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Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines"> <meta name="keywords" content="Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open 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style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">139</span> COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Role of Existential Concerns in Individual’s Decisions Regarding the Vaccine Uptake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vittoria%20Franchina">Vittoria Franchina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Salerno"> Laura Salerno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rubinia%20Celeste%20Bonfanti"> Rubinia Celeste Bonfanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gianluca%20Lo%20Coco"> Gianluca Lo Coco</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the relationships between existential concerns (ECs), basic psychological needs (BPNs), vaccine hesitancy (VH), and the mediating role of negative attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on a sample of two-hundred eighty-seven adults (Mage = 36.04 (12.07); 59.9% females). Participants were recruited online through clickworker and filled in measures on existential concerns, basic psychological needs, attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines, and vaccine hesitancy for Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines separately. Structural equation modelling showed that existential concerns were related to Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccine hesitancy both directly and indirectly through negative attitudes toward possible side effects of COVID-19 vaccines. The present study has identified several predictive factors relating to the intention to uptake vaccination to protect against COVID-19 in Italy. Specifically, these findings suggest a causal link between existential concerns, attitudes, and vaccine hesitancy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existential%20concerns" title=" existential concerns"> existential concerns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pfizer-BioNTech%20and%20Astrazeneca%20vaccines" title=" Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines"> Pfizer-BioNTech and Astrazeneca vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20hesitancy" title=" vaccine hesitancy"> vaccine hesitancy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149591/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-the-role-of-existential-concerns-in-individuals-decisions-regarding-the-vaccine-uptake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> Subacute Thyroiditis Triggered by Sinovac and Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratchaneewan%20Salao">Ratchaneewan Salao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steven%20W.%20Edwards"> Steven W. Edwards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiatichai%20Faksri"> Kiatichai Faksri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanin%20Salao"> Kanin Salao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: A two-dose regimen of COVID-19 vaccination (inactivated whole virion SARS-CoV-2 and adenoviral vector) has been widely used. Side effects are very low, but several adverse effects have been reported. Methods: A 40-year-old female patient, with a previous history of thyroid goitre, developed severe neck pain, headache, nausea and fatigue 7-days after receiving second vaccination with Vaxzevria® (Oxford-AstraZeneca). Clinical and laboratory findings, including thyroid function tests and ultrasound of thyroid glands, were performed. Results: Her left thyroid gland was multinodular enlarged, and severely tender on palpation. She had difficulty in swallowing and had tachycardia but no signs of hyperthyroidism. Laboratory results supported a diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis. She was prescribed NSAID (Ibuprofen 400 mg) and dexamethasone for 3-days and her symptoms resolved. Conclusions: Although this is an extremely rare event, physicians may encounter more cases of this condition due to the extensive vaccination program using this combination of vaccines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adenoviral%20vector%20vaccines" title=" adenoviral vector vaccines"> adenoviral vector vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subacute%20thyroiditis" title=" subacute thyroiditis"> subacute thyroiditis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162529/subacute-thyroiditis-triggered-by-sinovac-and-oxford-astrazeneca-vaccine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162529.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> Comparison of the Use of Vaccines or Drugs against Parasitic Diseases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Al-Khalaifa">H. Al-Khalaifa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Al-Nasser"> A. Al-Nasser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The viewpoint towards the use of drugs or vaccines against avian parasitic diseases is one of the most striking challenges in avian medical parasitology. This includes many difficulties associated with drug resistance and in developing prophylactic vaccines. In many instances, the potential success of a vaccination in controlling parasitic diseases in poultry is well-documented. However, some medical, technical and financial limitations are still paramount. On the other hand, chemotherapy is not very well-recommended due to a number of medical limitations. But in the absence of an effective vaccine, drugs are used against parasitic diseases. This paper sheds light on some the advantages and disadvantages of using vaccination and drugs in controlling parasitic diseases in poultry species. The usage of chemotherapeutic drugs is discussed with some examples. Then, more light will be shed on using vaccines as a potentially effective and promising control tool. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drugs" title="drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parasitology" title=" parasitology"> parasitology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poultry" title=" poultry"> poultry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85588/comparison-of-the-use-of-vaccines-or-drugs-against-parasitic-diseases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> The Impact of Pediatric Cares, Infections and Vaccines on Community and People’s Lives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nashed%20Atef%20Nashed%20Farag">Nashed Atef Nashed Farag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Reporting adverse events following vaccination remains a challenge. WHO has mandated pharmacovigilance centers around the world to submit Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) reports from different countries to a large electronic database of adverse drug event data called Vigibase. Despite sufficient information about AEFIs on Vigibase, they are not available to the general public. However, the WHO has an alternative website called VigiAccess, an open-access website that serves as an archive for reported adverse reactions and AEFIs. The aim of the study was to establish a reporting model for a number of commonly used vaccines in the VigiAccess system. Methods: On February 5, 2018, VigiAccess comprehensively searched for ESSI reports on the measles vaccine, oral polio vaccine (OPV), yellow fever vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, tetanus vaccine, and tuberculosis vaccine (BCG). These are reports from all pharmacovigilance centers around the world since they joined the WHO Drug Monitoring Program. Results: After an extensive search, VigiAccess found 9,062 AEFIs from the measles vaccine, 185,829 AEFIs from the OPV vaccine, 24,577 AEFIs from the yellow fever vaccine, 317,208 AEFIs from the pneumococcal vaccine, 73,513 AEFIs from the rotavirus vaccine, and 145,447 AEFIs from meningococcal cal vaccine, 22,781 EI FI vaccines against tetanus and 35,556 BCG vaccines against AEFI. Conclusion: The study found that among the eight vaccines examined, pneumococcal vaccines were associated with the highest number of AEFIs, while measles vaccines were associated with the fewest AEFIs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surgical%20approach" title="surgical approach">surgical approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anatomical%20approach" title=" anatomical approach"> anatomical approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decompression" title=" decompression"> decompression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axillary%20nerve" title=" axillary nerve"> axillary nerve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quadrangular%20space%20adverse%20events%20following%20immunization" title=" quadrangular space adverse events following immunization"> quadrangular space adverse events following immunization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cameroon" title=" cameroon"> cameroon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19%20vaccines" title=" COVID-19 vaccines"> COVID-19 vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nOPV" title=" nOPV"> nOPV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ODK%20vaccines" title=" ODK vaccines"> ODK vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20reactions" title=" adverse reactions"> adverse reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VigiAccess" title=" VigiAccess"> VigiAccess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20event%20reporting" title=" adverse event reporting"> adverse event reporting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184332/the-impact-of-pediatric-cares-infections-and-vaccines-on-community-and-peoples-lives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Monitoring of Humoral Immune Response of Monovalent and Combined PPR and FMD Serotype 'O' Virus Vaccines in Goats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mudassar%20Hameed">Mudassar Hameed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khushi%20Muhammad"> Khushi Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aamir%20Ghafoor"> Aamir Ghafoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masood%20%20Rabbani"> Masood Rabbani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Momena%20Habib"> Momena Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawad%20Nazir"> Jawad Nazir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Comparative efficacy of three formulations (non-adjuvant, gel, and oil adjuvant) of monovalent and combined PPR and FMD virus vaccines was evaluated in goats. All kinds of monovalent PPRV vaccines elicited protective antibody titers at one-month post vaccination (PV) that remained so till six months PV. Monovalent non-adjuvant (NA) FMDV vaccine provoked non-protective antibody titers that declined to undetectable levels after three months. In case of combined vaccines, all of the formulations elicited protective antibody titers against PPRV in vaccinated animals which remained above that limit for six months. However, an exceptional immune response against FMDV was observed in combined NA vaccine group where antibody titers were extremely high and remained above protective level till 4 months PV in animals who received a single vaccine shot and till six months PV in booster group. Although, adjuvant or NA combined vaccines can induce protective antibody titers against both of the viruses within one month PV, but a booster vaccine shot is needed to retain protective antibody level for 6 months duration. Immune response elicited by combined vaccines is comparable or superior to the monovalent vaccines. Hence combined vaccine can be effectively used for the control and prevention of both of the diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibody%20titer" title="antibody titer">antibody titer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protective" title=" protective"> protective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combined%20vaccine" title=" combined vaccine"> combined vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20adjuvant" title=" non adjuvant"> non adjuvant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83674/monitoring-of-humoral-immune-response-of-monovalent-and-combined-ppr-and-fmd-serotype-o-virus-vaccines-in-goats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization during New Vaccines Introduction in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Role of Mobile Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Ateke%20Njoh">Andreas Ateke Njoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shalom%20Tchokfe%20Ndoula"> Shalom Tchokfe Ndoula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amani%20Adidja"> Amani Adidja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Germain%20Nguessan%20Menan"> Germain Nguessan Menan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annie%20Mengue"> Annie Mengue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Mboke"> Eric Mboke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Ben%20Bachir"> Hassan Ben Bachir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangwe%20Clovis%20Nchinjoh"> Sangwe Clovis Nchinjoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yauba%20Saidu"> Yauba Saidu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laurent%20Cleenewerck%20De%20Kiev"> Laurent Cleenewerck De Kiev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vaccines serve a great deal in protecting the population globally. Vaccine products are subject to rigorous quality control and approval before use to ensure safety. Even if all actors take the required precautions, some people could still have adverse events following immunization (AEFI) caused by the vaccine composition or an error in its administration. AEFI underreporting is pronounced in low-income settings like Cameroon. The Country introduced electronic platforms to strengthen surveillance. With the introduction of many novel vaccines, like COVID-19 and the novel Oral Polio Vaccine (nOPV) 2, there was a need to monitor AEFI in the Country. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2022. Data on AEFI per region of Cameroon were reviewed for the past five years. Data were analyzed with MS Excel, and the results were presented in proportions. AEFI reporting was uncommon in Cameroon. With the introduction of novel vaccines in 2021, the health authorities engaged in new tools and training to capture cases. AEFI detected almost doubled using the open data kit (ODK) compared to previous platforms, especially following the introduction of the nOPV2 and COVID-19 vaccines. The AEFI rate was 1.9 and 160 per administered 100 000 doses of nOPV2 and COVID-19 vaccines, respectively. This mobile tool captured individual information for people with AEFI from all regions. The platform helped to identify common AEFI following the use of these new vaccines. The ODK mobile technology was vital in improving AEFI reporting and providing data to monitor using new vaccines in Cameroon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20events%20following%20immunization" title="adverse events following immunization">adverse events following immunization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cameroon" title=" cameroon"> cameroon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19%20vaccines" title=" COVID-19 vaccines"> COVID-19 vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nOPV" title=" nOPV"> nOPV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ODK" title=" ODK"> ODK</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161352/surveillance-of-adverse-events-following-immunization-during-new-vaccines-introduction-in-cameroon-a-cross-sectional-study-on-the-role-of-mobile-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> An Assessment of Adverse Events Following Immunization Reporting Pattern of Selected Vaccines in VigiAccess</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Yamoah">Peter Yamoah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frasia%20Oosthuizen"> Frasia Oosthuizen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Reporting of Adverse Events Following Immunization continues to be a challenge. Pharmacovigilance centers throughout the world are mandated by the WHO to submit AEFI reports from various countries to a large pool of adverse drug reaction electronic database called Vigibase. Despite the relevant information of AEFI in Vigibase, it is unavailable to the general public. However, the WHO has an alternative website called VigiAccess which is an open access website serving as a repository of reported adverse drug reactions and AEFIs. The aim of the study was to ascertain the reporting pattern of a number of commonly used vaccines in VigiAccess. Methods: VigiAccess was thoroughly searched on the 5th of February 2018 for AEFI reports of measles vaccine, oral polio vaccine (OPV), yellow fever vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, meningococcal vaccine, tetanus vaccine and tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine. These were reports from all pharmacovigilance centers in the world from the time they joined the WHO drug monitoring program. Results: After a thorough search in VigiAccess, there were 9,062 measles vaccine AEFIs, 185,829 OPV AEFIs, 24,577 yellow fever vaccine AEFIs, 317,208 pneumococcal vaccine AEFIs, 73,513 rotavirus vaccine AEFIs, 145,447 meningococcal vaccine AEFIs, 22,781 tetanus vaccine AEFIs and 35,556 BCG vaccine AEFIs. Conclusion: The study revealed that out of the eight vaccines studied, pneumococcal vaccines are associated with the highest number of AEFIs whilst measles vaccines were associated with the least AEFIs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title="vaccines">vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20reactions" title=" adverse reactions"> adverse reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VigiAccess" title=" VigiAccess"> VigiAccess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20event%20reporting" title=" adverse event reporting"> adverse event reporting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97423/an-assessment-of-adverse-events-following-immunization-reporting-pattern-of-selected-vaccines-in-vigiaccess" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> A Statistical Analysis on the Comparison of First and Second Waves of COVID-19 and Importance of Early Actions in Public Health for Third Wave in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maitri%20Dave">Maitri Dave</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coronaviruses (CoV) is such infectious virus which has impacted globally in a more dangerous manner causing severe lung problems and leaving behind more serious diseases among the people. This pandemic has affected globally and created severe respiratory problems, and damaged the lungs. India has reported the first case of COVID-19 in January 2020. The first wave of COVID-19 took place from April to September of 2020. Soon after, a second peak is also noticed in the month of March 2021, which in turn becomes more dangerous due to a lack of supply of medical equipment. It created resource deficiency globally, specifically in India, where some necessary life-saving equipment like ventilators and oxygenators were not sufficient to cater to the demand-supply ratio effectively. Through carefully examining such a situation, India began to execute the process of vaccination in the month of January 2021 and successfully administered 25,46,71,259 doses of vaccines till now, which is only 15.5% of the total population while only 3.6% of the total population is fully vaccinated. India has authorized the British Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (Covishield), the Indian BBV152 (Covaxin) vaccine, and the Russian Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use. In the present study, we have collected all the data state wisely of both first and second wave and analyzed them using MS Excel Version 2019 and SPSS Statistics Version 26. Following the trends, we have predicted the characteristics of the upcoming third wave of COVID-19 and recommended some strategies, early actions, and measures that can be taken by the public health system in India to combat the third wave more effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Covishiled" title=" Covishiled"> Covishiled</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coronavirus" title=" Coronavirus"> Coronavirus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140782/a-statistical-analysis-on-the-comparison-of-first-and-second-waves-of-covid-19-and-importance-of-early-actions-in-public-health-for-third-wave-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140782.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Deciphering the Gut Microbiome's Role in Early-Life Immune Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xia%20Huo">Xia Huo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Children are more vulnerable to environmental toxicants compared to adults, and their developing immune system is among the most sensitive targets regarding toxicity of environmental toxicants. Studies have found that exposure to environmental toxicants is associated with impaired immune function in children, but only a few studies have focused on the relationship between environmental toxicant exposure and vaccine antibody potency and immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in children. These studies investigated the associations of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) and PM2.5 with the serum-specific antibody concentrations and Ig levels against different vaccines, such as anti-Hib, tetanus, diphtheria toxoid, and analyze the possible mechanisms underlying exposure-related alterations of antibody titers and Ig levels against different vaccines. Results suggest that exposure to these toxicants is generally associated with decreased potency of antibodies produced from childhood immunizations and an overall deficiency in the protection the vaccines provide. Toxicant exposure is associated with vaccination failure and decreased antibody titers, and increased risk of immune-related diseases in children by altering specific immunoglobulin levels. Age, sex, nutritional status, and co-exposure may influence the effects of toxicants on the immune function in children. Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure-induced changes to humoral immunerelated tissue/cells/molecules response to vaccines may have predominant roles in the inverse associations between antibody responsiveness to vaccines and environmental toxicants. These results help us to conduct better immunization policies for children under environmental toxicant burden. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20toxicants" title="environmental toxicants">environmental toxicants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunotoxicity" title=" immunotoxicity"> immunotoxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibodies" title=" antibodies"> antibodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%27s%20health" title=" children's health"> children's health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184614/deciphering-the-gut-microbiomes-role-in-early-life-immune-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184614.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">59</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Inventory Policy Above Country Level for Cooperating Countries for Vaccines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysun%20P%C4%B1narba%C5%9F%C4%B1">Aysun Pınarbaşı</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C3%A9la%20Vizv%C3%A1ri"> Béla Vizvári</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The countries are the units that procure the vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. The delivered quantities are huge. The countries must bear the inventory holding cost according to the variation of stock quantities. This cost depends on the speed of the vaccination in the country. This speed is time-dependent. The vaccinated portion of the population can be approximated by the cumulative distribution function of the Cauchy distribution. A model is provided for determining the minimal-cost inventory policy, and its optimality conditions are provided. The model is solved for 20 countries for different numbers of procurements. The results reveal the individual behavior of each country. We provide an inventory policy for the pandemic period for the countries. This paper presents a deterministic model for vaccines with a demand rate variable over time for the countries. It is aimed to provide an analytical model to deal with the minimization of holding cost and develop inventory policies regarding this aim to be used for a variety of perishable products such as vaccines. The saturation process is introduced, and an approximation of the vaccination curve of the countries has been discussed. According to this aspect, a deterministic model for inventory policy has been developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=covid-19" title="covid-19">covid-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title=" vaccination"> vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory%20policy" title=" inventory policy"> inventory policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bounded%20total%20demand" title=" bounded total demand"> bounded total demand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory%20holding%20cost" title=" inventory holding cost"> inventory holding cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cauchy%20distribution" title=" cauchy distribution"> cauchy distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sigmoid%20function" title=" sigmoid function"> sigmoid function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162848/inventory-policy-above-country-level-for-cooperating-countries-for-vaccines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162848.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Evaluation of Immunostimulant Potential of Proteoliposomes Derived from Vibrio anguillarum Administered by Immersion in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Caruffo">M. Caruffo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Navarrete"> P. Navarrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20G.%20Feijoo"> C. G. Feijoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20S%C3%A1enz"> L. Sáenz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Disease prevention through the use of vaccines has been crucial to achieve the current level of production in the salmon industry. However, vaccines have been developed based largely on inactivated bacterial formulations, using the whole pathogen. These formulations have demonstrated excellent efficacy against extracellular bacterial pathogens. However diseases with the greatest economic impacts correspond to intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens, vaccines based on these types of agents have shown a discrete effectiveness. It is for these reasons that the development of subunit vaccines based on defined antigens offers a promising solution. The main problem is that subunit vaccines offer a low immunogenicity, since they lack immunostimulatory elements, so that the development of new adjuvants platforms becomes an important challenge for this type of formulations. We evaluate the effect of a formulation based on proteoliposomes of Vibrio anguillarum administered by immersion as a new adjuvant strategy, allowing efficient stimulation of the innate immune system. Proteoliposomes physicochemical properties were evaluated in its ability to produce an inflammatory process. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a model species and the transgenic line (Tg(mpx: GFP)i114) allowed us to track the neutrophil migration in real time. Additionally we evaluated the gene expression of some molecular markers involved in the development of the innate immune response characterizing the adjuvant capacity of the formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjuvants" title="adjuvants">adjuvants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20development" title=" vaccine development"> vaccine development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zebrafish" title=" zebrafish"> zebrafish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innate%20immunity" title=" innate immunity"> innate immunity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33769/evaluation-of-immunostimulant-potential-of-proteoliposomes-derived-from-vibrio-anguillarum-administered-by-immersion-in-zebrafish-danio-rerio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">556</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> In vitro Evaluation of Immunogenic Properties of Oral Application of Rabies Virus Surface Glycoprotein Antigen Conjugated to Beta-Glucan Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narges%20Bahmanyar">Narges Bahmanyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Ghorbani"> Masoud Ghorbani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rabies is caused by several species of the genus Lyssavirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. The disease is deadly encephalitis transmitted from warm-blooded animals to humans, and domestic and wild carnivores play the most crucial role in its transmission. The prevalence of rabies in poor areas of developing salinities is constantly posed as a global threat to public health. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 60,000 people die yearly from rabies. Of these, 60% of deaths are related to the Middle East. Although rabies encephalitis is incurable to date, awareness of the disease and the use of vaccines is the best way to combat the disease. Although effective vaccines are available, there is a high cost involved in vaccine production and management to combat rabies. Increasing the prevalence and discovery of new strains of rabies virus requires the need for safe, effective, and as inexpensive vaccines as possible. One of the approaches considered to achieve the quality and quantity expressed through the manufacture of recombinant types of rabies vaccine. Currently, livestock rabies vaccines are used only in inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, the process of inactivation of which pays attention to considerations. The rabies virus contains a negatively polarized single-stranded RNA genome that encodes the five major structural genes (N, P, M, G, L) from '3 to '5 . Rabies virus glycoprotein G, the major antigen, can produce the virus-neutralizing antibody. N-antigen is another candidate for developing recombinant vaccines. However, because it is within the RNP complex of the virus, the possibility of genetic diversity based on different geographical locations is very high. Glycoprotein G is structurally and antigenically more protected than other genes. Protection at the level of its nucleotide sequence is about 90% and at the amino acid level is 96%. Recombinant vaccines, consisting of a pathogenic subunit, contain fragments of the protein or polysaccharide of the pathogen that have been carefully studied to determine which of these molecules elicits a stronger and more effective immune response. These vaccines minimize the risk of side effects by limiting the immune system's access to the pathogen. Such vaccines are relatively inexpensive, easy to produce, and more stable than vaccines containing viruses or whole bacteria. The problem with these vaccines is that the pathogenic subunits may elicit a weak immune response in the body or may be destroyed before they reach the immune cells, which requires nanoparticles to overcome. Suitable for use as an adjuvant. Among these, biodegradable nanoparticles with functional levels are good candidates as adjuvants for the vaccine. In this study, we intend to use beta-glucan nanoparticles as adjuvants. The surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus (G) is responsible for identifying and binding the virus to the target cell. This glycoprotein is the major protein in the structure of the virus and induces an antibody response in the host. In this study, we intend to use rabies virus surface glycoprotein conjugated with beta-glucan nanoparticles to produce vaccines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabies" title="rabies">rabies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20glucan" title=" beta glucan"> beta glucan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoprticles" title=" nanoprticles"> nanoprticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjuvant" title=" adjuvant"> adjuvant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recombinant%20protein" title=" recombinant protein"> recombinant protein</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191156/in-vitro-evaluation-of-immunogenic-properties-of-oral-application-of-rabies-virus-surface-glycoprotein-antigen-conjugated-to-beta-glucan-nanoparticles-in-a-mouse-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191156.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> The Role of the Media in Inculcating Predictors Hitherto Ignored to Mitigate Vaccine Hesitancy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huijun%20Wu">Huijun Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The COVID-19 pandemic has caused massive negative shocks across countries. Various research institutes have worked assiduously to develop vaccines to help fight the pandemic, but misinformation from the media has spurred public outcry in several countries not to take jabs. This study leverages massive data [i.e., responses from more than 140,000 people sampled from 144 countries] extracted from the Gallup World Poll’s Wellcome Global Monitor, to analyze and assess how the media contributes to inadequate dissemination of basic scientific knowledge on the vaccines and spread of distrust in central governments as predictors of vaccine hesitancy. The results show that all three predictors are statistically significant at a 5% level and that appropriate design and dissemination of basic scientific knowledge on the vaccines and spread of justified reasons to trust governments would help mitigate vaccine hesitancy. The implication of the results is that the media needs to consider such predictors hitherto ignored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19%20pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20hesitancy" title=" vaccine hesitancy"> vaccine hesitancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media%20and%20communication" title=" media and communication"> media and communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basic%20scientific%20knowledge" title=" basic scientific knowledge"> basic scientific knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distrust%20in%20central%20governments" title=" distrust in central governments"> distrust in central governments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141239/the-role-of-the-media-in-inculcating-predictors-hitherto-ignored-to-mitigate-vaccine-hesitancy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> Midwives’ Perceptions and Experiences of Recommending and Delivering Vaccines to Pregnant Women Following the COVID-19 Pandemic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cath%20Grimley">Cath Grimley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debra%20Bick"> Debra Bick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Hillman"> Sarah Hillman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louise%20Clarke"> Louise Clarke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helen%20Atherton"> Helen Atherton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jo%20Parsons"> Jo Parsons</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problem: Women in the UK are offered influenza (flu), pertussis (whooping cough) and COVID-19 vaccinations during their pregnancy but uptake of all three vaccines is below the desired rate. These vaccines are offered during pregnancy as pregnant women are at an increased risk of hospitalisation, morbidity, and mortality from these illnesses. Exposure to these diseases during pregnancy can also have a negative impact on the unborn baby with an increased risk of serious complications both while in utero and following birth. The research aims to explore perceptions about the vaccinations offered in pregnancy both from the perspectives of pregnant women and midwives. To determine factors that influence pregnant women’s decisions about whether or not to accept the vaccines following the Covid-19 pandemic and to explore midwives’ experiences of recommending and delivering vaccines. The approach: This research follows a qualitative design involving semi-structured interviews with pregnant women and midwives in the UK. Interviews with midwives explored vaccination discussions they routinely have with pregnant women and identified some of the barriers to vaccination that pregnant women discuss with them. Interviews with pregnant women explored their views since the COVID-19 pandemic about vaccinations offered during pregnancy, and whether the pandemic has influenced perceptions of vulnerability to illness in pregnant women. Midwives were recruited via participating hospitals and midwife specific social media groups. Pregnant women were recruited via participating hospitals and community groups. All interviews were conducted remotely (using telephone or Microsoft Teams) and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: 43 pregnant women and 16 midwives were recruited and interviewed. The findings presented here will focus on data from midwives. Topics identified included three key themes for midwives. These were 1) Delivery of vaccinations which includes the convenience of offering vaccinations while attending standard antenatal appointments and practical barriers faced in delivering these vaccinations at hospital. 2) Messages and guidance included the importance of up-to-date informational needs for midwives to deliver vaccines and that uncertainty and conflicting messages about the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy were a barrier to delivery. 3) Recommendations to have vaccines look at all aspects of recommendations such as how recommendations are communicated, the contents of the recommendation, the importance of the vaccine and the impact of those recommendations on whether women accept the vaccine. Implications: Findings highlight the importance for midwives to receive clear and consistent information so they can feel confident in relaying this information while recommending and delivering vaccines to pregnant women. Emphasising why vaccines are important when recommending vaccinations to pregnant women in addition to standard information on the availability and timing will add to the strength and impact of that recommendation in helping women to make informed decisions about accepting vaccines. The findings of this study will inform the development of an intervention to increase vaccination uptake amongst pregnant women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination" title="vaccination">vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative" title=" qualitative"> qualitative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interviews" title=" interviews"> interviews</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Covid-19" title=" Covid-19"> Covid-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=midwives" title=" midwives"> midwives</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172796/midwives-perceptions-and-experiences-of-recommending-and-delivering-vaccines-to-pregnant-women-following-the-covid-19-pandemic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> Safety Profile of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: A Post-Licensure Analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System, 2007-2017</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giulia%20Bonaldo">Giulia Bonaldo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alberto%20Vaccheri"> Alberto Vaccheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ottavio%20D%27Annibali"> Ottavio D'Annibali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Domenico%20Motola"> Domenico Motola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was shown to be the cause of different types of carcinomas, first of all of the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Since the early 80s to today, thanks first to the preventive screening campaigns (pap-test) and following to the introduction of HPV vaccines on the market; the number of new cases of cervical cancer has decreased significantly. The HPV vaccines currently approved are three: Cervarix® (HPV2 - virus type: 16 and 18), Gardasil® (HPV4 - 6, 11, 16, 18) and Gardasil 9® (HPV9 - 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58), which all protect against the two high-risk HPVs (6, 11) that are mainly involved in cervical cancers. Despite the remarkable effectiveness of these vaccines has been demonstrated, in the recent years, there have been many complaints about their risk-benefit profile due to Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI). The purpose of this study is to provide a support about the ongoing discussion on the safety profile of HPV vaccines based on real life data deriving from spontaneous reports of suspected AEFIs collected in the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS). VAERS is a freely-available national vaccine safety surveillance database of AEFI, co-administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We collected all the reports between January 2007 to December 2017 related to the HPV vaccines with a brand name (HPV2, HPV4, HPV9) or without (HPVX). A disproportionality analysis using Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) with 95% confidence interval and p value ≤ 0.05 was performed. Over the 10-year period, 54889 reports of AEFI related to HPV vaccines reported in VAERS, corresponding to 224863 vaccine-event pairs, were retrieved. The highest number of reports was related to Gardasil (n = 42244), followed by Gardasil 9 (7212) and Cervarix (3904). The brand name of the HPV vaccine was not reported in 1529 cases. The two events more frequently reported and statistically significant for each vaccine were: dizziness (n = 5053) ROR = 1.28 (CI95% 1.24 – 1.31) and syncope (4808) ROR = 1.21 (1.17 – 1.25) for Gardasil. For Gardasil 9, injection site pain (305) ROR = 1.40 (1.25 – 1.57) and injection site erythema (297) ROR = 1.88 (1.67 – 2.10) and for Cervarix, headache (672) ROR = 1.14 (1.06 – 1.23) and loss of consciousness (528) ROR = 1.71 (1.57 – 1.87). In total, we collected 406 reports of death and 2461 cases of permanent disability in the ten-year period. The events consisting of incorrect vaccine storage or incorrect administration were not considered. The AEFI analysis showed that the most frequently reported events are non-serious and listed in the corresponding SmPCs. In addition to these, potential safety signals arose regarding less frequent and severe AEFIs that would deserve further investigation. This already happened with the referral of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the adverse events POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome) and CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome) associated with anti-papillomavirus vaccines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverse%20drug%20reactions" title="adverse drug reactions">adverse drug reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacovigilance" title=" pharmacovigilance"> pharmacovigilance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90560/safety-profile-of-human-papillomavirus-vaccines-a-post-licensure-analysis-of-the-vaccine-adverse-events-reporting-system-2007-2017" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Results of the Safety Evaluation of Cancer Vaccines Dealing with Novel Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Axel%20Mancebo">Axel Mancebo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20M.%20Bada"> Ana M. Bada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angel%20Casac%C3%B3"> Angel Casacó</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C3%A1rbara%20Gonz%C3%A1lez"> Bárbara González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avelina%20Le%C3%B3n"> Avelina León</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20E.%20Arteaga"> María E. Arteaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Consuelo%20Gonz%C3%A1lez"> Consuelo González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belinda%20S%C3%A1nchez"> Belinda Sánchez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriana%20Carr"> Adriana Carr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuris%20Led%C3%B3n"> Nuris Ledón</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arianna%20Iglesias"> Arianna Iglesias</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the many preventive and therapeutic modalities aimed at curing cancer, it remains as a serious world health problem. Promising recent developments suggest that cancer immunotherapy may be the next great hope for cancer treatment. EGFRs are receptor tyrosine kinases and it is considered an important therapeutic target related with tumor progression, and several types of molecular therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and vaccines, have been developed to target the HER family of receptors. On the other hand, gangliosides are membrane glycosphingolipids that contain two variants of sialic acid, the N-acetylated (NeuAc) and the N-glycolylated (NeuGc) variant. The high expression of this antigen-specific molecule has been associated with malignant tumor progression and immunosuppressive mechanisms, so ganglioside could be considered as the target for cancer immunotherapy. We have been working for several years in the safety evaluation of cancer vaccines targeting these two systems, the EGF receptor and ganglioside. We presented in this work results of repeated dose toxicity studies performed in Sprague Dawley rats and Cynomolgus monkeys, including clinical observations, body weight and rectal temperature measuring, clinical pathology analysis, gross necropsy and histological examination in rodent studies, and immunological evaluation. Immunizations were capable of inducing mainly inflammatory effects at the injection site, with findings largely attributable to the adjuvants used and probably enhanced by the immunological properties of the antigens. In general, these vaccines were shown to be well tolerated, and these studies in relevant species allow treating cancer patients with tumors during long periods with relative weight safety margin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20vaccines" title="cancer vaccines">cancer vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicology" title=" toxicology"> toxicology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rats" title=" rats"> rats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20human%20primates" title=" non human primates"> non human primates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18736/results-of-the-safety-evaluation-of-cancer-vaccines-dealing-with-novel-targets-for-cancer-immunotherapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> Prediction of B-Cell Epitope for 24 Mite Allergens: An in Silico Approach towards Epitope-Based Immune Therapeutics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narjes%20Ebrahimi">Narjes Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soheila%20Alyasin"> Soheila Alyasin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navid%20Nezafat"> Navid Nezafat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Esmailzadeh"> Hossein Esmailzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Younes%20%20Ghasemi"> Younes Ghasemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Hesamodin%20Nabavizadeh"> Seyed Hesamodin Nabavizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Immunotherapy with allergy vaccines is of great importance in allergen-specific immunotherapy. In recent years, B-cell epitope-based vaccines have attracted considerable attention and the prediction of epitopes is crucial to design these types of allergy vaccines. B-cell epitopes might be linear or conformational. The prerequisite for the identification of conformational epitopes is the information about allergens' tertiary structures. Bioinformatics approaches have paved the way towards the design of epitope-based allergy vaccines through the prediction of tertiary structures and epitopes. Mite allergens are one of the major allergy contributors. Several mite allergens can elicit allergic reactions; however, their structures and epitopes are not well established. So, B-cell epitopes of various groups of mite allergens (24 allergens in 6 allergen groups) were predicted in the present work. Tertiary structures of 17 allergens with unknown structure were predicted and refined with RaptorX and GalaxyRefine servers, respectively. The predicted structures were further evaluated by Rampage, ProSA-web, ERRAT and Verify 3D servers. Linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were identified with Ellipro, Bcepred, and DiscoTope 2 servers. To improve the accuracy level, consensus epitopes were selected. Fifty-four conformational and 133 linear consensus epitopes were predicted. Furthermore, overlapping epitopes in each allergen group were defined, following the sequence alignment of the allergens in each group. The predicted epitopes were also compared with the experimentally identified epitopes. The presented results provide valuable information for further studies about allergy vaccine design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B-cell%20epitope" title="B-cell epitope">B-cell epitope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Immunotherapy" title=" Immunotherapy"> Immunotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20silico%20prediction" title=" In silico prediction"> In silico prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mite%20allergens" title=" Mite allergens"> Mite allergens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tertiary%20structure" title=" Tertiary structure"> Tertiary structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98133/prediction-of-b-cell-epitope-for-24-mite-allergens-an-in-silico-approach-towards-epitope-based-immune-therapeutics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> The Evaluation of Adjuvant Effects of CD154 in a Subunit Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever Virus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Chieh%20Chen">Yu-Chieh Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Yun%20Wang"> Li-Yun Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi-Chih%20Chen"> Chi-Chih Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huy%20H%C3%B9ng%20%C4%90%C3%A0o"> Huy Hùng Đào</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya-Mei%20Chen"> Ya-Mei Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Chu%20Cheng"> Ming-Chu Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wen-Bin%20Chung"> Wen-Bin Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hso-Chi%20Chaung"> Hso-Chi Chaung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guan-Ming%20Ke"> Guan-Ming Ke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many recent researches have demonstrated that CD154, a protein primarily expressed on activated T cell molecules, has potentially acted as a molecular adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines against viral infections. Classical swine fever (CSF) affects the swine industry worldwide that is one of the most devastating and highly contagious pig diseases. It is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as an infectious animal disease that must be reported. Although pigs vaccinated with subunit vaccines can be differentially diagnosed from those infected animals, subunit vaccines usually need adjuvants to enhance and elicit immune responses. In this study, CD154 was linked with CSFV E2 sequences and then expressed in CHO cells to produce the fusion protein as E2-CD154. The porcine specific CpG adjuvant was also used in one of the formulations. The specific pathogen-free pigs (SPF) at the age of 4-week-old were randomly separated into four groups, vaccinated with E2-CpG, E2-CD154, E2-CD154-CpG or the commercial Bayovac® CSF-E2 vaccine and boosted two weeks after primary vaccination. The results showed that the percentages of CD4+ and CD4+IL2+ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in E2-CD154 vaccinated piglets seven days after primary vaccination were gained by 1-5% relative to the control group. In addition, the percentages of CD4+IFNγ+ T cells had slightly edged up 0.1-0.3% compared with the control group. Also, increased E2-specific IFNγ levels had edged up CD4+CD8+ T cells found in E2-CD154 and E2-CD154-CpG groups, particularly in the E2-CD154-CpG group. These results implicate that CD154 may enhance cellular immunity and synergistically act with species-specific CpG adjuvant as a dual-phase adjuvant. Therefore, the CD154 may be beneficial as a promising adjuvant in subunit vaccines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CpG%20adjuvant" title=" CpG adjuvant"> CpG adjuvant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellular%20immunity" title=" cellular immunity"> cellular immunity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subunit%20vaccine" title=" subunit vaccine"> subunit vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pig" title=" pig"> pig</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177660/the-evaluation-of-adjuvant-effects-of-cd154-in-a-subunit-vaccine-against-classical-swine-fever-virus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> The Regulation of Vaccine-Related Intellectual Property Rights in Light of the Areas of Divergence between the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Investment Treaties in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Fahim%20M.%20Alsulami">Abdulrahman Fahim M. Alsulami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current research seeks to explore the regulation of vaccine-related IP rights in light of the areas of divergence between the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement and investment treaties. The study is conducted in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, it seems natural that a specific chapter is devoted to the examination of vaccine arrangements related to vaccine supplies. The chapter starts with the examination of a typical vaccine from the perspective of IP rights. It presents the distinctive features of vaccines as pharmaceutical products and investments, reviews the basics of their patent protection, reviews vaccines’ components, and discusses IPR protection of different components of vaccines. The subsection that focuses on vaccine development and licensing reviews vaccine development stages investigates differences between vaccine licensing in different countries and presents barriers to vaccine licensing. The third subsection, at the same time, introduces the existing arrangements related to COVID-19 vaccine supplies, including COVAX arrangements, international organizations’ assistance, and direct negotiations between governments and vaccine manufacturers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilateral%20investment%20treaties" title="bilateral investment treaties">bilateral investment treaties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19%20vaccine" title=" COVID-19 vaccine"> COVID-19 vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IP%20rights" title=" IP rights"> IP rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRIPs%20agreement" title=" TRIPs agreement"> TRIPs agreement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141167/the-regulation-of-vaccine-related-intellectual-property-rights-in-light-of-the-areas-of-divergence-between-the-agreement-on-trade-related-aspects-of-intellectual-property-rights-and-investment-treaties-in-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-and-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">120</span> Assessment of Urban Immunization Practices among Urban Mother's in Sri Lanka </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kasun%20U.%20G.%20Palihakkara">Kasun U. G. Palihakkara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although vaccine coverage in Sri Lanka is close to 100%, with the widely spreading vaccine rejection trend reaching South Asian regions, it is essential to catch on whether Sri Lankans are being misinformed from the common misconceptions regarding vaccines. As the rates of target diseases decrease, parents become less accepting of even minor common adverse events. It is essential to preserve the integrity of immunization programs and protect public health by finding out the prevalence of anti-immunization trends. The primary objective of this study was to assess the immunization practices and prevalence of trends related to anti-immunization among urban community in Sri Lanka. A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study on 323 participants using convenient sampling with 213 self-administered questionnaires. Additionally, 110 online questionnaires were distributed. 31% of the study population does not maintain immunization records for their children. While majority seek information regarding immunization from reliable sources such as the family physician or specialist pediatricians, 30% also refer to unreliable sources such as online communities for their opinion. 31% of study population had not vaccinated for Japanese encephalitis. 73% of the study population had encountered with side effects of vaccination such as fever & 47% believed that such side effects are rare. 52% of the population had hostile attitude regarding the administration of several doses multiple vaccines within a child’s first year. Diseases like polio had been successfully eradicated from Sri Lanka with the help of vigorous vaccination programs. However, majority of the study population believe that there’s no need to keep vaccinating the children for those eradicated diseases and exposing the child for adverse effects of such vaccines. Majority of the population were aware of the existing misconceptions regarding immunization. The most popular misconceptions about vaccines popular among the study population were the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine being a possible cause leading to autism and bowel disease and children getting infected with the disease even after they get vaccinated, may be due to the inactivated vaccine. Disturbingly 22% of the study population believed that vaccines are useless in preventing diseases nowadays. These data obtained from the urban study population reveals that even though statistically Sri Lankan immunization coverage is 100%, there is a possibility of anti-vaccination trend arising in Sri Lanka due to the prevalence of various misconceptions and rumors related to it. Therefore these data recommend the need for thorough awareness among the mothers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-vaccination" title="anti-vaccination">anti-vaccination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunization" title=" immunization"> immunization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infectious%20diseases" title=" infectious diseases"> infectious diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatric%20health" title=" pediatric health"> pediatric health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101218/assessment-of-urban-immunization-practices-among-urban-mothers-in-sri-lanka" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">119</span> Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Post-Vaccination Era in Pediatric Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nutthawadee%20Jampanil">Nutthawadee Jampanil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kattareeya%20Kumthip"> Kattareeya Kumthip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niwat%20Maneekarn"> Niwat Maneekarn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pattara%20Khamrin"> Pattara Khamrin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rotavirus A is one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in children younger than five years of age, especially in low-income countries in Africa and South Asia. Two live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix and RotaTeq, have been introduced into routine immunization programs in many countries and have proven highly effective in reducing the burden of rotavirus-associated morbidity and mortality. In Thailand, Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines have been included in the national childhood immunization program since 2020. The objectives of this research are to conduct a molecular epidemiological study and to characterize rotavirus genotypes circulating in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from 2020-2022 after the implementation of rotavirus vaccines. Out of 858 stool specimens, 26 (3.0%) were positive for rotavirus A. G3P[8] (23.0%) was detected as the most predominant genotype, followed by G1P[8] (19.2%), G8P[8] (19.2%), G9P[8] (15.3%), G2P[4] (7.7%), G1P[6] (3.9%), G9P[4] (3.9%), and G8P[X] (3.9%). In addition, the uncommon rotavirus strain G3P[23] (3.9%) was also detected in this study, and this G3P[23] strain displayed a genetic background similar to the porcine rotavirus. In conclusion, there was a dramatic change in the prevalence of rotavirus A infection and the diversity of rotavirus A genotypes in pediatric patients in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand, in the rotavirus post-vaccination period. The finding obtained from this research contributes to a better understanding of rotavirus epidemiology after rotavirus vaccine introduction. Furthermore, the identification of unusual G and P genotype combination strains provides significant evidence for the potential interspecies transmission between human and animal rotaviruses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rotavirus" title="rotavirus">rotavirus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infectious%20disease" title=" infectious disease"> infectious disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gastroenteritis" title=" gastroenteritis"> gastroenteritis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168242/molecular-epidemiology-of-rotavirus-in-post-vaccination-era-in-pediatric-patients-with-acute-gastroenteritis-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">118</span> Children Beliefs about Illness, Treatments and Vaccines after the Experience of Covid 19 Pandemic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margarida%20Maria%20Cabugueira%20Csut%C3%B3dio%20dos%20Santos">Margarida Maria Cabugueira Csutódio dos Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joana%20Filipa%20Pint%C3%A9us%20Pereira"> Joana Filipa Pintéus Pereira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The way children understand the concept of health and illness influences their reaction in contexts where these concepts are present (e.g.,illness; vaccination). The recognition of the importance of children's beliefs/representations about health and disease has led to the development of models that seek to explain the development process of these concepts. In the construction of their representations, children are influenced not only by their cognitive competence but also by their life experiences. In the last 3 years, children have experienced a pandemic health crisis that has exposed them to anomalous and stressful situations. Objective: the aim of this study was (1) to identify children’s representations about disease (including symptoms, causes, control/treatment) and prevention (including health procedures and vaccines) and (2) whether COVID19 is mentioned and influences their representations. Methodology: a qualitative study in which 67 children with 7 to 10 years old (mean 8,8) participated. A semi-structured interview was used following the Bibace and Walsh model, focusing on the representation of the disease and its prevention. Results show a marked influence of the lived experience with regard to causes of the disease, disease control and treatment, and adherence to vaccination. Age-dependent differences were found with older children being able to talk about illness and contamination process and younger displaying more basic, concrete and rigid representations. Conclusions: The results of this study bring clues to the adequacy of communication with the child in the context of health and illness and discriminately in a future health pandemic crisis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=childen" title="childen">childen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20beliefs" title=" health beliefs"> health beliefs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatrics" title=" pediatrics"> pediatrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=covid19" title=" covid19"> covid19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccines" title=" vaccines"> vaccines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167693/children-beliefs-about-illness-treatments-and-vaccines-after-the-experience-of-covid-19-pandemic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">117</span> Optimization of Tangential Flow Filtration Process for Purifying DNA Vaccine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyakajornkul%20T.">Piyakajornkul T.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppiboon%20S."> Noppiboon S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hochareon%20L."> Hochareon L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kitsubun%20P."> Kitsubun P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, DNA vaccines become an interesting subject in the third vaccine generation. The platform of DNA vaccines production has been developed and its downstream process becomes challenging due to the quality of the products in terms of purity and percentage of supercoiled DNA. To overcome these challenges, tangential flow filtration (TFF), which is involved in the purification process, could be used since it provides effective separation of impurity prior to performing further purification steps. However, operating conditions of TFF is varied based on several factors such as sizes of target particle and impurities, a concentration of solution as well as a concentration polarization on the membrane surface. In this study, pVAX1/lacZ was used as a model of TFF optimization in order to prevent a concentration polarization that can lead to the membrane fouling and also minimize a diafiltration volume while maintaining the maximum permeate flux resulting in proper operating times and buffer volume. By using trans membrane pressure (TMP) excursion method, feed flow rates and TMP were varied. The results showed a correlation of permeate flux with TMP where the maximum volume concentration factor reached 2.5 times of the initial volume when feed flow rate and TMP were 7 liters/m²/min and 1 bar, respectively. It was optimal operating conditions before TFF system undergone pressure independent regime. In addition, the diafiltration volume was 14 times of the concentrated volume prior to performing a further anion chromatography process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration%20polarization" title="concentration polarization">concentration polarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccines" title=" DNA vaccines"> DNA vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeate%20flux" title=" permeate flux"> permeate flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20dependent" title=" pressure dependent"> pressure dependent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tangential%20flow%20filtration%20%28TFF%29" title=" tangential flow filtration (TFF)"> tangential flow filtration (TFF)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trans%20membrane%20pressure%20%28TMP%29" title=" trans membrane pressure (TMP)"> trans membrane pressure (TMP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95337/optimization-of-tangential-flow-filtration-process-for-purifying-dna-vaccine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> Protection and Immune Responses of DNA Vaccines Targeting Virulence Factors of Streptococcus iniae in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pattanapon%20Kayansamruaj">Pattanapon Kayansamruaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ha%20Thanh%20Dong"> Ha Thanh Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nopadon%20Pirarat"> Nopadon Pirarat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Channarong%20Rodkhum"> Channarong Rodkhum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus iniae (SI) is a devastating pathogenic bacteria causing heavy mortality in farmed fish. The application of commercialized bacterin vaccine has been reported failures as the outbreaks of the new serotype of SI were emerged in farms after vaccination and subsequently caused severe losses. In the present study, we attempted to develop effective DNA vaccines against SI infection using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as an animal model. Two monovalent DNA vaccines were constructed by the insertion of coding sequences of cell wall-associated virulence factors-encoding genes, comprised of eno (α-enolase) and mtsB (hydrophobic membrane protein), into cytomegalovirus expression vector (pCI-neo). In the animal trial, 30-g Nile tilapia were injected intramuscularly with 15 µg of each vaccine (mock vaccine group was injected by naked pCI-neo) and maintained for 35 days prior challenging with pathogenic SI at the dosage of 107 CFU/fish. At 13 days post-challenge, the relative percent survival of pEno, pMtsB and mock vaccine were 57%, 45% and 27%, respectively. The expression levels of immune responses-associated genes, namely, IL1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, COX2, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-13, were investigated from the spleen of experimental animal at 7 days post-vaccination (PV) and 7 days post-challenge (PC) using quantitative RT-PCR technique. Generally, at 7 days PV, the pEno vaccinated group exhibited highest level of up-regulation (1.7 to 2.9 folds) of every gene, but TGF-β, comparing to pMtsB and mock vaccine groups. However, at 7 days PC, pEno group showed significant up-regulation (1.4 to 8.5 folds) of immune-related genes as similar as mock vaccine group, while pMtsB group had lowest level of up-regulation (0.7 to 3.3 folds). Summarily, this study indicated that the pEno and pMtsB vaccines could elicit the immune responses of the fish and the magnitude of gene expression at 7 days PV was also consistent with the protection level conferred by the vaccine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title="gene expression">gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccine" title=" DNA vaccine"> DNA vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nile%20tilapia" title=" Nile tilapia"> Nile tilapia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus%20iniae" title=" Streptococcus iniae"> Streptococcus iniae</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41062/protection-and-immune-responses-of-dna-vaccines-targeting-virulence-factors-of-streptococcus-iniae-in-nile-tilapia-oreochromis-niloticus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> Evaluation of Immune Responses of Gamma-Irradiated, Electron Beam Irradiated FMD Virus Type O/IRN/2007 Vaccines and DNA Vaccine- Based on the VP1 Gene by a Prime-Boost Strategy in a Mouse Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farahnaz%20Motamedi%20Sedeh">Farahnaz Motamedi Sedeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Homayoon%20Mahravani"> Homayoon Mahravani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parvin%20Shawrang"> Parvin Shawrang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Behgar"> Mehdi Behgar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most countries use inactivated binary ethylenimine (BEI) vaccines to control and prevent Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). However, this vaccine induces a short-term humoral immune response in animals. This study investigated the cellular and humoral immune responses in homologous and prime-boost (PB) groups in the BALB/c mouse model. FMDV strain O/IRN/1/2007 was propagated in the BHK-21 cell line and inactivated by three methods, including a chemical with BEI to produce a conventional vaccine (CV), a gamma irradiation vaccine (GIV), and an electron irradiated vaccine (EIV). Three vaccines were formulated with the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide gel. In addition, a DNA vaccine was prepared by amplifying the virus VP1 gene pcDNA3.1 plasmid. In addition, the plasmid encoding the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene (GM-CSF) was used as a molecular adjuvant. Eleven groups of five mice each were selected, and the vaccines were administered as homologous and heterologous strategy prime-boost (PB) in three doses two weeks apart. After the evaluation of neutralizing antibodies, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon-gamma (INF-γ), and MTT assays were compared in the different groups. The pcDNA3.1+VP1 cassette was prepared and confirmed as a DNA vaccine. The virus was inactivated by gamma rays and electron beams at 50 and 55 kGy as GIV and EIV, respectively. Splenic lymphocyte proliferation in the inactivated vaccinated homologous groups was significantly lower (P≤0.05) compared with the heterologous prime-boosts (PB1, PB2, PB3) and DNA + GM-CSF groups (P≤0.05). The highest SNT titer was observed in the inactivated vaccine groups. IFN-γ and IL-2 were higher in the vaccinated groups. It was found that although there was a protective humoral immune response in the groups with inactivated vaccine, there was adequate cellular immunity in the group with the DNA vaccine. However, the strongest cellular and humoral immunity was observed in the PB groups. The primary injection was accompanied by DNA vaccine + GM-CSF and boosted injection with GIV or CV. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foot%20and%20mouth%20disease" title="foot and mouth disease">foot and mouth disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiated%20vaccine" title=" irradiated vaccine"> irradiated vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immune%20responses" title=" immune responses"> immune responses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccine" title=" DNA vaccine"> DNA vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prime%20boost%20strategy" title=" prime boost strategy"> prime boost strategy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193142/evaluation-of-immune-responses-of-gamma-irradiated-electron-beam-irradiated-fmd-virus-type-oirn2007-vaccines-and-dna-vaccine-based-on-the-vp1-gene-by-a-prime-boost-strategy-in-a-mouse-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">16</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> Comparing the Uptake of Seasonal Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccines among Older Adults in Australia and Hong Kong between 2016 and 2018</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynne%20Briggs">Lynne Briggs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20Fronek"> Patricia Fronek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judy%20Siu."> Judy Siu.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This qualitative study aimed to gain a better understanding of the perceptions and barriers to receiving seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among Australian and Hong Kong adults aged ≥ 65 years. The findings showed that vaccine uptake for the two diseases was lower in Hong Kong than in Australia. Common and divergent issues identified included the impact of different health systems, the promotion of vaccination by health professionals, beliefs about hospitals and clinics, traditional and alternative medicines, perceptions of risk, and personal responsibility. Objective of the research: The objective of this comparison study was to gain a better understanding of the perceptions and barriers to receiving seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among Australian and Hong Kong adults aged ≥ 65 years. Methodology: This qualitative study used semi structured face to face interviews for data collection in both countries. Thematic analysis of the data allowed for a comparison of the main themes identified across the two countries. Main Contribution of the Research: Differences in vaccine uptake between Australian and Hong Kong was attributable to differing health systems, including access, prevention, socioeconomic status, and cultural attitudes. Understanding the needs of older people would enhance vaccine uptake for these two preventable diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influenza%20vaccine%20uptake" title="influenza vaccine uptake">influenza vaccine uptake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pneumonia%20vaccine%20uptake" title=" pneumonia vaccine uptake"> pneumonia vaccine uptake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccination%20of%20the%20elderly" title=" vaccination of the elderly"> vaccination of the elderly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hesitancy%20vaccine" title=" hesitancy vaccine"> hesitancy vaccine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152146/comparing-the-uptake-of-seasonal-influenza-and-pneumococcal-vaccines-among-older-adults-in-australia-and-hong-kong-between-2016-and-2018" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery of Anti-Biotic and Anti-Cancer Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Kumar">Sunil Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For many years, small organic molecules derived naturally from microbes and plants have delivered a number of expedient therapeutic drug agents. The search for naturally occurring lead compounds has continued in recent years as well, with the constituents of marine flora and fauna along with those of telluric microorganisms and plants being investigated for their anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activities. It has been observed that such promising lead molecules incline to promptly generate substantial attention among scientists like synthetic organic chemists and biologists. Subsequently, the availability of a given precious natural product sample may be enriched, and it may be possible to determine a preliminary idea of structure-activity relationships to develop synthetic analogues. For instance, anti-tumor drug topotecan is a synthetic chemical compound similar in chemical structure to camptothecin which is found in extracts of Camptotheca acuminate. Similarly, researchers at AstraZeneca discovered anti-biotic pyrrolamide through a fragment-based lead generation approach from kibdelomycin, which is isolated from Staphylococcus aureuss. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anticancer" title="anticancer">anticancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic" title=" antibiotic"> antibiotic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead%20molecule" title=" lead molecule"> lead molecule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20product" title=" natural product"> natural product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthetic%20analogues" title=" synthetic analogues"> synthetic analogues</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97413/role-of-natural-products-in-drug-discovery-of-anti-biotic-and-anti-cancer-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">112</span> Factors Associated with Uptake of Influenza and Pertussis Vaccination in Pregnant Women</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassen%20Mohammed">Hassen Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michelle%20Clarke"> Michelle Clarke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helen%20Marshall"> Helen Marshall</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maternal immunization is an effective strategy to protect pregnant women and their offspring from vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite the recommendation of maternal influenza and more recently pertussis immunization in Australia, uptake of these vaccines has been suboptimal. Monitoring the impact of the current funded vaccine programs for pregnant women is limited. The study aimed to assess the impact of the funded program and determine factors associated with vaccine uptake in pregnant women. This observational prospective study was undertaken between November 2014 and July 2016 at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital in South Australia (WCH). Demographic details and vaccination history from South Australian pregnant women who attended the WCH were reviewed. A standardized self-reported survey was conducted in antenatal care with a follow up telephone interview at 8-10 weeks post-delivery. A midwife delivered immunization program for pregnant women in antenatal clinic commenced in April 2015. Of the 180 pregnant women who completed the survey questionnaire, 75.5% and 80.5 % received maternal influenza and pertussis vaccines respectively. First-time mothers had twice the odds of having received influenza vaccine during pregnancy than multiparous women (OR 2.4; CI 1.14 - 4.94; p= 0.021). The proportion of women who received pertussis vaccine during pregnancy, following the introduction of the midwife delivered pertussis vaccination program (140/155, 90.3%) was significantly higher compared with women who received maternal pertussis vaccination prior to the introduction of the program (5/22, 23.7%, p < 0.001). The odds of women receiving maternal pertussis vaccine following the implementation of the midwife delivered program were 31 times higher than women who delivered babies prior to the program (OR 31.7, CI 10.24- 98.27; p < 0.001). High uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccines during pregnancy can be attained with health care provider recommendation and inclusion of maternal immunization as part of standard antenatal care. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influenza" title="influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20immunization" title=" maternal immunization"> maternal immunization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pertussis" title=" pertussis"> pertussis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=provider%20recommendation" title=" provider recommendation"> provider recommendation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70822/factors-associated-with-uptake-of-influenza-and-pertussis-vaccination-in-pregnant-women" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70822.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">111</span> Religious Beliefs versus Child’s Rights: Anti-Vaccine Movement in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ni%20Luh%20Bayu%20PurwaEka%20Payani">Ni Luh Bayu PurwaEka Payani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Destin%20Ristanti"> Destin Ristanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every child has the right to be healthy, and it is a parents’ obligation to fulfill their rights. In order to be healthy and prevented from the outbreak of infectious diseases, some vaccines are required. However, there are groups of people, who consider that vaccines consist of religiously forbidden ingredients. The government of Indonesia legally set the rule that all children must be vaccinated. However, merely based on religious beliefs and not supported by scientific evidence, these people ignore the vaccination. As a result, this anti-vaccine movement caused diphtheria outbreak in 2017. Categorized as a vulnerable group, child`s rights must be fulfilled in any forms. This paper tries to analyze the contradiction between religious beliefs and the fulfillment of child`s rights. Furthermore, it tries to identify the anti-vaccine movement as a form of human rights violation, especially regarding child's rights. This has been done by examining the event of the outbreak of diphtheria in 20 provinces of Indonesia. Furthermore, interview and literature reviews have been done to support the analysis. Through this process, it becomes clear that the anti-vaccine movements driven by religious beliefs did influence the outbreak of diphtheria. Hence, the anti-vaccine movements ignore the long-term effects not only on their own children’s health but also others. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-vaccine%20movement" title="anti-vaccine movement">anti-vaccine movement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20rights" title=" child rights"> child rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20beliefs" title=" religious beliefs"> religious beliefs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=right%20to%20health" title=" right to health"> right to health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96255/religious-beliefs-versus-childs-rights-anti-vaccine-movement-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">110</span> Expectations of Unvaccinated Health Workers in Greece and the Question of Trust: A Qualitative Study of Vaccine Hesitancy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sideri%20Katerina">Sideri Katerina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chanania%20Eleni"> Chanania Eleni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reasons why people remain unvaccinated, especially health workers, are complex. In Greece, 2 percent of health workers (around 7,000) remain unvaccinated, despite the fact that for this group of people vaccination against COVID-19 is mandatory. In April 2022, the Greek health minister repeated that unvaccinated health care workers will remain suspended from their jobs ‘for as long as the pandemic lasts,’ explaining that the suspension of the workers in question was ‘entirely their choice’ and that health professionals who do not believe in vaccines ‘do not believe in their own science.’ Although policy circles around the world often link vaccine hesitancy to ignorance of science or misinformation, various recently published qualitative studies show that vaccine hesitancy is the result of a combination of factors, which include distrust towards elites and the system of innovation and distrust towards government. In a similar spirit, some commentators warn that labeling hesitancy as “anti-science” is bad politics. In this paper, we worked within the tradition of STS taking the view that people draw upon personal associations to enact and express civic concern with an issue, the enactment of public concern involves the articulation of threats to actors’ way of life, personal values, relationships, lived experiences, broader societal values and institutional structures. To this effect, we have conducted 27 in depth interviews with unvaccinated Greek health workers and we are in the process of conducting 20 more interviews. We have so far found that rather than a question of believing in ‘facts’ vaccine hesitancy reflects deep distrust towards those charged with the making of decisions and pharmaceutical companies and that emotions (rather than rational thinking) play a crucial role in the formation of attitudes and the making of decisions. We need to dig deeper so as to understand the causes of distrust towards technical government and the ways in which public(s) conceive of and want to be part in the politics of innovation. We particularly address the question of the effectiveness of mandatory vaccination of health workers and whether such top-down regulatory measures further polarize society, to finally discuss alternative regulatory approaches and governance structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaccine%20hesitancy" title="vaccine hesitancy">vaccine hesitancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust%20in%20vaccines" title=" trust in vaccines"> trust in vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociology%20of%20vaccines" title=" sociology of vaccines"> sociology of vaccines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude%20drivers%20towards%20scientific%20information" title=" attitude drivers towards scientific information"> attitude drivers towards scientific information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161489/expectations-of-unvaccinated-health-workers-in-greece-and-the-question-of-trust-a-qualitative-study-of-vaccine-hesitancy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pfizer-BioNTech%20and%20Astrazeneca%20vaccines&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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