CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2230933e-b5de-4046-98fa-55034ff2c505","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts","wgTitle":"Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts","wgCurRevisionId":1256531833,"wgRevisionId":1256531833,"wgArticleId":142331,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from February 2020","EngvarB from January 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011","CS1 maint: ref duplicates default","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Indo-Pakistani wars","India–Pakistan military relations","History of the Republic of India","Post-independence history of Pakistan","Wars involving India","Wars involving Pakistan","Geopolitical rivalry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts","wgRelevantArticleId":142331,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3119132","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/1200px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="617"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/800px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="412"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/640px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="329"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts rootpage-Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Indo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Indo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Indo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Indo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Indo-Pakistani War of 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_armed_engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_armed_engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other armed engagements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_armed_engagements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other armed engagements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_armed_engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siachen_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siachen_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Siachen conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siachen_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standing_armed_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_armed_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Standing armed conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_armed_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_proxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_proxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>As proxies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_proxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_skirmishes_and_standoffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_skirmishes_and_standoffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Past skirmishes and standoffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_skirmishes_and_standoffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nuclear weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Annual celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_of_other_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_of_other_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Involvement of other nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_of_other_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Indian films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistani_films,_miniseries_and_dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistani_films,_miniseries_and_dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pakistani films, miniseries and dramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistani_films,_miniseries_and_dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحروب الباكستانية الهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب الباكستانية الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E2%80%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ভারত–পাকিস্তান যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারত–পাকিস্তান যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Інда-пакістанскі канфлікт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інда-пакістанскі канфлікт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicko-p%C3%A1kist%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Indicko-pákistánské války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indicko-pákistánské války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikter_mellem_Indien_og_Pakistan" title="Konflikter mellem Indien og Pakistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konflikter mellem Indien og Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicto_entre_India_y_Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Conflicto entre India y Pakistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conflicto entre India y Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ‌ها و درگیری‌های هند و پاکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌ها و درگیری‌های هند و پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84-%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="인도-파키스탄 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도-파키스탄 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պակիստանա-հնդկական հակամարտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պակիստանա-հնդկական հակամարտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत पाकिस्तान युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत पाकिस्तान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dan_konflik_India%E2%80%94Pakistan" title="Perang dan konflik India—Pakistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang dan konflik India—Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_indo-pakistane" title="Guerre indo-pakistane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre indo-pakistane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%E2%80%93%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="מלחמת הודו–פקיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הודו–פקיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಭಾರತ-ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಘರ್ಷಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತ-ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಘರ್ಷಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ინდოეთ-პაკისტანის კონფლიქტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოეთ-პაკისტანის კონფლიქტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijas%E2%80%94Pakist%C4%81nas_kari" title="Indijas—Pakistānas kari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indijas—Pakistānas kari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്ത്യാ-പാകിസ്താൻ ഏറ്റുമുട്ടലുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യാ-പാകിസ്താൻ ഏറ്റുമുട്ടലുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dan_konflik_India-Pakistan" title="Perang dan konflik India-Pakistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang dan konflik India-Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiaas-Pakistaanse_Oorlog" title="Indiaas-Pakistaanse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indiaas-Pakistaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत पाकिस्तान युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारत पाकिस्तान युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E3%83%91%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="印パ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="印パ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-pakistanske_kriger_og_konflikter" title="Indo-pakistanske kriger og konflikter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indo-pakistanske kriger og konflikter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfliktar_mellom_India_og_Pakistan" title="Konfliktar mellom India og Pakistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konfliktar mellom India og Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Indopaquistanesas" title="Guèrras Indopaquistanesas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrras Indopaquistanesas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="پاک بھارت جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاک بھارت جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikt_indyjsko-pakista%C5%84ski" title="Konflikt indyjsko-pakistański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konflikt indyjsko-pakistański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_indo-paquistanesas" title="Guerras indo-paquistanesas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras indo-paquistanesas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Индо-пакистанский конфликт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индо-пакистанский конфликт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भारतपाकिस्थानयुद्धम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतपाकिस्थानयुद्धम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijsko-pakistanske_vojne" title="Indijsko-pakistanske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indijsko-pakistanske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Индијско-пакистански ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијско-пакистански ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijsko-pakistanski_ratovi" title="Indijsko-pakistanski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijsko-pakistanski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_ja_Pakistanin_suhteet" title="Intian ja Pakistanin suhteet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian ja Pakistanin suhteet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_mellan_Indien_och_Pakistan" title="Konflikten mellan Indien och Pakistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konflikten mellan Indien och Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய-பாக்கிஸ்தான் போர்களும் முரண்பாடுகளும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய-பாக்கிஸ்தான் போர்களும் முரண்பாடுகளும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81,_%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="భారత పాకిస్తాన్ యుద్ధాలు, ఘర్షణలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారత పాకిస్తాన్ యుద్ధాలు, ఘర్షణలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan-Pakistan_sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Hindistan-Pakistan savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan-Pakistan savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Індо-пакистанський конфлікт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індо-пакистанський конфлікт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="پاک بھارت جنگیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاک بھارت جنگیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Chiến tranh Ấn Độ – Pakistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Ấn Độ – Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="印巴战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印巴战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3119132#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&oldid=1256531833" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&id=1256531833&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIndo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIndo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indo-Pakistani_wars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3119132" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir dispute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/300px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/450px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png/600px-Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="708" /></a></span><br />Location of India (orange) and Pakistan (green)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 October 1947 – present<br />(77 years, 1 month and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">India–Pakistan border</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_military_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ongoing military conflicts">Ongoing</a> </p> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div><i>Direct engagements:</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>Wars:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">First Kashmir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Second Kashmir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict (1984–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul> <b>Cross-border skirmishes and military standoffs:</b> <ul><li>1958 East Pakistan-India border clashes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Indo-Pakistani_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff">2008 India–Pakistan standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Pakistani_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Pakistani_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">War of 1947–48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–02 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 standoff</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border skirmishes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li></ul> <p><b>Strikes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LoC 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">J&K 2019</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of British India</a> in 1947 and subsequent creation of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the two countries have been involved in a number of wars, conflicts, and military standoffs. A long-running <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">dispute over Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">cross-border terrorism</a> have been the predominant cause of conflict between the two states, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, which occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in erstwhile <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_India.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/220px-Partition_of_India.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/330px-Partition_of_India.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/440px-Partition_of_India.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Four nations (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon (Sri Lanka)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Burma">Burma</a>) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> came in 1947 with the sudden grant of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan,_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan,_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to have a clean partition between independent and equal "Pakistan" and "Hindustan" once independence came.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambedkar,_1946_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambedkar,_1946-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly one third of the Muslim population of India remained in the new India.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixit,_2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixit,_2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims resulted in between 200,000 and 2 million casualties leaving 14 million people displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan,_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan,_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a> in India were provided with an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instrument of Accession</a> to accede to either India or Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars">Wars</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg/220px-Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg/330px-Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg/440px-Indian_soldiers_fighting_in_1947_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Indian soldiers fighting in the 1947 war</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a></div> <p>The war, also called the <b>First Kashmir War</b>, started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Kashmir and Jammu</a> would accede to India. Following partition, <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> were left to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Jammu and Kashmir, the largest of the princely states, had a majority Muslim population and significant fraction of Hindu population, all ruled by the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a>. Tribal Islamic forces with support from the army of Pakistan attacked and occupied parts of the princely state forcing the Maharaja to sign the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession</a> of the princely state to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> to receive Indian military aid. The UN Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_47" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 47">Resolution 47</a> on 22 April 1948. The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a>. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1 January 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Offl_Hist_1947_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offl_Hist_1947-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 379">: 379 </span></sup> India gained control of about two-thirds of the state (<a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>) whereas Pakistan gained roughly a third of <span class="nowrap">Kashmir (<a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>).</span> The Pakistan controlled areas are collectively referred to as Pakistan administered Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-South_Asia_in_World_Politics_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_in_World_Politics-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistani_Army_Position,_1965_War_Footage_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pakistani_Army_Position%2C_1965_War_Footage_2.png/220px-Pakistani_Army_Position%2C_1965_War_Footage_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pakistani_Army_Position%2C_1965_War_Footage_2.png/330px-Pakistani_Army_Position%2C_1965_War_Footage_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pakistani_Army_Position%2C_1965_War_Footage_2.png/440px-Pakistani_Army_Position%2C_1965_War_Footage_2.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Pakistani Army Position, MG1A3 AA, 1965 War</figcaption></figure> <p>This war started following Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a>, which was designed to infiltrate forces into <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USLib_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLib-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hagerty_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerty-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/220px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/330px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg/440px-1971_Instrument_of_Surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A. A. K. Niazi</a>, the commander of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Eastern Command">Pakistan Eastern Command</a>, signing the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">instrument of surrender</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> on 16 Dec 1971, in the presence of India's <a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussdiablo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ussdiablo.jpg/220px-Ussdiablo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ussdiablo.jpg/330px-Ussdiablo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ussdiablo.jpg/440px-Ussdiablo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS <i>Ghazi</i></a>, the Pakistani submarine which sank during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War under mysterious circumstances<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> off the <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> coast.</figcaption></figure> <p>This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle brewing in erstwhile <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) between <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, Leader of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, leaders of West Pakistan. This would culminate in the declaration of Independence of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> from the state system of Pakistan. Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_atrocities" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh atrocities">1971 Bangladesh atrocities</a>, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India intervened in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh liberation movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes,_2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes,_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Daily_Star,_2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star,_2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a large scale <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">pre-emptive strike</a> by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. </p><p>Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> successfully held their positions. The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around 15,010 square kilometres (5,795 square miles)<sup id="cite_ref-Shuja_Nawaz_2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuja_Nawaz_2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-https_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Pakistani territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">surrendered</a> to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard,_2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard,_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war resulted in the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani Army troops.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of one Pakistani author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999">Indo-Pakistani War of 1999</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></div> <p>Commonly known as the Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil district</a>. India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.<sup id="cite_ref-VP_Malik_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VP_Malik-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing large-scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dettman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dettman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistani economy</a> was weakened further.<sup id="cite_ref-Samina_Ahmed_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samina_Ahmed-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Light Infantry">Northern Light Infantry</a> suffered heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Summary_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summary-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kapur_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapur-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-Dettman_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dettman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was a major military defeat for the Pakistani Army.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_armed_engagements">Other armed engagements</h2></div> <p>Apart from the aforementioned wars, there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time. Some have bordered on all-out war, while others were limited in scope. The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides, but full-scale war did not break out.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siachen_conflict">Siachen conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></div> <p>In 1984, India launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a> capturing all of the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Further clashes</a> erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought, without success, to oust India from its stronghold.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wirsing1998_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wirsing1998-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standing_armed_conflicts">Standing armed conflicts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_proxies">As proxies</h4></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> (1989–present):</b> An insurgency in Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions. India has also <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">accused</a> Pakistan-backed militant groups of executing <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_India" title="List of terrorist incidents in India">several terrorist attacks across India</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a> (1948–present):</b> An insurgency in Balochistan province of Pakistan has also caused tensions recently. Pakistan has accused India of causing the insurgency with the help of ousted Baloch leaders, militant groups and terrorist organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Army" title="Balochistan Liberation Army">Balochistan Liberation Army</a>. According to Pakistani officials these militants are trained in neighboring Afghanistan. In 2016, Pakistan alleged that an Indian spy <a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a> was arrested by Pakistani forces during a counter-intelligence operation in Balochistan.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> (1978–present):</b> India and Pakistan had long been supporting opposing sides during the wars of Afghanistan,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and the civil wars from 1989 to 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Pakistan has been accused by India for its involvement in terrorism in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Pakistan accused India of trying to derail peace negotiations to end the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_skirmishes_and_standoffs">Past skirmishes and standoffs</h3></div> <ul><li><b>1958 East Pakistan-India border clashes:</b> were armed skirmishes between <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in August 1958. The clashes took place between troops of the <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Bangladesh" title="Border Guard Bangladesh">East Pakistan Rifles</a> (EPR) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> in the village of Lakshmipur, located in <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District" title="Sylhet District">Sylhet District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Hawk" title="Operation Desert Hawk">Operation Desert Hawk</a>:</b> A military operation executed by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> in the then disputed <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a> region.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a>:</b> The largest of its kind in South Asia, it was conducted by India between November 1986 and March 1987. Pakistani mobilisation in response raised tensions and fears that it could lead to another war between the two neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a>:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack_on_Indian_Parliament_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack on Indian Parliament (2001)">terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament</a> on 13 December 2001, which India blamed on the Pakistan-based terrorist organisations, <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>, prompted the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_12_Jan_2002_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_12_Jan_2002-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Indo-Pakistani_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff">2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff</a></b>: a stand-off between the two nations following the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a> which was defused by diplomatic efforts. Following ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks">tensions heightened</a> between the two countries since India claimed interrogation results alleging<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a> supporting the attackers while Pakistan denied any official Pakistani involvement in the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan placed its air force on alert and moved troops to the Indian border, voicing concerns about proactive movements of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension defused in a short time and Pakistan moved its troops away from the border.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></b>: On 29 September 2016, border skirmishes between India and Pakistan began following reported "<a href="/wiki/Surgical_strike" title="Surgical strike">surgical strikes</a>" by India against militant launch pads across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistani-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani-administered Kashmir">Pakistani-administered Kashmir</a> "killing a large number of terrorists".<sup id="cite_ref-DGMO_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGMO-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan rejected that a strike took place,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that Indian troops had not crossed the Line of Control but had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border, resulting in the deaths of two Pakistani soldiers and the wounding of nine.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan rejected India's reports of any other casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistani sources reported that at least eight Indian soldiers were killed in the exchange, and one was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Haider2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haider2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India confirmed that one of its soldiers was in Pakistani custody, but denied that it was linked to the incident or that any of its soldiers had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian operation was said to be in retaliation for a <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">attack on the Indian army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Uri,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Uri, Jammu and Kashmir">Uri</a> on 18 September in the Indian-administered state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> that left 19 soldiers dead.<sup id="cite_ref-evacuates_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evacuates-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the succeeding days and months, India and Pakistan continued to exchange fire along the border in Kashmir, resulting in dozens of military and civilian casualties on both sides.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></b>: On 14 February 2019, <a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">a suicide attack</a> on a convoy of India's <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">CRPF</a> resulted in the death of at least 40 troops. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaish-e-Mohammad">Jaish-e-Mohammad</a> (JeM).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 days later in February 2019, Indian jets crossed the international border to conduct <a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">air strikes</a> on an alleged JeM camp in the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> province of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India claimed that it killed a very large number of militants belonging to <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">JeM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan rejected to have suffered any losses.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the sources and satellite imagery analysis, Indian air force appears to caused minimal damage to the buildings concerned,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Pakistan had to close the site for one and a half month or 43 days before opened to media.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incidents escalated the tension between India and Pakistan. The following day, Indian and Pakistani air forces got locked on in an aerial engagement. Pakistan claimed to have shot down two Indian aircraft and capturing one pilot <a href="/wiki/Abhinandan_Varthaman" title="Abhinandan Varthaman">Abhinandan Varthaman</a>. Pakistan military officials claimed that the wreckage of one Indian aircraft fell in Pakistan administered Kashmir while the other one fell in Indian administered Kashmir rumored to be a <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKI" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKI">Sukhoi Su-30MKI</a>. Meanwhile, Indian version was about loss a <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> while shooting down a Pakistani <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IAF also displayed remnants of an <a href="/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a> missile that they claimed could only be fired by F-16's air planes. The missiles were said to have fired against and jammed by Su-30 by IAF.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan rejected the Indian claim of an F-16 shot down. It initially released three or later on displayed all four air to air missiles of MiG-21 Bison with all missile seeker heads recovered intact from the wreckage however with mid-body of one of <a href="/wiki/R-73_(missile)" title="R-73 (missile)">R-73</a> destroyed and claimed that non-of missiles were ever fired.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the threats of a full-scale war,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abhinandan was released within two days. The Pentagon correspondent of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine, in a report claimed that Pakistan invited the United States to physically count its F-16 planes after the incident. Two senior U.S. defense officials told <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> that U.S. personnel recently counted Pakistan's F-16s and found none missing.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Pentagon spokesman said they was not aware of any count being conducted,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Pentagon did not put out any official statement on the matter. However, there have been no leaks countering the Foreign Policy report.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India released the electronic footage of aerial engagement to re-assert its claims.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistani officials rejected radar images released by India.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stand off followed with intermittent firings across the LoC. Months later on 8 October, India on its Air Force Day, flew the same <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30MKI" title="Sukhoi Su-30MKI">Su-30MKI</a> "Avenger 1" aircraft in a <a href="/wiki/Flypast" title="Flypast">flypast</a> that Pakistan had claimed it had shot down during the air battle on 27 February.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></b>: The standoff intensified when a major exchange of gunfire and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">shelling</a> erupted between <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistani troops</a> in November 2020 along the Line of Control which left at least 22 dead, including 11 civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Pakistan's foreign ministry</a> said India had violated the ceasefire at least 2,729 times in 2020 which killed 21 Pakistani civilians and seriously injured 206 others.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2021, India and Pakistan released a joint statement, stating that after discussions over established hotlines, the two sides agreed to "strict observance" of all peace and ceasefire agreements with effect from midnight of 25 February 2021. Both sides agreed existing forms of hotline contact and border flag meetings would be utilized to resolve any future misunderstanding.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:joint_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:joint-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" title="1999 Pakistani Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistani Atlantic shootdown</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Naval_Air_Arm" title="Pakistan Naval Air Arm">Naval Air Arm's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_1150_Atlantic" title="Bréguet 1150 Atlantic">Atlantic</a> maritime patrol plane, carrying 16 people on board, was shot down by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> for alleged violation of airspace. The episode took place in the <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a> on 10 August 1999, just a month after the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>, creating a tense atmosphere between India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Foreign diplomats noted that the plane fell inside Pakistani territory, although it may have crossed the border. However, they also believe that India's reaction was unjustified.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan later lodged a compensation claim at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, accusing India for the incident, but the Court dismissed the case in a split decision ruling the Court did not have jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-icjverdict_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icjverdict-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 India–Pakistan border shooting">2011 India–Pakistan border shooting</a></b> incident took place between 30 August and 1 September 2011 across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kupwara_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupwara District">Kupwara District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neelam_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelam Valley">Neelam Valley</a>, resulting in five Indian soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-IBNLive_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBNLive-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three Pakistani soldiers being killed. Both countries gave different accounts of the incident, each accusing the other of initiating the hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-et_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 India–Pakistan border incident">2013 India–Pakistan border incident</a></b> in the Mendhar sector of Jammu and Kashmir, due to the beheading of an Indian soldier. A total of 22 soldiers (12 Indian and 10 Pakistani) died.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></b>: Started in Arnia sector of Jammu and Kashmir due to killing of 1 soldier of <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> and injured 3 soldiers and 4 civilians by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Rangers" title="Pakistan Rangers">Pakistan Rangers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_weapons">Nuclear weapons</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear conflict">nuclear conflict</a> between both countries is of passive strategic nature with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_doctrine_of_Pakistan" title="Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan">nuclear doctrine of Pakistan</a> stating a <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">first strike</a> policy, although the strike would only be initiated if and only if, the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion (as for example in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 war</a>) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> whereas India has a declared <a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction#India's_no-first-use_policy" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">policy</a> of <a href="/wiki/No_first_use#India" title="No first use">no first use</a>. According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a></i> in August 2022, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could kill more than 2 billion indirectly by <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokhran-I">Pokhran-I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a>):</b> On 18 May 1974 India detonated an 8-<a href="/wiki/Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kiloton</a> nuclear device at <a href="/wiki/Pokhran#Pokhran_Test_Range" title="Pokhran">Pokhran Test Range</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the first nation to become nuclear capable outside the five permanent members of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> as well as dragging Pakistan along with it into a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race#India_and_Pakistan" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a>. Pakistani prime minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> had promised in 1965 that "if India builds the bomb, we will eat grass or leaves, even go hungry, but we will get one of our own", and India's Pokhran-I test spurred the Pakistani nuclear weapons program to greater efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PAEC) Chairman <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Munir Ahmed Khan">Munir Ahmed Khan</a> said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kirana-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana-I">Kirana-I</a>:</b> In the 1980s a series of 24 different <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_cold_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear cold test">cold tests</a> were conducted by PAEC, led by chairman Munir Ahmad Khan under extreme secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-pakistanpaedia.com_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pakistanpaedia.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunnels at <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana Hills">Kirana Hills</a>, Sargodha, are reported to have been bored after the Chagai nuclear test sites, it is widely believed that the tunnels were constructed sometime between 1979 and 1983. As in Chagai, the tunnels at Kirana Hills had been bored and then sealed and this task was also undertaken by PAEC's DTD.<sup id="cite_ref-pakistanpaedia.com_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pakistanpaedia.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later due to excessive US intelligence and satellite focus on the Kirana Hills site, it was abandoned and nuclear weapons testing was shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Kala_Chitta_Range" title="Kala Chitta Range">Kala Chitta Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Shakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Shakti">Operation Shakti</a>):</b> On 11 May 1998 India detonated another five nuclear devices at <a href="/wiki/Pokhran#Pokhran_Test_Range" title="Pokhran">Pokhran Test Range</a>. With jubilation and large scale approval from the Indian society came International sanctions as a reaction to this test, the most vehement reaction of all coming from Pakistan. Great ire was raised in Pakistan, which issued a stern statement claiming that India was instigating a nuclear arms race in the region. Pakistan vowed to match India's nuclear capability with statements like: "We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Chagai-I</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir">Youm-e-Takbir</a>)</b> Within half a month of <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a>, on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices to reciprocate India in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race#India_and_Pakistan" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a>. The Pakistani public, like the Indian, reacted with a celebration and a heightened sense of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">nationalism</a> for responding to India in kind and becoming the only Muslim nuclear power. The day was later given the title <a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir">Youm-e-Takbir</a> to further proclaim such.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nuclearweaponarchive1998_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclearweaponarchive1998-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chagai-II" title="Chagai-II">Chagai-II</a>:</b> Two days later, on 30 May 1998, Pakistan detonated a sixth nuclear device completing its own series of underground tests with this being the last the two nations have carried out to date.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclearweaponarchive1998_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclearweaponarchive1998-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_celebrations">Annual celebrations</h2></div> <p>The nations of South Asia observe national and armed forces-specific days which originate from conflicts between India and Pakistan as follows: </p> <ul><li>28 May <a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">(since 1998)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir">Youm-e-Takbir</a></b> (<b>The day of Greatness</b>) in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>26 July <a href="/wiki/Kargil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil war">(since 1999)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Kargil_Vijay_Diwas" title="Kargil Vijay Diwas">Kargil Vijay Diwas</a></b> (<b>Kargil Victory Day</b>) in India.</li> <li>6 September <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">(since 1965)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Defence_Day" title="Defence Day">Defence Day</a></b> (<b>Youm-e-Difa</b>) in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7 September <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Air_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965">(since 1965)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Air Force Day (Pakistan)">Air Force Day</a></b> (<b>Youm-e-Fizaya</b>) in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 September <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dwarka" title="Operation Dwarka">(since 1965)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day#September_8_in_Pakistan" title="Victory Day">Victory Day</a>/<a href="/wiki/Navy_Day#Pakistan" title="Navy Day">Navy Day</a></b> (<b>Youm-e-Bahr'ya</b>) in Pakistan.</li> <li>4 December <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">(since 1971)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Navy_Day#India" title="Navy Day">Navy Day</a></b> in India.</li> <li>16 December <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">(since 1971)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Diwas_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijay Diwas (India)">Vijay Diwas</a></b> (<b>Victory Day</b>) in India.</li> <li>16 December <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">(since 1971)</a> as <b><a href="/wiki/Bijoy_Dibosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijoy Dibosh">Bijoy Dibosh</a></b> (<b>Victory Day</b>) in Bangladesh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_of_other_nations">Involvement of other nations</h2></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: </p> <ul><li>The USSR remained neutral during the 1965 war<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played a <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent Agreement">pivotal role</a> in negotiating the peace agreement between India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Soviet Union provided diplomatic and military assistance to India during the 1971 war. In response to the US and UK's deployment of the aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(R05)" title="HMS Eagle (R05)">HMS <i>Eagle</i></a>, Moscow sent nuclear submarines and warships with anti-ship missiles in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-theworldreporter.com_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theworldreporter.com-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: </p> <ul><li>The US had not given any military aid to Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United States provided diplomatic and military support to Pakistan during the 1971 war by sending <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> into the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santosh_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santosh-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United States did not support Pakistan during the Kargil War, and successfully pressured the Pakistani administration to end hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: </p> <ul><li>China had helped Pakistan in various wars with diplomatic support.<sup id="cite_ref-USLib_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLib-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-transnational.org_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnational.org-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time-edge_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-edge-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: </p> <ul><li>Russia maintained a non-belligerent policy for both sides. Russia helped negotiate peace in 2001–02 and helped divert the 2008 crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_archives_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_archives-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>These wars have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists, who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_films">Indian films</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ki_Kasam_(1973_film)" title="Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973 film)">Hindustan Ki Kasam</a></i>, a 1973 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi</a> <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war film</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus_Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus Lilly">Operation Cactus Lilly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indo-Pakistani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Indo-Pakistani War">1971 Indo-Pakistani War</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(producer_and_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetan Anand (producer and director)">Chetan Anand</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aakraman" title="Aakraman">Aakraman</a></i>, a 1975 Hindi war film based on the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, directed by <a href="/wiki/J._Om_Prakash" title="J. Om Prakash">J. Om Prakash</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vijeta_(1982_film)" title="Vijeta (1982 film)">Vijeta</a></i>, a 1982 Hindi film based on the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, produced by <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor" title="Shashi Kapoor">Shashi Kapoor</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Govind_Nihalani" title="Govind Nihalani">Govind Nihalani</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra_(film)" title="Param Vir Chakra (film)">Param Vir Chakra</a></i>, a 1995 Hindi film based on Indo-Pakistani War, directed by Ashok Kaul.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Border_(1997_film)" title="Border (1997 film)">Border</a></i>, a 1997 Hindi war film based on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a> of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, directed by <a href="/wiki/J.P.Dutta" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P.Dutta">J.P.Dutta</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LOC_Kargil" class="mw-redirect" title="LOC Kargil">LOC Kargil</a></i>, a 2003 Hindi war film based on the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/J._P._Dutta" title="J. P. Dutta">J. P. Dutta</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deewaar_(2004_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deewaar (2004 film)">Deewaar</a></i>, a 2004 Hindi film starring <a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, directed by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Luthria" title="Milan Luthria">Milan Luthria</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lakshya_(2004_film)" title="Lakshya (2004 film)">Lakshya</a></i>, a 2004 Hindi film partially based on the events of the Kargil War, directed by <a href="/wiki/Farhan_Akhtar" title="Farhan Akhtar">Farhan Akhtar</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1971_(2007_film)" title="1971 (2007 film)">1971</a></i>, 2007 Hindi war film based on a true story of prisoners of war after the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, directed by Amrit Sagar.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_(2008_film)" title="Kurukshetra (2008 film)">Kurukshetra</a></i>, a 2008 Malayalam film starring <a href="/wiki/Mohanlal" title="Mohanlal">Mohanlal</a> based on Kargil War, directed by <a href="/wiki/Major_Ravi" title="Major Ravi">Major Ravi</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tango_Charlie_(2005_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tango Charlie (2005 film)">Tango Charlie</a></i>, a 2005 Hindi film starring <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Devgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajay Devgan">Ajay Devgan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Deol" title="Bobby Deol">Bobby Deol</a> based on Kargil Conflict, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mani_Shankar" title="Mani Shankar">Mani Shankar</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghazi_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ghazi Attack">The Ghazi Attack</a></i>, a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> bilingual film based on the sinking of <a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi">PNS <i>Ghazi</i></a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1971:_Beyond_Borders" title="1971: Beyond Borders">1971: Beyond Borders</a></i>, a 2017 Malayalam film, directed by Major Ravi.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raazi" title="Raazi">Raazi</a></i>, a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> film about an Indian spy during the Indo Pakistan war of 1971, directed by <a href="/wiki/Meghna_Gulzar" title="Meghna Gulzar">Meghna Gulzar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uri:_The_Surgical_Strike" title="Uri: The Surgical Strike">Uri: The Surgical Strike</a></i>, a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> film about <a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">India's surgical strike into the Pakistani base camps</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">Uri incident</a> in 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistani_films,_miniseries_and_dramas"><span id="Pakistani_films.2C_miniseries_and_dramas"></span>Pakistani films, miniseries and dramas</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angaar_Waadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Angaar Waadi">Angaar Waadi</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> drama serial based on the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> conflict, directed by <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Khalid" title="Rauf Khalid">Rauf Khalid</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laag_(drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laag (drama)">Laag</a></i>, an Urdu drama serial based on the Kashmir conflict, directed by Rauf Khalid<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi_(Shaheed)" class="mw-redirect" title="PNS Ghazi (Shaheed)">PNS Ghazi (Shaheed)</a></i>, an Urdu drama based on <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_PNS_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of PNS Ghazi">sinking of PNS Ghazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Public_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter Services Public Relations">ISPR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bravo_Charlie" title="Alpha Bravo Charlie">Alpha Bravo Charlie</a></i>, an Urdu drama serial based on three different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>'s involvement in action, directed by <a href="/wiki/Shoaib_Mansoor" title="Shoaib Mansoor">Shoaib Mansoor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_Maqbool_Hussain" title="Sipahi Maqbool Hussain">Sipahi Maqbool Hussain</a></i>, an Urdu drama serial based on a 1965 war <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a>, directed by Haider Imam Rizvi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_hacking" title="Patriotic hacking">Patriotic hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">List of wars involving India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Pakistan" title="List of wars involving Pakistan">List of wars involving Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The death toll remains disputed with figures ranging from 200,000 to 2 million."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Khan,_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan,_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan,_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhan2007" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC"><i>The great Partition: the making of India and Pakistan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+Partition%3A+the+making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9WdQp2pwOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambedkar,_1946-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ambedkar,_1946_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbedkar1945" class="citation cs2">Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1945) [first published as <i>Thoughts on Pakistan</i>, 1940], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.50130"><i>Pakistan or Partition of India</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thacker_and_company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thacker and company (page does not exist)">Thacker and company</a>, p. 5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+or+Partition+of+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Thacker+and+company&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Ambedkar&rft.aufirst=Bhimrao+Ramji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.50130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixit,_2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixit,_2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixit2002" class="citation book cs1">Dixit, Jyotindra Nath (2002). <i>India-Pakistan in War & Peace</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30472-6"><bdi>978-0-415-30472-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-Pakistan+in+War+%26+Peace&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30472-6&rft.aulast=Dixit&rft.aufirst=Jyotindra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 4<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418162131/http://kharabanda.in/3.pdf">"Cause for acceptance of refugees into European Nations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dhruv Kharabanda</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kharabanda.in/3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dhruv+Kharabanda&rft.atitle=Cause+for+acceptance+of+refugees+into+European+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkharabanda.in%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population of independent Pakistan (East + West) was 60 million. Population of Muslims in Indian dominion was 30 million or 9% of total population.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh20092_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9400953093" title="Special:BookSources/978-9400953093"><bdi>978-9400953093</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116090238/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Redistribution+and+Development+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9400953093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGiSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/White_Paper_on_Indian_States_(1950)/Part_4/Instrument_of_Accession">"Instrument of Accession"</a>, <i>White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 4/Instrument of Accession</i>, Wikisource, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201243/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/White_Paper_on_Indian_States_(1950)/Part_4/Instrument_of_Accession">archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instrument+of+Accession&rft.btitle=White+Paper+on+Indian+States+%281950%29%2FPart+4%2FInstrument+of+Accession&rft.pub=Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FWhite_Paper_on_Indian_States_%281950%29%2FPart_4%2FInstrument_of_Accession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offl_Hist_1947-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Offl_Hist_1947_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasadDharm_Pal1987" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, S.N.; Dharm Pal (1987). <i>History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948</i>. New Delhi: History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited). p. 418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Operations+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir+1947%E2%80%931948&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=History+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Government+of+India.+%28printed+at+Thomson+Press+%28India%29+Limited%29&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft.au=Dharm+Pal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Asia_in_World_Politics-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_Asia_in_World_Politics_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagerty2005" class="citation book cs1">Hagerty, Devin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ6PZ7g3Yw0C&q=indo+Pakistani+war+of+1947+india+gained+two+third+Kashmir&pg=PA460"><i>South Asia in World Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742525870" title="Special:BookSources/9780742525870"><bdi>9780742525870</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113817/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ6PZ7g3Yw0C&q=indo+Pakistani+war+of+1947+india+gained+two+third+Kashmir&pg=PA460">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+World+Politics&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780742525870&rft.aulast=Hagerty&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJ6PZ7g3Yw0C%26q%3Dindo%2BPakistani%2Bwar%2Bof%2B1947%2Bindia%2Bgained%2Btwo%2Bthird%2BKashmir%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Kingfisher_History_Encyclopedia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ6PZ7g3Yw0C&q=indo+Pakistani+war+of+1947+india+gained+two+third+Kashmir&pg=PA460"><i>The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia</i></a>. Kingfisher. 2004. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753457849" title="Special:BookSources/9780753457849"><bdi>9780753457849</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113817/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ6PZ7g3Yw0C&q=indo+Pakistani+war+of+1947+india+gained+two+third+Kashmir&pg=PA460">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingfisher+History+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Kingfisher&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780753457849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJ6PZ7g3Yw0C%26q%3Dindo%2BPakistani%2Bwar%2Bof%2B1947%2Bindia%2Bgained%2Btwo%2Bthird%2BKashmir%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Zealand_Defence_Quarterly_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBcqAQAAIAAJ&q=invasion+1965"><i>New Zealand Defence Quarterly, Issues 24-29</i></a>. New Zealand. Ministry of Defence. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113818/https://books.google.com/books?id=fBcqAQAAIAAJ&q=invasion+1965">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Defence+Quarterly%2C+Issues+24-29&rft.pub=New+Zealand.+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBcqAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dinvasion%2B1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perspectives_on_Kashmir:_the_roots_of_conflict_in_South_Asia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Raju (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ&q=India+held+two-third+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir+and+Pakistan+held+other+one+third"><i>Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia</i></a>. Westview Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813383439" title="Special:BookSources/9780813383439"><bdi>9780813383439</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206113818/https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ&q=India+held+two-third+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir+and+Pakistan+held+other+one+third">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Kashmir%3A+the+roots+of+conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780813383439&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Raju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrPtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DIndia%2Bheld%2Btwo-third%2Bof%2BJammu%2Band%2BKashmir%2Band%2BPakistan%2Bheld%2Bother%2Bone%2Bthird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R._Higgins2016_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_R._Higgins2016">David R. Higgins 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachna_Bisht2015_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRachna_Bisht2015">Rachna Bisht 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyon2008_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2008" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PR11"><i>Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-712-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207172511/https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+between+India+and+Pakistan%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-712-2&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvLwOck15eboC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijink2002" class="citation book cs1">Dijink, Gertjan (2002). <i>National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134771295" title="Special:BookSources/9781134771295"><bdi>9781134771295</bdi></a>. <q>The superior Indian forces, however, won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity+and+Geopolitical+Visions%3A+Maps+of+Pride+and+Pain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134771295&rft.aulast=Dijink&rft.aufirst=Gertjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USLib-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USLib_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USLib_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0152)">"Pakistan :: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, United States of America</i>. April 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081241/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+pk0152%29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Pakistan+%3A%3A+The+Indo-Pakistani+War+of+1965&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bpk0152%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: Losses were relatively heavy--on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagerty-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagerty_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagerty2005" class="citation book cs1">Hagerty, Devin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3qChyrmIQC"><i>South Asia in world politics</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2587-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2587-2"><bdi>0-7425-2587-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205202531/https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3qChyrmIQC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+world+politics&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield%2C+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-2587-2&rft.aulast=Hagerty&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dln3qChyrmIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time United Nations intervened on 22 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2005" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C"><i>India</i></a> (3rd ed. with a new preface. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520246969" title="Special:BookSources/0520246969"><bdi>0520246969</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072125/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=3rd+ed.+with+a+new+preface.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0520246969&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmkL1tp2Nl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTill2004" class="citation book cs1">Till, Geoffrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&q=PNS+Ghazi&pg=PA179"><i>Seapower: a guide for the twenty-first century</i></a>. Great Britain: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8436-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8436-8"><bdi>0-7146-8436-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seapower%3A+a+guide+for+the+twenty-first+century&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-8436-8&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcejlMRYNAAC%26q%3DPNS%2BGhazi%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot,_Gillian_Beaumont2004" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot, Gillian Beaumont (28 September 2004). <i>A History of Pakistan and Its Origins</i>. Anthem Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-149-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-149-6"><bdi>1-84331-149-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pakistan+and+Its+Origins&rft.pub=Anthem+Press%2C+2004&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.isbn=1-84331-149-6&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot%2C+Gillian+Beaumont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes,_2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes,_2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes_Staff_and_Wire_Reports2002" class="citation news cs1">Times Staff and Wire Reports (30 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html">"Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619021031/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Tikka+Khan%2C+87%3B+%27Butcher+of+Bengal%27+Led+Pakistani+Army&rft.date=2002-03-30&rft.au=Times+Staff+and+Wire+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Daily_Star,_2011-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Star,_2011_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Badrul_Ahsan" title="Syed Badrul Ahsan">Ahsan, Syed Badrul</a> (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/07/03/musing.htm">"A Lamp Glows for Indira Gandhi"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145043/https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2011/07/03/musing.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=A+Lamp+Glows+for+Indira+Gandhi&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Badrul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fmagazine%2F2011%2F07%2F03%2Fmusing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuja_Nawaz_2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shuja_Nawaz_2008_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawaz2008" class="citation book cs1">Nawaz, Shuja (2008). <i>Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547697-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547697-2"><bdi>978-0-19-547697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossed+Swords%3A+Pakistan%2C+Its+Army%2C+and+the+Wars+Within&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547697-2&rft.aulast=Nawaz&rft.aufirst=Shuja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitkara1996" class="citation book cs1">Chitkara, M. G (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&pg=PA81"><i>Benazir, a Profile – M. G. Chitkara</i></a>. APH. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170247524" title="Special:BookSources/9788170247524"><bdi>9788170247524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benazir%2C+a+Profile+%E2%80%93+M.+G.+Chitkara&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788170247524&rft.aulast=Chitkara&rft.aufirst=M.+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCaAQCnO3QQC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-https-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-https_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2003" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Victoria (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA117"><i>Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War – Victoria Schofield</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-898-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-898-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-898-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+in+Conflict%3A+India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+Unending+War+%E2%80%93+Victoria+Schofield&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-898-4&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEk00fuXVz1wC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard,_2006-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard,_2006_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of the developing world</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97662-6"><bdi>978-0-415-97662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+developing+world&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97662-6&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm">"BBC NEWS | India Pakistan | Timeline"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011102832/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%7C+India+Pakistan+%7C+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Fsouth_asia%2F2002%2Findia_pakistan%2Ftimeline%2F1971.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1997" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Tariq (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=moJPPgAACAAJ&q=Can+Pakistan+Survive%3F"><i>Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-949-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-949-8"><bdi>0-86091-949-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829162443/https://books.google.com/books?id=moJPPgAACAAJ&q=Can+Pakistan+Survive%3F">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Pakistan+Survive%3F+The+Death+of+a+State&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-86091-949-8&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmoJPPgAACAAJ%26q%3DCan%2BPakistan%2BSurvive%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (14 August 2010). "Recent Attempts to Resolve the Conflict". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp"><i>India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation?</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiapakistancon0000wolp/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520271401" title="Special:BookSources/9780520271401"><bdi>9780520271401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Attempts+to+Resolve+the+Conflict&rft.btitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Continued+Conflict+or+Cooperation%3F&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.isbn=9780520271401&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiapakistancon0000wolp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001175541/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html">"Bitter Chill of Winter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>=</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n08/ali_01_.html">the original</a> on 1 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books%3D&rft.atitle=Bitter+Chill+of+Winter&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv23%2Fn08%2Fali_01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonel_Ravi_Nanda1999" class="citation book cs1">Colonel Ravi Nanda (1999). <i>Kargil: A Wake Up Call</i>. Vedams Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7095-074-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7095-074-0"><bdi>81-7095-074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kargil%3A+A+Wake+Up+Call&rft.pub=Vedams+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7095-074-0&rft.au=Colonel+Ravi+Nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm">Online summary of the Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055430/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no14953.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VP_Malik-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VP_Malik_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12">Kargil: where defence met diplomacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074135/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-7-2002_pg4_12">Archived</a> 16 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - India's then <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_of_the_Indian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army">Chief of Army Staff</a> VP Malik, expressing his views on Operation Vijay. Hosted on <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a></i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html">The Fate of Kashmir By Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118203713/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stanford Journal of International Relations; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102">Book review of "The Indian Army: A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040104/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/displayReview.jsp?kValue=102">Archived</a> 8 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Hosted on IPCS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dettman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dettman_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dettman_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Dettman2001" class="citation book cs1">R. Dettman, Paul (2001). "Kargil War Operations". <i>India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275973087" title="Special:BookSources/9780275973087"><bdi>9780275973087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kargil+War+Operations&rft.btitle=India+Changes+Course%3A+Golden+Jubilee+to+Millennium&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275973087&rft.aulast=R.+Dettman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samina_Ahmed-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samina_Ahmed_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html">Samina Ahmed. "Diplomatic Fiasco: Pakistan's Failure on the Diplomatic Front Nullifies its Gains on the Battlefield"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804180723/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1209/diplomatic_fiasco.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Belfer Center for International Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryl_Lindsey_and_Alicia_Montgomery" class="citation web cs1">Daryl Lindsey and Alicia Montgomery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041521/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html">"Coup d'itat: Pakistan gets a new sheriff"</a>. <i>salon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/10/13/reacts/print.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=Coup+d%27itat%3A+Pakistan+gets+a+new+sheriff&rft.au=Daryl+Lindsey+and+Alicia+Montgomery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F1999%2F10%2F13%2Freacts%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summary-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Summary_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040221091712/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf">"War in Kargil - The CCC's summary on the war"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+in+Kargil+-+The+CCC%27s+summary+on+the+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccc.nps.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fkargil%2Fwar_in_kargil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html">Samina Ahmed. "A Friend for all Seasons."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114856/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1002/friend_for_all_seasons.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Belfer Center for International Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm">"Rediff on the NeT: Pakistan refuses to take even officers' bodies"</a>. <i>rediff.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224181953/https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11karg1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rediff.com&rft.atitle=Rediff+on+the+NeT%3A+Pakistan+refuses+to+take+even+officers%27+bodies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fjul%2F11karg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html">"press release issued in New Delhi regarding bodies of two Pakistan Army Officers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615050107/http://www.indianembassy.org/pic/PR_1999/July_1999/PR_July_15_1999.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second-Class Citizens by M. Ilyas Khan, <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Herald (Pakistan)">The Herald (Pakistan)</a>, July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf">Online scanned version of the article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181806/http://www.warbirds.in/downloads/HeraldKargil.pdf">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214522/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006092505001100.htm&date=2006%2F09%2F25%2F&prd=th&">Musharraf and the truth about Kargil</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> - <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> 25 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111034601/http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm">"Over 4000 soldier's killed in Kargil: Sharif"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindu.com/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Over+4000+soldier%27s+killed+in+Kargil%3A+Sharif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2003%2F08%2F17%2Fstories%2F2003081702900800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapur-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kapur_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, S. Paul (2007). <i>Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia</i> (23rd ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804755498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804755498"><bdi>978-0804755498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Deterrent%3A+Nuclear+Weapons+Proliferation+and+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804755498&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=S.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2017" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Myra (2017). <i>Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 27, 53, 64, 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-858-3"><bdi>978-1-84904-858-3</bdi></a>. <q>p. 27: It was not so much that India won the Great South Asian War but that Pakistan lost it.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>p. 53: The story of the Kargil War—Pakistan's biggest defeat by India since 1971 —is one that goes to the heart of why it lost the Great South Asian War.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>p. 64: Afterwards, Musharraf and his supporters would claim that Pakistan won the war militarily and lost it diplomatically. In reality, the military and diplomatic tides turned against Pakistan in tandem.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>p. 66: For all its bravado, Pakistan had failed to secure even one inch of land.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Less than a year after declaring itself a nuclear-armed power, Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+is+an+Orphan%3A+How+Pakistan+Lost+the+Great+South+Asian+War&rft.pages=27%2C+53%2C+64%2C+66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-858-3&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Myra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoy2009" class="citation book cs1">Lavoy, Peter René, ed. (2009). <i>Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76721-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76721-7</bdi></a>. <q>The false optimism of the architects of the Kargil intrusion, colored by the illusion of a cheap victory, was not only the main driver of the operation, and hence the crisis, it also was the cause of Pakistan's most damaging military defeat since the loss of East Pakistan in December 1971.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asymmetric+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+The+Causes+and+Consequences+of+the+Kargil+Conflict&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76721-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wirsing1998-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wirsing1998_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirsing1998" class="citation book cs1">Wirsing, Robert (15 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3z8sNZTVv5gC&pg=PA77"><i>India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir dispute: on regional conflict and its resolution</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17562-7"><bdi>978-0-312-17562-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+the+Kashmir+dispute%3A+on+regional+conflict+and+its+resolution&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17562-7&rft.aulast=Wirsing&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3z8sNZTVv5gC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/286526/indias-renewed-strategy-of-destabilising-balochistan/">"India's renewed strategy of destabilising Balochistan"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 20 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065253/https://dailytimes.com.pk/286526/indias-renewed-strategy-of-destabilising-balochistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=India%27s+renewed+strategy+of+destabilising+Balochistan&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F286526%2Findias-renewed-strategy-of-destabilising-balochistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/341558-indian-campaigning-on-balochistan-continues">"Indian campaigning on Balochistan continues"</a>. <i>www.thenews.com.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013437/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/341558-indian-campaigning-on-balochistan-continues">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Indian+campaigning+on+Balochistan+continues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F341558-indian-campaigning-on-balochistan-continues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2021" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Rajesh (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-takeover-threatens-to-raise-india-pakistan-tensions-11630502420">"Taliban Takeover Threatens to Raise India-Pakistan Tensions"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214210212/https://www.wsj.com/articles/taliban-takeover-threatens-to-raise-india-pakistan-tensions-11630502420">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Taliban+Takeover+Threatens+to+Raise+India-Pakistan+Tensions&rft.date=2021-09&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftaliban-takeover-threatens-to-raise-india-pakistan-tensions-11630502420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/india-pakistan-rivalry-afghanistan">"India-Pakistan Rivalry in Afghanistan"</a>. 25 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214180048/https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/india-pakistan-rivalry-afghanistan">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India-Pakistan+Rivalry+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjia.sipa.columbia.edu%2Findia-pakistan-rivalry-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html">"Coalition Vows to Regain Afghan Town Seized by Taliban"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 18 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220085755/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coalition+Vows+to+Regain+Afghan+Town+Seized+by+Taliban&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F18%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F18cnd-afghan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tug-of-warjeopardizesafghan-peace-process/a-53482558">"India-Pakistan tug-of-war jeopardizes Afghan peace process | Asia | An in-depth look at news from across the continent"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 18 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218142331/https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-tug-of-warjeopardizesafghan-peace-process/a-53482558">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India-Pakistan+tug-of-war+jeopardizes+Afghan+peace+process+%26%23124%3B+Asia+%26%23124%3B+An+in-depth+look+at+news+from+across+the+continent&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Findia-pakistan-tug-of-warjeopardizesafghan-peace-process%2Fa-53482558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2017" class="citation web cs1">Malik, Saleem Akhtar (7 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalvillagespace.com/remember-the-hero-of-lakshmipur-major-tufail/">"Remember the hero of Lakshmipur: Major Tufail!"</a>. <i>Global Village Space</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Village+Space&rft.atitle=Remember+the+hero+of+Lakshmipur%3A+Major+Tufail%21&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Saleem+Akhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalvillagespace.com%2Fremember-the-hero-of-lakshmipur-major-tufail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman,_Steven_R.1987" class="citation news cs1">Weisman, Steven R. (6 March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/06/world/on-india-s-border-a-huge-mock-war.html">"On India's border, a huge mock war"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130024658/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/06/world/on-india-s-border-a-huge-mock-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+India%27s+border%2C+a+huge+mock+war&rft.date=1987-03-06&rft.au=Weisman%2C+Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F03%2F06%2Fworld%2Fon-india-s-border-a-huge-mock-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_12_Jan_2002-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_12_Jan_2002_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1756965.stm">"Musharraf declares war on extremism"</a>. <i>South Asia</i>. BBC. 12 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225222204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1756965.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia&rft.atitle=Musharraf+declares+war+on+extremism&rft.date=2002-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1756965.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeze2011" class="citation news cs1">Freeze, Colin (11 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/accused-in-india-massacre-claims-ties-to-pakistani-secret-service/article1981052/">"Accused in India massacre claims ties to Pakistani secret service – The Globe and Mail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915064608/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/accused-in-india-massacre-claims-ties-to-pakistani-secret-service/article1981052/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Accused+in+India+massacre+claims+ties+to+Pakistani+secret+service+%E2%80%93+The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.aulast=Freeze&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Faccused-in-india-massacre-claims-ties-to-pakistani-secret-service%2Farticle1981052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Rana-Headley-implicate-Pak-ISI-in-Mumbai-attack-during-ISI-chiefs-visit-to-US/articleshow/7958954.cms">"Rana, Headley implicate Pak, ISI in Mumbai attack during ISI chief's visit to US"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 12 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-12/us/29409412_1_rana-and-headley-isi-tahawwur-hussain-rana">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Rana%2C+Headley+implicate+Pak%2C+ISI+in+Mumbai+attack+during+ISI+chief%27s+visit+to+US&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2FRana-Headley-implicate-Pak-ISI-in-Mumbai-attack-during-ISI-chiefs-visit-to-US%2Farticleshow%2F7958954.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html">"Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. 31 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719121047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Diplomat+denies+Pakistan+role+in+Mumbai+attacks&rft.date=2009-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdiplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2008" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Zarar (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html">"Pakistan Denies Government Involvement in Mumbai Attacks"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518011455/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Denies+Government+Involvement+in+Mumbai+Attacks&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zarar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2F2008%2F12%2F01%2Fpakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2009" class="citation news cs1">King, Laura (7 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-07-fg-pakistan-india7-story.html">"Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226220509/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/07/world/fg-pakistan-india7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+denies+official+involvement+in+Mumbai+attacks&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-jan-07-fg-pakistan-india7-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709090222/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/indian-jets-violating-pakistani-airspace-technical-incursion-says-zardari-fourth-lead_100130857.html">"Indian jets violating Pakistani airspace 'technical incursion', says Zardari (Fourth Lead) – Thaindian News"</a>. Thaindian.com. 14 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/indian-jets-violating-pakistani-airspace-technical-incursion-says-zardari-fourth-lead_100130857.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+jets+violating+Pakistani+airspace+%27technical+incursion%27%2C+says+Zardari+%28Fourth+Lead%29+%E2%80%93+Thaindian+News&rft.pub=Thaindian.com&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Fsouth-asia%2Findian-jets-violating-pakistani-airspace-technical-incursion-says-zardari-fourth-lead_100130857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-might-soon-move-troops-from-border-with-India/articleshow/4660681.cms">"Pak might soon move troops from border with India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 16 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054310/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-16/india/28165262_1_move-troops-taliban-stronghold-india-and-pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pak+might+soon+move+troops+from+border+with+India&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FPak-might-soon-move-troops-from-border-with-India%2Farticleshow%2F4660681.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGMO-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DGMO_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html">"India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 29 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=India%27s+surgical+strikes+across+LoC%3A+Full+statement+by+DGMO+Lt+Gen+Ranbir+Singh&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Findia-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh%2Fstory-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry" class="citation news cs1">Perry, Juliet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html">"Pakistan captures Indian soldier in Kashmir"</a>. <i>cnn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001075544/http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cnn.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan+captures+Indian+soldier+in+Kashmir&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2Fasia%2Fkashmir-tensions-pakistan-capture-indian-soldier%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiglaniHashim2016" class="citation news cs1">Miglani, Sanjeev; Hashim, Asad (29 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ">"India says hits Pakistan-based militants, escalating tensions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005140149/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=India+says+hits+Pakistan-based+militants%2C+escalating+tensions&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.aulast=Miglani&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft.au=Hashim%2C+Asad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pakistan-india-kashmir-idUSKCN11Z0IJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2016" class="citation news cs1">Abbas, Syed Sammer (29 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881">"Army rubbishes Indian 'surgical strikes' claim as two Pakistani soldiers killed at LoC"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032051/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286881">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Army+rubbishes+Indian+%27surgical+strikes%27+claim+as+two+Pakistani+soldiers+killed+at+LoC&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Syed+Sammer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1286881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood2016" class="citation news cs1">Masood, Salman (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0">"In Kashmir, Pakistan Questions India's 'Surgical Strikes' on Militants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005070714/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/world/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Kashmir%2C+Pakistan+Questions+India%27s+%27Surgical+Strikes%27+on+Militants&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Salman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkashmir-pakistan-india.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haider2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haider2_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2016" class="citation news cs1">Haider, Abrar (29 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910/">"Pakistan captures one Indian soldier, eight killed at LoC overnight"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930032029/http://www.dawn.com/news/1286910">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Pakistan+captures+one+Indian+soldier%2C+eight+killed+at+LoC+overnight&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Abrar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1286910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army">"Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army"</a>. <i>The News</i>. 29 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930033205/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Indian+soldiers+killed+in+clashes+with+Pakistan+Army&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Flatest%2F153627-14-Indian-soldiers-killed-in-clashes-with-Pakistan-Army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244">"Indian Army Says Soldier in Pak Custody Was Not Captured During Surgical Strikes"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i>. 30 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930035414/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Indian+Army+Says+Soldier+in+Pak+Custody+Was+Not+Captured+During+Surgical+Strikes&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Farmy-denies-pak-media-claims-says-soldier-inadvertently-crossed-loc-1468244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evacuates-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evacuates_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/">"India evacuates 10,000 from border with Pakistan amid reprisal fears after Kashmir 'strikes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 30 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001065030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/30/india-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=India+evacuates+10%2C000+from+border+with+Pakistan+amid+reprisal+fears+after+Kashmir+%27strikes%27&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2Findia-evacuates-10000-from-border-with-pakistan-amid-reprisal-fe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/">"So-called surgical strike: Indian farce throws up a few challenges"</a>. <i>Express Tribune</i>. 1 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002135351/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1191648/called-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=So-called+surgical+strike%3A+Indian+farce+throws+up+a+few+challenges&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1191648%2Fcalled-surgical-strike-indian-farce-throws-challenges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms">"Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama | India News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 16 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215181837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pulwama+terror+attack+today%3A+40+CRPF+jawans+martyred+in+IED+blast+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir%27s+Pulwama+%26%23124%3B+India+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2019-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2F37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama%2Farticleshow%2F67992189.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390">"India Hits Main Jaish Camp in Balakot, "Non-Military" Strike: Government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227053325/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+Hits+Main+Jaish+Camp+in+Balakot%2C+%22Non-Military%22+Strike%3A+Government&rft.pub=NDTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Findia-struck-biggest-training-camp-of-jaish-in-balakot-large-number-of-terrorists-eliminated-governm-1999390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms">"Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. Press Trust of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226221047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs/articleshow/68171844.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pakistan+army+confirms+Indian+jets+dropped+%27four+bombs%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fpakistan%2Fpakistan-army-confirms-indian-jets-dropped-four-bombs%2Farticleshow%2F68171844.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31091/Statement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot">"Statement by Foreign Secretary on 26 February 2019 on the Strike on JeM training camp at Balakot"</a>. <i>mea.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227221920/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F31091%2FStatement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_AirStrike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mea.gov.in&rft.atitle=Statement+by+Foreign+Secretary+on+26+February+2019+on+the+Strike+on+JeM+training+camp+at+Balakot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmea.gov.in%2Fpress-releases.htm%3Fdtl%2F31091%2FStatement_by_Foreign_Secretary_on_26_February_2019_on_the_Strike_on_JeM_training_camp_at_Balakot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608">"Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation"</a>. 26 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513150005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47370608">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Viewpoint%3A+India+strikes+in+Pakistan+a+major+escalation&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-47370608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2019" class="citation news cs1">Fisk, Robert (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html">"Israel is playing a big role in India's escalating conflict with Pakistan"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001162948/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Israel+is+playing+a+big+role+in+India%27s+escalating+conflict+with+Pakistan&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fisrael-india-pakistan-conflict-balakot-arms-trade-jaish-e-mohammed-a8800076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeer2019" class="citation news cs1">Peer, Basharat (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html">"Opinion | The Young Suicide Bomber Who Brought India and Pakistan to the Brink of War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203194325/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/opinion/sunday/kashmir-india-pakistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+The+Young+Suicide+Bomber+Who+Brought+India+and+Pakistan+to+the+Brink+of+War&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Peer&rft.aufirst=Basharat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fkashmir-india-pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-HabibRamzy2019" class="citation news cs1">Abi-Habib, Maria; Ramzy, Austin (25 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html">"Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227012148/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indian+Jets+Strike+in+Pakistan+in+Revenge+for+Kashmir+Attack&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.aulast=Abi-Habib&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Ramzy%2C+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-pakistan-kashmir-jets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettlemanKumarYasir2019" class="citation news cs1">Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari; Yasir, Sameer (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html">"Deadly Shelling Erupts in Kashmir Between India and Pakistan After Pilot Is Freed"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302195309/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/asia/kashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deadly+Shelling+Erupts+in+Kashmir+Between+India+and+Pakistan+After+Pilot+Is+Freed&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Hari&rft.au=Yasir%2C+Sameer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkashmir-shelling-india-pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurung2019" class="citation news cs1">Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (29 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms">"A month after Indian air strike, Pakistan takes journalists to Balakot site"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604173650/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/a-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site/articleshow/68636173.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=A+month+after+Indian+air+strike%2C+Pakistan+takes+journalists+to+Balakot+site&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.aulast=Gurung&rft.aufirst=Shaurya+Karanbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fa-month-after-indian-air-strike-pakistan-takes-journalists-to-balakot-site%2Farticleshow%2F68636173.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189">"Foreign journalists given access to madressah near site of Balakot strike"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 10 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725154550/https://www.dawn.com/news/1475189">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Foreign+journalists+given+access+to+madressah+near+site+of+Balakot+strike&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1475189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html">"43 Days After Balakot Air Strike by IAF, Pakistan Takes Media Team And Diplomats to 'Site'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>News18</i>. 10 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604222045/https://www.news18.com/news/world/pakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=43+Days+After+Balakot+Air+Strike+by+IAF%2C+Pakistan+Takes+Media+Team+And+Diplomats+to+%27Site%27&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpakistan-takes-media-to-balakot-air-strike-site-curtails-interactions-2096733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347">"2 Indian aircraft violating Pakistani airspace shot down; pilot captured"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 27 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227094831/https://www.dawn.com/news/1466347">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=2+Indian+aircraft+violating+Pakistani+airspace+shot+down%3B+pilot+captured&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1466347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2019" class="citation news cs1">Khan, M. Ilyas (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47397418">"Fighter pilot 'opened fire' before capture"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013431/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47397418">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fighter+pilot+%27opened+fire%27+before+capture&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=M.+Ilyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-47397418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Marlow_and_Kamran_Haider2019" class="citation news cs1">Iain Marlow and Kamran Haider (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports">"Pakistan Downs Two Indian Jets, Pilot Arrested, Army Says"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195818/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/pakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Downs+Two+Indian+Jets%2C+Pilot+Arrested%2C+Army+Says&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=Iain+Marlow+and+Kamran+Haider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-02-27%2Fpakistani-jets-violate-indian-air-space-in-kashmir-pti-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1474086">"ISPR releases 'proof' further contradicting Indian claim of shooting down F-16"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 5 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913062443/https://www.dawn.com/news/1474086">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=ISPR+releases+%27proof%27+further+contradicting+Indian+claim+of+shooting+down+F-16&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1474086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-pakistan-came-close-to-firing-missiles-at-each-other-on-february-27/story-rVsBjZ5qmxXMprktzDNqcM.html">"India, Pakistan came close to firing missiles at each other on February 27"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=India%2C+Pakistan+came+close+to+firing+missiles+at+each+other+on+February+27&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Findia-pakistan-came-close-to-firing-missiles-at-each-other-on-february-27%2Fstory-rVsBjZ5qmxXMprktzDNqcM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2019" class="citation web cs1">Seligman, Lara (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/">"Did India Shoot Down a Pakistani Jet? U.S. Count Says No"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123193754/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/04/did-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+India+Shoot+Down+a+Pakistani+Jet%3F+U.S.+Count+Says+No.&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F04%2F04%2Fdid-india-shoot-down-a-pakistani-jet-u-s-count-says-no%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-aware-pentagon-on-pak-f-16-count-after-feb-aerial-dogfight-with-iaf/story-Rw4gSknuuSBnMc2EyYe62H.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Not aware': Pentagon on Pak F-16 count after Feb aerial dogfight with IAF"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27Not+aware%27%3A+Pentagon+on+Pak+F-16+count+after+Feb+aerial+dogfight+with+IAF&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fnot-aware-pentagon-on-pak-f-16-count-after-feb-aerial-dogfight-with-iaf%2Fstory-Rw4gSknuuSBnMc2EyYe62H.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalwaniTallo" class="citation news cs1">Lalwani, Sameer; Tallo, Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/">"Analysis | Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130122209/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/17/did-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Did+India+shoot+down+a+Pakistani+F-16+in+February%3F+This+just+became+a+big+deal.&rft.aulast=Lalwani&rft.aufirst=Sameer&rft.au=Tallo%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F04%2F17%2Fdid-india-shoot-down-pakistani-f-back-february-this-just-became-big-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf/articleshow/68748026.cms">"Pakistan radio transmissions showed F-16 didn't return to its base: IAF"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 6 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424064657/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf/articleshow/68748026.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+radio+transmissions+showed+F-16+didn%27t+return+to+its+base%3A+IAF&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fpakistan-radio-transmissions-showed-f-16-didnt-return-to-its-base-iaf%2Farticleshow%2F68748026.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27331/indian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable">"Indian Radar Data That Supposedly Proves They Downed An F-16 Is Far From "Irrefutable"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Drive</i>. 8 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417203233/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/27331/indian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drive&rft.atitle=Indian+Radar+Data+That+Supposedly+Proves+They+Downed+An+F-16+Is+Far+From+%22Irrefutable%22&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F27331%2Findian-radar-data-that-supposedly-proves-they-downed-an-f-16-is-far-from-irrefutable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1946256/1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser?amp=1">"Repetitions don't turn lies into truth: DG ISPR on IAF presser"</a>. <i>Express Tribune</i>. 8 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208215649/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1946256/1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser?amp=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Repetitions+don%27t+turn+lies+into+truth%3A+DG+ISPR+on+IAF+presser&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1946256%2F1-repetitions-dont-turn-lies-truth-dg-ispr-iaf-presser%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchom2019" class="citation web cs1">Achom, Debanish (9 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1">"On Air Force Day, IAF Disproves Pak Claim Of Shooting Down Sukhoi Fighter"</a>. <i>NDTV</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329035058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/on-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472?amp=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=On+Air+Force+Day%2C+IAF+Disproves+Pak+Claim+Of+Shooting+Down+Sukhoi+Fighter&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=Achom&rft.aufirst=Debanish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fon-air-force-day-iaf-flies-sukhoi-30mki-fighter-jet-that-pakistan-claims-it-shot-down-2113472%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/pakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence">"India, Pakistan report deadly violence along Kashmir border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124001850/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/pakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan+report+deadly+violence+along+Kashmir+border&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fpakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/pakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence">"India, Pakistan report deadly violence along Kashmir border"</a>. Al Jazeera. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124001850/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/13/pakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India%2C+Pakistan+report+deadly+violence+along+Kashmir+border&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F13%2Fpakistan-summons-top-indian-diplomat-over-kashmir-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan/india-pakistan-militaries-agree-to-stop-cross-border-firing-in-rare-joint-statement-idUSKBN2AP0PG">"India, Pakistan militaries agree to stop cross-border firing in rare joint statement"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 25 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311202746/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan/india-pakistan-militaries-agree-to-stop-cross-border-firing-in-rare-joint-statement-idUSKBN2AP0PG">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=India%2C+Pakistan+militaries+agree+to+stop+cross-border+firing+in+rare+joint+statement&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-india-pakistan%2Findia-pakistan-militaries-agree-to-stop-cross-border-firing-in-rare-joint-statement-idUSKBN2AP0PG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:joint-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:joint_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700682">"Joint Statement"</a>. <i>pib.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410163604/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700682">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=Joint+Statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressreleaseshare.aspx%3FPRID%3D1700682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail.php?id=6068">"Inter Services Public Relations Pakistan"</a>. <i>ispr.gov.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520073558/https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail.php?id=6068">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ispr.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Inter+Services+Public+Relations+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispr.gov.pk%2Fpress-release-detail.php%3Fid%3D6068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/419325.stm">Pakistani plane "may have crossed border"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021018032538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/419325.stm">Archived</a> 18 October 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 13 August 1999 BBC Retrieved 23 July 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icjverdict-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icjverdict_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015055439/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=585&code=pi&p1=3&p2=3&case=119&k=b5&p3=5">"The Case concerning the Aerial Incident of 10th August, 1999 – Summaries of Judgments and Orders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. 21 June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=585&code=pi&p1=3&p2=3&case=119&k=b5&p3=5">the original</a> on 15 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Case+concerning+the+Aerial+Incident+of+10th+August%2C+1999+%E2%80%93+Summaries+of+Judgments+and+Orders&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2000-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Findex.php%3Fsum%3D585%26code%3Dpi%26p1%3D3%26p2%3D3%26case%3D119%26k%3Db5%26p3%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBNLive-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBNLive_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109044536/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts/520773-56.html">"In 2011 five security men were martyred, according to the Indian Sources"</a>. IBN Live. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts/520773-56.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+2011+five+security+men+were+martyred%2C+according+to+the+Indian+Sources.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Fpakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-fires-on-13-border-outposts%2F520773-56.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14746985">"Kashmir border deaths spark India and Pakistan row"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 1 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205044221/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14746985">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Kashmir+border+deaths+spark+India+and+Pakistan+row&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-14746985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-et-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-et_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/243324/loc-three-pakistani-soldiers-die-in-attack-by-indian-forces/">"LoC: Three Pakistani soldiers died in attack by Indian forces"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i>. 1 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214180024/http://tribune.com.pk/story/243324/loc-three-pakistani-soldiers-die-in-attack-by-indian-forces/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=LoC%3A+Three+Pakistani+soldiers+died+in+attack+by+Indian+forces&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F243324%2Floc-three-pakistani-soldiers-die-in-attack-by-indian-forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Pak-troops-kill-two-jawans-behead-mutilate-one-of-them/articleshow/17945868.cms">"Pak troops kill two jawans, behead, mutilate one of them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119181106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/india/36236820_1_indian-soldiers-pakistani-army-ceasefire-violation">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Pak+troops+kill+two+jawans%2C+behead%2C+mutilate+one+of+them&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.timesofindia.com%2Findia%2FPak-troops-kill-two-jawans-behead-mutilate-one-of-them%2Farticleshow%2F17945868.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2015/08/16/India-and-Pakistan-exchange-fire-along-border-in-Kashmir/2051439754341/">"India and Pakistan exchange fire along border in Kashmir"</a>. <i>UPI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192858/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2015/08/16/India-and-Pakistan-exchange-fire-along-border-in-Kashmir/2051439754341/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=India+and+Pakistan+exchange+fire+along+border+in+Kashmir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2015%2F08%2F16%2FIndia-and-Pakistan-exchange-fire-along-border-in-Kashmir%2F2051439754341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaRobockScherrerHarrison2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0">"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Food" title="Nature Food">Nature Food</a></i>. <b>3</b> (8): 586–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0">10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F3039288">11250/3039288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-1355">2662-1355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37118594">37118594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251601831">251601831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Global+food+insecurity+and+famine+from+reduced+crop%2C+marine+fishery+and+livestock+production+due+to+climate+disruption+from+nuclear+war+soot+injection&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=586-596&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F3039288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251601831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-022-00573-0&rft.issn=2662-1355&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37118594&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Lili&rft.au=Robock%2C+Alan&rft.au=Scherrer%2C+Kim&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Cheryl+S.&rft.au=Bodirsky%2C+Benjamin+Leon&rft.au=Weindl%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=J%C3%A4germeyr%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Bardeen%2C+Charles+G.&rft.au=Toon%2C+Owen+B.&rft.au=Heneghan%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43016-022-00573-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-pakistan-nuclear-war-could-kill-2-billion-people-study-507435">"India-Pakistan nuclear war could kill 2 billion people: Study"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WION" title="WION">WION</a></i>. 16 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117122640/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-pakistan-nuclear-war-could-kill-2-billion-people-study-507435">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=India-Pakistan+nuclear+war+could+kill+2+billion+people%3A+Study&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Findia-news%2Findia-pakistan-nuclear-war-could-kill-2-billion-people-study-507435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html">"India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha: 1974"</a>. <i>nuclearweaponarchive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuclearweaponarchive.org&rft.atitle=India%27s+Nuclear+Weapons+Program+-+Smiling+Buddha%3A+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FIndia%2FIndiaSmiling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-nuclear/">"Fact Sheet -- Nov 5, 2019: Pakistan Nuclear Overview"</a>. <i>The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI)</i>. Nuclear Threat Initiative. 5 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907014550/https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-nuclear/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nuclear+Threat+Initiative+%28NTI%29&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet+--+Nov+5%2C+2019%3A+Pakistan+Nuclear+Overview&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fanalysis%2Farticles%2Fpakistan-nuclear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1974" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Khan, Munir Ahmad</a> (18 May 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096318">"India's nuclear explosion: Challenge and Response"</a>. International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096318">3096318</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+nuclear+explosion%3A+Challenge+and+Response&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency+and+Pakistan+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.date=1974-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3096318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Munir+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3096318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pakistanpaedia.com-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pakistanpaedia.com_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pakistanpaedia.com_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/landmarks/RasKoh/Youm-e-Takbeer.htm">"Koh Kambaran (Ras Koh Hills)"</a>. Pakistan Paedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130132001/http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/landmarks/RasKoh/Youm-e-Takbeer.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koh+Kambaran+%28Ras+Koh+Hills%29&rft.pub=Pakistan+Paedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistanpaedia.com%2Flandmarks%2FRasKoh%2FYoum-e-Takbeer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakDevelop.html">"Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program - Development"</a>. <i>nuclearweaponarchive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuclearweaponarchive.org&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Nuclear+Weapons+Program+-+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FPakistan%2FPakDevelop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/16bomb12.htm">"Rediff on the NeT: It was 'Operation Shakti' on Budh Purnima"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. 16 May 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502202846/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/16bomb12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Rediff+on+the+NeT%3A+It+was+%27Operation+Shakti%27+on+Budh+Purnima&rft.date=1998-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2Fmay%2F16bomb12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerald_Exclusive_By_Pervez_Hoodbhoy_16_February_20112011" class="citation web cs1">Herald Exclusive By Pervez Hoodbhoy 16 February 2011 (16 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html">"Herald exclusive: Pakistan's nuclear bayonet | Pakistan"</a>. Dawn.Com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herald+exclusive%3A+Pakistan%27s+nuclear+bayonet+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan&rft.pub=Dawn.Com&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.au=Herald+Exclusive+By+Pervez+Hoodbhoy+16+February+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2Fherald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/28-may-1998-pakistan-nuclear-tests">"28 May 1998 - Pakistan nuclear tests: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"</a>. <i>www.ctbto.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707184554/http://ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/28-may-1998-pakistan-nuclear-tests/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ctbto.org&rft.atitle=28+May+1998+-+Pakistan+nuclear+tests%3A+CTBTO+Preparatory+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctbto.org%2Fspecials%2Ftesting-times%2F28-may-1998-pakistan-nuclear-tests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuclearweaponarchive1998-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearweaponarchive1998_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearweaponarchive1998_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html">"Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Nuclear+Weapons+Program+%E2%80%93+1998%3A+The+Year+of+Testing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FPakistan%2FPakTests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaloch" class="citation web cs1">Baloch, Shah Meer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/the-fallout-from-pakistans-nuclear-tests/">"The Fallout From Pakistan's Nuclear Tests"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320215820/https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/the-fallout-from-pakistans-nuclear-tests/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=The+Fallout+From+Pakistan%27s+Nuclear+Tests&rft.aulast=Baloch&rft.aufirst=Shah+Meer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fthe-fallout-from-pakistans-nuclear-tests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530033107/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=14989">"Yaum-e-Takbeer celebrated across country"</a>. 30 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=14989">the original</a> on 30 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yaum-e-Takbeer+celebrated+across+country&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Ftop_story_detail.asp%3FId%3D14989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/">"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons"</a>. <i>nuke.fas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406160358/https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/nuke/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuke.fas.org&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Nuclear+Weapons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuke.fas.org%2Fguide%2Fpakistan%2Fnuke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunyanews.tv/index.php?key=Q2F0SUQ9MiNOaWQ9MjcwNTk=">"Dunya News: Pakistan:-13th Youm-e-Takbeer to be observed today"</a>. Dunyanews.tv. 28 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121450/http://dunyanews.tv/index.php?key=Q2F0SUQ9MiNOaWQ9MjcwNTk=">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dunya+News%3A+Pakistan%3A-13th+Youm-e-Takbeer+to+be+observed+today&rft.pub=Dunyanews.tv&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunyanews.tv%2Findex.php%3Fkey%3DQ2F0SUQ9MiNOaWQ9MjcwNTk%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/28-May-2009/youmetakbeer-today">"Youm-e-Takbeer today | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online"</a>. Nation.com.pk. 28 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528204757/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/28-May-2009/YoumeTakbeer-today">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Youm-e-Takbeer+today+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+Newspaper+%26%23124%3B+Daily+%26%23124%3B+English+%26%23124%3B+Online&rft.pub=Nation.com.pk&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F28-May-2009%2Fyoumetakbeer-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google1_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFricker1979" class="citation book cs1">Fricker, John (1 January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPttAAAAMAAJ"><i>Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965 – John Fricker – Google Boeken</i></a>. I. Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-0929-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-0929-5"><bdi>978-0-7110-0929-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Pakistan%3A+the+air+war+of+1965+%E2%80%93+John+Fricker+%E2%80%93+Google+Boeken&rft.pub=I.+Allan&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-0929-5&rft.aulast=Fricker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPttAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asymmetric Conflicts By T. V. Paul Cambridge University Press 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46621-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46621-0">0-521-46621-0</a>, pp119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent Agreement">Tashkent Agreement</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theworldreporter.com-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theworldreporter.com_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html">"1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain"</a>. <i>The World Reporter</i>. 30 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101184319/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Reporter&rft.atitle=1971+India+Pakistan+War%3A+Role+of+Russia%2C+China%2C+America+and+Britain&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldreporter.com%2F2011%2F10%2F1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609180906/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html">"Cold war games"</a>. <i>Bharat Rakshak</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bharat+Rakshak&rft.atitle=Cold+war+games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FNAVY%2FHistory%2F1971War%2FGames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3">Birth of a nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605140439/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/birth-of-a-nation/552795/3">Archived</a> 5 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Indianexpress.com (11 December 2009). Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9896.html">"United States – Pakistan Alliance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>, United States of America</i>. April 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628051409/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9896.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=United+States+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+Alliance&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-9896.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_P._Lewis1971" class="citation news cs1">John P. Lewis (9 December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915FB3D5A137A93CBA91789D95F458785F9">"Mr. Nixon and South Asia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928162950/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30915FB3D5A137A93CBA91789D95F458785F9">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Nixon Administration's South Asia policy... is beyond redemption</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mr.+Nixon+and+South+Asia&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1971-12-09&rft.au=John+P.+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF30915FB3D5A137A93CBA91789D95F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm">1971 War: How the US tried to corner India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828172624/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/26claude.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santosh-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Santosh_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurne2003" class="citation book cs1">Burne, Lester H. (2003). <i>Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93916-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93916-X"><bdi>0-415-93916-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Relations%3A+1932%E2%80%931988&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-93916-X&rft.aulast=Burne&rft.aufirst=Lester+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/399897.stm">"BBC News - South Asia - Kashmir: Dialogue call amid fresh fighting"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/399897.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+-+South+Asia+-+Kashmir%3A+Dialogue+call+amid+fresh+fighting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F399897.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Clinton2004" class="citation book cs1">Bill Clinton (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Bill_Clinton_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41457-6"><bdi>0-375-41457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-41457-6&rft.au=Bill+Clinton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span>, Pg 865</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transnational.org-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transnational.org_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/power/1998/pow12-08.html">Pakistan and India Play With Nuclear Fire By Jonathan Power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313011224/http://www.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/power/1998/pow12-08.html">Archived</a> 13 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-edge-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time-edge_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307230515/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html">"India and Pakistan: Over the Edge"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. 13 December 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-1,00.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=India+and+Pakistan%3A+Over+the+Edge&rft.date=1971-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C910155-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_archives-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_archives_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaqvi2001" class="citation news cs1">Naqvi, Javed (29 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/dec2901.html">"Pressure mounts to stall war rhetoric"</a>. <i>Dawn archives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203037/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/dec2901.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+archives&rft.atitle=Pressure+mounts+to+stall+war+rhetoric&rft.date=2001-12-29&rft.aulast=Naqvi&rft.aufirst=Javed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.virginia.edu%2Farea-studies%2FSouthAsia%2FSAserials%2FDawn%2F2001%2Fdec2901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_Newspapers_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgencies2012" class="citation news cs1">Agencies (4 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2012/10/04/pakistan-russia-renewing-ties-fm-khar/">"Pakistan, Russia renewing ties"</a>. <i>Dawn Newspapers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213043059/https://www.dawn.com/news/754142/pakistan-russia-renewing-ties-fm-khar">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Pakistan%2C+Russia+renewing+ties&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft.au=Agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdawn.com%2F2012%2F10%2F04%2Fpakistan-russia-renewing-ties-fm-khar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0940893/">"Param Vir Chakra (1995)"</a>. IMDB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182644/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0940893/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Param+Vir+Chakra+%281995%29&rft.pub=IMDB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0940893%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPP_25_November_20112011" class="citation web cs1">APP 25 November 2011 (25 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/25/prominent-writer-actor-rauf-khalid-dies-in-road-accident.html">"Prominent writer, actor, Rauf Khalid dies in road accident | Entertainment"</a>. Dawn.Com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228103145/http://www.dawn.com/2011/11/25/prominent-writer-actor-rauf-khalid-dies-in-road-accident.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prominent+writer%2C+actor%2C+Rauf+Khalid+dies+in+road+accident+%26%23124%3B+Entertainment&rft.pub=Dawn.Com&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft.au=APP+25+November+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2011%2F11%2F25%2Fprominent-writer-actor-rauf-khalid-dies-in-road-accident.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Chaudhuri, Rudra. "‘Just Another Border Incident’: The Rann of Kutch and the 1965 India–Pakistan War." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 42.5 (2019): 654-676. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/108241284/Just_another_border_incident_CHAUDHURI_Accepted_2019_GREEN_AAM.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Cheema, Musarat Javed. "Pakistan–India conflict with special reference to Kashmir." <i>South Asian Studies</i> 30.1 (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.pu.edu.pk/journals/index.php/IJSAS/article/view/2983/1196">online</a></li> <li>Cloughley, Brian. <i>A history of the Pakistan army: wars and insurrections</i> (Simon and Schuster, 2016).</li> <li>Dixit, J. N. <i>India-Pakistan in War & Peace</i> (2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R._Higgins2016" class="citation cs2">Higgins, David R. (2016), <i>M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistan War 1965</i>, Osprey Publishing, p. 103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14-7281-094-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-14-7281-094-6"><bdi>978-14-7281-094-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M48+Patton+vs+Centurion%3A+Indo-Pakistan+War+1965&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-14-7281-094-6&rft.au=Higgins%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Impiani, Dwi. "Escalation of Military Conflict between India and Pakistan in the Post Lahore Declaration (1999–2019): Security Dilemma Perspective." <i>Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional</i> 21.2 (2019): 219–241. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=global">online</a></li> <li>Indurthy, Rathnam. <i>India–Pakistan wars and the Kashmir crisis</i> (Routledge India, 2019).</li> <li>Kaura, Vinay. "India’s Pakistan policy: from 2016 ‘surgical strike’ to 2019 Balakot ‘airstrike’." <i>The Round Table</i> 109.3 (2020): 277–287. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00358533.2020.1760499">online</a></li> <li>Lyon, Peter. <i>Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia</i> (2008).</li> <li>Mohan, Surinder. <i>Complex Rivalry: The Dynamics of India-Pakistan Conflict</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2022).</li> <li>Siddiqa, Ayesha. <i>Military Inc.: inside Pakistan’s military economy</i> (Penguin Random House India, 2017).</li> <li>Sisson, Richard, and Leo E. Rose, eds. <i>War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh</i> (1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ"><i>The Partition of India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213073754/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutKmPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachna_Bisht2015" class="citation cs2">Rachna Bisht (2015), <i>1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War</i>, Penguin UK, p. 60, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5214-129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5214-129-6"><bdi>978-93-5214-129-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1965%3A+Stories+from+the+Second+Indo-Pakistan+War&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5214-129-6&rft.au=Rachna+Bisht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Pakistani+wars+and+conflicts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indo-Pakistani_wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indo-Pakistani wars">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552636">Nuclear Proliferation in India and Pakistan</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kashmir_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kashmir_conflict" title="Template:Kashmir conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kashmir_conflict" title="Template talk:Kashmir conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kashmir_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kashmir conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kashmir_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict_(1846%E2%80%931946)" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946)">1846–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">1947–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wars and conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Indo-Pakistani_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff">2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">media coverage</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Border skirmishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Baramulla_attack" title="2016 Baramulla attack">2016 Baramulla attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagrota_army_base_attack" title="2016 Nagrota army base attack">2016 Nagrota army base attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Poonch_rebellion" title="1947 Poonch rebellion">1947 Poonch rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bison_(Jammu_%26_Kashmir_1948)" title="Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)">Operation Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eraze" title="Operation Eraze">Operation Eraze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_All_Out" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation All Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_Sarp_Vinash" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation Sarp Vinash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_Sadbhavana_(Goodwill)" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_Calm_Down" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation Calm Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute" title="UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute">UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombings and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Jammu_massacres" title="1947 Jammu massacres">1947 Jammu massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittisinghpura_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittisinghpura massacre">Chittisinghpura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly_car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing">2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kishtwar_massacre" title="2001 Kishtwar massacre">2001 Kishtwar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Raghunath_temple_attacks" title="2002 Raghunath temple attacks">2002 Raghunath temple attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Srinagar_bombings" title="2006 Srinagar bombings">2006 Srinagar bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Doda_massacre" title="2006 Doda massacre">2006 Doda massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2013_Srinagar_attack" title="March 2013 Srinagar attack">March 2013 Srinagar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Amarnath_Yatra_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Amarnath Yatra attack">2017 Amarnath Yatra attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sunjuwan_attack" title="2018 Sunjuwan attack">2018 Sunjuwan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Srinagar_bombing" title="2022 Srinagar bombing">2022 Srinagar bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militant organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Hurriyat" title="Tehreek-e-Hurriyat">Tehreek-e-Hurriyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen#Harkat_ul-Ansar" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat ul-Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)">Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Ghazwat-ul-Hind" title="Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind">Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukhtaran-e-Millat" title="Dukhtaran-e-Millat">Dukhtaran-e-Millat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Azaadi_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir">Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Jihad_Council" title="United Jihad Council">United Jihad Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>19 January— <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day</a></li> <li>5 February— <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Solidarity_Day" title="Kashmir Solidarity Day">Kashmir Solidarity Day</a></li> <li>13 July— <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Martyrs%27_Day" title="Kashmir Martyrs' Day">Kashmir Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li>5 August— <a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Istehsal" title="Youm-e-Istehsal">Youm-e-Istehsal</a></li> <li>22 October— <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Black_Day" title="Jammu and Kashmir Black Day">Jammu and Kashmir Black Day</a> (Invasion Day)</li> <li>24 October— <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day">Azad Kashmir Day</a></li> <li>26 October— <a href="/wiki/Accession_Day_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)">Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">Human rights abuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OHCHR_reports_on_Kashmir" title="OHCHR reports on Kashmir">OHCHR reports on Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_(Kashmir)" title="Ikhwan (Kashmir)">Ikhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_control_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir">Crowd control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pelting_in_Kashmir" title="Stone pelting in Kashmir">Stone pelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_ground_worker" title="Over ground worker">Over ground workers</a> (OGWs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Committees">Village Defence Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template talk:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan" title="List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan">High Commissioners of India to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Pakistan,_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board" title="Evacuee Trust Property Board">Evacuee Trust Property Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Indus_Commission" title="Permanent Indus Commission">Permanent Indus Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Visits_to_Religious_Shrines_1974" title="Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974">Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Aggression_Agreement" title="Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement">Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pak_Joint_Judicial_Committee" title="Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee">Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_maritime_trespassing" title="India–Pakistan maritime trespassing">India–Pakistan maritime trespassing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir/Sadqi_International_Parade_Ground" title="Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground">Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_for_Enemy_Property_for_India" title="Custodian for Enemy Property for India">Custodian for Enemy Property for India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93New_Delhi_hotline" title="Islamabad–New Delhi hotline">Islamabad–New Delhi hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown" title="2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown">2019–2021 lockdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Amritsar_train_massacre" title="1947 Amritsar train massacre">1947 Amritsar train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_water_dispute_of_1948" title="Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948">Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking" title="1971 Indian Airlines hijacking">1971 Indian Airlines hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh" title="Kashmir Singh">Kashmir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Samba spy scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_423" title="Indian Airlines Flight 423">Indian Airlines Flight 423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kaushik" title="Ravindra Kaushik">Ravindra Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabjit_Singh" title="Sarabjit Singh">Sarabjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Haq" title="Sanaullah Haq">Sanaullah Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="1992 India–Pakistan floods">1992 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_Bhausaheb_Maruti_Talekar" title="Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar">Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 military standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Chishty" title="Khaleel Chishty">Khaleel Chishty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="2014 India–Pakistan floods">2014 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack" title="2014 Wagah border suicide attack">2014 Wagah border suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">Media coverage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing" title="2021 Lahore bombing">2021 Lahore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_missile_incident" title="2022 India–Pakistan missile incident">2022 missile incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Attari" title="Attari">Attari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">Attari–Wagah border ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_Wala" title="Ganda Singh Wala">Ganda Singh Wala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hussainiwala" title="Hussainiwala">Hussainiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_India" title="Pakistanis in India">Pakistanis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">Sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry">Field hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport between India and Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Sialkot_line" title="Jammu–Sialkot line">Jammu–Sialkot line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch-Rawalakot_Bus" title="Poonch-Rawalakot Bus">Poonch-Rawalakot Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Mail" title="Sind Mail">Sind Mail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_House" title="Jinnah House">Jinnah House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaghaz-e-Dosti" title="Aaghaz-e-Dosti">Aaghaz-e-Dosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indo-Pakistani Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project">Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Concept_of_War_Fighting" title="New Concept of War Fighting">New Concept of War Fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foodistan" title="Foodistan">Foodistan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar%E2%80%93Ehsaan%E2%80%93Loy_Inspiration:_Aman_Ki_Aasha_tour" title="Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour">Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan relations">Category:India–Pakistan relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_India" title="Template:Military of India"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_India" title="Template talk:Military of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/18px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/27px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/36px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (India)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Chief of Integrated Defence Staff">Vice Chief of Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services_(India)" title="Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)">Director General Armed Forces Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Indian Army">Serving generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Serving admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force">Serving marshals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministry and<br />committees/councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Military_Affairs" title="Department of Military Affairs">Department of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Department of Defence Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Defence_(India)" title="Standing Committee on Defence (India)">Standing Committee on Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Planning_Committee" title="Defence Planning Committee">Defence Planning Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">Nuclear Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">Defence Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_Tri-Service_Commands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands">Integrated Theatre Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Northern Theatre Command (India)">Northern Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Western Theatre Command (India)">Western Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Theatre_Command" title="Maritime Theatre Command">Maritime Theatre Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Armed Forces Special Operations Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(India)" title="Central Command (India)">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Command_(India)" title="South Western Command (India)">South Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">Army Training Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Command_(India)" title="Central Air Command (India)">Central Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Air_Command" title="South Western Air Command">South Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Command_(India)" title="Western Air Command (India)">Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_Command_(India)" title="Training Command (India)">Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Command" title="Maintenance Command">Maintenance Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_India" title="Special forces of India">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Military Academies</a></li> <li>Ranks and insignia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army ranks and insignia of India">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of India">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard#Rank_insignia" title="Indian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation#Ranks" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India#Ranks_and_insignia" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and Decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_India" title="List of military operations of India">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-Pakistani wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation <i>Trident</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation <i>Cactus-Lilly</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">External <br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">Operation <i>Parakram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Sino-Indian border skirmish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">Doklam standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Operation <i>Cactus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raahat" title="Operation Raahat">Operation <i>Raahat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation <i>Devi Shakti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_counter-insurgency_operation_in_Myanmar" title="2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar">Indo-Myanmar border strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Annexations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Operation <i>Polo</i> (Hyderabad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Operation <i>Vijay</i> (Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insurgencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation <i>Blue Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation <i>Woodrose</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LOC surgical strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factory Board">Ordnance Factory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_military_missiles" title="List of Indian military missiles">Ballistic missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Indian Army">List of equipment of the Indian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">Historical Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">Active Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_aircraft_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force">Historical Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Future of the Indian Air Force">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Indian Maritime Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Colour_Award" title="President's Colour Award">President's Colour Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Indian Armed Forces">Women in the Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Flag_Day" title="Armed Forces Flag Day">Armed Forces Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags" title="Indian Armed Forces rank flags">Indian Armed Forces rank flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_military_bands" title="Indian military bands">Indian military bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(India)" title="National War Memorial (India)">National War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Jawan_Jyoti" title="Amar Jawan Jyoti">Amar Jawan Jyoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_India" title="Category:Military of India">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Army" title="Category:Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Navy" title="Category:Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Air_Force" title="Category:Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Armed_conflict_involving_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px_Armed_conflict_involving_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/25px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/38px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/50px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Armed conflict</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan" title="1970s operation in Balochistan">1970s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India and Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_rebellion_(1948-1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954)">Waziristan 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_Campaign" title="Bajaur Campaign">Bajaur Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Panjshir_Valley_uprising" title="1975 Panjshir Valley uprising">Panjshir Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996-2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">War with Islamic State (2022–Present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion (Oman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Yemen crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Sudanese civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Somalian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments" title="Pakistan Armed Forces deployments">Foreign deployments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan" title="United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan">UN peacekeeping missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anti-piracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:South_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:South Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Asian_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_countries" title="Category:South Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands in India">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/160px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&oldid=1256531833">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&oldid=1256531833</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-Pakistani_wars" title="Category:Indo-Pakistani wars">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_military_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan military relations">India–Pakistan military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Republic_of_India" title="Category:History of the Republic of India">History of the Republic of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-independence_history_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Post-independence history of Pakistan">Post-independence history of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_India" title="Category:Wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Pakistan" title="Category:Wars involving Pakistan">Wars involving Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_rivalry" title="Category:Geopolitical rivalry">Geopolitical rivalry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_January_2021" title="Category:EngvarB from January 2021">EngvarB from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">CS1 maint: ref duplicates default</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 10:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mczm2","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.853","walltime":"2.248","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10067,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":419355,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5462,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":544121,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1922.255 1 -total"," 52.07% 1000.949 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.66% 281.730 47 Template:Cite_news"," 12.62% 242.621 49 Template:Cite_web"," 11.90% 228.758 29 Template:Cite_book"," 9.62% 184.987 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 6.13% 117.851 1 Template:Indo-Pakistani_Wars"," 5.88% 113.076 4 Template:Sfn"," 5.80% 111.469 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 4.26% 81.803 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.172","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13171351,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAPP_25_November_20112011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbi-HabibRamzy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchom2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgencies2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhsan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbedkar1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaloch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBill_Clinton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChitkara1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot,_Gillian_Beaumont2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColonel_Ravi_Nanda1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaryl_Lindsey_and_Alicia_Montgomery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_R._Higgins2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijink2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixit2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFricker1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettlemanKumarYasir2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurung2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagerty2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHaider2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerald_Exclusive_By_Pervez_Hoodbhoy_16_February_20112011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIain_Marlow_and_Kamran_Haider2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_P._Lewis1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalwaniTallo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiglaniHashim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaqvi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNawaz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasadDharm_Pal1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Dettman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachna_Bisht2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeligman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes_Staff_and_Wire_Reports2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisman,_Steven_R.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWirsing1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaRobockScherrerHarrison2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 49,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Pakistani Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Pakistani relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Kashmir conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Military history of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Military of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 4,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Ship\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","22.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","13.6"],["?","140","11.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.4"],["pairs","40","3.4"],["[others]","200","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6vrgq","timestamp":"20241124161144","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3119132","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3119132","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-30T15:47:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T10:44:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/Pakistan_India_Locator_2.png","headline":"wars between India and Pakistan"}</script> </body> </html>