471804611&rft.aulast=Garfunkel&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001" class="citation web cs1">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 (4 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020124065139/http://www.ncits.org/tc_home/j4htm/cobolv200112.zip">"ISO/IEC IS 1989:2001 – Programming language COBOL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncits.org/tc_home/j4htm/cobolv200112.zip">the original</a> (ZIP of PDF) on 24 January 2002. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+IS+1989%3A2001+%E2%80%93+Programming+language+COBOL&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2001-12-04&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+22%2FWG+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncits.org%2Ftc_home%2Fj4htm%2Fcobolv200112.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"> (Link goes to draft N 0147)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014" class="citation book cs1">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 (31 October 2014). INCITS/ISO/IEC 1989:2014 [2014] – Programming language COBOL. <a href="/wiki/INCITS" class="mw-redirect" title="INCITS">INCITS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INCITS%2FISO%2FIEC+1989%3A2014+%5B2014%5D+%E2%80%93+Programming+language+COBOL&rft.pub=INCITS&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+22%2FWG+4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023" class="citation book cs1">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 4 (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/74527.html">ISO/IEC 1989:2023 – Programming language COBOL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+1989%3A2023+%E2%80%93+Programming+language+COBOL&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2023-01&rft.au=ISO%2FIEC+JTC+1%2FSC+22%2FWG+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F74527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2010" class="citation web cs1">Klein, William M. (4 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107192608/http://home.comcast.net/~wmklein/DOX/History.pdf">"The History of COBOL"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~wmklein/DOX/History.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+COBOL&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.comcast.net%2F~wmklein%2FDOX%2FHistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcotty1978a" class="citation conference cs1">Marcotty, Michael (1978a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist/page/263">Transcript of question and answer session</a>. History of Programming Languages. Academic Press (published 1981). p. 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800025.1198370">10.1145/800025.1198370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0127450408" title="Special:BookSources/0127450408"><bdi>0127450408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+question+and+answer+session&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800025.1198370&rft.isbn=0127450408&rft.aulast=Marcotty&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprogram0000hist%2Fpage%2F263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcotty1978b" class="citation conference cs1">Marcotty, Michael (1978b). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist/page/274">Full text of all questions submitted</a>. History of Programming Languages. Academic Press (published 1981). p. 274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800025.1198371">10.1145/800025.1198371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0127450408" title="Special:BookSources/0127450408"><bdi>0127450408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+all+questions+submitted&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800025.1198371&rft.isbn=0127450408&rft.aulast=Marcotty&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprogram0000hist%2Fpage%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._McCracken" title="Daniel D. McCracken">McCracken, Daniel D.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplifiedguidet0000mccr">A Simplified Guide to Structured COBOL Programming</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-58284-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-58284-0"><bdi>0-471-58284-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75044399">75044399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Guide+to+Structured+COBOL+Programming&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75044399&rft.isbn=0-471-58284-0&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimplifiedguidet0000mccr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrackenGolden1988" class="citation book cs1">McCracken, Daniel D.; Golden, Donald G. (1988). A Simplified Guide to Structured COBOL Programming (2nd ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471610540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471610540"><bdi>978-0471610540</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87034608">87034608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Guide+to+Structured+COBOL+Programming&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87034608&rft.isbn=978-0471610540&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Golden%2C+Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiehle1992" class="citation journal cs1">Riehle, Richard L. (August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F135226.376106">"PERFORM considered harmful"</a>. Communications of the ACM. 35 (8): 125–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F135226.376106">10.1145/135226.376106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18845698">18845698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=PERFORM+considered+harmful&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=125-128&rft.date=1992-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F135226.376106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18845698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Riehle&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F135226.376106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammet1961" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Sammet, Jean E.</a> (May 1961). A method of combining ALGOL and COBOL. Papers presented at the 9–11 May 1961, western joint IRE–AIEE–ACM computer conference. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>. pp. 379–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1460690.1460734">10.1145/1460690.1460734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+method+of+combining+ALGOL+and+COBOL&rft.pages=379-387&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=1961-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1460690.1460734&rft.aulast=Sammet&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammet1978a" class="citation conference cs1">Sammet, Jean E. (1978a). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist">The early history of COBOL</a>. History of Programming Languages. Academic Press (published 1981). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800025.1198367">10.1145/800025.1198367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0127450408" title="Special:BookSources/0127450408"><bdi>0127450408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+COBOL&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800025.1198367&rft.isbn=0127450408&rft.aulast=Sammet&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprogram0000hist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammet1978b" class="citation conference cs1">Sammet, Jean E. (1978b). Wexelblat, Richard L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist">Transcript of presentation</a>. History of Programming Languages. Academic Press (published 1981). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800025.1198368">10.1145/800025.1198368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0127450408" title="Special:BookSources/0127450408"><bdi>0127450408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+presentation&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800025.1198368&rft.isbn=0127450408&rft.aulast=Sammet&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprogram0000hist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammet2004" class="citation book cs1">Sammet, Jean E. (23 July 2004). "COBOL". In Reilly, Edwin D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Jaa1BVverIC&pg=PA104">Concise Encyclopedia of Computer Science</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470090954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470090954"><bdi>978-0470090954</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249810423">249810423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=COBOL&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249810423&rft.isbn=978-0470090954&rft.aulast=Sammet&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Jaa1BVverIC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShneiderman1985" class="citation journal cs1">Shneiderman, B. (October 1985). "The Relationship Between COBOL and Computer Science". <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the History of Computing">Annals of the History of Computing</a>. 7 (4): 348–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1985.10041">10.1109/MAHC.1985.10041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1009406">1009406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+Between+COBOL+and+Computer+Science&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=348-352&rft.date=1985-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1985.10041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1009406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shneiderman&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACOBOL" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=COBOL&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> COBOL at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/COBOL" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/COBOL">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COBOL" class="extiw" title="c:Category:COBOL">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/COBOL" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/COBOL">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/COBOL" class="extiw" title="v:COBOL">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131140" class="extiw" title="d:Q131140">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110012927/http://www.cobolstandard.info">COBOLStandard.info</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2017-01-10)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822165122/http://www.cobolstandard.info/wg4/wg4.html">ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG4 - COBOL</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2016-08-22)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009680799/toc.pdf">COBOL Language Standard</a> (1991; COBOL-85 with Amendment 1), from <a 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href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" 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(pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEC_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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153.077 1 Template:Infobox_programming_language"," 6.19% 147.166 23 Template:Cite_book"," 5.14% 122.216 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.07% 96.740 187 Template:Code"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.474","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9408631,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrangaCoyle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrangaCoyle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabcock1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBairdOliver1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBemer1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetts1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillmanKlink2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCODASYL1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrKizior2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClearPath_Enterprise_Servers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConwayGries1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCulleton1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijkstra1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelmann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnsmenger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldRamalingam1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlahive2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolletSammet2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallant1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarfunkel1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarfunkel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillin1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroenfeldt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGürer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowkinsHarandi1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_22/WG_42023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImajoMiyakeSatoIto2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappelman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiziorCarrHalpern\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongSteinReinRomm2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLämmelVerhoef2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcotty1978a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcotty1978b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrackenGolden1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrattZelkowitz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadin1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiehle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyDastidar1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaadeWallace1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammet1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammet1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammet1978a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammet1978b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammet2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammet2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammetGarfunkel1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchricker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShneiderman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoor1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeplitzky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompkins1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriance1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeermanVerhoeven2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 40,\n [\"Code\"] = 187,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Cobol\"] = 1,\n [\"Dfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Em\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISO standards\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox programming language\"] = 1,\n [\"List of IEC standards\"] = 1,\n [\"Major programming languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Missing information\"] = 1,\n [\"N/a\"] = 13,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 8,\n [\"Nowraplinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 146,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 3,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Underline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","26.2"],["?","240","15.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","10.0"],["dataWrapper 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