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This block began on 15:12, 27 August 2023 and has been set to finish on: <b>15:12, 27 August 2028</b>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><big> </big><p><big><b>You are not blocked from reading pages, only from changing or creating them.</b></big><br /> If you have just clicked a <span style="color:#BA0000; text-decoration:underline;">red link</span>, you were blocked from creating a new page as no article on that topic is there yet. </p> </div> If you think you were not blocked fairly, you may make unblock requests or file appeals at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="meta:Steward requests/Global">meta:Steward requests/Global</a>.</div></div><hr /> <p>You can view and copy the source of this page. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Taxobox | name = Angiospermae | fossil_range = <br/>[[Lower Cretaceous]] – Recent | image = Galanthus nivalis.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [[Snowdrop]] | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | subregnum = [[Embryophyte|Embryophyta]] | divisio = '''Angiospermae''' | subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Classes]] | subdivision = Traditional groups:<br/> [[Magnoliopsida]] – Dicots<br /> [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] – Monocots }} [[File:Amborella trichopoda.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Amborella]]'': the oldest surviving Angiosperm]] '''Flowering plants''' are [[Plant|plants]] that bear [[Flower|flowers]] and [[Fruit|fruits]]. Most land plants today are flowering plants ('''Angiosperm''' or '''Magnoliophyta'''). Together with the [[Gymnosperm|gymnosperms]] they make up the [[seed plants]]. They differ from the gymnosperms in that angiosperms have [[flower]]s, and have enclosed [[ovule]]s. Gymnosperms have naked seeds on cones or open structures. == Typical adaptations == [[File:Rose bud.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Bud]] of a pink [[rose]]]] Angiosperms have a number of [[derived]] characters, which evolved as they split off from the gymnosperms. * [[Flower]]s Flowers, the [[reproductive organ]]s of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other [[seed plant]]s. Flowers, with their colour and their [[nectar]], attract pollinators, which are mostly insects and birds. 95% of flowering plants in tropical lowlands rely on animals for pollination or dispersal of seeds.<ref>Thomson, John N. 1994. ''The coevolutionary process''. University of Chicago Press, p7. ISBN 0-226-79760-0</ref> Although in general, this is true, it is not true of one great group of angiosperms: the [[Grass|grasses]]. The reason is not clear, but grasses dominate several of the largest land areas: in North America, Asia, and in Africa. They are all wind-pollinated. Gymnosperms were and are almost entirely wind-pollinated, but early flowers were probably all insect-pollinated.<ref>Crepet WL, Friis EM, Nixon KC 1991. Fossil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination [and discussion]. ''Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences''. '''333''' (1267): 187–195. [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0067]</ref> Some present-day flowering plants are wind-pollinated, but that is a secondary feature.<ref>Bakker, Robert T. 1986. ''The dinosaur heresies: new theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction''. Morrow, New York.</ref><sup>p182</sup> * [[Fruit]]s The fertilized angiosperm ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into the fruit. The fruit is often a way to use animals to spread the seeds far and wide. The fruit is made out of the [[carpel]] and some tissue around it. The carpel carries structures called [[ovule]]s, inside which egg cells form. * [[Endosperm]] In general, endosperms form after fertilization and before the first division of the [[zygote]]. Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue that can provide food for the developing [[embryo]], the [[cotyledon]]s, and sometimes the [[seedling]] when it first appears. * Sexual parts Specialized sexual parts have led to [[co-evolution]] in fertilization and seed dispersal. The [[stamen]]s, and the male and female [[gametophyte]]s, have been adapted in many ways to suit particular pollinators. The smaller [[pollen grain]] shortens the time between pollination and fertilization, which can be up to a year in gymnosperms. The small female gametophyte also allows rapid seed production, which led to annual [[herbaceous]] [[life-cycle]]s. Adaptations in these novelties allowed angiosperms to invade many [[habitat]]s. They now dominate everywhere except the [[boreal forest]] or [[taiga]], which is still composed almost entirely of gymnosperms, usually [[Pine|pines]]. == Phylogeny == Molecular evidence indicates that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late [[Devonian]], about 365 million years ago. They did not appear in the fossil record until the Mesozoic, almost two hundred million years later.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286|s2cid=236141481|issn=2055-0278|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Otto S.P. & Whitton J. 2000. Polyploid incidence and evolution. ''Annu. Rev. Genet''. '''34''', 401–437.</ref> A whole [[genome]] duplication (doubling) at 160 million years ago (mya) may have started the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Callaway, Ewen | title = Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower power | journal = Nature | issue = | pages = | year = 2013 | pmid = | doi = 10.1038/nature.2013.14426 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/shrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426?WT.mc_id=GPL_NatureNews | volume= |bibcode = | s2cid = 88293665 }}</ref> That event was studied by [[sequence analysis|sequencing the genome]] of an ancient flowering plant, ''[[Amborella trichopoda]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Keith Adams | title = Genomic clues to the ancestral flowering plant | journal = Science | issue = 6165 | pages = 1456–1457 |date=December 2013 | pmid = 24357306| doi = 10.1126/science.1248709 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1456.summary | volume= 342 |bibcode = 2013Sci...342.1456A| s2cid = 206553839 }}</ref> ''Amborella'', found on the Pacific island of [[New Caledonia]], belongs to a [[sister group]] of the other flowering plants. Studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/uoca-spp051506.php South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants] — Public release date: 17-May-2006</ref> The earliest known [[fossil]] confidently identified as an angiosperm, ''[[Archaefructus]] liaoningensis'', is dated to about 125 mya in the [[Lower Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Sun G. ''et al'' 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new [[basal]] Angiosperm family |title = Archaefructaceae, a new basal Angiosperm family| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5569/899?ck=nck&siteid=sci&ijkey=8dZ6zTqF606ps&keytype=ref | journal = Science |year = 2002| volume = 296 | issue = 5569| pages = 899–904 | doi=10.1126/science.1069439 | pmid=11988572 |bibcode = 2002Sci...296..899S|s2cid = 1910388}}</ref> Pollen probably of angiosperm origin takes the [[fossil]] record back to about 130 mya. There are still some examples of Cretaceous angiosperms in the [[Daintree Rainforest]]: twelve primitive angiosperms (flowering plant) families: Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and Syzygium or lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae. These families of angiosperms have the longest continuous history with the Gondwanan landmass. The [[phylogeny]] of Angiosperms is as follows: <ref>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''141''': 399-436 [http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II - 2003 - Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Wiley Online Library]</ref><ref>Angiosperm phylogeny website [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011202013209/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ |date=2001-12-02 }}</ref> * Angiosperms (flowering plants) ** [[Amborella]]: one species only, from [[New Guinea]]. ** [[Nymphaeales]]: 80 species, mainly water lilies. ** [[Austrobaileyales]]: 100 species of woody plants from around the world. ** [[Magnoliids]]: about 9000 species, with trimerous (3-part) flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves. ** [[Monocot]]s about 7000 species, with trimerous flowers, a single cotyledon, pollen with one pore, and usually parallel-veined leaves—for example [[Grass|grasses]], [[Orchid|orchids]], and [[Palm tree|palms]]. ** ''[[Ceratophyllum]]'', about six species of [[aquatic plant]]s, familiar as [[aquarium]] plants; ** [[Eudicots]], about 175,000 species, 4- or 5-merous flowers, pollen with three pores, and usually branching-veined leaves—for example [[sunflower]]s, [[petunia]], [[buttercup]], [[apple]]s, and [[oak]]s. The territory is pretty much covered by three groups: the [[Magnoliids]], the [[Monocots]], and the [[Eudicots]]. The Eudicots outnumber all other groups put together. However, grasses are the food of most herbivores today. Their spread in the later [[Miocene]] and the associated reduction in forests caused the extinction of most [[Browser|browsers]] and their replacement by [[Grazer|grazers]]. == Related pages == *[[Flower]] *[[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]] *[[Daintree Rainforest]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{wikispecies|Angiosperms}} [[Category:Flowering plants| ]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Templates used on this page: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:;" title="Template:;">Template:;</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:;&action=edit" title="Template:;">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicise_rank" title="Template:Anglicise rank">Template:Anglicise rank</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Anglicise_rank&action=edit" title="Template:Anglicise rank">change</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a 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