On This Day - June, 30 | Britannica.com

<!doctype html> <html data-ytrk-page="DAY_IN_HISTORY" lang="en"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day","20190630223531","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1561934131"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta property="fb:pages" content="74442380906"/> <meta name="description" content="On June 30, 1934, Night of the Long Knives: On this date in 1934, in the “Night of the Long Knives,” Adolf Hitler had summarily executed many leading officials of the SA, a Nazi paramilitary group that marched in rallies and carried out violence against opponents."/> <meta name="keywords" content="June 30, on this day, history, this day in history, biography, calendar, time capsule, events, britannica"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day"/> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel"> $UI = {}; Mendel = { "adsLibraries" : {}, "config" : { "page": "DayInHistory", "videoPlayerId": "RVHVXRYp", "currentUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day", "sharedUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day", "userInfo": { "type": "ANONYMOUS" ,"userId": "" ,"currency": "USD" ,"country": "US" ,"bcomId": "5446615131619265621" ,"hasAds": true ,"testVersion": "A" ,"mvst": {"PHONE_GISTED_LEG":"TRUE"} ,"requiresConsent": false }, "isLoggedInAsUser": false, "adInfo": {"accountId":"15510053","refreshTimer":null,"refreshMaxCount":null,"catfishTimeout":79,"catfishEnabled":true,"extraGptParameters":null,"logAds":false,"phoneCatfishRefreshTimer":null,"phoneCatfishRefreshMaxCount":null}, "analytics": [ { "type": "google", "id": "UA-6636134-11", "logClickAction": false, "logFakePageLoad": true }, { "type": "eb", "logClickAction": false, "logFakePageLoad": true } ], "a9Id": "3022", "mendelCookieName": "__mendel", "mendelCookie": {"pagesViewed":22,"articleCatfishShown":true,"surveyShown":false}, "isMobile": false, "isTablet": false, "isPhone": false, "autocompleteToSearchPage": false,"calendarInfo": {"day":30,"month":6,"monthName":"June","previousMonth":5,"previousMonthName":"May","nextMonth":7,"nextMonthName":"July","nbDays":30} } }; </script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1887621861548296"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@britannica"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/56/70056-050-8DD89416.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="On June 30, 1934, Night of the Long Knives: On this date in 1934, in the “Night of the Long Knives,” Adolf Hitler had summarily executed many leading officials of the SA, a Nazi paramilitary group that marched in rallies and carried out violence against opponents."/> <meta property="og:type" content="WEBSITE"/> <meta property="og:title" content="On This Day - June, 30"/> <meta property="og:description" content="On June 30, 1934, Night of the Long Knives: On this date in 1934, in the “Night of the Long Knives,” Adolf Hitler had summarily executed many leading officials of the SA, a Nazi paramilitary group that marched in rallies and carried out violence against opponents."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia Britannica"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/56/70056-050-8DD89416.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init opengraph"> Mendel.openGraph = {"type":"WEBSITE","title":"On This Day - June, 30","description":"On June 30, 1934, Night of the Long Knives: On this date in 1934, in the “Night of the Long Knives,” <a href=\"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler\" class=\"md-crosslink\">Adolf Hitler</a> had summarily executed many leading officials of the <a href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/SA-Nazi-organization\" class=\"md-crosslink\">SA</a>, a <a href=\"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nazi-Party\" class=\"md-crosslink\">Nazi</a> paramilitary group that marched in rallies and carried out violence against opponents.","imageUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://cdn.britannica.com/56/70056-050-8DD89416.jpg","imageType":"image/jpeg","pageUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day"}</script> <title>On This Day - June, 30 | Britannica.com</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,400i,700,700i"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cinzel&text=ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"><link href="/web/20190630223531cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/css/libs/reset.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20190630223531cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/dist/mendel-css.css?v=3.18.66" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20190630223531cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/dist/day-in-history-page.css?v=3.18.66" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20190630223531cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/css/fontello/css/mendel-icons.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <script type="text/javascript"> if ('scrollRestoration' in history) { history.scrollRestoration = 'manual'; } </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://cdn.digitru.st/prod/1/digitrust.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> try { DigiTrust.initialize({ member: "MXoMW59N2l", site: "XNlcB44GhM" }, function (digiTrustResult) { } ); } catch (e) {} </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="googletags"> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; Mendel.config.ads = [ { adUnit: '/15510053/EB_A/ON_THIS_DAY', pos: '300250BOT', size: [ 300, 250 ], divId: 'div-gpt-ad-82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2' }, { adUnit: '/15510053/EB_A/ON_THIS_DAY', pos: '72890BOT', size: [ 728, 90 ], divId: 'div-gpt-ad-ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303' }, { adUnit: '/15510053/EB_A/ON_THIS_DAY', pos: '72890CATFISH', size: [ 728, 90 ], divId: 'div-gpt-ad-4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423' } ]; </script> <script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://js-sec.indexww.com/ht/htw-britannica.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.Adomik = window.Adomik || {}; Adomik.randomAdGroup = function() { var rand = Math.random(); switch (false) { case !(rand < 0.09): return "ad_ex" + (Math.floor(100 * rand)); case !(rand < 0.10): return "ad_bc"; default: return "ad_opt"; } }; </script> <script async="async" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init GPT slots"> var googletagSlots = []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletagSlots[ '82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2' ] = googletag.defineSlot('/15510053/EB_A/ON_THIS_DAY', [ 300, 250 ],'div-gpt-ad-82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2'); if ( googletagSlots[ '82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2' ] != null ) { googletagSlots[ '82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2' ] .setTargeting('POS',['300250BOT']) .setTargeting('ad_group', Adomik.randomAdGroup()).setTargeting('ad_h', ( new Date ).getUTCHours().toString() ) .setTargeting( 'PAGELOAD', 'REFRESH0' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); } googletagSlots[ 'ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303' ] = googletag.defineSlot('/15510053/EB_A/ON_THIS_DAY', [ 728, 90 ],'div-gpt-ad-ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303'); if ( googletagSlots[ 'ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303' ] != null ) { googletagSlots[ 'ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303' ] .setTargeting('POS',['72890BOT']) .setTargeting('ad_group', Adomik.randomAdGroup()).setTargeting('ad_h', ( new Date ).getUTCHours().toString() ) .setTargeting( 'PAGELOAD', 'REFRESH0' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); } googletagSlots[ '4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423' ] = googletag.defineSlot('/15510053/EB_A/ON_THIS_DAY', [ 728, 90 ],'div-gpt-ad-4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423'); if ( googletagSlots[ '4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423' ] != null ) { googletagSlots[ '4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423' ] .setTargeting('POS',['72890CATFISH']) .setTargeting('ad_group', Adomik.randomAdGroup()).setTargeting('ad_h', ( new Date ).getUTCHours().toString() ) .setTargeting( 'PAGELOAD', 'REFRESH0' ) .addService(googletag.pubads()); } googletag.pubads().setTargeting('dc_ref',['https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day']);googletag.pubads().setTargeting('PAGE',[22]); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Amazon a9"> var a9Slots = []; !function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); var p = { pubID: '3022', adServer: 'googletag', bidTimeout: 2e3 }; apstag.init( p ); if ( Mendel.config.ads && Mendel.config.ads.length > 0 ) { for (var i = 0; i < Mendel.config.ads.length; i++) { a9Slots.push({slotID: Mendel.config.ads[i].divId, slotName: Mendel.config.ads[i].adUnit, sizes: [Mendel.config.ads[i].size]}); } apstag.fetchBids({slots: a9Slots}, function() { googletag.cmd.push(function () { apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); }); } </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://eb-com.videoplayerhub.com/videoplayer.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="/web/20190630223531js_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/js/libs/prebid2.9.0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.pbjs = window.pbjs || {}; pbjs.que = pbjs.que || []; Mendel.config.prebidDFPId = '15510053/EB_A/video_pre'; Mendel.config.prebidInfo = { code: 'EBVIDEO', mediaTypes: { video: { playerSize: [640,480], context: 'instream' } }, bids: [ { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '14597399', video: { skippable: true, maxduration: 15, playback_method: ['click_to_play'] } } }, { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '157732', adSlot: '1791028@640x480', video: { mimes: ['video/mp4','application/javascript'], api: [2], skippable: true, playbackmethod: [3], protocols: [2,3,5,6], linearity: 1, placement: 1, w: 640, h: 480, minduration: 1, maxduration: 15, startdelay: 0 } } }, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '540532181', delDomain: 'merriamwebster-d.openx.net', openrtb: { imp: [{ video: { mimes: ['video/mp4','application/javascript'] } }] } } }, { bidder: 'oneVideo', params: { video: { playerWidth: 480, playerHeight: 640, mimes: ['video/mp4', 'application/javascript'], protocols: [2,5], api: [2], delivery: [2] }, site: { id: 1, page: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com' }, pubId: 'MerriamWebster' } } ] }; </script> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-name="google_tags_manager"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5W6NC8'); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-name="facebook_pixel"> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '154643575315468'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <script id="ns_script_dc" data-key="12ca4747-8e80-4a36-b550-dc239c18b954" data-e="5" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://cdn.includemodal.com/sp.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </head> <body data-leg="A" class="day-in-history user-ANONYMOUS md-desktop leg-a"> <script type="text/javascript" data-name="informizely" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=154643575315468&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/> </noscript> <main> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <header class="md-header hidden-xs"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-shrink md-header-thistle"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/250-anniversary/thistle-gradient-half.png" alt="250 thistle logo"/> </a> </div> <div class="grid-xs" data-layout="column"> <div class="md-header-top-row grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/" class="font-logotype">ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA</a> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/250-anniversary/eb-mendel-anniversary-11-13-18-a2-resized.png" alt="250 thistle logo" class="md-250-logo ml-10 visible-lg visible-md"/> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink" data-layout="row"> <div class="md-header-subscribe has-callout"> <div class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP" id="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations2/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOPOTHERSUB_LP_MDL_A" target="_blank"> START YOUR FREE TRIAL <div class="md-header-subscribe-callout text-center ui-hidden"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/header-subscribe.png" alt="Subscribe!"/> </div> </a></div> </div> <div class="md-header-user-actions text-center"> <a href="#" class="login-link">Log In · Join</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-header-bottom-row grid no-gutter md-header-gradient"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <ul class="md-header-menu"> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse">Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/stories/wtfact">#WTFact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li> <span class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="NAVBAR" id="marketing-NAVBAR"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth" target="_blank">Saving Earth</a></span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink" data-layout="row"> <div class="md-header-pinned-subscription md-header-subscribe has-callout hidden-xs hidden-sm mr-10"> <div class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP" id="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations2/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOPOTHERSUB_LP_MDL_A" target="_blank"> START YOUR FREE TRIAL <div class="md-header-subscribe-callout text-center ui-hidden"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/header-subscribe.png" alt="Subscribe!"/> </div> </a></div> </div> <div class="md-header-search middle-xs"> <span class="visible-lg mr-5">Search Britannica</span> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="search"></em> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-search-box-backdrop ui-hidden"></div> <div class="md-search-box ui-hidden-opacity text-center"> <div class="md-search-header">What are you looking for?</div> <form method="get" action="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/search" id="header-search" class="md-search-form grid-xs-offset-16 grid-xs-66 middle-xs"> <div class="search-box"> <label class="sr-only" for="header-search-query">Search</label> <input name="query" id="header-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica Articles and Images..." class="md-form-control search-query" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off"/> <button class="search-submit md-button md-primary middle-xs" type="submit" disabled><span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="search"></em></button> </div> </form> <div class="md-search-popular mb-30"> <div class="md-search-popular-title">Browse popular topics:</div> <ul class="md-search-popular-links"> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka" rel="nofollow">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Easter-Island" rel="nofollow">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/event/Chinese-Civil-War" rel="nofollow">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Barabbas-biblical-figure" rel="nofollow">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Five-Year-Plans" rel="nofollow">Five-Year Plans</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INSIGHTS_SEARCHBOX_DRIVER" id="marketing-INSIGHTS_SEARCHBOX_DRIVER"><div class="md-chrome-extension-promo text-center mx-lg-75"> <a class="pb-10 pt-10" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/insights"> <span>Bring fact-checked results to the top of your browser search.</span> <strong class="text-uppercase mr-10">Learn More.</strong> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/britannica-insights/hfipegnjbpgdlgifpfdcfnjnhepckmbf" target="_blank"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/extension-CHROME.png" alt="Chrome store logo"/> </a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="md-history-header grid no-gutter middle-xs"> <div class="grid-xs"> <h1 class="md-heading-1-variant"> ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY: <span>JUNE 30</span> </h1> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink"> <div class="md-history-calendar-button md-button md-outline md-button-block-xs" data-popover=".md-history-calendar-popover"> Calendar <em class="material-icons hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-icon="today"></em> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-calendar-popover container-absolute" data-layout-xs="column"> <em class="md-close material-icons end-xs" data-icon="close"></em> <div id="md-calendar-widget"></div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="gtm-calendar-today-link md-lead" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day">Go to Today's Date</a> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="grid"> <div class="grid-md-50 grid-xs-100"> <h2>FEATURED EVENT</h2> <div class="md-history-featured"> <div class="image-wrapper middle-xs center-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:s:725x485/56/70056-050-8DD89416.jpg" alt="Adolf Hitler reviewing troops on the Eastern Front, 1939."/> </div> <div class="md-history-featured-date"> 1934</div> <div class="md-history-featured-content"> <div class="title">Night of the Long Knives</div> <div class="description">On this date in 1934, in the “Night of the Long Knives,” <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler" class="md-crosslink">Adolf Hitler</a> had summarily executed many leading officials of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/SA-Nazi-organization" class="md-crosslink">SA</a>, a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nazi-Party" class="md-crosslink">Nazi</a> paramilitary group that marched in rallies and carried out violence against opponents.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-md-25 grid-sm-50 grid-xs-100"> <h2>Featured Biography</h2> <div class="md-history-biography"> <div class="md-fixed-ratio"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lena-Horne" class="image-wrapper middle-xs center-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x240/79/1279-004-23A30D6E.jpg" alt="Lena Horne, 1965."/> </a> </div> <div class="title"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lena-Horne"> Lena Horne</a> </div> <div class="subhead">American singer and actress</div> <div class="fact-box"> <dl data-label="born"><dt>born</dt><dd>June 30, 1917<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-York-City">New York City</a><span>, </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-York-state">New York</a><br>(Birthday tomorrow)<br></dd></dl><dl data-label="died"><dt>died</dt><dd>May 9, 2010 (aged 92)<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-York-City">New York City</a><span>, </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-York-state">New York</a><br></dd></dl></div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-md-25 grid-sm-50 grid-xs-100"> <h2>Born on This Day</h2> <div class="md-born-on-this-day gutter-bottom"> <div class="md-history-born "> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-25"> <div class="date text-center">1985</div> </div> <div class="md-history-born-content grid-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Phelps">Michael Phelps</a> <div class="identifier">American swimmer</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-born "> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-25"> <div class="date text-center">1966</div> </div> <div class="md-history-born-content grid-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mike-Tyson">Mike Tyson</a> <div class="identifier">American boxer</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-born "> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-25"> <div class="date text-center">1942</div> </div> <div class="md-history-born-content grid-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Ballard-American-oceanographer">Robert Ballard</a> <div class="identifier">American oceanographer</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-born "> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-25"> <div class="date text-center">1917</div> </div> <div class="md-history-born-content grid-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buddy-Rich">Buddy Rich</a> <div class="identifier">American musician</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-born hidden-md"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-25"> <div class="date text-center">1917</div> </div> <div class="md-history-born-content grid-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Susan-Hayward">Susan Hayward</a> <div class="identifier">American actress</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <br> <a class="see-all-bios" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/more-on-this-day/June-30">See All Biographies On This Day</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="md-purple"/> <h2>MORE EVENTS <span class="hidden-xs">ON THIS DAY</span></h2> <div class="grid no-gutter-xs"> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-events"> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content no-image"> <div class="description"> American musician and record company executive <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chet-Atkins" class="md-crosslink">Chet Atkins</a>—who was a major figure in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/art/country-music" class="md-crosslink">country music</a>, often credited with developing the Nashville Sound of the 1960s—died in Nashville.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">2001</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-sm-33"> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x160/89/103089-004-B4C224FB.jpg" alt="Michael Phelps, 2004."/> </div> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content "> <div class="description"> American swimmer <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Phelps" class="md-crosslink">Michael Phelps</a>, the most-decorated Olympic athlete with 28 medals, was born.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1985</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-sm-33"> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x160/05/59005-004-73D45117.jpg" alt="Mikhail Baryshnikov performing Le Jeune Homme et la mort, in which a youth (Baryshnikov) expresses his painful attraction to the character Death; choreography by Roland Petit."/> </div> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content "> <div class="description"> Soviet dancer <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Baryshnikov" class="md-crosslink">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a> defected from the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union" class="md-crosslink">U.S.S.R.</a> while on tour in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Canada" class="md-crosslink">Canada</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1974</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-sm-33"> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x160/94/7194-004-7A178E6D.jpg" alt="Congo, Kinshasa"/> </div> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content "> <div class="description"> Zaire, formerly <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgian-Congo" class="md-crosslink">Belgian Congo</a> and now the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo" class="md-crosslink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, declared its independence from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Belgium" class="md-crosslink">Belgium</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1960</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-sm-33"> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x160/13/153113-004-8474546E.jpg" alt="Margaret Mitchell, c. 1938."/> </div> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content "> <div class="description"> American author <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Mitchell" class="md-crosslink">Margaret Mitchell</a> published <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gone-with-the-Wind-novel" class="md-crosslink"><em>Gone with the Wind</em></a>, a sweeping romance set during the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Civil-War" class="md-crosslink">Civil War</a>; the novel later won a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pulitzer-Prize" class="md-crosslink">Pulitzer Prize</a> and was adapted into a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gone-with-the-Wind-film-by-Fleming" class="md-crosslink">hugely successful film</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1936</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-sm-33"> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x160/60/116560-004-880F3F76.jpg" alt="The Siberian countryside after an explosion in the atmosphere above the Podkamennaya Tunguska River on June 30, 1908."/> </div> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content "> <div class="description"> An enormous aerial explosion, presumably caused by a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/science/comet-astronomy" class="md-crosslink">comet</a> fragment colliding with <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Earth" class="md-crosslink">Earth</a>, flattened approximately 2,000 square km (500,000 acres) of pine forest near the Podkamennaya <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/event/Tunguska-event" class="md-crosslink">Tunguska</a> River in central <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Siberia" class="md-crosslink">Siberia</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1908</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content no-image"> <div class="description"> The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Excelsior-Diamond" class="md-crosslink">Excelsior diamond</a>—which, weighing 995 carats, was the largest uncut <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/diamond-gemstone" class="md-crosslink">diamond</a> ever found to that time—was discovered in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/De-Beers-SA" class="md-crosslink">De Beers</a> mine at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jagersfontein" class="md-crosslink">Jagersfontein</a>, Orange Free State.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1893</div> </div> <div class="md-history-event gutter-bottom"> <div class="grid no-gutter" data-layout-xs="column"> <div class="grid-sm-33"> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:350x160/41/129941-004-6C915C67.jpg" alt="Niagara River"/> </div> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <div class="md-history-event-content "> <div class="description"> Jean-François Gravelet, known as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Blondin" class="md-crosslink">Blondin</a>, crossed the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/place/Niagara-Falls-waterfall-North-America" class="md-crosslink">Niagara Falls</a> on a tightrope that was 335 metres (1,100 feet) long and 49 metres (160 feet) above the water.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-date">1859</div> </div> </div> <div class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="OTD_NEWSLETTER_BOX" id="marketing-OTD_NEWSLETTER_BOX"><div class="newsletter-c odt-newsletter-form "> <div class="md-demystified-promo-slim md-alternate"> <div class="md-flag"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/newsletter-icon-white-SM.png" alt="newsletter icon"/> </div> <div class="gutter-right"> <div class="md-flag-offset pt-10"> <div class="md-heading-2 text-uppercase text-primary"> History at your fingertips </div> </div> <div class="form-container"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="my-10">Sign up here to see what happened <span class="text-600 text-purple">On This Day</span>, every day in your inbox!</div> <div class="newsletter-form-inner-wrap"> <div class="newsletter-form-email-wrap"> <input type="email" name="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Email address" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="newsletter-form-submit-wrap"> <input type="submit" class="md-button md-primary md-button-sm" value="Submit"/> </div> </div> <div class="mt-15">By signing up, you agree to our <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a>.</div> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="Bio"/><input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Mendel"/><input type="hidden" name="medium" value="box"/></form> <div class="md-subscribed hidden"> <div class="my-10">Thank you for subscribing!</div> <div>Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="grid-lg-da-300"> <div class="md-content-module-right grid-sm-da-300 grid-xs-100"> <div class="gutter-bottom"> <div style="width: 300px; height: 250px" data-info="{"tagName":"ON_THIS_DAY","divId":"82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2","pos":"BOT","desktopSize":{"width":300,"height":250},"desktopBlocktroughId":"5b2866624d-187"}" data-pos="BOT" id="div-gpt-ad-82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal middle-xs center-xs"> <script>googletag.cmd.push( function() { googletag.display( 'div-gpt-ad-82ed2fa3-906f-49ed-980f-e06387059bc2' ); } );</script> </div> <span class="btx" data-id="5b2866624d-187"> <span class="bt-uid-tg" uid="5b2866624d-187" style="display:none !important"></span> </span> </div> <div class="md-history-capsule gutter-bottom hidden-xs"> <h2>TIME CAPSULE</h2> <em>From Britannica Book Of The Year</em> <hr/> <div class="title">June 30, <span class="year">1917</span></div> <div class="description">American actress and singer Lena Horne, who will first come to fame in the 1940s and star in such films as Cabin in the Sky (1942) and Stormy Weather (1943), is born in Brooklyn, N.Y.</div> <a href="#" id="new-capsule" class="md-button md-button-block">SHOW ANOTHER EVENT</a> <div class="md-history-capsule-banner text-center"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="restore"></em> </div> </div> <div class="connect md-content-module-right text-center ">  <div class="hidden-xs gutter-bottom"> <div class="title">Connect with Britannica</div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle center-xs inverted" data-value="connect"> <a class="ui-icon-facebook center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"><span>Twitter</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-youtube-play center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank"><span>YouTube</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-instagram center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="instagram" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank"><span>Instagram</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-pinterest center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank"><span>Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <hr class="md-purple"> <div class="md-history-carousel"> <div class="md-history-carousel-months grid no-gutter text-center gutter-bottom"> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/January-1" data-month="1">Jan</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/February-1" data-month="2">Feb</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/March-1" data-month="3">Mar</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/April-1" data-month="4">Apr</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/May-1" data-month="5">May</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="active" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-1" data-month="6">Jun</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/July-1" data-month="7">Jul</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/August-1" data-month="8">Aug</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/September-1" data-month="9">Sep</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/October-1" data-month="10">Oct</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/November-1" data-month="11">Nov</a> </div> <div class="md-history-carousel-month grid-sm"> <a class="" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/December-1" data-month="12">Dec</a> </div> </div> <div class="md-history-event-timeline"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <em class="md-history-carousel-arrow md-previous material-icons md-48" data-direction="Prev" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></em> </div> <div class="grid-xs text-center"> <ul> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-1"> <div class="date">June 1</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/44/190344-004-90934AFC.jpg" alt="Turner, Ted"/> </div> <div class="year">1980</div> <div class="title">Debut of CNN</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-2"> <div class="date">June 2</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/56/74856-004-01DDBA78.jpg" alt="Britain's Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by her husband, Prince Philip, waving to well-wishers as she rides to St. Paul's Cathedral for a service celebrating her Golden Jubilee in 2002."/> </div> <div class="year">1953</div> <div class="title">Elizabeth II crowned queen</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-3"> <div class="date">June 3</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/66/91866-004-0B707093.jpg" alt="Tiananmen Square"/> </div> <div class="year">1989</div> <div class="title">Pro-democracy protest in Tiananmen Square crushed by Chinese military</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-4"> <div class="date">June 4</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/30/76330-004-C11515B3.jpg" alt="Stewart, Martha"/> </div> <div class="year">2003</div> <div class="title">Martha Stewart indicted</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-5"> <div class="date">June 5</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/21/99921-004-D0EDFD59.jpg" alt="Six-Day War"/> </div> <div class="year">1967</div> <div class="title">Start of the Six-Day War</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-6"> <div class="date">June 6</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/09/47909-004-D01F8233.jpg" alt="D-Day: Omaha Beach"/> </div> <div class="year">1944</div> <div class="title">Normandy Invasion begun</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-7"> <div class="date">June 7</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/60/8860-004-7F7FA024.jpg" alt="St. Peter's Basilica on St. Peter's Square, Vatican City."/> </div> <div class="year">1929</div> <div class="title">Lateran Treaty ratified</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-8"> <div class="date">June 8</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/64/91864-004-C4340534.jpg" alt="Michelangelo: David"/> </div> <div class="year">1504</div> <div class="title">Michelangelo's <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/topic/David-sculpture" class="md-crosslink"><em>David</em></a> installed in Florence</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-9"> <div class="date">June 9</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/70/194470-004-4ECB22EA.jpg" alt="Thatcher, Margaret"/> </div> <div class="year">1983</div> <div class="title">Landslide reelection victory for Margaret Thatcher</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-10"> <div class="date">June 10</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/03/135103-004-B7510B10.jpg" alt="Wagner, Richard"/> </div> <div class="year">1865</div> <div class="title">Richard Wagner's <em>Tristan und Isolde</em> premiered</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-11"> <div class="date">June 11</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/61/71261-004-CDABFCD3.jpg" alt="Timothy McVeigh."/> </div> <div class="year">2001</div> <div class="title">Oklahoma City bomber executed</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-12"> <div class="date">June 12</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/98/8698-004-7DE29C5A.jpg" alt="Yeltsin, Boris"/> </div> <div class="year">1991</div> <div class="title">Election of Boris Yeltsin</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-13"> <div class="date">June 13</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/20/198520-004-8C9101D2.jpg" alt="Kim Dae-Jung; Kim Jong Il"/> </div> <div class="year">2000</div> <div class="title">Historic meeting between North and South Korean leaders</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-14"> <div class="date">June 14</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/42/67842-004-612246D6.jpg" alt="A group of Hungarian Jews arriving at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in German-occupied Poland."/> </div> <div class="year">1940</div> <div class="title">First prisoners at Auschwitz</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-15"> <div class="date">June 15</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/12/1812-004-CB8890E0.jpg" alt="John of England, from an early 14th-century illumination."/> </div> <div class="year">1215</div> <div class="title">Magna Carta sealed by King John</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-16"> <div class="date">June 16</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/43/185243-004-519DA3CB.jpg" alt="Tereshkova, Valentina"/> </div> <div class="year">1963</div> <div class="title">First woman in space</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-17"> <div class="date">June 17</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/40/144740-004-4D1C798F.jpg" alt="O.J. Simpson (centre) and his attorneys F. Lee Bailey (left) and Johnnie Cochran reacting to the not-guilty verdict at Simpson's criminal trial, Oct. 3, 1995."/> </div> <div class="year">1994</div> <div class="title">Arrest of O.J. Simpson</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-18"> <div class="date">June 18</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/10/194310-004-0B8CBDEC.jpg" alt="War of 1812: USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere"/> </div> <div class="year">1812</div> <div class="title">War of 1812 begun</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-19"> <div class="date">June 19</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/33/71333-004-6798E805.jpg" alt="Rosenberg, Julius; Rosenberg, Ethel"/> </div> <div class="year">1953</div> <div class="title">Rosenbergs executed for espionage</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-20"> <div class="date">June 20</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/25/188425-004-08C59580.jpg" alt="Mary, Queen of Scots"/> </div> <div class="year">1567</div> <div class="title">Casket Letters found</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-21"> <div class="date">June 21</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/43/71343-004-339D054B.jpg" alt="Japanese soldier flushed from a cave by a smoke grenade surrendering to U.S. Marines on Okinawa, 1945."/> </div> <div class="year">1945</div> <div class="title">Japanese defenses destroyed on Okinawa</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-22"> <div class="date">June 22</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/09/62109-004-F0F6D1D9.jpg" alt="Henry Hudson."/> </div> <div class="year">1611</div> <div class="title">Mutiny against Henry Hudson</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-23"> <div class="date">June 23</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/58/123858-004-F1BF095C.jpg" alt="Robert the Bruce"/> </div> <div class="year">1314</div> <div class="title">Battle of Bannockburn</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-24"> <div class="date">June 24</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/54/65154-004-5AF54E1D.jpg" alt="Napoleon in His Study by Jacques-Louis David, 1812; in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C."/> </div> <div class="year">1812</div> <div class="title">Russia invaded by Napoleon and his Grand Army</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-25"> <div class="date">June 25</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/92/71392-004-19CE1F68.jpg" alt="Korean War; Seoul"/> </div> <div class="year">1950</div> <div class="title">Korean War begun</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-26"> <div class="date">June 26</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/62/85162-004-98969BFC.jpg" alt="Toronto: CN Tower"/> </div> <div class="year">1976</div> <div class="title">Opening of CN Tower</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-27"> <div class="date">June 27</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/79/82279-004-4234B833.jpg" alt="One-thousand-yen banknote from Japan (obverse)."/> </div> <div class="year">1871</div> <div class="title">Yen made official monetary unit of Japan</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-28"> <div class="date">June 28</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/81/124481-004-FF1952AF.jpg" alt="Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie"/> </div> <div class="year">1914</div> <div class="title">Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-29"> <div class="date">June 29</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/28/138628-004-E80BC1F1.jpg" alt="Globe Theatre"/> </div> <div class="year">1613</div> <div class="title">London's Globe Theatre destroyed by fire</div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/June-30"> <div class="date">June 30</div> <div class="image-wrapper center-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/s:210x100/56/70056-004-275F4E8D.jpg" alt="Adolf Hitler reviewing troops on the Eastern Front, 1939."/> </div> <div class="year">1934</div> <div class="title">Night of the Long Knives</div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink middle-xs"> <em class="md-history-carousel-arrow md-next material-icons md-48" data-direction="Next" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em> </div> </div></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="abDet"> <div class="adBanner"></div> </div> <footer id="md-footer" class="footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-ad"> <div style="width: 728px; height: 90px" data-info="{"tagName":"ON_THIS_DAY","divId":"ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303","pos":"BOT","desktopSize":{"width":728,"height":90},"phoneSize":{"width":320,"height":50},"desktopBlocktroughId":"5b28667921-187","phoneBlocktroughId":"5b28666f7a-187"}" data-pos="BOT" id="div-gpt-ad-ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal middle-xs center-xs"> <script>googletag.cmd.push( function() { googletag.display( 'div-gpt-ad-ac767985-0ca5-44d2-991d-88b2f5f2f303' ); } );</script> </div> <span class="btx" data-id="5b28667921-187"> <span class="bt-uid-tg" uid="5b28667921-187" style="display:none !important"></span> </span> </div> <div class="footer-bck"> <div class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="FOOTER_NEWSLETTER" id="marketing-FOOTER_NEWSLETTER"><div class="md-footer-newsletter-form pt-10 mb-30 mx-15 mx-sm-120"> <div class="font-18"> <strong>Inspire your inbox –</strong> Sign up for daily fun facts about this day in history, updates, and special offers. </div> <div class="p-30"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="form-group grid no-gutter center-xs"> <div class="grid-sm-50 grid-xs-100"> <input type="email" name="email" class="form-control font-18 p-10" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="grid-sm-shrink grid-xs-100"> <button type="submit" class="md-button md-primary" style="width: 100%;">Subscribe</button> </div> </div> <div class="text-white pt-30 text-opacity"> By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.<br> Click here to view our <a class="text-white text-underscore" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Notice</a>. Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email. </div> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="Footer"/><input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Mendel"/><input type="hidden" name="medium" value="Box"/></form> <div class="md-subscribed hidden text-white"> <div class="my-10">Thank you for subscribing!</div> <div>Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle center-xs colored" data-value="connect"> <div class="share-label hidden-xs">Stay Connected</div> <a class="ui-icon-facebook center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"><span>Twitter</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-youtube-play center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank"><span>YouTube</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-instagram center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="instagram" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank"><span>Instagram</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-pinterest center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank"><span>Pinterest</span></a> <a class="ui-icon center-xs middle-xs" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://cloud.email.britannica.com/PreferenceCenter" title="Newsletters" target="_blank"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="drafts"><span>Newsletters</span></em> </a> </div> <br/> <ul class="md-footer-slim"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/" target="_blank">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">About Our Ads</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/publishing-partner-program/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Partner Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/contact/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Notice</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul> <br/> ©2019 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. </div> </footer> <div class="navigation-bar flex middle-xs visible-xs"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="main-tools visible-xs grid-xs"> <div data-layout-xs="row"> <div class="md-logo md-nav-item middle-xs"> <a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/250-anniversary/thistle-gradient-half.png" alt="250 thistle logo"/> </a> </div> <div class="md-nav-item menu" data-popover=".menu-popover"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="menu"></em> <div class="title hidden-xs">Menu</div> <div class="menu-popover md-popover text-left" data-clear="true"> <div class="popover-body"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/">Home</a></li> <li><a class="dem" href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse">Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/stories/wtfact">#WTFact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li> <span class="marketing-content" data-marketing-id="NAVBAR" id="marketing-NAVBAR"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth" target="_blank">Saving Earth</a></span> </li> <li><hr></li> <li><strong><a href="#" class="login-link">Login</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="#" class="signup-link">Join</a></strong></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="topic-title-container grid-xs hidden-xs middle-xs"> <div class="topic-title-wrapper d-sm-none d-md-block"> </div> </div> <div class="additional-tools grid-xs-shrink center-xs middle-xs"> <div class="md-nav-item share global-share" data-popover=".share-popover"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="share"></em> <div class="hidden-xs text-uppercase">Share</div> <div class="share-popover md-popover text-left"> <div class="popover-body"> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle start-xs inverted blue-border pt-15" data-value="share"> <div class="share-label grid-xs">SHARE</div> <a class="ui-icon-facebook center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"><span>Twitter</span></a> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="md-nav-item visible-xs modal-search"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="search"></em> <div class="navigation-modal-search ui-hidden text-left"> <div class="search-area grid no-gutter middle-xs p-10"> <div class="grid-xs-shrink"> <span class="search"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="search"></em> </span> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <form action="/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/search"> <label class="sr-only" for="navbar-search-mobile">Search</label> <input name="query" class="form-control" id="navbar-search-mobile" placeholder="Search Britannica..."> </form> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink"> <span class="close"> <em class="material-icons " data-icon="close"></em> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-page-progress"> <div class="md-page-progress-meter"></div> </div> </div> <div id="loginbox-dialog" class="ui-hidden"> <div class="mobile-loginbox-dialog-close">×</div> <div id="loginbox-dialog-iframe-container"></div> </div> <div class="marketing-slider" data-marketing-id="SLIDER" id="marketing-SLIDER" data-duration="14" data-name="SLIDER"><button class="close-btn material-icons p-10">close</button><style> .marketing-slider .close-btn { color: white; } .marketing-slider .preview { background-color: #ee9222; color: white; } .marketing-slider .preview .orange-circle { background-color: #ee9222; border-radius: 100%; height: 250px; position: absolute; right: 180px; top: -80px; width: 250px; } .marketing-slider .preview .orange-circle img { opacity: 0.7; width: 130px; } .marketing-slider .offer .md-button-gradient { font-size: 12px; background:#F87307; } </style> <div class="preview"> <div class="p-15 pl-80"> Britannica presents a time-travelling voice experience <div class="orange-circle end-xs middle-xs"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/thistle-white.svg" class="mt-50 mr-15"/> </div> </div> </div><div class="offer"> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://adventure.britannica.com/?utm_source=Mendel&utm_medium=slider&utm_campaign=GoH&utm_content=microsite"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531im_/https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/GoH_Slider-revised.jpg" alt="Guardians of History"/> </a> </div> </div></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/resources/js/libs/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"><\/script>');</script> <script type="text/javascript" data-name="vwo"> var _vwo_clicks = 30; var _vwo_code=(function(){ var account_id=331471, settings_tolerance=2000, library_tolerance=2500, use_existing_jquery=false, f=false,d=document;return{use_existing_jquery:function(){return use_existing_jquery;},library_tolerance:function(){return library_tolerance;},finish:function(){if(!f){f=true;var a=d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides');if(a)a.parentNode.removeChild(a);}},finished:function(){return f;},load:function(a){var b=d.createElement('script');b.src=a;b.type='text/javascript';b.innerText;b.onerror=function(){_vwo_code.finish();};d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(b);},init:function(){settings_timer=setTimeout('_vwo_code.finish()',settings_tolerance);var a=d.createElement('style'),b='body{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}',h=d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];a.setAttribute('id','_vis_opt_path_hides');a.setAttribute('type','text/css');if(a.styleSheet)a.styleSheet.cssText=b;else a.appendChild(d.createTextNode(b));h.appendChild(a);this.load('//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a='+account_id+'&u='+encodeURIComponent(d.URL)+'&r='+Math.random());return settings_timer;}};}());_vwo_settings_timer=_vwo_code.init(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630223531js_/https://a.optmnstr.com/app/js/api.min.js" data-account="62791" data-user="55795" async></script> <div class="catfish center-xs" data-layout="row"> <div style="width: 728px; height: 90px" data-info="{"tagName":"ON_THIS_DAY","divId":"4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423","pos":"CATFISH","desktopSize":{"width":728,"height":90},"desktopBlocktroughId":"5b2866d49d-187"}" data-pos="CATFISH" id="div-gpt-ad-4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal center-xs middle-xs center-xs"> <script>googletag.cmd.push( function() { googletag.display( 'div-gpt-ad-4957fa71-d9ef-4987-980d-37cd35747423' ); } );</script> </div> <span class="btx" data-id="5b2866d49d-187"> <span class="bt-uid-tg" uid="5b2866d49d-187" style="display:none !important"></span> </span> <span class="close material-icons" data-icon="close"></span> </div><script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '/resources/dist/day-in-history-page.js?v=3.18.66' }); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-name="google_analytics"> var documentLocation = document.querySelector('html').getAttribute('data-ytrk-page'); if ( documentLocation ) { documentLocation = documentLocation.replace(/ /g, '/'); (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-6636134-11', 'auto'); ga('require', 'linkid'); ga('set', 'dimension1', 'ANONYMOUS'); ga('set', 'dimension2', 'A'); ga('send', 'pageview', documentLocation + location.pathname + decodeURI(location.search)); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,host:'www.britannica.com',domain:'www.britannica.com'}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-name="webstats"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//web.archive.org/web/20190630223531/https://www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,{accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'www.britannica.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''});} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

On This Day - June, 30 | Britannica.com