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id="toc-Speech_to_Sanhedrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_to_Sanhedrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Speech to Sanhedrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_to_Sanhedrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_stoning_of_Stephen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_stoning_of_Stephen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The stoning of Stephen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_stoning_of_Stephen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_of_the_martyrdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_of_the_martyrdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Location of the martyrdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_of_the_martyrdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_Stephen's_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_Stephen's_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views of Stephen's speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_Stephen's_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_and_relics_of_Stephen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_and_relics_of_Stephen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tomb and relics of Stephen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_and_relics_of_Stephen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Stephen's_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Stephen's_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Saint Stephen's Day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saint_Stephen's_Day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Saint Stephen's Day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Saint_Stephen's_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Western Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Eastern Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Armenian Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commemorative places</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemorative_places-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemorative places subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Andorra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Armenian Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Stephen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B1%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A2%E1%8D%8B%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%8A%E1%89%80_%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%89%86%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%89%80%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9C_%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B5" title="ቅዱስ እስጢፋኖስ ሊቀ ዲያቆናት ወቀዳሜ ሰማዕት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅዱስ እስጢፋኖስ ሊቀ ዲያቆናት ወቀዳሜ ሰማዕት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إسطفانوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطفانوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%9D_%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܡܪܝ ܐܣܛܦܢܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܝ ܐܣܛܦܢܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D._%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Ս. Ստեփանոս Նախավկայ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ս. Ստեփանոս Նախավկայ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86)" title="Стефан (светец) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стефан (светец)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_(kenta%C3%B1_merzher)" title="Stefan (kentañ merzher) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stefan (kentañ merzher)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteve_m%C3%A0rtir" title="Esteve màrtir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esteve màrtir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1n" title="Svatý Štěpán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Štěpán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffan_(sant)" title="Steffan (sant) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Steffan (sant)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Stefan" title="Sankt Stefan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankt Stefan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus" title="Stephanus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stephanus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρωτομάρτυρας Στέφανος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτομάρτυρας Στέφανος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_(m%C3%A1rtir)" title="Esteban (mártir) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esteban (mártir)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Stefano" title="Sankta Stefano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Stefano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eztebe_(martiria)" title="Eztebe (martiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eztebe (martiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنت استفان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت استفان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_(martyr)" title="Étienne (martyr) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étienne (martyr)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanus_(martelder)" title="Stefanus (martelder) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stefanus (martelder)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Stiof%C3%A1n" title="San Stiofán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="San Stiofán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevo,_m%C3%A1rtir" title="Estevo, mártir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estevo, mártir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%8D%B0%ED%8C%8C%EB%85%B8" title="스데파노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스데파노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ստեփանոս Նախավկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստեփանոս Նախավկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Prvomu%C4%8Denik" title="Stjepan Prvomučenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stjepan Prvomučenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanus" title="Stefanus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stefanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_protomartire" title="Stefano protomartire – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stefano protomartire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9" title="סטפנוס הקדוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטפנוס הקדוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="სტეფანე პირველმოწამე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტეფანე პირველმოწამე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano" title="Stefano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Stefano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_(primus_martyr)" title="Stephanus (primus martyr) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus (primus martyr)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus" title="Stephanus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stephanus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Steponas" title="Šv. Steponas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Steponas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Steven" title="San Steven – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="San Steven" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Istv%C3%A1n_(v%C3%A9rtan%C3%BA)" title="Szent István (vértanú) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent István (vértanú)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Свети Стефан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свети Стефан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വിശുദ്ധ സ്തേഫാനോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിശുദ്ധ സ്തേഫാനോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="استفانوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استفانوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefanus" title="Santo Stefanus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Santo Stefanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanus_(martelaar)" title="Stefanus (martelaar) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stefanus (martelaar)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8E" title="ステファノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステファノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanus" title="Stefanus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stefanus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilage_Stefan" title="Heilage Stefan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heilage Stefan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Szczepan" title="Święty Szczepan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święty Szczepan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_(m%C3%A1rtir)" title="Estêvão (mártir) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estêvão (mártir)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_%C8%98tefan" title="Sfântul Ștefan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfântul Ștefan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стефан Первомученик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стефан Первомученик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtjef%C3%ABni" title="Shtjefëni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtjefëni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint Stephen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Prvomu%C4%8Den%C3%ADk" title="Štefan Prvomučeník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štefan Prvomučeník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_%C5%A0tefan" title="Sveti Štefan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti Štefan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стефан Првомученик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стефан Првомученик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Stefan" title="Sveti Stefan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveti Stefan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4_Stefanos" title="Pyhä Stefanos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä Stefanos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanos" title="Stefanos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stefanos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஸ்தேவான் (புனிதர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்தேவான் (புனிதர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99" title="นักบุญสเทเฟน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักบุญสเทเฟน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_%C4%B0stefanos" title="Aziz İstefanos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aziz İstefanos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Стефан (апостол) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стефан (апостол)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86" title="اسٹیفن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹیفن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_(martire)" title="Santo Stefano (martire) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Santo Stefano (martire)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_St%C3%AAphan%C3%B4,_t%E1%BB%AD_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Thánh Stêphanô, tử đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thánh Stêphanô, tử đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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searchaux" style="display:none">1st-century Christian martyr and saint</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Stephen the Protomartyr. For other uses, including other saints, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Stephen (disambiguation)">Saint Stephen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Stephen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:St-stephen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-stephen.jpg/220px-St-stephen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-stephen.jpg/330px-St-stephen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/St-stephen.jpg/440px-St-stephen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Saint Stephen the Martyr</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apostle_of_the_Seventy" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle of the Seventy">Apostle of the Seventy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Protomartyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Protomartyr">Protomartyr</a> of the Faith<br />First Martyr</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. AD 5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">33–36 (aged 27–31)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">All churches that believe in <a href="/wiki/Sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainthood">Sainthood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>)<br />26 December (Western)<br />27 December, 4 January, 2 August, 15 September (Eastern)<br />Tobi 1 (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Martyr">Red Martyr</a>, stones, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a>, miniature church, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martyr%27s_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr's palm">martyr's palm</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox and Eastern Christianity</a> he often wears an <a href="/wiki/Orarion" title="Orarion">orarion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar servers</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;<a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma</a> Native American <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">casket</a> makers; <a href="/wiki/Cetona" title="Cetona">Cetona, Italy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacons">deacons</a>; <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>; <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kessel,_Belgium" title="Kessel, Belgium">Kessel, Belgium</a>; <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masons</a>; <a href="/wiki/Owensboro,_Kentucky" title="Owensboro, Kentucky">Owensboro, Kentucky</a>; <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau, Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ligao" title="Ligao">Ligao</a>; <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Srpska" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Srpska">Republic of Srpska</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato, Italy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-stephen-the-martyr/">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stephen</b> (and by extension 'reward, honor, renown, fame', often given as a title rather than as a name; c. AD 5 – c. 34) is traditionally venerated as the <a href="/wiki/Protomartyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Protomartyr">protomartyr</a> or first martyr of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ssdca_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssdca-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, he was a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in the early church at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> who angered members of various <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> by his teachings. Accused of <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> at his trial, he made a speech denouncing the Jewish authorities who were sitting in judgment on him<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was then <a href="/wiki/Stoned_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoned to death">stoned to death</a>. Saul of Tarsus, later known as <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizen">Roman citizen</a> who would later become an <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostle</a>, participated in Stephen's execution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only source for information about Stephen is the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> book of the Acts of the Apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-Newadvent_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newadvent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Acts_6" title="Acts 6">Acts 6</a> as one of the Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Jew">Hellenistic Jews</a> selected to administer the daily charitable distribution of food to the Greek-speaking widows.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> view Stephen as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artistic representations often show Stephen with a crown symbolising <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrdom">martyrdom</a>, three stones, <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch" title="Palm branch">martyr's palm frond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a>, and often holding a miniature church building. Stephen is often shown as a young, beardless man with a <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, wearing a deacon's <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephen is first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a>, who were appointed by the Apostles to distribute food and charitable aid to poorer members of the community in the early church. According to Orthodox belief, he was the eldest and is therefore called "archdeacon".<sup id="cite_ref-oca_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As another deacon, Nicholas of Antioch, is specifically stated to have been a <a href="/wiki/Convert_to_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Convert to Judaism">convert to Judaism</a>, it may be assumed that Stephen was born Jewish, but nothing more is known about his previous life.<sup id="cite_ref-Newadvent_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newadvent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the appointment of the deacons is stated to have been dissatisfaction among Hellenistic Jews that their widows were being slighted in preference to Hebrew ones in the daily distribution of food. Since the name Stephanos is <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, it has been assumed that he was one of these Hellenistic Jews. Stephen is stated to have been full of faith and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and to have performed miracles among the people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_stephen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St_stephen.jpg/170px-St_stephen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/St_stephen.jpg/255px-St_stephen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/St_stephen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><i>Stoning of Saint Stephen</i>, altarpiece of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, by Jacopo & Domenico <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It seems to have been among synagogues of Hellenistic Jews that he performed his teachings and "signs and wonders" since it is said that he aroused the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a>, and "of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrene_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrene (city)">Cyrenians</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrians</a>, and of them that were of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of these synagogues had challenged Stephen's teachings, but Stephen had bested them in debate. Furious at this humiliation, they suborned false testimony that Stephen had preached blasphemy against <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and God. They dragged him to appear before the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, the supreme legal court of Jewish elders, accusing him of preaching against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen is said to have been unperturbed, his face looking like "that of an angel".<sup id="cite_ref-Newadvent_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newadvent-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_to_Sanhedrin">Speech to Sanhedrin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Speech to Sanhedrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a long speech to the Sanhedrin comprising almost the whole of <a href="/wiki/Acts_7" title="Acts 7">Acts 7</a>, Stephen presents his view of the history of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. The God of glory, he says, appeared to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, thus establishing at the beginning of the speech one of its major themes, that God does not dwell only in one particular building (meaning the Temple).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen recounts the stories of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarchs</a> in some depth and goes into even more detail in the case of Moses. God appeared to Moses in the burning bush,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inspired Moses to lead his people out of Egypt. Nevertheless, the Israelites turned to other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This establishes the second main theme of Stephen's speech, Israel's disobedience to God.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen faced two accusations: that he had declared that Jesus would destroy the Temple in Jerusalem and that he had changed the customs of Moses. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> stated in 2012 that Stephen appealed to the Jewish scriptures to prove how the laws of Moses were not subverted by Jesus but were instead being fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen denounces his listeners<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "stiff-necked" people who, just as their ancestors had done, resist the Holy Spirit. "Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which showed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers: who have received the law by the disposition of the angels, and have not kept it."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_stoning_of_Stephen">The stoning of Stephen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The stoning of Stephen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG/260px-Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG/390px-Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG/520px-Giovanni_Battista_Lucini_-_Martyrdom_of_St._Stephen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><i>Stoning of Saint Stephen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Lucini" title="Giovanni Battista Lucini">Giovanni Battista Lucini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The account is that the crowd, thus castigated, could contain their anger no longer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Stephen looked up and cried, "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of Man</a> standing on the right hand of God." He said that the recently resurrected Jesus was standing by the side of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people from the crowd, who threw the first stones,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laid their coats down so as to be able to do this, at the feet of a young man named Saul (later identified as <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>). Stephen prayed that the Lord would receive his spirit and his killers be forgiven, sank to his knees, and "fell asleep".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saul "was consenting unto his death."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of Stephen's death, the remaining disciples except for the apostles fled to distant lands, many to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Location_of_the_martyrdom">Location of the martyrdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location of the martyrdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact site of Stephen's stoning is not mentioned in Acts; instead there are two different traditions. One, claimed by noted French archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hugues_Vincent" title="Louis-Hugues Vincent">Louis-Hugues Vincent</a> (1872–1960) and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Marie_Abel" title="Félix-Marie Abel">Félix-Marie Abel</a> (1878–1953) to be <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a>, places the event at Jerusalem's northern gate, while another one, dated by Vincent and Abel to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and no earlier than the 12th century, locates it at the eastern gate.<sup id="cite_ref-Corpus_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corpus-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_Stephen's_speech"><span id="Views_of_Stephen.27s_speech"></span>Views of Stephen's speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views of Stephen's speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg/170px-Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg/255px-Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg/340px-Luis_de_Morales_-_St_Stephen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Stephen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Morales" title="Luis de Morales">Luis de Morales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Of the numerous speeches in Acts of the Apostles, Stephen's speech to the Sanhedrin is the longest.<sup id="cite_ref-Koivisto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koivisto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the objection that it seems unlikely that such a long speech could be reproduced in the text of Acts exactly as it was delivered, some Biblical scholars have replied that Stephen's speech shows a distinctive personality behind it.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are at least five places where Stephen's re-telling of the stories of Israelite history diverges from the scriptures where these stories originated; for example, Stephen says that Jacob's tomb was in <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Genesis 50:13<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says Jacob's body was carried and buried in a cave in Machpelah at <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theologians argue that these may not be discrepancies, but rather a condensing of historical events for people who were already familiar with them.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That Jacob's body was carried to a final resting place in Shechem is not recorded in Genesis, though it does not exclude the possibility that his bones were transferred to Shechem for a final burial place, as was done with the bones of Jacob's son Joseph, as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+24%3A32&version=NIV">Joshua 24:32</a> Other scholars consider these and other discrepancies as errors. Still others interpret them as deliberate choices making theological points.<sup id="cite_ref-Koivisto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koivisto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is that the discrepancies come from an ancient Jewish tradition which was not included in the scriptures or may have been popular among people of Jerusalem who were not scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous parallels between the accounts of Stephen in Acts and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> – they both perform miracles, they are both tried by the Sanhedrin, they both pray for forgiveness for their killers, for instance – have led to suspicions that the author of Acts has emphasised – in order to show the recipient that people become holy when they follow the example of Christ – or invented some (or all) of these.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The criticism of traditional Jewish belief and practice in Stephen's speech is very strong – when he says God does not live in a dwelling "made by human hands", referring to the Temple, he is using an expression often employed by Biblical texts to describe idols.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people have laid the charge of anti-Judaism against the speech, for instance the priest and scholar of comparative religion <a href="/wiki/S._G._F._Brandon" title="S. G. F. Brandon">S. G. F. Brandon</a>, who states: "The anti-Jewish polemic of this speech reflects the attitude of the author of Acts."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary">Commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Justus_Knecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Justus Knecht">Friedrich Justus Knecht</a> lists the similarities of the martyrdom of Stephen to Jesus' death on the cross: </p> <blockquote> <p>1. Our Blessed Lord was sentenced to death on the charge of blasphemy, because He had affirmed on oath: "I am the Son of the living God, and hereafter you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of God". In the same manner Stephen was stoned on the assumption that he was a blasphemer, and because he professed his belief in the Divinity of Jesus, and said: "I see heaven open, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God". 2. Both our Blessed Lord and St. Stephen were treated as outcasts, and put to death outside the city. 3. Both, when dying, prayed for their enemies: "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do". – "Lay not this sin to their charge". 4. Both, before dying, commended their souls to God: "Father, into Thy hands I commend My spirit". – "Lord Jesus, receive my soul!”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb_and_relics_of_Stephen">Tomb and relics of Stephen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tomb and relics of Stephen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG/220px-Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG/330px-Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG/440px-Place_of_the_stoning_of_St._Stephen_in_Jerusalem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Reputed site of the stoning of Stephen, Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, <a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>Acts 8:2<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says "devout men carried Stephen to his burial, and made great lamentation over him," but the location where he was buried is not specified. </p><p>In 415, a priest named Lucian purportedly had a dream that revealed the location of Stephen's remains at <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jimal" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a>. After that, the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the protomartyr were taken in procession to the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Abbey">Church of Hagia Sion</a> on 26 December 415, making it the date for the feast of Saint Stephen. The recovery of the relics were described in a letter written by <a href="/wiki/Avitus_of_Braga" title="Avitus of Braga">Avitus of Braga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was involved in a plot to bring some of those relics to <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> via the historian and theologian <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 439, the relics were translated to a new church north of the Damascus Gate built by the empress <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a> in honor of Saint Stephen. This church was destroyed in the 12th century. A 20th-century French Catholic church, Saint-Étienne, was built in its place, while another, the Greek Orthodox Church of St Stephen, was built outside the eastern gate of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which a second tradition holds to be the site of his martyrdom, rather than the northern location outside Damascus Gate (for the two traditions see <a href="#Location_of_the_martyrdom">here</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> initially called the main northern gate of Jerusalem "Saint Stephen's Gate" (in Latin, <i>Porta Sancti Stephani</i>), highlighting its proximity to the site of martyrdom of Saint Stephen, marked by the church and monastery built by Empress Eudocia.<sup id="cite_ref-Boasp53_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boasp53-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different tradition is documented from the end of the Crusader period, after the disappearance of the Byzantine church: as Christian pilgrims were prohibited from approaching the militarily exposed northern city wall, the name "Saint Stephen's Gate" was transferred to the still accessible eastern gate, which bears this name until this day.<sup id="cite_ref-MurphyOConnor_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurphyOConnor-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relics of the protomartyr were later translated to Rome by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pope Pelagius II</a> during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">San Lorenzo fuori le Mura</a>. They were interred alongside the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>, whose tomb is enshrined within the church. According to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>, the relics of Lawrence moved miraculously to one side to make room for those of Stephen.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" title="Imperial Regalia">Imperial Regalia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> includes a relic known as <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Purse" title="St. Stephen's Purse">St. Stephen's Purse</a> which is an elaborate gold and jewel-encrusted box believed to contain soil soaked with the blood of St. Stephen. The reliquary is likely a 9th-century creation. </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> describes the many miracles that occurred when part of the relics of Saint Stephen were brought to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relics of the protomartyr were also in India Kerala brought from Congregation Mount Athos, Greece to St. Stephens Orthodox Cathedral Pilgrim Center, Kudassanad, Kerala, India </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saint_Stephen's_Day"><span id="Saint_Stephen.27s_Day"></span>Saint Stephen's Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saint Stephen's Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, 26 December is called "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a>", the "Feast of Stephen" mentioned in the English <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> "<a href="/wiki/Good_King_Wenceslas" title="Good King Wenceslas">Good King Wenceslas</a>". It is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a> in many nations that are of historic Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran traditions, including Austria, Croatia, the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Poland, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Catalonia and the Balearic Isles. In Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom, the day is celebrated as "<a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Christianity">Western Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the current norms for the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the feast is celebrated at the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Eucharist</a>, but, for the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a>, is restricted to the Hours during the day, with <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Evening Prayer</a> being reserved to the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">Octave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. Historically, the "Invention of the Relics of Saint Stephen" (i.e., their reputed discovery) was commemorated on 3 August.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feasts of both 26 December and 3 August have been used in dating clauses in historical documents produced in England.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a> on <a href="/wiki/26_December" class="mw-redirect" title="26 December">26 December</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg/170px-Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg/255px-Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg/340px-Saint_Stephen_11cent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine icon, 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, those <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> which follow the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, and in Oriental Orthodox Churches (e.g., Coptic, Syrian, Malankara) Saint Stephen's feast day is celebrated on 27 December, due to the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Synaxis" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> on 26 December. This also has the effect of pushing the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Holy Innocents</a> to 29 December. This day is also called the "Third Day of the Nativity" because it is the third day of the Christmas season. </p><p>Some Orthodox churches, particularly in the west, follow a modified Julian calendar that places date names identically with the standard Gregorian calendar of widespread civil usage. In those churches, then, the date the feast is observed is generally known as 27 December. However, other Orthodox churches, including the Oriental Orthodox, continue to use the original Julian calendar. Throughout the 21st century, 27 December Julian will continue to fall on 9 January in the Gregorian calendar, and that is the date on which they observe the feast. </p><p>Saint Stephen is also <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">commemorated</a> on 4 January (<a href="/wiki/Synaxis" title="Synaxis">Synaxis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy apostles">Seventy Apostles</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">Uncovering of his relics</a> (relics of the <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> and Abibas son of Gamaliel were also found in Saint Stephen's tomb) took place in 415, Gamaliel appeared to <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лукиан (пресвитер Кафар Гамалы) (page does not exist)">presbyter Lucian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B)" class="extiw" title="ru:Лукиан (пресвитер Кафар Гамалы)">ru</a>]</span> and he told him to go to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and inform <a href="/wiki/John_II_(bishop_of_Jerusalem)" title="John II (bishop of Jerusalem)">Bishop John</a> about <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of Saint Stephen.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_II_(bishop_of_Jerusalem)" title="John II (bishop of Jerusalem)">Bishop John II</a> with bishops Eusthia (from <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebastia</a>) and Eleutherius (from Jericho) came to the tomb in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jimal" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a> and translated relics to Jerusalem, this event is commemorated on 15 September.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holytrinityorthodox.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holytrinityorthodox.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 428 (when <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Saint Theodosius II the Younger</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman Emperor</a>) relics of saint: Stephen, <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> and Abibas were translated from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and relics have been placed in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a> church, and after preparations were made relics were moved to specially prepared Saint Stephen church in Constantinople, this event took place on 2 August.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holytrinityorthodox.com_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holytrinityorthodox.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Liturgy">Armenian Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Armenian Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic Churches, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 25 December – the day on which the feast of the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) falls in all other churches. This is because the Armenian churches maintain the decree of Constantine, which stipulated that the Nativity and Theophany of Jesus were to be celebrated on 6 January. In dioceses of the Armenian Church which use the Julian Calendar, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 7 January and Nativity/Theophany on 19 January (for the remainder of the 21st century Julian). </p><p>In the eucharistic celebration on this feast day, it is traditional for all deacons serving at the altar to wear a liturgical crown (Armenian: խոյր <i>khooyr</i>), which is one of the vestments worn only by priests on all other days of the year, the crown being in this instance a symbol of martyrdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorative_places">Commemorative places</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commemorative places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Stepanous-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/St-Stepanous-02.jpg/220px-St-Stepanous-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/St-Stepanous-02.jpg/330px-St-Stepanous-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/St-Stepanous-02.jpg/440px-St-Stepanous-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">Saint Stephen Armenian Monastery</a> of the 9th century near Jolfa, Iran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg/220px-StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/StStephen_GiacomoCavedone.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Saint Stephen holding a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a> in a 1601 painting by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Cavedone" title="Giacomo Cavedone">Giacomo Cavedone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i><b>See also</b>: <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral (disambiguation)">St. Stephen's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Stephen's Church (disambiguation)">St. Stephen's Church</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Many churches and other places commemorate Stephen. Among the most notable are the two sites in Jerusalem held by different traditions to be the place of his martyrdom, the <a href="/wiki/Salesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesian">Salesian</a> monastery of <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jimal" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> held to be the place where his remains were miraculously found, and the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_Mura" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo fuori le Mura">San Lorenzo fuori le Mura</a> in Rome, where the saint's remains are said to be buried. </p><p>Important churches and sites dedicated to Saint Stephen are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andorra">Andorra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Andorra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_de_Sant_Esteve" title="Església de Sant Esteve">Church of Saint Stephen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, built in the 1100s and restored in 1940. It is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_of_Andorra" title="Cultural Heritage of Andorra">cultural heritage site in Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_de_Sant_Esteve_de_Bixessarri" title="Església de Sant Esteve de Bixessarri">Church of Saint Stephen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bixessarri" title="Bixessarri">Bixessarri</a>, built in 1701 and also a cultural heritage site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Churches">Armenian Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armenian Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lmbatavank" title="Lmbatavank">Saint Stephen Church of Lmbat</a> of the 7th century, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Artik" title="Artik">Artik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">Saint Stephen Armenian Monastery</a> of the 9th century, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Jolfa,_Iran_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolfa, Iran (city)">Jolfa</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stepanos_Church" title="St. Stepanos Church">St. Stepanos Armenian Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Izmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir">Izmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, built in 1863 and destroyed in September 1922 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Smyrna">Catastrophe of Smyrna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Stephen,_Brisbane" title="Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane">St Stephen's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> – is the primary Catholic place of worship in the archdiocese of Brisbane</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephansdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephansdom">Stephansdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> – the Cathedral of St. Stephen, founded 1147 and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Vienna" title="Archbishop of Vienna">Archbishop of Vienna</a>. Symbol of the city of Vienna and of Austria, has the tallest spire in Austria and is the "centerpiece of Vienna"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints_John%27s_and_Stephen%27s_church_of_the_Minims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saints John's and Stephen's church of the Minims (page does not exist)">Saints John's and Stephen's church of the Minims</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saints-Jean-et-%C3%89tienne-aux-Minimes" class="extiw" title="fr:Église Saints-Jean-et-Étienne-aux-Minimes">fr</a>]</span> (Brussels)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Copenhagen" title="St. Stephen's Church, Copenhagen">St. Stephen's Church, Copenhagen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Étienne">Saint Étienne</a>, France, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Etienne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Saint Etienne (disambiguation)">numerous other places named Saint Étienne</a> in the French-speaking world (Étienne is the French form of Stephen)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Basilica,_Jerusalem" title="St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem">St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem</a>, in French <b>Saint-Étienne</b>, at the traditional place of St Stephen's martyrdom; modern church over ruins of Byzantine 5th-century predecessor</li> <li><b>St. Stephan's Gate</b>, the Christian name of one of the city gates of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, also known as the "<a href="/wiki/The_Lions%27_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a>". A post-Byzantine tradition holds that Stephen's stoning occurred there, while an older tradition connects the martyrdom to the Damascus Gate, where a <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Basilica,_Jerusalem" title="St. Stephen's Basilica, Jerusalem">church</a> and large monastic complex dedicated to Saint Stephen was built in the 5th century (see <a href="#Location_of_the_martyrdom">above</a>). A modern Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Stephen stands a short distance from Lions' Gate</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's College, Stanley">St. Stephen's College, Stanley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>St. Stephen's School (ICSE/ISC), Sonarpur, Kolkata, Under <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> Principal, Hebron Larruna Peters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Kombuthurai" title="St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai">St. Stephen's Church, Kombuthurai</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1542</li> <li>St. Stephen's knanaya Catholic Forane Church, Uzhavoor, Kottayam, built 1631</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudassanad#St.Stephen's_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Kudassanad">St. Stephen's Orthodox Cathedral Pilgrim Centre , Kudassanad, Pandalam, Kerala</a> the first Orthodox Cathedral Pilgrim Centre where Holy Relics of Saint Stephen in India is situated.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_,_Kudassanad,_Pandalam,_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_%2C_Kudassanad%2C_Pandalam%2C_Kerala.jpg/220px-St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_%2C_Kudassanad%2C_Pandalam%2C_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_%2C_Kudassanad%2C_Pandalam%2C_Kerala.jpg/330px-St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_%2C_Kudassanad%2C_Pandalam%2C_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_%2C_Kudassanad%2C_Pandalam%2C_Kerala.jpg/440px-St._Stephen%27s_Orthodox_Cathedral_Pilgrim_Centre_%2C_Kudassanad%2C_Pandalam%2C_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>St. Stephen's Orthodox Cathedral Pilgrim Centre , Kudassanad, Pandalam, Kerala First Pilgrim Centre in India where Holy Relics of Saint Stephen is situated. </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi" title="St. Stephen's College, Delhi">St. Stephen's College, Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Delhi" title="St. Stephen's Church, Delhi">St. Stephen's Church, Delhi</a> and St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_School,_Chandigarh" title="St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh">St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh</a> founded in 1986</li> <li>St. Stephen's Church, Thope, is one of the parishes of the first diocese of India, Kollam. It is 216 years old and the patron of this parish is St. Stephen, the first Martyr of the Church and it is situated beside Kollam Beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Estevam#St._Estevam_Church" title="St Estevam">St Stephen Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Estevam" title="St Estevam">Santo Estêvão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li>St. Stephan's Orthodox Syrian Church, Kattanam ( Kattanam Valiyapalli)</li> <li>St. Stephen's Malankara Catholic Church, Kattanam</li> <li>St. Stephen's Church, Ooty</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. The largest of Dublin's Georgian squares and itself named after a former leper hospital near the site<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Church of St. Stephen, Tyrrellspass, located in <a href="/wiki/Tyrrellspass" title="Tyrrellspass">Tyrrellspass</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rome – <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">Santo Stefano Rotondo</a>, a church built under the commission of Constantine I on the ruins of the Caelian Hill of Rome. Built in the 5th century, it is the first church in Rome to have a circular floor plan, instead of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Cross">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> designs<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_Mura" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo fuori le Mura">San Lorenzo fuori le Mura</a>, where Saint Stephen is said to be interred together with Saint Lawrence in the crypt, under the high altar</li> <li>Vatican City – <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a>, Coptic Christian church in Vatican City, that is also the <a href="/wiki/National_churches_in_Rome" title="National churches in Rome">National Church of Ethiopia in Rome</a></li> <li>Rome – <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura</a>, a side chapel to St. Stephen is about a stone's throw from the tomb of St. Paul</li> <li>Milan – <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santo_Stefano_Maggiore" title="Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore">Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore</a>, a baroque church built in the fifth century and originally dedicated to both Saint Stephen and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Saint Zecheriah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, London, was originally built in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>; it became the first site of the debating chamber of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>. The tower that houses <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>, which was properly called The Clock Tower, was referred to as St Stephen's Tower by Victorian journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clock Tower was renamed Elizabeth Tower to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a> in 2013. St Stephen's Tower is the smaller tower in the middle of the building</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_House,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen's House, Oxford">St Stephen's House, Oxford</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_private_hall" title="Permanent private hall">permanent private hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> theological college</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Bristol" title="St Stephen's Church, Bristol">St Stephen's Church, Bristol</a> – a city church built outside the walls c. 1250, rebuilt c. 1430–1490</li> <li>St Stephen's, Sneinton, Nottingham – has strong links to William Booth and The Salvation Army. The parents of D.H. Lawrence married in the church on 27 December 1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen_Walbrook" title="St Stephen Walbrook">St Stephen's Walbrook</a>, City of London – first recorded in C11 and rebuilt to Wren's design after the Great Fire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Edinburgh" title="St Stephen's Church, Edinburgh">St Stephen's Church</a>, Saint Vincent Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. It was built in 1827–1828, to a design by architect William Henry Playfair (1789–1857).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>St. Stephen the martyr church, Renton, Washington<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St. Stephen Parish in Portland, Oregon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Catholic_Church_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="St. Stephen's Catholic Church (Cleveland, Ohio)">St. Stephen Church</a> in Cleveland, Ohio</li> <li>St. Stephen Protomartyr Catholic Church and Parish in St. Louis, Missouri<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" title="St. Stephen's Church (Boston, Massachusetts)">St. Stephen's Church</a> in Boston, Massachusetts</li> <li>St. Stephen Catholic Church in Cincinnati, Ohio</li> <li>St. Stephen Catholic Church, Chattanooga, TN</li> <li>St. Stephen's Church in Providence, RI<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St. Stephen the Martyr Church, Omaha, Nebraska<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St. Stephen Lutheran Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St. Stefanos Greek Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg, Florida<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>St. Stephen Deacon and Martyr Parish in Tinley Park, Illinois <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_associations">Other associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the Catholic Church, the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St._Stephen" title="Guild of St. Stephen">Guild of St. Stephen</a> is an international association of <a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">altar servers</a> whose aim is to promote "highest standards of serving at the Church's liturgy".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saint Stephen is one of the sculptures on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. Saint Stephen is the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">wool guild</a>.</li> <li>In the 14th −16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Halberstadt" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt">bishopric of Halberstadt</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Bracteate#Early_medieval_bracteates" title="Bracteate">one-sided stamped silver coins</a>. The obverse showed the face of St. Stephen in chief over two large rocks in base and a martyr's palm frond (<i>palmwedel</i>) on the left side. The halo around St. Stephen's head and the two rocks being mistaken for hands made it look like he was lying in state inside of a coffin (<i>sarg</i>). Thus they were nicknamed <i>sargpfennig</i> ("coffin pennies").</li> <li>Saint Stephen is featured as the eponymous subject of a <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen_(song)" title="St. Stephen (song)">song</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>.</li> <li>Stephen Ministry is inspired by St. Stephen. This ministry provides high-quality, one-to-one, Christ-centered care to people in the congregation and the community experiencing life difficulties.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/December_26" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/December 26">Saint Stephen, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence" title="Guilds of Florence">Guilds of Florence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://totus2us.com/vocation/saints/st-stephen/">"Totus2Us"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Totus2Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftotus2us.com%2Fvocation%2Fsaints%2Fst-stephen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssdca-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssdca_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssdca.org/ssdca/index.cfm/st-stephen-bio/">"St. Stephen the Deacon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212172246/http://ssdca.org/ssdca/index.cfm/st-stephen-bio/">Archived</a> 12 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, St. Stephen Diaconal Community Association, Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:51–53&version=nrsv">Acts 7:51–53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:20&version=nrsv">Acts 22:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newadvent-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newadvent_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newadvent_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newadvent_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouvay,_Charles" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Souvay, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14286b.htm">"Saint Stephen"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia,1912</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Stephen&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C1912&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.au=Souvay%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14286b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mal Couch, <i>A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles</i>, 2003, p. 246. "Stephen is distinguished as "a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit" (Acts 6:5). Stephen and the other men were Hellenistic Jews whose native language was Greek. He had lived with Gentiles in other parts of the Roman Empire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1580boc.org/ap/xxi-ix">"Article XXI (IX) Of the Invocation of the Saints"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+XXI+%28IX%29+Of+the+Invocation+of+the+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1580boc.org%2Fap%2Fxxi-ix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oca-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oca_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/saints/lives/2015/12/27/103659-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-stephen">"Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protomartyr+and+Archdeacon+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2015%2F12%2F27%2F103659-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%206:5&version=nrsv">Acts 6:5, 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%206:9&version=nrsv">Acts 6:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%206:9–14&version=nrsv">Acts 6:9–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Williams (1989), <i>Acts (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)</i>, Baker Books, Chapter 16, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0">978-0-8010-4805-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:30–32&version=nrsv">Acts 7:30–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:39–43&version=nrsv">Acts 7:39–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/24836/st-stephens-death-shows-importance-of-scripture-pope-says">"St. Stephen's death shows importance of Scripture, Pope says"</a>, Catholic News Agency, 2 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:51–53&version=nrsv">Acts 7:51–53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071156/http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/STEPHEN2.HTM">"of Saints", John J. Crawley & Co., Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/STEPHEN2.HTM">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=of+Saints%22%2C+John+J.+Crawley+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FSTEPHEN2.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Williams, <i>Acts (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)</i>, Baker Books 1989, chapter 17, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-4805-0">978-0-8010-4805-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:54&version=nrsv">Acts 7:54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0513.htm#9">Deuteronomy 13:9</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0517.htm#7">Deuteronomy 17:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:58–60&version=nrsv">Acts 7:58–60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:1&version=nrsv">Acts 8:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:19–20&version=nrsv">Acts 11:19–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2006) [1957]. Harrison, R. K. (ed.). <i>The New Unger's Bible Dictionary</i>. Chicago: Moody Publishers. Antioch Ariana Grande Yuh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8024-9066-7"><bdi>978-0-8024-9066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Unger%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=Antioch+Ariana+Grande+Yuh&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8024-9066-7&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corpus-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corpus_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_M._CottonLeah_Di_SegniWerner_EckBenjamin_Isaac2012" class="citation book cs1">Hannah M. Cotton; Leah Di Segni; Werner Eck; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2cfmBQAAQBAJ&q=%22saint+stephen%22+%22stoning%22+%22Damascus+Gate%22+%22Lions+Gate%22&pg=PA275"><i>Jerusalem, Part 2: 705–1120</i></a>. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudeae/Palaestinae. Vol. 1. De Gruyter. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025188-3"><bdi>978-3-11-025188-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>.... St. Stephen's Gate (Lions' gate; Bab Sitti Mariam). The gate owes its name to a tradition according to which Stephen the Deacon, the first martyr, was stoned on this spot. At the beginning of the 20 c. the Greek Orthodox Patriarchy built a church dedicated to the Protomartyr in their property in front of the gate, in an endeavour to pinpoint the tradition of the site, which was falling into oblivion following the construction of the Dominican church and monastery on the site of the Eudocian church of St. Stephen north of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>. The Greek builders went so far as to maintain that, in digging the foundations of the new church, they had found a broken lintel with an engraved invocation to Saint Stephen, but their claim, accepted by Macalister and Vailhé, was promptly disproved by Vincent, who was able to show that the lintel came in fact from Beersheba. Vincent and Abel maintained that the tradition about Stephen's stoning at the eastern gate of Jerusalem was not earlier than the 12 c., while the tradition pointing to the northern gate was ancient. .... J. Milik .... suggested that all the tombstones discovered in this area belonged to the cemetery of the Probatica.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%2C+Part+2%3A+705%E2%80%931120&rft.series=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Iudeae%2FPalaestinae&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025188-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2cfmBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522saint%2Bstephen%2522%2B%2522stoning%2522%2B%2522Damascus%2BGate%2522%2B%2522Lions%2BGate%2522%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koivisto-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koivisto_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koivisto_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex_A._Koivisto1987" class="citation web cs1">Rex A. Koivisto (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512074340/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Koivisto-Acts7Stephen-GTJ-87.pdf">"Stephen's Speech: A Theology of Errors?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Grace Theological College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/GTJ-NT/Koivisto-Acts7Stephen-GTJ-87.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen%27s+Speech%3A+A+Theology+of+Errors%3F&rft.pub=Grace+Theological+College&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Rex+A.+Koivisto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.gordon.edu%2Fhu%2Fbi%2FTed_Hildebrandt%2FNTeSources%2FNTArticles%2FGTJ-NT%2FKoivisto-Acts7Stephen-GTJ-87.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%207:16&version=nrsv">Acts 7:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2050:13&version=nrsv">Genesis 50:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:1&version=nrsv">Acts 8:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalge2016" class="citation book cs1">Balge, Richard (2016). <i>The People's Bible: Acts</i>. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-1190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8100-1190-8"><bdi>978-0-8100-1190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Bible%3A+Acts&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Northwestern+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8100-1190-8&rft.aulast=Balge&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marian Wolniewicz as the translator of the Book of Acts from: The Millennium Holy Bible; Warsaw, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1967" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, S. G. F. (1967). <i><span></span></i>Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity<i><span></span></i>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31010-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31010-7"><bdi>978-0-684-31010-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Zealots%3A+A+Study+of+the+Political+Factor+in+Primitive+Christianity&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31010-7&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=S.+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Justus_Knecht1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Knecht" title="Justus Knecht">Friedrich Justus Knecht</a> (1910). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/LXXXVIII. Election and Ordination of Deacons. – Stephen the First Martyr"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/LXXXVIII._Election_and_Ordination_of_Deacons._%E2%80%93_Stephen_the_First_Martyr">"LXXXVIII. Election and Ordination of Deacons. – Stephen the First Martyr" </a></span>. <i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i>. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=LXXXVIII.+Election+and+Ordination+of+Deacons.+%E2%80%93+Stephen+the+First+Martyr&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Friedrich+Justus+Knecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:2&version=nrsv">Acts 8:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The standard edition of the <i>Revelatio Sancti Stephani</i> and the <i>Epistula Aviti</i> is that of S. Vanderlinden in <i>Revue des Etudes Byzantines</i> <b>4</b> (1946:178-217).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacePiercy2014" class="citation book cs1">Wace, Henry; Piercy, William Coleman, eds. (2014). <i>A dictionary of early Christian biography: and literature to the end of the sixth century A.D. ; with an account of the principal sects and heresies</i>. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publ. pp. 1263–1264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-269-1"><bdi>978-1-61970-269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+early+Christian+biography%3A+and+literature+to+the+end+of+the+sixth+century+A.D.+%3B+with+an+account+of+the+principal+sects+and+heresies&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=1263-1264&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publ&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61970-269-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist%20Information/Christian%20Themes/Details/Pages/Saint%20Stephen%20Church%20%20%20chr.aspx">"St Stephen Church"</a>. Ministry of Tourism, Government of Israel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Stephen+Church&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Tourism%2C+Government+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goisrael.com%2FTourism_Eng%2FTourist%2520Information%2FChristian%2520Themes%2FDetails%2FPages%2FSaint%2520Stephen%2520Church%2520%2520%2520chr.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boasp53-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boasp53_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_J._Boas2001" class="citation book cs1">Adrian J. Boas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6m0qsAMf0z4C&pg=PA53"><i>Jerusalem in the time of the crusades: society, landscape, and art in the Holy City under Frankish rule</i></a> (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1"><bdi>978-0-415-23000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+time+of+the+crusades%3A+society%2C+landscape%2C+and+art+in+the+Holy+City+under+Frankish+rule&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23000-1&rft.au=Adrian+J.+Boas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6m0qsAMf0z4C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurphyOConnor-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurphyOConnor_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_Murphy-O'Connor2008" class="citation book cs1">Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Yy9FDcT8gC&q=Bab+el-Ghor&pg=PT48"><i>The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700</i></a>. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923666-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923666-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923666-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>The local guides simply moved to the Kidron valley certain holy places, notably the church of Saint Stephen, which in reality were north of the city, and business went on as before.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide+from+Earliest+Times+to+1700&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Archaeological+Guides&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923666-4&rft.au=Jerome+Murphy-O%27Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3Yy9FDcT8gC%26q%3DBab%2Bel-Ghor%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicsaints.info/golden-legend-invention-of-saint-stephen-protomartyr/">"Golden Legend – Invention of Saint Stephen, Protomartyr"</a>. <i>CatholicSaints.Info</i>. 15 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatholicSaints.Info&rft.atitle=Golden+Legend+%E2%80%93+Invention+of+Saint+Stephen%2C+Protomartyr&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsaints.info%2Fgolden-legend-invention-of-saint-stephen-protomartyr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logoslibrary.org/augustine/city/2208.html">City of God, Book XXII, Chapter 8</a>, accessed 3 July 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Saints</i>, ed. David Hugh Farmer, corr. ed. (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 361. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198691203" title="Special:BookSources/0198691203">0198691203</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of dates for students of British history</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/C._R._Cheney" title="C. R. Cheney">C. R. Cheney</a>. New, rev. ed. (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 59, 85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521770955" title="Special:BookSources/0521770955">0521770955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/08/02/102183-finding-of-the-relics-of-saint-gamaliel">"Finding of the relics of Saint Gamaliel"</a>. <i>oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Finding+of+the+relics+of+Saint+Gamaliel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F08%2F02%2F102183-finding-of-the-relics-of-saint-gamaliel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/09/15/102621-uncovering-of-the-relics-of-the-holy-protomartyr-and-archdeacon">"Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen"</a>. <i>oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Uncovering+of+the+relics+of+the+Holy+Protomartyr+and+Archdeacon+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F09%2F15%2F102621-uncovering-of-the-relics-of-the-holy-protomartyr-and-archdeacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/ocalendar/los/August/02-01.htm">"THE TRANSFER FROM JERUSALEM TO CONSTANTINOPLE OF THE RELICS OF THE HOLY FIRSTMARTYR STEPHEN"</a>. <i>holytrinityorthodox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holytrinityorthodox.com&rft.atitle=THE+TRANSFER+FROM+JERUSALEM+TO+CONSTANTINOPLE+OF+THE+RELICS+OF+THE+HOLY+FIRSTMARTYR+STEPHEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holytrinityorthodox.com%2Fhtc%2Focalendar%2Flos%2FAugust%2F02-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holytrinityorthodox.com-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holytrinityorthodox.com_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holytrinityorthodox.com_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/">"Orthodox Calendar. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow"</a>. <i>holytrinityorthodox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holytrinityorthodox.com&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Calendar.+HOLY+TRINITY+RUSSIAN+ORTHODOX+CHURCH%2C+a+parish+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holytrinityorthodox.com%2Fhtc%2Forthodox-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/08/02/102181-translation-of-the-relics-of-the-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-step">"Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople"</a>. <i>oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Translation+of+the+relics+of+the+Protomartyr+and+Archdeacon+Stephen+from+Jerusalem+to+Constantinople&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F08%2F02%2F102181-translation-of-the-relics-of-the-protomartyr-and-archdeacon-step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.usnews.com/Vienna_Austria/Things_To_Do/St_Stephen_s_Cathedral_Stephansdom_29825/">"St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=St.+Stephen%27s+Cathedral+%28Stephansdom%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.usnews.com%2FVienna_Austria%2FThings_To_Do%2FSt_Stephen_s_Cathedral_Stephansdom_29825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022040741/http://www.phoenixpark.ie/media/St.%20Stephen's%20Green%20Visitor's%20Guide.pdf">"St. Stephen's Green"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Works" title="Office of Public Works">Office of Public Works</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixpark.ie/media/St.%20Stephen's%20Green%20Visitor's%20Guide.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Park&rft.atitle=St.+Stephen%27s+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixpark.ie%2Fmedia%2FSt.%2520Stephen%27s%2520Green%2520Visitor%27s%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-santo-stefano-rotondo">"Santo Stefano Rotondo – Rome, Italy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santo+Stefano+Rotondo+%E2%80%93+Rome%2C+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fitaly%2Frome-santo-stefano-rotondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/enquiries/#jump-link-3">"Frequently asked questions: Big Ben and Elizabeth Tower"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions%3A+Big+Ben+and+Elizabeth+Tower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fbig-ben%2Fenquiries%2F%23jump-link-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Stephen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ststephenslife.com/">St. Stephen's Church, Renton, WA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintstephenstl.org/">St. Stephen Protomartyr Catholic Church, St. Louis, Missouri</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sstephens.org">St. Stephen's Church, Providence, RI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stephen.org/">St. Stephen the Martyr Catholic Church, Omaha, NE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintstephenlc.com/about/">St. Stephen Lutheran Church, Milwaukee</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ststefanos.org/about/our-patron-saint">St. Stefanos Greek Orthodox Church in Saint Petersburg, Florida</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ststephentinley.com/">St. Stephen Deacon and Martyr Parish, Tinley Park</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guildofststephen.org/">Guild of St. Stephen</a>, accessed 21 March 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephanus" class="extiw" title="q:Stephanus">Stephanus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/12/261.html">"Saint Stephen, the First Martyr"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/24836/st-stephens-death-shows-importance-of-scripture-pope-says">Benedict XVI, "Reflection on the Life and Death of Saint Stephen"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Stephen-98/StStephen.htm">Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienS/Stephanus.htm">Saint Stephen</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96kumenisches_Heiligenlexikon" title="Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon">Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161775#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161775#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161775#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000357335517">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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