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Retrieved 18 August 2019.</ref> also known as '''Eva C''', was a fraudulent [[Materialization (paranormal)|materialization]] medium in the early 20th century known for making fake [[ectoplasm (paranormal)|ectoplasm]] from chewed paper and cut-out faces from magazines and newspapers. == Biography == Béraud was born 1886 in France, the daughter of a French officer.<ref>[[Joseph McCabe|McCabe, Joseph]]. (1920). ''Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847''. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 226</ref><ref>Room, Adrian. (2010). ''Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins, 5th ed''. McFarland. p. 84. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-4373-4}}</ref> She became engaged to Maurice Noël, a soldier who died in the Congo from tropical disease in 1904 before the marriage could take place. Béraud lived with General Elie Noël and his wife at Villa Carmen in [[Algiers]]. She claimed she developed her [[psychic]] ability after the death of her fiancé.<ref>[[Lewis Spence]]. (2010). ''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology''. Kessinger Publishing. p. 310. {{ISBN|978-1161361827}}</ref> In 1905, she held a series of [[séance]]s at Villa Carmen and sitters were invited. In these séances she claimed to materialize a spirit called Bien Boa, a 300-year-old Brahmin [[Hindu]]. However, photographs taken of Boa looked like the figure was made from a large cardboard cutout.<ref>[[Raymond Buckland]]. (2005). ''The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channeling, and Spirit Communication''. Visible Ink Press. p. 131. {{ISBN|978-1578592135}}</ref> In other sittings [[Charles Richet]] reported that Boa was breathing, had moved around the room and had touched him. A photograph revealed Boa to be a man dressed up in a [[cloak]], [[helmet]] and beard.<ref>M. Brady Brower. (2010). ''Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France''. University of Illinois Press. p. 84-86. {{ISBN|978-0252077517}}</ref> A newspaper article in 1906 revealed that an Arab coachman known as Areski, who had previously worked at the villa, had been hired to play the part of Bien Boa and that the entire thing was a [[hoax]]. Areski wrote that he made his appearance into the room by a trapdoor. Béraud also admitted to being involved with the hoax.<ref>Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth and Dan Aykroyd. (2009). ''A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, psychics, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters''. Rodale Books. p. 59. {{ISBN|978-1605298757}}</ref> In 1909, Béraud changed her name to Eva Carrière (Eva C) to hide the fraud of her past and began a new career as a psychic.<ref>Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). ''Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931''. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 110. {{ISBN|978-1421400136}}</ref> She had a sexual relationship with a woman 25 years her elder, Juliette Bisson (1861–1956), with whom she performed during her seances.<ref name=Kalush>Kalush (2006). ''The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero''. Atria Books. p. 419. {{ISBN|978-0743272087}}</ref> Beraud died in 1943.<ref name="notebookofghosts"/> == Investigations == Carrière's psychic performances were investigated by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], author of the ''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'' mystery series.<ref>[http://brightbytes.com/collection/spiritpc.html Jack and Beverly's Spirit Photographs]</ref> He believed her performances were genuine and that she was not engaged in any deception. Another famous psychic investigator of the time, [[Harry Houdini]], observed one of her séances and asserted that they were fraudulent. He was never convinced by Carrière and likened her performance to a magician's trick, the Hindu needle trick.<ref>[[Harry Houdini]]. (2011). ''A Magician among the Spirits (Cambridge Library Collection - Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge)''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1108027489}}</ref> Physician-psychical researcher [[Gustav Geley]] investigated Carrière and wrote she was a genuine psychic, but never-published photographs were discovered after Geley's death which revealed fraudulent activity from the psychic's companion, Juliette Bisson, such as wires seen running from Carrière's head supporting fake [[ectoplasm (paranormal)|ectoplasm]].<ref>See the entry for ectoplasm in [[J. Gordon Melton]]. (2007). ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena''. Visible Ink Press. {{ISBN|978-1578592098}}</ref> Another physician-psychical researcher, [[Albert von Schrenck-Notzing]], investigated Carrière and believed the ectoplasm she produced was genuine. Psychiatrist [[Mathilde Ludendorff]] wrote that the experiments of Schrenck-Notzing were unscientific and that he had been duped by tricks of Carrière.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc= 3381523 | pmid=23002296 | doi=10.1017/mdh.2011.36 | volume=56 | title=Policing epistemic deviance: Albert Von Schrenck-Notzing and Albert Moll(1) | journal=Med Hist | pages=255–76 | last1 = Sommer | first1 = A| year=2012 | issue=2 }}</ref> In the Schrenck-Notzing psychic sessions with Carrière, the scientific controls were scarce and there was evidence that she had freed her hands in the [[séance]] room.<ref>Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth. (2009). ''A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, psychics, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters''. Rodale Books. p. 62. {{ISBN|978-1605298757}}</ref> Carrière has been described as "perverse and neurotic".<ref>''Spirit Summonings''. Time-Life Books. 1989. p. 64. {{ISBN|978-0809463442}}</ref> She was well known for running around the séance room naked indulging in [[Human female sexuality|sexual]] activities with her audience. Her companion Juliette Bisson would, during the course of the séance sittings with Schrenck-Notzing, introduce her finger into Eva's [[vagina]] to ensure no "ectoplasm" had been loaded there beforehand to fool the investigators, and she would also strip nude at the end of a séance and demanded another full-on gynecological exam.<ref name=Kalush/> The psychic sessions of Carrière with Schrenck-Notzing have been described as [[pornography|pornographic]]. Photos taken during the séances show Carrière in the nude emerging from her cabinet and others revealing fake ectoplasm strings hanging from her breasts. Another photograph revealed ectoplasm in the shape of a deflated and disembodied [[penis]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.genders.org/g54/g54_delgado.html |title=Bawdy Technologies and the Birth of Ectoplasm By L. Anne Delgado |access-date=2013-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512221600/http://www.genders.org/g54/g54_delgado.html |archive-date=2013-05-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to historian [[Ruth Brandon]], Juliette Bisson and Carrière were in a sexual relationship, and they worked in collaboration with each other to fake the ectoplasm and [[eroticism|erotic]]ize their male audience.<ref name="Brandon 1983">[[Ruth Brandon]]. (1983). ''The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 152-160. {{ISBN|0-297-78249-5}}</ref> In 1920, anthropologist [[Eric Dingwall]] and physician-psychical researcher V. J. Woolley tested Carrière in London. They found no evidence of psychic phenomena, discovered that her [[ectoplasm (paranormal)|ectoplasm]] was made from chewed paper, and said "the séances proved negative".<ref>Simeon Edmunds. (1966). ''Spiritualism: A Critical Survey''. Aquarian Press. pp. 110-111. {{ISBN|978-0850300130}} "In 1920 Eva C came to London at the invitation of the SPR. Forty séances, held under the direction of Dr. E. J. Dingwall and Dr. J. V. Woolley, proved entirely negative. The small amount of 'ectoplasm' produced proved on analysis to be nothing more than chewed up paper."</ref> Ruth Brandon wrote that Carrière produced some of her effects by regurgitation, hiding her ectoplasm in the séance cabinet and using her secret accomplice Bisson.<ref name="Brandon 1983"/> According to [[Harry Price]], the photographs of her ectoplasm taken with Schrenck-Notzing looked artificial and two-dimensional, made from cardboard and newspaper portraits, and that there were no scientific controls, as both her hands were free. In 1920, Carrière was investigated by the [[Society for Psychical Research]] (SPR) in London. She was also investigated in 1922 and the result of the tests were negative.<ref>Harry Price. (1939). ''Fifty Years of Psychical Research''. Longmans, Green & Co. {{ISBN|978-0766142428}}</ref> In 1954, [[Donald J. West|Donald West]] wrote that Carrière's ectoplasm was made of cut-out paper faces from [[magazine]]s and [[newspaper]]s, on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it was made from a magazine cut out, complete with the letters "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine ''Le Miroir''.<ref>Donald J. West. (1954). ''Psychical Research Today''. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49</ref> Back issues of the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces.<ref>[[Georgess McHargue]]. (1972). ''Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement''. Doubleday. p. 187</ref> In 1913, a Miss Barkley in an article in the newspaper ''Neue Wiener Tagblatt'' exposed the fraud of Carrière: <blockquote>Miss Eva prepared the heads before every séance, and endeavoured to make them unrecognizable. A clean-shaven face was decorated with a beard. Grey hairs became black curls, a broad forehead was made into a narrow one. In spite of all her endeavours, she could not obliterate certain characteristic lines.<ref name="Brandon 1983"/></blockquote> Carrière used cut out faces of [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|King Ferdinand of Bulgaria]], French president [[Raymond Poincaré]], and actress Mona Delza.<ref>[[Gordon Stein]]. (1996). ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. p. 520. {{ISBN|978-1573920216}}</ref> In 1954, Rudolf Lambert, an SPR member, published details of fraud which had been suppressed by many early members of the [[Institute Metapsychique International]] (IMI).<ref name="Lachapelle2011">Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). ''Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931''. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 144-145. {{ISBN|978-1421400136}}</ref> Lambert had studied [[Gustav Geley]]'s files on Eva Carrière and discovered photographs taken by her companion Juliette Bisson depicting fraudulent [[ectoplasm (paranormal)|ectoplasm]].<ref name="Lachapelle2011"/> Various "materializations" were artificially attached to Eva's hair by wires. Geley never published his discovery. [[Eugéne Osty]], the director of the Institute, and members Jean Meyer, [[Albert von Schrenck-Notzing]] and [[Charles Richet]] all knew about the fraudulent photographs, but were firm believers in spirituality phenomena, so demanded the scandal be kept secret.<ref name="Lachapelle2011"/> ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Bien Boa fake spirit.gif|The spirit Bien Boa, which was discovered to be a dressed-up man Image:Eva C fake ectoplasm made from newspaper.gif|Carrière with fake ectoplasm made from the French magazine ''Le Miroir'' Image:Eva C medium 1.png|Carrière during a séance Image:Eva C medium 4.png|Carrière with fake ectoplasm Image:Medium-Eva-Carriere-1912.jpg|Carrière with light between hands </gallery> ==See also== * [[Spirituality]] * [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]] * [[Psychokinesis]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *[[Ruth Brandon]]. (1983). ''The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. Alfred E. Knopf. {{ISBN|978-0394527406}} *[[Joseph McCabe]]. (1920). [https://archive.org/stream/isspiritualismba00mccarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined'']. London: Watts & Co. *[[T. W. Rolleston]]. (1919). [https://archive.org/stream/hibbertjournal17londuoft#page/320/mode/2up/search/rolleston ''Materialisation Phenomena'']. ''[[The Hibbert Journal]]'' 17: 319-321. ==External links== *[https://archive.org/stream/spiritismcommons00here#page/186/mode/2up Eva C by C. 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