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<span><b>Powers</b><sup><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers[9]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal[9]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal[9]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><b>Removal</b><sup><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal[9]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latest_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Latest election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Syria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رئيس سوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس سوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_Prezidenti" title="Suriya Prezidenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriya Prezidenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_de_S%C3%ADria" title="President de Síria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President de Síria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος της Συρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος της Συρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Siria" title="Presidente de Siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de Siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="رئیس‌جمهور سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_arabe_syrienne" title="Président de la République arabe syrienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président de la République arabe syrienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Siria" title="Presidente de Siria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Siria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="시리아의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Suriah" title="Daftar Presiden Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar Presiden Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="נשיא סוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא סוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Претседател на Сирија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Сирија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رئيس سوريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس سوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Syria" title="Presiden Syria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="シリアの大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリアの大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydenci_Syrii" title="Prezydenci Syrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezydenci Syrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_da_S%C3%ADria" title="Presidente da Síria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente da Síria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Список президентов Сирии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список президентов Сирии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of Syria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سەرۆک کۆماری سووریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرۆک کۆماری سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyrian_presidentti" title="Syyrian presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyrian presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriens_president" title="Syriens president – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syriens president" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Президенти Сурия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Президенти Сурия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_devlet_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Suriye devlet başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye devlet başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Президент Сирії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президент Сирії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="صدر سوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدر سوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Syria" title="Tổng thống Syria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng thống Syria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="叙利亚总统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叙利亚总统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q648464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the Syrian Arab Republic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">رئيس الجمهورية العربية السورية</span>‎</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_03.jpg/360px-Bashar_al-Assad_%282018-05-17%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a><br /></div>since 17 July 2000</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Executive branch of the Syrian Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr President</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(informal)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(diplomatic)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High Judicial Council</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Damascus" title="Presidential Palace, Damascus">Presidential Palace</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tishreen_Palace" title="Tishreen Palace">Tishreen Palace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Damascus,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascus, Syria">Damascus, Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Popular vote</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Seven years, renewable once<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Barakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhi Barakat">Subhi Barakat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a> (current constitution)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1946<span class="noprint">; 78 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1946-04-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_and_Chapter_1_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution">Preamble and Chapter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_2_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 2 of the Syrian Constitution">Chapter 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_3_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 3 of the Syrian Constitution">Chapter 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_4_of_the_Syrian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 4 of the Syrian Constitution">Chapter 4</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Najah_al-Attar" title="Najah al-Attar">Najah al-Attar</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_al-Jalali" title="Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali">Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Syria">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><i>Vacant</i></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></span></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High Judicial Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Syria">Subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdistricts_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdistricts of Syria (page does not exist)">Subdistricts (Nahiyas)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villages_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villages of Syria (page does not exist)">Villages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2007_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2007 Syrian presidential election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Syrian parliamentary election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian branch</a>)</div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mekdad" title="Faisal Mekdad">Faisal Mekdad</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Syria" title="List of diplomatic missions of Syria">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Syria" title="List of diplomatic missions in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationality_law" title="Syrian nationality law">Syrian nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_passport" title="Syrian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Syrian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Syrian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Syria" title="Visa policy of Syria">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">UN resolutions on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a> </p> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Syria" title="Template:Politics of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Politics of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of Syria</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رئيس سوريا</span>), officially the <b>president of the Syrian Arab Republic</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رئيس الجمهورية العربية السورية</span>), is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a>. They are vested with sweeping powers that may be delegated, at their sole discretion to their <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Syria">vice presidents</a>. They appoint and dismiss the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">prime minister</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> (the cabinet) and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">military officers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> is the 19th and current president of Syria. He entered the post on 17 July 2000. Bashar Al-Assad is the son of former president, <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, who was the longest-serving president, serving 29 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term_of_office">Term of office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Term of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 88 of the 2012 constitution states that the president serves a seven year term and "can be elected for only one more successive term."<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 155 states that Article 88 applies to the president "as of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">next</a> presidential elections."<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eligibility_criteria">Eligibility criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eligibility criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the <i>ulama</i>. They labeled Assad as the "enemy of God" and called for a <i>jihad</i> against his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlianak200755_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlianak200755-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Robert D. Kaplan</a> has compared Assad's coming to power to "an <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchable</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharajah</a> in India or a Jew becoming <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Sunni majority population</a> which had monopolized power for so many centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objection to the constitution from demonstrators was that Islam was not specified as the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to riots, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitution_of_1973" title="Syrian Constitution of 1973">Syrian Constitution of 1973</a> was amended to stipulate that Islam was the religion of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new constitution was approved in February 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 84 of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Syria's 2012 constitution</a> requires that candidates for the presidency must:<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Be at least 40 years old</li> <li>Be Syrian by birth, of parents who are Syrians by birth</li> <li>Enjoy civil and political rights and not convicted of a dishonorable felony, even if he was reinstated</li> <li>Not be married to a non-Syrian wife</li> <li>Have lived in Syria for 10 years continuously upon nomination</li></ol> <p>Further eligibility requirements in the 2012 constitution include:<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The religion of the President of the Republic is Islam; Islamic jurisprudence shall be a major source of legislation; The State shall respect all religions, and ensure the freedom to perform all the rituals that do not prejudice public order; The personal status of religious communities shall be protected and respected (Article 3)</li></ul> <ul><li>A candidate must be supported by at least 35 members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a> (Article 85)</li> <li>The President cannot carry another nationality (Article 152)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_removal">Powers and removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Powers and removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers[9]"><span id="Powers.5B9.5D"></span><b>Powers</b><sup id="cite_ref-president_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-president-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Powers[9]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Commander in Chief of the army and armed forces</li> <li>Representing Syria in international relations</li> <li>Developing and implementing national policy</li> <li>Appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and Ministers</li> <li>Creating and overseeing the implementation of general state policy</li> <li>Vetoing or accepting laws</li> <li>Declaring a state of emergency</li> <li>Concluding international treaties</li> <li>Granting amnesty</li> <li>Granting honors and medals</li> <li>Dissolving the People’s Assembly</li> <li>Passing laws when the legislature is not in session or in emergency situations</li> <li>Submitting matters to binding national referendum</li> <li>Drafting laws</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal[9]"><span id="Removal.5B9.5D"></span><b>Removal</b><sup id="cite_ref-president_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-president-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Removal[9]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Upon submission of resignation to the People’s Assembly</li> <li>At the end of 7-year term if not nominated for re-election, or second 7-year term if re-elected</li> <li>In the case of permanent incapacity or death</li> <li>Upon conviction for high treason by the Constitutional Court after proposal by one-third of Assembly and approval by two-thirds</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latest_election">Latest election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latest election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 Syrian presidential election</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#017B48"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">13,540,860</td><td style="text-align:right">95.19</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:black"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmad_Marei" title="Mahmoud Ahmad Marei">Mahmoud Ahmad Marei</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Arab_Socialist_Union" title="Democratic Arab Socialist Union">Democratic Arab Socialist Union</a></td><td style="text-align:right">470,276</td><td style="text-align:right">3.31</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#BF0202"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Sallum_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Sallum Abdullah">Abdullah Sallum Abdullah</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">213,968</td><td style="text-align:right">1.50</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="3">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">14,225,104</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="5" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>14,225,104</td><td>99.90</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>14,036</td><td>0.10</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>14,239,140</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>18,107,109</td><td>78.64</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency" title="Syrian Arab News Agency">Syrian Arab News Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 88 of the Syrian Constitution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/syria/49.htm">"Syria - The President and the Cabinet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+-+The+President+and+the+Cabinet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsyria%2F49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Syria_2012.pdf?lang=en">"Syrian Arab Republic's Constitution of 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ConstituteProject.org. February 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Arab+Republic%27s+Constitution+of+2012&rft.pub=ConstituteProject.org&rft.date=2012-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FSyria_2012.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/81771718/Qordoba-Translation-of-the-Syrian-Constitution-Modifications-15-2-2012">"Qordoba - Translation of the Syrian Constitution Modifications 15-2-2012 | Citizenship | Presidents Of The United States"</a>. <i>Scribd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Qordoba+-+Translation+of+the+Syrian+Constitution+Modifications+15-2-2012+%7C+Citizenship+%7C+Presidents+Of+The+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F81771718%2FQordoba-Translation-of-the-Syrian-Constitution-Modifications-15-2-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlianak200755-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlianak200755_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlianak2007">Alianak 2007</a>, p. 55.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlianak2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1993" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan">"Syria: Identity Crisis"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Identity+Crisis&rft.date=1993-02&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F199302%2Fkaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/28/archives/further-rioting-in-syria-reported-toll-in-religious-disorders-in.html">"Further rioting in Syria reported"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 28, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacFarquhar, Neil; Cowell, Alan (February 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/28/world/middleeast/syrian-violence-continues-as-west-dismisses-new-charter.html">"Syrians Said to Approve Charter as Battles Go On"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-president-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-president_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-president_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutionnet.org/country/syria">"Constitutional history of Syria"</a>. <i>constitutionniet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constitutionniet.org&rft.atitle=Constitutional+history+of+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fcountry%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/en/?p=235531">"Dr. Bashar al-Assad elected President of the Syrian Arab Republic with the majority of votes"</a>. <i>Syrian Arab News Agency</i>. 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Dr.+Bashar+al-Assad+elected+President+of+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic+with+the+majority+of+votes&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D235531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/SyrianPresidency">President of Syria</a> on <a href="/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook (identifier)">Facebook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Presidency_Sy">President of Syria</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syria_topics" title="Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syria_topics" title="Template talk:Syria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bilad al-Sham)</span></i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/80px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/120px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Insigne_Syriae.svg/160px-Insigne_Syriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Syria" title="Template:Borders of Syria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Syria">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Judicial_Council" title="High Judicial Council">High council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Navy" title="Syrian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange <span style="font-size:85%;">(stock exchange)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Syria" title="Category:Society of Syria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Syria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Syria" title="Coat of arms of Syria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Syria" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Syria-related_articles" title="Index of Syria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syria" title="Category:Syria">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Syria_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Syria" title="Template:Presidents of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Presidents of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Syria_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents of Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a><br />(1922–1924)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syrian Federation"><img alt="Syrian Federation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Syrian Federation</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Bey_Barakat" title="Subhi Bey Barakat">Barakat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a><br />(1925–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State of Syria"><img alt="State of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>State of Syria</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subhi_Bey_Barakat" title="Subhi Bey Barakat">Barakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre-Alype" title="François Pierre-Alype">Pierre-Alype</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nami" title="Ahmad Nami">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a>*</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a><br />(1930–1950)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Syrian Republic"><img alt="First Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Solomiac" title="Léon Solomiac">Solomiac</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bey_al-Abid" title="Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid">al-Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahij_al-Khatib" title="Bahij al-Khatib">al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">al-Azm</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani" title="Taj al-Din al-Hasani">al-Hasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi" title="Jamil al-Ulshi">al-Ulshi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Bey_al-Ayyubi" title="Ata Bey al-Ayyubi">al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">al-Za'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Hinnawi" title="Sami al-Hinnawi">al-Hinnawi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Syrian Republic</a><br />(1950–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930%E2%80%931958,_1961%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Syrian Republic"><img alt="First Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First Syrian Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Shishakli</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Selu" title="Fawzi Selu">Selu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Shishakli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">al-Kuzbari</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">H. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">al-Quwatli</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a><br />(1958–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Arab Republic"><img alt="United Arab Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>United Arab Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a><br />(1961–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syrian Arab Republic"><img alt="Syrian Arab Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Syrian Arab Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari" title="Maamun al-Kuzbari">al-Kuzbari</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_al-Nuss" title="Izzat al-Nuss">al-Nuss</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi" title="Nazim al-Qudsi">al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27ay_al-Atassi" title="Lu'ay al-Atassi">L. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">N. al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">al-Khatib</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">H. al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Khaddam</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">B. al-Assad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">* acting</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&oldid=1256586958">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_Syria&oldid=1256586958</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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