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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WWI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="WWI (disambiguation)">WWI (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_First_World_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The First World War (disambiguation)">The First World War (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_One_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World War One (disambiguation)">World War One (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great War (disambiguation)">Great War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style>World War I<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">global conflict</a> between two coalitions: the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> (or Entente) and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Fighting took place mainly in <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a>, as well as in parts of <a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia-Pacific</a>, and in Europe was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>; the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_World_War_I" title="Artillery of World War I">artillery</a>, machine guns, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">chemical weapons</a> (gas); and the introductions of <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">aircraft</a>. World War I was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">deadliest conflicts in history</a>, resulting in an estimated <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">10 million military dead and more than 20 million wounded</a>, plus some 10 million civilian dead from causes including <a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">genocide</a>. The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the deadly <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> pandemic. <div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">World War I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/British_artillery_in_action%2C_World_War_I.JPEG/150px-British_artillery_in_action%2C_World_War_I.JPEG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/British_artillery_in_action%2C_World_War_I.JPEG/225px-British_artillery_in_action%2C_World_War_I.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/British_artillery_in_action%2C_World_War_I.JPEG/300px-British_artillery_in_action%2C_World_War_I.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1003"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France,_September_26,_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/134px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/201px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg/268px-American_troops_going_forward_to_the_battle_line_in_the_Forest_of_Argonne._France%2C_September_26%2C_1918._-_NARA_-_530748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="4304"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ArabCamelCorps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ArabCamelCorps.jpg/143px-ArabCamelCorps.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ArabCamelCorps.jpg/215px-ArabCamelCorps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ArabCamelCorps.jpg/286px-ArabCamelCorps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1584"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg/141px-Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg/212px-Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg/282px-Przemysl_Fortress_Bain_LOC_19648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="3652"></a></div></div></div></div></div>From top to bottom, left to right: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>French attack from a trench at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a>, 1916</li> <li>German machine gun crew wearing <a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">gas masks</a>, 1918</li> <li>British artillery in action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, 1916</li> <li>U.S. troops and <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a> tanks during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>, 1918</li> <li>Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern front</a>, 1916</li> <li>Aftermath of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">siege of Przemyśl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, 1915</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 (4 years, 3 months and 14 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean and Adriatic</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> victory (see <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a>, transfer of <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonies</a> and territories to other countries</li><li>Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/35px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/46px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_World_Wars_and_Interwar_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281875%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (from 1915)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (from 1917)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">and others ...</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a> (from 1915)</li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">and others ...</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> See <a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Main Allied leaders</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> See <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Main Central leaders</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Military dead:</li> <li>Over 5,525,000</li> <li>Civilian dead:</li> <li>Over 4,000,000</li> <li>Total dead:</li> <li>Over 9,000,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">...further details</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Military dead:</li> <li>Over 4,386,000</li> <li>Civilian dead:</li> <li>Over 3,700,000</li> <li>Total dead:</li> <li>Over 8,000,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">...further details</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">causes of World War I</a> included the rise of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">decline of the Ottoman Empire</a>, which disturbed the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in Europe, as well as economic competition between nations triggered by <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Growing tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> reached <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">a breaking point</a> on 28 June 1914, when a <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb">Bosnian Serb</a> named <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, heir to the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> throne. Austria-Hungary held <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> responsible, and declared war on 28 July. After <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> mobilised in Serbia's defence, Germany declared war on Russia and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">an alliance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> entered after Germany <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invaded Belgium</a>, whose neutrality it guaranteed, and the Ottomans joined the Central Powers in November. <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Germany's strategy in 1914</a> was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the east, but its advance <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">was halted in September</a>, and by the end of the year the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a> and others joined in from 1915 onward. In April 1917, the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States entered the war</a> on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare_(February_1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare (February 1917)">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> seized power in the Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> signed <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">an armistice</a> with the Central Powers in December, followed by <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">a separate peace</a> in March 1918. That month, Germany launched <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">an offensive in the west</a>, which despite initial successes left the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> exhausted and demoralised. <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">A successful Allied counter-offensive</a> from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing <a href="/wiki/German_revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German revolution of 1918–1919">a revolution at home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> contributed to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names">1 Names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">2 Background</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Political_and_military_alliances">2.1 Political and military alliances</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Arms_race">2.2 Arms race</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conflicts_in_the_Balkans">2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Prelude">3 Prelude</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sarajevo_assassination">3.1 Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Expansion_of_violence_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#July_Crisis">3.3 July Crisis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Progress_of_the_war">4 Progress of the war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Opening_hostilities">4.1 Opening hostilities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Confusion_among_the_Central_Powers">4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Serbian_campaign">4.1.2 Serbian campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#German_offensive_in_Belgium_and_France">4.1.3 German offensive in Belgium and France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Asia_and_the_Pacific">4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#African_campaigns">4.1.5 African campaigns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Indian_support_for_the_Allies">4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Western_Front_1914_to_1916">4.2 Western Front 1914 to 1916</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Trench_warfare_begins">4.2.1 Trench warfare begins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Continuation_of_trench_warfare">4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Naval_war">4.3 Naval war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Southern_theatres">4.4 Southern theatres</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#War_in_the_Balkans">4.4.1 War in the Balkans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ottoman_Empire">4.4.2 Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Italian_Front">4.4.3 Italian Front</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Eastern_Front">4.5 Eastern Front</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Initial_actions">4.5.1 Initial actions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Romanian_participation">4.5.2 Romanian participation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Central_Powers_peace_overtures">4.6 Central Powers peace overtures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Final_years_of_the_war">4.7 Final years of the war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Russian_Revolution_and_withdrawal">4.7.1 Russian Revolution and withdrawal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#United_States_enters_the_war">4.7.2 United States enters the war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Nivelle_Offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_1917)">4.7.3 Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_(1917%E2%80%931918)">4.7.4 Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#German_offensive_and_Allied_counter-offensive_(March%E2%80%93November_1918)">4.7.5 German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Allied_advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line">4.7.6 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_front_(September_1918)">4.7.7 Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Armistices_and_capitulations">4.8 Armistices and capitulations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#German_government_surrenders">4.8.1 German government surrenders</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Aftermath">5 Aftermath</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Formal_end_of_the_war">5.1 Formal end of the war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Peace_treaties_and_national_boundaries">5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#National_identities">5.3 National identities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Casualties">6 Casualties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#War_crimes">6.1 War crimes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Chemical_weapons_in_warfare">6.1.1 Chemical weapons in warfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Genocides_by_the_Ottoman_Empire">6.1.2 Genocides by the Ottoman Empire</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Prisoners_of_war">6.2 Prisoners of war</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Soldiers'_experiences">7 Soldiers' experiences</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Conscription">7.1 Conscription</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Military_attach%C3%A9s_and_war_correspondents">7.2 Military attachés and war correspondents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Economic_effects">8 Economic effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Support_and_opposition_for_the_war">9 Support and opposition for the war</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Support">9.1 Support</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#Patriotic_funds">9.1.1 Patriotic funds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Opposition">9.2 Opposition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Technology">10 Technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Diplomacy">11 Diplomacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Legacy_and_memory">12 Legacy and memory</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Memorials">12.1 Memorials</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Historiography">12.2 Historiography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Unexploded_ordnance">12.3 Unexploded ordnance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="#Footnotes">14 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#Bibliography">16 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Library_guides">17.1 Library guides</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-3">[1]</a> In August 1914, the magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Independent_(New_York_City)" title="The Independent (New York City)">The Independent</a> wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself".<a href="#cite_note-independent19140817-4">[2]</a> In October 1914, the Canadian magazine <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a> similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "<a href="/wiki/The_war_to_end_war" title="The war to end war">the war to end war</a>" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> The first recorded use of the term First World War was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329-7">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Causes of World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_military_alliances">Political and military alliances</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of Europe focusing on Austria-Hungary and marking the central location of ethnic groups in it including Slovaks, Czechs, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Ukrainians, Poles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/220px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/220px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png" data-alt="Map of Europe focusing on Austria-Hungary and marking the central location of ethnic groups in it including Slovaks, Czechs, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Ukrainians, Poles." data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/330px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg/440px-Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rival military coalitions in 1914:<a href="#cite_note-8">[c]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a></div></figcaption></figure> For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013121%E2%80%93152-9">[6]</a> After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called <a href="/wiki/Splendid_isolation" title="Splendid isolation">splendid isolation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">decline of the Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a>, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. Victory in the 1870–1871 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> allowed Bismarck to <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">consolidate</a> a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Post-1871, the primary aim of French policy was to <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">avenge</a> this defeat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeldin1977117-10">[7]</a> but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and Germany. After the 1877–1878 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 <a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> when Italy joined in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199852-12">[9]</a> For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves. In 1887, Bismarck set up the <a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a>, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott194566%E2%80%9370-13">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/310px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="628"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/310px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG" data-width="310" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/465px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG/620px-World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>World empires and colonies <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1914</figcaption></figure> For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi">Leo von Caprivi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-14">[11]</a> This gave France an opening to agree the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> with Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> was completed by the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a>. While not formal alliances, by settling <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">long-standing colonial disputes in Asia</a> and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict became a possibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-15">[12]</a> This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930290%E2%80%93293-16">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms_race">Arms race</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23,_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="538"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23%2C_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SMS_Rheinland" title="SMS Rheinland">SMS Rheinland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship" title="Nassau-class battleship">Nassau-class</a> battleship, Germany's first response to the British Dreadnought, 1910</figcaption></figure> German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> sought to use this growth to build an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>, that could compete with the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-17">[14]</a> This policy was based on the work of US naval author <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, who argued that possession of a <a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">blue-water navy</a> was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig198872%E2%80%9373-18">[15]</a> However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy and an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollLuebbert1980153%E2%80%93185-19">[16]</a> Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a> in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-17">[14]</a> Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a> acknowledged defeat, leading to the Rüstungswende or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-20">[17]</a> This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>. Economic reforms led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisp1976174%E2%80%93196-21">[18]</a> Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan powers</a> and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_in_the_Balkans">Conflicts in the Balkans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/290px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/290px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/435px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/580px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed</a> in 1908.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Photo of large white building with one sign saying "Moritz Schiller" and another in Arabic; in front is a cluster of people looking at a poster on the wall.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/220px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/220px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg" data-alt='Photo of large white building with one sign saying "Moritz Schiller" and another in Arabic; in front is a cluster of people looking at a poster on the wall.' data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/330px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/440px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Austrian annexation in 1908</a></figcaption></figure> The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Russia considered itself the protector of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slav</a> states, they preferred the strategically vital <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. Russia had ambitions in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> while its clients had overlapping claims in the Balkans. These competing interests divided Russian policy-makers and added to regional instability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201566%E2%80%9367-23">[20]</a> Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909 <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, which it <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">had occupied</a> since 1878. Timed to coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Declaration of Independence</a> from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria cooperating with Russia in the Balkans, while also damaging diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201386-24">[21]</a> Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013251%E2%80%93252-25">[22]</a> The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913 <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, much to the surprise of outside observers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201569-26">[23]</a> The Serbian capture of ports on the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic</a> resulted in partial Austrian mobilisation, starting on 21 November 1912, including units along the Russian border in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Russian government</a> decided not to mobilise in response, unprepared to precipitate a war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin201573-27">[24]</a> The Great Powers sought to re-assert control through the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a>, which had created an independent <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> while enlarging the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> to Serbia and Greece, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> to Romania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott20032%E2%80%9323-28">[25]</a> The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their "rightful gains", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013288-29">[26]</a> This complex mix of resentment, nationalism and insecurity helps explain why the pre-1914 Balkans became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">powder keg of Europe</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199848%E2%80%9349-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline of World War I</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarajevo_assassination">Sarajevo assassination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/220px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1028"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/220px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/330px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg/440px-Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Traditionally thought to show the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a> (right), <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_suspect_in_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo">this photo</a> is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr on 28 June 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinestoneMassie1981247-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2010-35">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> On 28 June 1914, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a>, heir presumptive to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>, visited <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, the capital of the recently annexed <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cvjetko_Popovi%C4%87" title="Cvjetko Popović">Cvjetko Popović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedeljko_%C4%8Cabrinovi%C4%87" title="Nedeljko Čabrinović">Nedeljko Čabrinović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifko_Grabe%C5%BE" title="Trifko Grabež">Trifko Grabež</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaso_%C4%8Cubrilovi%C4%87" title="Vaso Čubrilović">Vaso Čubrilović</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Serbs</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Mehmedba%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Muhamed Mehmedbašić">Muhamed Mehmedbašić</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> community),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2014103-36">[33]</a> from the movement known as <a href="/wiki/Young_Bosnia" title="Young Bosnia">Young Bosnia</a>, took up positions along the Archduke's motorcade route, to assassinate him. Supplied with arms by extremists within the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)" title="Black Hand (Serbia)">Black Hand</a> intelligence organisation, they hoped his death would free Bosnia from Austrian rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButcher2014188%E2%80%93189-37">[34]</a> Čabrinović threw a <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> at the Archduke's car and injured two of his aides. The other assassins were also unsuccessful. An hour later, as Ferdinand was returning from visiting the injured officers in hospital, his car took a wrong turn into a street where <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a> was standing. He fired two pistol shots, fatally wounding Ferdinand and his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg" title="Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg">Sophie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199416-38">[35]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Zbyn%C4%9Bk_Zeman" title="Zbyněk Zeman">Zbyněk Zeman</a>, in Vienna "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On 28 and 29 June, the crowds listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200326-39">[36]</a> Nevertheless, the impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant, and has been described by historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Christopher Clark</a> as a "9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna".<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Clark_2014-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_violence_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/220px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="664"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/220px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/330px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png/440px-1914-06-29_-_Aftermath_of_attacks_against_Serbs_in_Sarajevo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a>, 29 June 1914</figcaption></figure> Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged subsequent <a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Djordjevi%C4%87Spence1992-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the <a href="/wiki/Schutzkorps" title="Schutzkorps">Schutzkorps</a> was established, and carried out the persecution of Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-Kr%C3%B6ll2008-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schindler2007-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003141-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_Crisis">July Crisis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russian entry into World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg/220px-The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5965"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg/220px-The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg/330px-The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg/440px-The_War_of_the_Nations_WW1_337.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.</figcaption></figure> The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson199612-47">[44]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary">Foreign Ministry</a> had no solid proof of Serbian involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013532-48">[45]</a> On 23 July, Austria delivered an <a href="/wiki/July_Ultimatum" class="mw-redirect" title="July Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200327-49">[46]</a> Serbia ordered general <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> on 25 July, but accepted all the terms, except for those empowering Austrian representatives to suppress "subversive elements" inside Serbia, and take part in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004196%E2%80%93197-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013536-51">[48]</a> Claiming this amounted to rejection, Austria broke off diplomatic relations and ordered partial mobilisation the next day; on 28 July, they declared war on Serbia and began shelling <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. Russia ordered general mobilization in support of Serbia on 30 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2016326-52">[49]</a> Anxious to ensure backing from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> political opposition by presenting Russia as the aggressor, German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg delayed the commencement of war preparations until 31 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013526%E2%80%93527-53">[50]</a> That afternoon, the Russian government were handed a note requiring them to "cease all war measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary" within 12 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel2014335-54">[51]</a> A further German demand for neutrality was refused by the French who ordered general mobilization but delayed declaring war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199427-55">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a> had long assumed they faced a war on two fronts; the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a> envisaged using 80% of the army to defeat France, then switching to Russia. Since this required them to move quickly, mobilization orders were issued that afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200345-56">[53]</a> Once the German ultimatum to Russia expired on the morning of 1 August, the two countries were at war. At a meeting on 29 July, the British cabinet had narrowly decided its obligations to Belgium under the 1839 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a> did not require it to oppose a German invasion with military force; however, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a> and his senior Cabinet ministers were already committed to supporting France, the Royal Navy had been mobilised, and public opinion was strongly in favour of intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013539%E2%80%93541-57">[54]</a> On 31 July, Britain sent notes to Germany and France, asking them to respect Belgian neutrality; France pledged to do so, but Germany did not reply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199429-58">[55]</a> Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a> asked his government for permission to cross the border and pre-empt such a move. To avoid violating Belgian neutrality, he was told any advance could come only after a German invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013579%E2%80%93580,_585-59">[56]</a> Instead, the French cabinet ordered its Army to withdraw 10 km behind the German frontier, to avoid provoking war. On 2 August, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Germany occupied Luxembourg</a> and exchanged fire with French units when German patrols entered French territory; on 3 August, they declared war on France and demanded free passage across Belgium, which was refused. Early on the morning of 4 August, the Germans invaded, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I of Belgium</a> called for assistance under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowe20014%E2%80%935-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200329-61">[58]</a> Britain sent Germany an ultimatum demanding they withdraw from Belgium; when this expired at midnight, without a response, the two empires were at war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013550%E2%80%93551-62">[59]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Progress_of_the_war">Progress of the war</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_hostilities">Opening hostilities</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confusion_among_the_Central_Powers">Confusion among the Central Powers</h4></div> Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003292%E2%80%93296,_343%E2%80%93354-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbian_campaign">Serbian campaign</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg/220px-FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg/220px-FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg/330px-FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg/440px-FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Serbian Army <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI" title="Blériot XI">Blériot XI</a> "Oluj", 1915</figcaption></figure> Beginning on 12 August, the Austrians and Serbs clashed at the battles of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Cer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Kolubara</a>; over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. As a result, Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005172-64">[61]</a> Serbia's victory against Austria-Hungary in the 1914 invasion has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2002159%E2%80%93195-65">[62]</a> In 1915, the campaign saw the first use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft warfare</a> after an Austrian plane was shot down with <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">ground-to-air</a> fire, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> by the Serbian army.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_offensive_in_Belgium_and_France">German offensive in Belgium and France</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">Great Retreat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I,_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/220px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="459"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/220px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/330px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg/440px-German_soldiers_in_a_railroad_car_on_the_way_to_the_front_during_early_World_War_I%2C_taken_in_1914._Taken_from_greatwar.nl_site.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.</figcaption></figure> Upon mobilisation, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>, 80% of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_order_of_battle_(1914)" title="German Army order of battle (1914)">German Army</a> was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East. Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border. The plan's creator, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Schlieffen" title="Alfred von Schlieffen">Alfred von Schlieffen</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a> from 1891 to 1906, estimated that this would take six weeks, after which the German army would transfer to the East and defeat the Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200422-68">[65]</a> The plan was substantially modified by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a>. Under Schlieffen, 85% of German forces in the west were assigned to the right wing, with the remainder holding along the frontier. By keeping his left-wing deliberately weak, he hoped to lure the French into an offensive into the "lost provinces" of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, which was the strategy envisaged by their <a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200422-68">[65]</a> However, Moltke grew concerned that the French might push too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size from 1908 to 1914, he changed the allocation of forces between the two wings to 70:30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne196422-69">[66]</a> He also considered Dutch neutrality essential for German trade and cancelled the incursion into the Netherlands, which meant any delays in Belgium threatened the viability of the plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson200423-70">[67]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Richard Holmes</a> argues that these changes meant the right wing was not strong enough to achieve decisive success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2014194,_211-71">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Scott,_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/220px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="621"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/220px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/330px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg/440px-Georges_Scott%2C_A_la_ba%C3%AFonnette_%21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French bayonet charge during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a>; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead.</figcaption></figure> The initial German advance in the West was very successful. By the end of August, the Allied left, which included the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF), was in <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">full retreat</a>, and the French offensive in Alsace-Lorraine was a disastrous failure, with casualties exceeding 260,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201254-72">[69]</a> German planning provided broad strategic instructions while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out at the front, but <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Kluck" title="Alexander von Kluck">von Kluck</a> used this freedom to disobey orders, opening a gap between the German armies as they closed on Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson201855-73">[70]</a> The French army, reinforced by the British expeditionary corps, seized this opportunity to counter-attack and pushed the German army 40 to 80 km back. Both armies were then so exhausted that no decisive move could be implemented, so they settled in trenches, with the vain hope of breaking through as soon as they could build local superiority. In 1911, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> agreed with the French to attack Germany within fifteen days of mobilisation, ten days before the Germans had anticipated, although it meant the two Russian armies that entered <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> on 17 August did so without many of their support elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2016327-74">[71]</a> By the end of 1914, German troops held strong defensive positions inside France, controlled the bulk of France's domestic coalfields, and inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself. However, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive outcome, while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long, two-front war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005376%E2%80%93378-75">[72]</a> As was apparent to several German leaders, this amounted to a strategic defeat; shortly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm,_German_Crown_Prince" title="Wilhelm, German Crown Prince">Crown Prince Wilhelm</a> told an American reporter "We have lost the war. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964221-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_and_the_Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Tsingtao,_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="649"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Tsingtao%2C_soldiers_of_IJA_18th_division_took_over_german_trench_Kopie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Japanese soldiers occupy an abandoned German trench during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure> On 30 August 1914, New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">occupied German Samoa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>). On 11 September, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Naval_and_Military_Expeditionary_Force" title="Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force">Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force</a> landed on the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>. On 28 October, the German cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden" title="SMS Emden">SMS Emden</a> sank the <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Zhemchug" title="Russian cruiser Zhemchug">Russian cruiser Zhemchug</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a>. Japan declared war on Germany before seizing territories in the Pacific, which later became the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>, as well as German <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a> on the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> peninsula at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a>. After Vienna refused to withdraw its cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiserin_Elisabeth" title="SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth">SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth</a> from Tsingtao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, and the ship was sunk in November 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonko201279-77">[74]</a> Within a few months, Allied forces had seized all German territories in the Pacific, leaving only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1998224%E2%80%93232-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls196079%E2%80%9380-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_campaigns">African campaigns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African theatre of World War I</a></div> Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6–7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorates of <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>. On 10 August, German forces in <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South-West Africa</a> attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a>, fought a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> campaign and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989353-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_support_for_the_Allies">Indian support for the Allies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">Indian Army during World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg/220px-Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg/220px-Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg/330px-Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg/440px-Indian_forces_on_their_way_to_the_Front_in_Flanders_-_first_world_war_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a>.</figcaption></figure> Before the war, Germany had attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, a policy continued post-1914 by <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">instigating uprisings in India</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition</a> urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central Powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw a reduction in nationalist activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994197%E2%80%93198-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994201%E2%80%93203-82">[79]</a> Leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and other groups believed support for the British war effort would hasten <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule</a>, a promise allegedly made explicit in 1917 by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In 1914, the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, 140,000 soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India afterward, bred disillusionment, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">the campaign for full independence</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Front_1914_to_1916">Western Front 1914 to 1916</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front (World War I)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trench_warfare_begins">Trench warfare begins</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart,_France_(Photo_24-299).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg/220px-Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 287px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg/220px-Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="287" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg/330px-Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg/440px-Indian_infantry_digging_trenches_Fauquissart%2C_France_%28Photo_24-299%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">British Indian soldiers</a> digging trenches in <a href="/wiki/Laventie" title="Laventie">Laventie</a>, France, 1915</figcaption></figure> Pre-war military tactics that had emphasised open warfare and individual riflemen proved obsolete when confronted with conditions prevailing in 1914. Technological advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems largely impervious to massed infantry advances, such as <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, machine guns and above all far more powerful <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, which dominated the battlefield and made crossing open ground extremely difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaudzens1990424-86">[83]</a> Both sides struggled to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, technology enabled the production of new offensive weapons, such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">gas warfare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">tank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaudzens1990421%E2%80%93423-87">[84]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the "<a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a>". By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a> to the Swiss border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199499-88">[85]</a> Since the Germans were normally able to choose where to stand, they generally held the high ground, while their trenches tended to be better built; those constructed by the French and English were initially considered "temporary", only needed until an offensive would destroy the German defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodspeed1985199-89">[86]</a> Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, the Germans (violating the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention</a>) used <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELove1996-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuation_of_trench_warfare">Continuation of trench warfare</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Somme,_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2862"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q4218.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>German casualties at the Somme, 1916</figcaption></figure> In February 1916, the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a>, lasting until December 1916. Casualties were greater for the French, but the Germans bled heavily as well, with anywhere from 700,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy19931042-92">[89]</a> to 975,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2005276-93">[90]</a> casualties between the two combatants. Verdun became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> was an Anglo-French offensive from July to November 1916. The <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">opening day</a> on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2008271-95">[92]</a> The diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides. The living conditions led to disease and infection, such as <a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">trench foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">trench fever</a>, and the '<a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_war">Naval war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochseeflotte_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/220px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/220px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/330px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hochseeflotte_2.jpg/440px-Hochseeflotte_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Battleships of the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">Hochseeflotte</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> At the start of the war, German <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied <a href="/wiki/Merchant_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant shipping">merchant shipping</a>. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden" title="SMS Emden">SMS Emden</a>, part of the German <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron" title="East Asia Squadron">East Asia Squadron</a> stationed at <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, which seized or sank 15 merchantmen, a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. Most of the squadron was returning to Germany when it sank two British armoured cruisers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronel" title="Battle of Coronel">Battle of Coronel</a> in November 1914, before being virtually destroyed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Battle of the Falkland Islands">Battle of the Falkland Islands</a> in December. The <a href="/wiki/SMS_Dresden_(1907)" title="SMS Dresden (1907)">SMS Dresden</a> escaped with a few auxiliaries, but after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1s_a_Tierra" title="Battle of Más a Tierra">Battle of Más a Tierra</a>, these too were either destroyed or interned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200739%E2%80%9347-97">[94]</a> Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">blockade of Germany</a>. This proved effective in cutting off vital supplies, though it violated accepted international law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeene20065-98">[95]</a> Britain also mined international waters which closed off entire sections of the ocean, even to neutral ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995293-99">[96]</a> Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZieger200150-100">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[d]</a> in May/June 1916 was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The clash was indecisive, though the Germans inflicted more damage than they received; thereafter the bulk of the German <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> was confined to port.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg/220px-NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="904"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg/220px-NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg/330px-NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg/440px-NationaalArchief_uboat155London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_Deutschland" title="German submarine Deutschland">U-155</a> exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice</figcaption></figure> German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield-103">[99]</a> The nature of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a> meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994306-104">[100]</a> The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">the sinking</a> of the passenger ship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "<a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">cruiser rules</a>", which demanded warning and movement of crews to "a place of safety" (a standard that lifeboats did not meet).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_der_Porten1969-105">[101]</a> Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a>, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200180-106">[102]</a> Germany sought to strangle Allied <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a> before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield-103">[99]</a> The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">convoys</a>, escorted by <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled; the solution was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> The U-boats sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at the cost of 199 submarines.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> World War I also saw the first use of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> in combat, with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)" title="HMS Furious (47)">HMS Furious</a> launching <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a> in a successful raid against the <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> hangars at <a href="/wiki/Tondern_raid" title="Tondern raid">Tondern</a> in July 1918, as well as <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a> for antisubmarine patrol.<a href="#cite_note-price1980-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_theatres">Southern theatres</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_in_the_Balkans">War in the Balkans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg/200px-Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2068"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg/200px-Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg/300px-Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg/400px-Fl%C3%BCchtlingstransport_Leibnitz_-_k.k._Innenministerium_-_1914.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Refugee transport from Serbia in <a href="/wiki/Leibnitz" title="Leibnitz">Leibnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure> Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid2YqjfHLyyj8C_241%E2%80%93%5D-110">[106]</a> The Austro-Hungarian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, Croatia and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> provided troops for Austria-Hungary. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg200554%E2%80%9355-111">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg/200px-Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="754"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg/200px-Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg/300px-Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg/400px-Bulgaria_southern_front.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane</figcaption></figure> Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops in total. The Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Albania</a>. The Serbs suffered defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Battle of Kosovo</a>. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat toward the Adriatic coast in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac" title="Battle of Mojkovac">Battle of Mojkovac</a> on 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051075%E2%80%931076-112">[108]</a> After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiNardo2015102-113">[109]</a> In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonica</a> in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">King Constantine I</a> dismissed the pro-Allied government of <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> before the Allied expeditionary force arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeiberg2005108%E2%80%93110-114">[110]</a> The Macedonian front was at first mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> on 19 November 1916 following the costly <a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a>, which brought stabilisation of the front.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG/220px-Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1829"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG/220px-Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG/330px-Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG/440px-Austrians_executing_Serbs_1917.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></figcaption></figure> Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a>, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a>, and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed. Bulgaria capitulated four days later, on 29 September 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerWoodMurphy1999150%E2%80%93152-117">[113]</a> The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were too weak to re-establish a front.<a href="#cite_note-militera-118">[114]</a> The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005491-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire in World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg/220px-Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="2076"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg/220px-Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg/330px-Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg/440px-Scene_just_before_the_evacuation_at_Anzac._Australian_troops_charging_near_a_Turkish_trench._When_they_got_there_the..._-_NARA_-_533108.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a></figcaption></figure> The Ottomans threatened Russia's <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasian</a> territories and Britain's communications with India via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> Christian populations—the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-lieberman-122">[118]</a> The British and French opened overseas fronts with the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a> (1915) and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaigns</a> (1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZACs). In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">siege of Kut</a> by the Ottomans (1915–1916), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turcoman</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August 1916, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a> by the <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Mounted_Division" title="ANZAC Mounted Division">ANZAC Mounted Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Lowland)_Infantry_Division" title="52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division">52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division</a>. Following this victory, an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> advanced across the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, pushing Ottoman forces back in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba" title="Battle of Magdhaba">Battle of Magdhaba</a> in December and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa" title="Battle of Rafa">Battle of Rafa</a> on the border between the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarikam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sarikam.jpg/220px-Sarikam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="966"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sarikam.jpg/220px-Sarikam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sarikam.jpg/330px-Sarikam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sarikam.jpg/440px-Sarikam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian forest trench at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a>, 1914–1915</figcaption></figure> Russian armies generally had success in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been previously lost to Russia. He was, however, a poor commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004119-125">[121]</a> He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caven-126">[122]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Yudenich</a>, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caven-126">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg/220px-Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="475"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg/220px-Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg/330px-Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg/440px-Ottoman_15th_Corps.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kaiser Wilhelm II and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Prince Leopold of Bavaria</a> inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).</figcaption></figure> The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">petroleum reservoirs</a> around <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeri</a> forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign</a> lasted until 1918 and ended in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a>, instigated by the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a>, started in June 1916 with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">Battle of Mecca</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Sharif Hussein</a>. The Sharif declared the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a> and, with British assistance, conquered much of Ottoman-held Arabia, resulting finally in the Ottoman surrender of Damascus. <a href="/wiki/Fakhri_Pasha" title="Fakhri Pasha">Fakhri Pasha</a>, the Ottoman commander of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, resisted for more than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 years during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">siege of Medina</a> before surrendering in January 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachar1970122%E2%80%93138-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussi</a> tribe, along the border of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British Egypt">British Egypt</a>, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the <a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a>. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994-130">[126]</a> Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Brief_Ottoman_History-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Front">Italian Front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian front (World War I)</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_War" title="White War">White War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Military history of Italy during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg/220px-Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="961"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg/220px-Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg/330px-Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg/440px-Italian_Front_1915-1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917</a></figcaption></figure> Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200913-132">[128]</a> This arose from <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">nationalist</a> designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, considered vital to secure the borders established in <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">1866</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson20099%E2%80%9310-133">[129]</a> In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2015120-134">[130]</a> When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">1911</a> Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200914-135">[131]</a> To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, while in return for an immediate entry into the war, the Allies agreed to their demands for Austrian territory and sovereignty over the Dodecanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200930%E2%80%9331-136">[132]</a> Although they remained secret, these provisions were incorporated into the April 1915 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>; Italy joined the Triple Entente and, on 23 May, declared war on Austria-Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994166-137">[133]</a> followed by Germany fifteen months later.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg/220px-1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg/220px-1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg/330px-1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg/440px-1917_ortler_vorgipfelstellung_3850_m_highest_trench_in_history_of_first_world_war.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the <a href="/wiki/Ortler_Alps" title="Ortler Alps">Ortler Alps</a>, one of the most challenging fronts of the war</figcaption></figure> The pre-1914 Italian army was short of officers, trained men, adequate transport and modern weapons; by April 1915, some of these deficiencies had been remedied but it was still unprepared for the major offensive required by the Treaty of London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200957-138">[134]</a> The advantage of superior numbers was offset by the difficult terrain; much of the fighting took place high in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a>, where trench lines had to be cut through rock and ice and keeping troops supplied was a major challenge. These issues were exacerbated by unimaginative strategies and tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallJosephy1982108-139">[135]</a> Between 1915 and 1917, the Italian commander, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cadorna" title="Luigi Cadorna">Luigi Cadorna</a>, undertook <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">a series of frontal assaults along the Isonzo</a>, which made little progress and cost many lives; by the end of the war, Italian combat deaths totalled around 548,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornassin201739%E2%80%9362-140">[136]</a> In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in <a href="/wiki/Asiago" title="Asiago">Asiago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Strafexpedition</a>, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2009163-141">[137]</a> Although Italy occupied southern <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania during World War I">Albania</a> in May 1916, their main focus was the Isonzo front which, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doberd%C3%B2" title="Battle of Doberdò">capture of Gorizia</a> in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Caporetto</a>, Cadorna was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Armando_Diaz" title="Armando Diaz">Armando Diaz</a> who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Piave River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994317-142">[138]</a> A second Austrian <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">offensive was repulsed</a> in June 1918. On 24 October, Diaz launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a> and initially met stubborn resistance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994482-143">[139]</a> but with Austria-Hungary collapsing, Hungarian divisions in Italy demanded they be sent home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994484-144">[140]</a> When this was granted, many others followed and the Imperial army disintegrated, the Italians taking over 300,000 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2009364-145">[141]</a> On 3 November, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a> ended hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Italy which occupied <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and areas along the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> awarded to it in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994491-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Front">Eastern Front</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front (World War I)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_actions">Initial actions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg/220px-Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="706"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg/220px-Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg/330px-Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg/440px-Mikolaj_II_w_Twierdzy_Przemysl.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nikolaevich</a> following the Russian <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">capture of Przemyśl</a>, the longest siege of the war.</figcaption></figure> As previously agreed with French president <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>, Russian plans at the start of the war were to simultaneously advance into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Austrian Galicia</a> and East Prussia as soon as possible. Although their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">attack on Galicia</a> was largely successful, and the invasions achieved their aim of forcing Germany to divert troops from the Western Front, the speed of mobilisation meant they did so without much of their heavy equipment and support functions. These weaknesses contributed to Russian defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Masurian Lakes</a> in August and September 1914, forcing them to withdraw from East Prussia with heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005715-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2006152%E2%80%93154,_161,_163,_175,_182-148">[144]</a> By spring 1915, they had also retreated from Galicia, and the May 1915 <a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a> allowed the Central Powers to invade <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian-occupied Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smele-149">[145]</a> Despite the successful June 1916 <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a> against the Austrians in eastern Galicia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2003?-150">[146]</a> shortages of supplies, heavy losses and command failures prevented the Russians from fully exploiting their victory. However, it was one of the most significant offensives of the war, diverting German resources from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>, relieving Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians, and convincing Romania to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August. It also fatally weakened both the Austrian and Russian armies, whose offensive capabilities were badly affected by their losses and increased disillusion with the war that ultimately led to the Russian revolutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2002119-151">[147]</a> Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">the Tsar</a> remained at the front, with the home front controlled by <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Empress Alexandra</a>. Her increasingly incompetent rule and food shortages in urban areas led to widespread protests and the murder of her favourite, <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Grigori Rasputin</a>, at the end of 1916.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanian_participation">Romanian participation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania in World War I</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Romania.png" class="mw-file-description" title="World War I is located in Romania"><noscript><img alt="World War I is located in Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png" data-alt="World War I is located in Romania" data-width="250" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_Map_of_Romania.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Romania.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.755%;left:61.039%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 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(Banat)" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Timișoara (Banat)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.987%;left:35.833%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Cluj (Transylvania)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Cluj (Transylvania)" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Cluj (Transylvania)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.965%;left:88.353%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Chișinău (Moldova)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Chișinău (Moldova)" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Chișinău (Moldova)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.967%;left:86.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Constanța (Dobruja)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Constanța (Dobruja)" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Constanța (Dobruja)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.196%;left:70%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Bulgaria" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Bulgaria</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.608%;left:5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Hungary</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.373%;left:72.3%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Mărășești" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Mărășești" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Mărășești</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.098%;left:66.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><noscript><img alt="Oituz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 8px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Oituz" data-width="8" data-height="8" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Oituz</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Romania.png" title="File:Relief Map of Romania.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Romania key locations 1916–1918 (note; using 2022 borders)</div></div></div> Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich1992441%E2%80%93442-153">[149]</a> which comprised an estimated 2.8 million of the 5.0 million population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumitru2012171-154">[150]</a> With the ruling elite split into pro-German and pro-Entente factions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumitru2012170-155">[151]</a> Romania remained neutral for two years while allowing Germany and Austria to transport military supplies and advisors across Romanian territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994282-156">[152]</a> In September 1914, Russia acknowledged Romanian rights to Austro-Hungarian territories including Transylvania and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, whose acquisition had widespread popular support,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumitru2012171-154">[150]</a> and Russian success against Austria led Romania to join the Entente in the August 1916 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994282-156">[152]</a> Under the strategic plan known as <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_Z" title="Hypothesis Z">Hypothesis Z</a>, the Romanian army planned an offensive into Transylvania, while defending Southern <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu_County" title="Giurgiu County">Giurgiu</a> against a possible Bulgarian counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrie19787%E2%80%938-157">[153]</a> On 27 August 1916, they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">attacked Transylvania</a> and occupied substantial parts of the province before being driven back by the recently formed <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="9th Army (German Empire)">German 9th Army</a>, led by former Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett201396%E2%80%9398-158">[154]</a> A combined German-Bulgarian-Turkish offensive captured Dobruja and Giurgiu, although the bulk of the Romanian army managed to escape encirclement and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucharest" title="Battle of Bucharest">surrendered</a> to the Central Powers on 6 December 1916.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Oituz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Mărăști</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Mărășești</a> where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km2. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Following the Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany. Although approved by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">King Ferdinand I</a> refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton199424%E2%80%9325-161">[157]</a> Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEB%C3%A9la1998429-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Powers_peace_overtures">Central Powers peace overtures</h3></div> On 12 December 1916, after ten brutal months of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I#The_counteroffensive_of_the_Central_Powers" title="Romania in World War I">successful offensive against Romania</a>, Germany attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-lanoszka-165">[160]</a> However, this attempt was rejected out of hand as a "duplicitous war ruse".<a href="#cite_note-lanoszka-165">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg/220px-River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1132"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg/220px-River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg/330px-River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg/440px-River_Crossing_NGM-v31-p338.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a>", a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun</figcaption></figure> US president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking for both sides to state their demands. <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George's</a> War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions among the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the US was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1998345-166">[161]</a> The Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKernek1970721%E2%80%93766-167">[162]</a> The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds of honour, and noted Germany had not put forward any specific proposals.<a href="#cite_note-lanoszka-165">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_of_the_war">Final years of the war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Revolution_and_withdrawal">Russian Revolution and withdrawal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div> By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress strikes in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> but the troops refused to fire on the crowds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2007523-168">[163]</a> Revolutionaries set up the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> and fearing a left-wing takeover, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">competing power centres</a> and causing confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2014110%E2%80%93132-169">[164]</a> Following the Tsar's abdication, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>—with the help of the German government—was ushered from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, they acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> on 3 March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett193836%E2%80%9341-170">[165]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> with the Central Powers in May 1918. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania ceded territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and leased its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers' recognition of the union of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> with Romania.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_enters_the_war">United States enters the war</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany,_2_April_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/220px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="2586"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/220px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/330px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg/440px-President_Woodrow_Wilson_asking_Congress_to_declare_war_on_Germany%2C_2_April_1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Wilson</a> asking <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917</figcaption></figure> The United States was a major supplier of war material to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012315%E2%80%93316-173">[168]</a> The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives but paralysed trade as ships were reluctant to put to sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012317-174">[169]</a> On 6 April 1917, Congress <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">declared war on Germany</a> as an "Associated Power" of the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1994318-175">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Battleship_Division_Nine_(World_War_I)" title="United States Battleship Division Nine (World War I)">battleship group</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> to join the Grand Fleet, and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> had fewer than 300,000 men, including <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">National Guard</a> units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a> drafted 2.8 million men, though training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> (AEF) were transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200614%E2%80%9315-176">[171]</a> Despite his conviction that Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012318-177">[172]</a> He was strongly supported by AEF commander General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotelueschen200644%E2%80%9346-178">[173]</a> Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a> in late September 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2012403-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nivelle_Offensive_(April–May_1917)">Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">1917 French Army mutinies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Files of soldiers with rifles slung follow close behind a tank, there is a dead body in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/220px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/220px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg" data-alt="Files of soldiers with rifles slung follow close behind a tank, there is a dead body in the foreground" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/330px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg/440px-Canadian_tank_and_soldiers_Vimy_1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> In December 1916, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a> replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">spring attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, part of a joint Franco-British operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003124-180">[175]</a> Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and, by 25 April, the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2003129-181">[176]</a> Concurrent British attacks at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Arras</a> were more successful, though ultimately of little strategic value.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003244-182">[177]</a> Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a>' capture of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a> is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis19952-183">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphries200766-184">[179]</a> Though Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the <a href="/wiki/21st_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="21st Infantry Division (France)">21st Division</a>, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a>; within days, "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1964323-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign_(1917–1918)">Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1305"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/220px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/330px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg/440px-Capture_of_Jerusalem_1917d.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>British artillery battery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus" title="Mount Scopus">Mount Scopus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Battle of Jerusalem</a>, 1917.</figcaption></figure> In March and April 1917, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza" title="Second Battle of Gaza">Second Battles of Gaza</a>, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001163-186">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> At the end of October 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a> resumed, when General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXth Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/XXI_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXI Corps (United Kingdom)">XXI Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_Mounted_Corps" title="Desert Mounted Corps">Desert Mounted Corps</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Battle of Beersheba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mughar_Ridge" title="Battle of Mughar Ridge">Battle of Mughar Ridge</a> and, early in December, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> had been captured following another Ottoman defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Battle of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> About this time, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein</a> was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Djevad Pasha</a>, and a few months later the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Army</a> in Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">Otto Liman von Sanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> In early 1918, the front line was <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Jericho" title="Capture of Jericho">extended</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley" title="British occupation of the Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> was occupied, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Transjordan_attack_on_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transjordan attack on Amman">First Transjordan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Transjordan_attack_on_Shunet_Nimrin_and_Es_Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt">Second Transjordan</a> attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195-194">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_offensive_and_Allied_counter-offensive_(March–November_1918)">German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/220px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/220px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/330px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png/440px-Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104-195">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> In December 1917, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the West. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war, but they held high hopes for success in a final quick offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146%E2%80%93147-196">[191]</a> Ludendorff drew up plans (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004-197">[192]</a> The initial offensive was a success; after heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">motorised artillery</a>, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray199186-198">[193]</a> Germany launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Operation Georgette</a> against the northern <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">Operations Blücher and Yorck</a>, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne (<a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. The resulting counter-attack, which started the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> on 8 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2007-199">[194]</a> led to a marked collapse in German morale.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2001-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied_advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line">Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/220px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/220px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/330px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif/440px-US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>American soldiers firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918</figcaption></figure> By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. The Allies had <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive#Advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line" title="Hundred Days Offensive">advanced to the Hindenburg Line</a> in the north and centre. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September, the Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-Chron-FWW-203">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Offensive">final assault</a> on the Hindenburg Line began with the <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne offensive</a>, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. Two days later the Belgians, French and British <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Fifth Battle of Ypres">attacked around Ypres</a>, and the day after the British at St Quentin in the centre of the line. The following week, cooperating American and French units broke through in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanc_Mont_Ridge" title="Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge">Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge</a> (3–27 October), forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49-204">[199]</a> On 8 October, the Hindenburg Line was pierced by British and Dominion troops of the First and Third British Armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">Second Battle of Cambrai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?-205">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakthrough_of_Macedonian_front_(September_1918)">Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_major_Ivanov_with_white_flag_surrendering_to_Serbian_7th_Danube_ragiment.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></figcaption></figure> Allied forces started the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a> on 15 September at two key points: <a href="/wiki/Dobro_Pole" title="Dobro Pole">Dobro Pole</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Dojran_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dojran Lake">Dojran Lake</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a>, the Serbian and French armies had success after a three-day-long battle with relatively small casualties, and subsequently made a breakthrough in the front, something which was rarely seen in World War I. After the front was broken, Allied forces started to liberate Serbia and reached <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> at 29 September, after which <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a> signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistices_and_capitulations">Armistices and capitulations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/220px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/220px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/330px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg/440px-Trento_3_novembre_1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Italian troops reach <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a> on 29 September 1918.<a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-1918-208">[203]</a> German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> in a telegram to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I</a> described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!".<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">German Supreme Army Command</a> informed Kaiser Wilhelm II and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chancellor_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Chancellor (Germany)">Imperial Chancellor</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a>, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260-211">[206]</a> On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3 November, Austria-Hungary sent a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">flag of truce</a> and accepted the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a>, arranged with the Allied Authorities in Paris. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, with over 20,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, and signed the Armistice of Mudros.<a href="#cite_note-indiana.edu-1918-208">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_government_surrenders">German government surrenders</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armisticetrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/180px-Armisticetrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="719"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/180px-Armisticetrain.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/270px-Armisticetrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armisticetrain.jpg/360px-Armisticetrain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> (second from right) pictured outside the <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne_Wagon" title="Compiègne Wagon">carriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a> after agreeing to the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice</a> that ended the war there.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge on October 3 as Chancellor of Germany. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately, in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385-214">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost. The <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">sailors' revolt</a>, which then ensued in the naval ports of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, spread across the whole country within days and led to the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_republic_in_Germany" title="Proclamation of the republic in Germany">proclamation of a republic</a> on 9 November 1918, shortly thereafter to the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Abdication of Wilhelm II">abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II</a>, and German surrender.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17-219">[214]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></div> In the aftermath of the war, the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-220">[f]</a> Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties fell as a result of the war: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollerns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottomans</a>. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead,<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2005_2732-222">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_end_of_the_war">Formal end of the war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/180px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="2720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/180px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/270px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg/360px-William_Orpen_-_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a>, Versailles, 28 June 1919, by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a></figcaption></figure> A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> with Germany on 28 June 1919. The US Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it,<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the <a href="/wiki/Knox%E2%80%93Porter_Resolution" title="Knox–Porter Resolution">Knox–Porter Resolution</a> was signed on 2 July 1921 by President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> For the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Termination_of_the_Present_War_(Definition)_Act_1918" title="Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918">Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918</a> concerning: <dl><dd><ul><li>Germany on 10 January 1920.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a></li> <li>Austria on 16 July 1920.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a></li> <li>Bulgaria on 9 August 1920.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a></li> <li>Hungary on 26 July 1921.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a></li> <li>Turkey on 6 August 1924.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg/220px-Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg/220px-Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg/330px-Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg/440px-Venizelos_signing_the_Treaty_of_Sevres.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Greek prime minister <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></figcaption></figure> Some <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorials</a> date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_treaties_and_national_boundaries">Peace treaties and national boundaries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/280px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/280px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" data-width="280" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/420px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/560px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_(1914%E2%80%93present)" title="List of national border changes (1914–present)">territorial changes in Europe</a> after World War I (as of 1923)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> dealt with Germany and, building on <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Wilson's 14th point</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> on 28 June 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliveras19998%E2%80%9312-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthedge198635%E2%80%9336-233">[227]</a> The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was <a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a>. This article became known as the "War Guilt Clause", as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> The Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the "<a href="/wiki/Diktat" title="Diktat">diktat</a> of Versailles". German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany "under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated."<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: <blockquote>Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the "<a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab in the back</a>" and the wish to revise the "Versailles diktat", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as [<a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav</a>] Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanise the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its policies.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a></blockquote> Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as a recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/280px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/280px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png" data-width="280" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/420px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png/560px-Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a> after war</figcaption></figure>Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Apart from Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia received territories from the Dual Monarchy (the formerly separate and autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> was incorporated into Yugoslavia). The details were contained in the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a>. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, 10.5% <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, 10.4% <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and 8% others.<a href="#cite_note-Frucht,_p._356-239">[233]</a> Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#Road_to_the_republic" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland#Independence_and_Civil_War" title="History of Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Independence" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania#Independent_Lithuania_(1918%E2%80%9340)" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1927-241">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_identities">National identities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></div> After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita,<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> became the backbone of a new multinational state, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would <a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">unite</a> all Romanian-speaking people under a single state, leading to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>, and independent national identities for these nations took hold. <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a>, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-awmtradition-247">[241]</a> In the aftermath of World War I, Greece <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">fought</a> against Turkish nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, a war that eventually resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">massive population exchange between the two countries</a> under the Treaty of Lausanne.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> According to various sources,<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">World War I casualties</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gueules_cass%C3%A9es" title="Gueules cassées">Gueules cassées</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg/220px-Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="623"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg/220px-Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg/330px-Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg/440px-Transporting_Ottoman_injured_at_Sirkedji.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Men transporting wounded Ottoman at <a href="/wiki/Sirkeci" title="Sirkeci">Sirkeci</a></figcaption></figure>The total number of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a> in World War I was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths<a href="#cite_note-Britannica2-251">[245]</a> and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history. The total number of deaths includes between 9 and 11 million <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, with an estimated <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilian</a> death toll of about 6 to 13 million.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-252">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, an estimated <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">8 million were killed</a>, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen200022-254">[248]</a> France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Approximately 15,000 deployed men sustained gruesome facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the <a href="/wiki/Gueules_cass%C3%A9es" title="Gueules cassées">gueules cassées</a> (broken faces). In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1993166-256">[250]</a> Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadi2009-257">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic,_Camp_Funston,_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/220px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/220px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/330px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/440px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Emergency military hospital during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> pandemic in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Funston" title="Camp Funston">Camp Funston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">epidemic typhus</a> killed 200,000 in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETschanz-258">[252]</a> Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> spread across the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. The Spanish flu killed at least 17 to 25 million people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpreeuwenberg20182561%E2%80%932567-259">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnoblerMackMahmoudLemon2005-260">[254]</a> including an estimated 2.64 million Europeans and as many as 675,000 Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Ansart_et_al._2009-261">[255]</a> Between 1915 and 1926, an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">encephalitis lethargica</a> affected nearly five million people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reid_2001-263">[257]</a> Eight million <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">equines</a> mostly <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> died, three-quarters of them from the extreme conditions they worked in.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes in World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_weapons_in_warfare">Chemical weapons in warfare</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.,_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif/lossy-page1-220px-French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif/lossy-page1-220px-French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif/lossy-page1-330px-French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif/lossy-page1-440px-French_soldiers_making_a_gas_and_flame_attack_on_German_trenches_in_Flanders._Belgium.%2C_ca._1900_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530722.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders</figcaption></figure> The German army was the first to successfully deploy chemical weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915), after German scientists under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a> developed a method to weaponize <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJPH-267">[260]</a> The use of chemical weapons had been sanctioned by the German High Command to force Allied soldiers out of their entrenched positions, complementing rather than supplanting more lethal conventional weapons.<a href="#cite_note-AJPH-267">[260]</a> Chemical weapons were deployed by all major belligerents throughout the war, inflicting approximately 1.3 million casualties, of which about 90,000 were fatal.<a href="#cite_note-AJPH-267">[260]</a> The use of chemical weapons in warfare was a direct violation of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907#Hague_Convention_of_1899" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare</a>, which prohibited their use.<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genocides_by_the_Ottoman_Empire">Genocides by the Ottoman Empire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr." title="Henry Morgenthau Sr.">Henry Morgenthau Sr.</a> and published in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAGSletter-271">[264]</a> The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and manipulated acts of Armenian resistance by portraying them as rebellions to justify further extermination.<a href="#cite_note-leverkun-272">[265]</a> In early 1915, several Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Law_of_Deportation" title="Temporary Law of Deportation">Tehcir Law</a> (Law on Deportation), which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">marched to death</a> and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006177-273">[266]</a> While the exact number of deaths is unknown, the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> estimates around 1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-IAGSletter-271">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> The government of Turkey continues to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">deny the genocide</a> to the present day, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War I; these claims are rejected by most historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin1989212%E2%80%93215-275">[268]</a> Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a>, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000 <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Anatolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> were killed between 1915 and 1922.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">Prisoners of war in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg/220px-1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="674"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg/220px-1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg/330px-1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg/440px-1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza" title="First Battle of Gaza">First Battle of Gaza</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were held in <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">POW camps</a> during the war. All nations pledged to follow the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> on fair treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillimoreBellot19194%E2%80%9364-280">[273]</a> Around 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%; for Italy 26%; for France 12%; for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost 2.5–3.5 million soldiers as prisoners). From the Central Powers, about 3.3 million soldiers became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999368%E2%80%93369-281">[274]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Soldiers'_experiences">Soldiers' experiences</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Allied personnel was around 42,928,000, while Central personnel was near 25,248,000.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2005_2732-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20052733-282">[275]</a> British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but were increasingly <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a>. Surviving veterans returning home often found they could discuss their experiences only among themselves, so formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription">Conscription</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis of 1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">World War I conscription in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">Recruitment to the British Army during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#World_War_I" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription in the United States § World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg/180px-I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg/180px-I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg/270px-I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg/360px-I_want_you_for_U.S._Army_3b48465u_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>U.S. Army recruiting poster with <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> Conscription was common in most European countries. However, it was controversial in English-speaking countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavighurst1985131-283">[276]</a> It was especially unpopular among minority ethnicities—especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> Australia,<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-parl-286">[279]</a> and the French Catholics in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> In the US, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well-received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower after only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of war.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_attachés_and_war_correspondents">Military attachés and war correspondents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_attach%C3%A9s_in_World_War_I" title="List of military attachés in World War I">List of military attachés in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_attach%C3%A9s_and_war_correspondents_in_World_War_I" title="List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I">List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I</a></div> Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "<a href="/wiki/Embedded_journalism" title="Embedded journalism">embedded</a>" positions within the opposing land and naval forces.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history of World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_I_recession" title="Post–World War I recession">Post–World War I recession</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home front during World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a></div> Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aided the struggle for <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">voting rights for women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg/220px-The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3463"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 327px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg/220px-The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="327" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg/330px-The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg/440px-The_Girl_Behind_the_Gun_1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Poster showing women workers, 1915</figcaption></figure> In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the US, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 but allowed a great increase in <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United States $4.4 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[h]</a> of World War I debt in 1934; the last installment was finally paid in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kitson" title="Albert Kitson">Albert Kitson</a> were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, used in munitions production, in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1938cxxvi-297">[289]</a> Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies."<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However, neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt.<a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the 'total sum was being maintained.'"<a href="#cite_note-Marks237-300">[292]</a> Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) "represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay" and "therefore ... represented the total German reparations" figure that had to be paid.<a href="#cite_note-Marks237-300">[292]</a> This figure could be paid in cash or in-kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). Some of the territory lost—via the Treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> By 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> caused political chaos throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had paid only the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks.<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. <a href="/wiki/David_A._Andelman" title="David A. Andelman">David Andelman</a> notes "Refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist." Thus, following the Second World War, at the <a href="/wiki/London_Agreement_on_German_External_Debts" title="London Agreement on German External Debts">London Conference</a> in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3 October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.<a href="#cite_note-308">[i]</a> The Australian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>, wrote to the British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, "You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies." Australia received £5,571,720 in war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were £831,280,947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouter2000354-309">[300]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Support_and_opposition_for_the_war">Support and opposition for the war</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda in World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_propaganda_during_World_War_I" title="British propaganda during World War I">British propaganda during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_censorship_in_Italy_during_the_First_World_War" title="Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War">Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg/180px-Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg/180px-Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg/270px-Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg/360px-Affiche-guerre_Femmes-au-travail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the <a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">Young Women's Christian Association</a>, 1915</figcaption></figure> In the Balkans, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav nationalists</a> such as the leader, <a href="/wiki/Ante_Trumbi%C4%87" title="Ante Trumbić">Ante Trumbić</a>, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a>, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051189-310">[301]</a> In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovak</a>, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a>, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-311">[302]</a> In the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arab</a> state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East to achieve independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005117-312">[303]</a> In East Africa, <a href="/wiki/Lij_Iyasu_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lij Iyasu of Ethiopia">Iyasu V</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> was supporting the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish state</a> who were at war with the British in the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> Von Syburg, the German envoy in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Battle of Segale</a> due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/220px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="2693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/220px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/330px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg/440px-BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Volunteer_Rifle_Corps" title="Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps">Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps</a> First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lincolnshire_Regiment" title="Royal Lincolnshire Regiment">1 Lincolnshire Regiment</a> in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gueudecourt" title="Capture of Gueudecourt">Guedecourt</a> on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.</figcaption></figure> Several socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-311">[302]</a> But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> held by radical socialists such as Marxists and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalists</a> being overborne by their patriotic support for the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051069-315">[306]</a> Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005884-316">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>, who promoted <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a> and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005335-317">[308]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Paolo Boselli</a>, promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and used the Dante Alighieri Society to promote Italian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005219-318">[309]</a> Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it; some were militant supporters of the war, including <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonida_Bissolati" title="Leonida Bissolati">Leonida Bissolati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005209-319">[310]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> called <a href="/wiki/Red_Week_(Italy)" title="Red Week (Italy)">Red Week</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-320">[311]</a> The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-320">[311]</a> Mussolini formed the pro-interventionist <a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a> and the Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ("Revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fasci</a> for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a> in 1919, the origin of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005826-321">[312]</a> Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from <a href="/wiki/Gio._Ansaldo_%26_C." title="Gio. Ansaldo & C.">Ansaldo</a> (an armaments firm) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.<a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriotic_funds">Patriotic funds</h4></div> On both sides, there was large-scale fundraising for soldiers' welfare, their dependents and those injured. The <a href="/wiki/Nail_Men" title="Nail Men">Nail Men</a> were a German example. Around the British Empire, there were many patriotic funds, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Patriotic_Fund_Corporation" title="Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation">Royal Patriotic Fund Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Patriotic_Fund" title="Canadian Patriotic Fund">Canadian Patriotic Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Patriotic_Fund" title="Queensland Patriotic Fund">Queensland Patriotic Fund</a> and, by 1919, there were 983 funds in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> At the start of the next world war the New Zealand funds were reformed, having been criticised as overlapping, wasteful and abused,<a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> but 11 were still functioning in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition to World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">1917 French Army mutinies</a></div> Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene Debs</a> in the US and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in Britain. In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a> made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors,<a href="#cite_note-Karp-PoW-1979-326">[317]</a> and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sackville_Street_(Dublin)_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/220px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="1841"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/220px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/330px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG/440px-Sackville_Street_%28Dublin%29_after_the_1916_Easter_Rising.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sackville Street (now <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a>) after the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in Dublin</figcaption></figure> Several nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a> had staunchly opposed taking part.<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912, and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005584-328">[319]</a> The British government placed Ireland under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in response to the Easter Rising, though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling.<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis of 1918</a>. Other opposition came from <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>—some socialist, some religious—who had refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmannvan_der_Veer199962-330">[321]</a> Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hobhouse" title="Stephen Hobhouse">Stephen Hobhouse</a>, refused both military and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">alternative service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> Many suffered years of prison, including <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>. Even after the war, in Britain, many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need to apply".<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a> On 1–4 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a>, and after them, the workers and soldiers of other Russian cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" and "all power to the Soviets!". The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, in May 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war, and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Seton_6-334">[325]</a> The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, who fought violently until May 23 when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Seton_6-334">[325]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg/220px-Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="303"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg/220px-Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg/330px-Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg/440px-Sopwith_F-1_Camel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a>. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours.<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a></figcaption></figure> World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies had modernised and were making use of telephone, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless communication</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcup1988154-336">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> (especially with the advent of the prototype tank, <a href="/wiki/Little_Willie" title="Little Willie">Little Willie</a>), and aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcup198882%E2%80%9386-337">[328]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/220px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="619"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/220px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/330px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/440px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Courmes" title="Marcel Courmes">Captain Marcel Courmes</a>, pilot of the French 2nd Bombardment, Group GB 2, in August 1915</figcaption></figure> Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917, <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect fire</a> with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably, aircraft and the <a href="/wiki/Field_telephone" title="Field telephone">field telephone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed-wing aircraft</a> were initially used for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">ground attack</a>. To shoot down enemy planes, <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> were developed. <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">Strategic bombers</a> were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Cross_1991-339">[330]</a> Towards the end of the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> were used for the first time, with HMS Furious launching <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a> in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nder" title="Tønder">Tønder</a> in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199156%E2%80%9357-340">[331]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg/220px-Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="955"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg/220px-Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg/330px-Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg/440px-Cartoon_for_a_Telegram.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1917 political cartoon about the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a></figcaption></figure> The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">propaganda campaigns</a>; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, multiple peace proposals were coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_341-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1988%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-341">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Legacy_and_memory">Legacy and memory</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_World_War_I_veterans" title="List of last surviving World War I veterans">List of last surviving World War I veterans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">World War I in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">World War I memorials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/220px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/220px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/330px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG/440px-Sacrario_militare_di_Redipuglia_agosto_2014.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Italian <a href="/wiki/Redipuglia_War_Memorial" title="Redipuglia War Memorial">Redipuglia War Memorial</a>, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers</figcaption></figure> Memorials were built in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_War_Graves_Commission" title="German War Graves Commission">German War Graves Commission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Souvenir_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Le Souvenir français">Le Souvenir français</a>. Many of these graveyards also have monuments to the missing or <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier">unidentified</a> dead, such as the <a href="/wiki/Menin_Gate" title="Menin Gate">Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thiepval_Memorial" title="Thiepval Memorial">Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a>, a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a> as a salute to those who perished in the war. It is still recited today, especially on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Remembrance Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg/220px-Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg/220px-Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg/330px-Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg/440px-Pagny_le_Chateau_monument_morts_002b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A typical village <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorial</a> to soldiers killed in World War I</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Museum_and_Memorial" title="National World War I Museum and Memorial">National World War I Museum and Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The <a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Museum_and_Memorial" title="National World War I Museum and Memorial">Liberty Memorial</a> was dedicated on 1 November 1921.<a href="#cite_note-kclibrary.org-348">[339]</a> The British government budgeted substantial resources to <a href="/wiki/First_World_War_centenary" title="First World War centenary">the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018</a>. The lead body is the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[340]</a> On 3 August 2014, French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> and German President <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> together marked <a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_the_outbreak_of_World_War_I" title="Centenary of the outbreak of World War I">the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France</a> by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as <a href="/wiki/Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a>, for French and German soldiers killed in the war.<a href="#cite_note-HartmannswillerkopfMemorial-350">[341]</a> As part of commemorations for the <a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_the_Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Centenary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918">centenary of the 1918 Armistice</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> and German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-351">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography of World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography of the causes of World War I</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> ... "Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn." "None," said the other, "Save the undone years"... </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, Strange Meeting, 1918<a href="#cite_note-Wilfred_Owen_2004-352">[343]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The first efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern warfare</a> began during the initial phases of the war and are still underway more than a century later. Teaching World War I has presented special challenges. When compared with <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the First World War is often thought to be "a wrong war fought for the wrong reasons"; it lacks the <a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">metanarrative</a> of <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good versus evil</a> that characterizes retellings of the Second World War. Lacking recognizable heroes and villains, it is often taught thematically, invoking simplified <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> that obscure the complexity of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Neiberg2-353">[344]</a> Historian Heather Jones argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> has been reinvigorated by a cultural turn in the 21st century. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalisation</a> of politics, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical science">medical science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>. Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Why the war began</a>; why the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> won; whether generals were responsible for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">high casualty rates</a>; how soldiers endured the poor conditions of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>; and to what extent the civilian <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">home front</a> accepted and endorsed the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unexploded_ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zone_rouge" title="Zone rouge">Zone rouge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_harvest" title="Iron harvest">Iron harvest</a></div> As late as 2007, <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a> at battlefield sites like <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a> continued to pose a danger. In France and Belgium, locals who discover caches of unexploded munitions are assisted by weapons disposal units. In some places, plant life has still not recovered from the effects of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Neiberg2-353">[344]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_I_topics" title="Lists of World War I topics">Lists of World War I topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">List of military engagements of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_during_World_War_I" title="Freemasonry during World War I">Freemasonry during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">List of wars by death toll</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The Russian Empire during 1914–1917, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> during 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> government signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">separate peace</a> with the Central Powers shortly after their <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">armed seizure of power</a>, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> of the war, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>'s defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, and the end of the war. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> German: Skagerrakschlacht, or "Battle of the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild1975314-163">[159]</a> following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Unlike the others, the successor state to the Russian Empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, retained similar external borders, via retaining or quickly recovering lost territories. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Humin-Bolimów">German attempt</a> to use chemical weapons on the Russian front in January 1915 failed to cause casualties.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> 109 in this context – see <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">Long and short scales</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraybon2004">Braybon 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-independent19140817-4"><a href="#cite_ref-independent19140817_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 12 November 2018. <q>Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholar%2C+patriot%2C+mentor%3A+historical+essays+in+honour+of+Dimitrije+Djordjevi%C4%87&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-217-0&rft.aulast=Djordjevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dimitrije&rft.au=Spence%2C+Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDJpAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ">Reports Service: Southeast Europe series</a>. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2013. <q>... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+Service%3A+Southeast+Europe+series&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=American+Universities+Field+Staff.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGtWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kröll2008-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Kr%C3%B6ll2008_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKröll2008" class="citation book cs1">Kröll, Herbert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ">Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics</a>. Studienverlag. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7065-4526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7065-4526-6"><bdi>978-3-7065-4526-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2013. <q>... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian-Greek+encounters+over+the+centuries%3A+history%2C+diplomacy%2C+politics%2C+arts%2C+economics&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Studienverlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ll&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJRnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001485_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schindler2007-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Schindler2007_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2007" class="citation book cs1">Schindler, John R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29">Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad</a>. Zenith Imprint. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-964-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61673-964-5"><bdi>978-1-61673-964-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Terror%3A+Bosnia%2C+Al-Qa%27ida%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Global+Jihad&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-61673-964-5&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8Xb6x2XYvIC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003141-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003141_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVelikonja2003">Velikonja 2003</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson199612-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson199612_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson1996">Stevenson 1996</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013532-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013532_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2013">MacMillan 2013</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200327-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott200327_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2003">Willmott 2003</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004196–197-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin2004196%E2%80%93197_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFromkin2004">Fromkin 2004</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013536-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013536_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2013">MacMillan 2013</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieven2016326-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieven2016326_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieven2016">Lieven 2016</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013526–527-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013526%E2%80%93527_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, pp. 526–527. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel2014335-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel2014335_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartel2014">Martel 2014</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199427-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199427_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1994">Gilbert 1994</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200345-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200345_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayton2003">Clayton 2003</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013539–541-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013539%E2%80%93541_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, pp. 539–541. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert199429-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert199429_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1994">Gilbert 1994</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013579–580,_585-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacMillan2013579%E2%80%93580,_585_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacMillan2013">MacMillan 2013</a>, pp. 579–580, 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowe20014–5-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowe20014%E2%80%935_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowe2001">Crowe 2001</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200329-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott200329_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmott2003">Willmott 2003</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013550–551-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2013550%E2%80%93551_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, pp. 550–551. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003292–296,_343–354-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003292%E2%80%93296,_343%E2%80%93354_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, pp. 292–296, 343–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005172-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005172_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchindler2002159–195-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchindler2002159%E2%80%93195_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchindler2002">Schindler 2002</a>, pp. 159–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html">"Veliki rat – Avijacija"</a>. rts.rs. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rts.rs&rft.atitle=Veliki+rat+%E2%80%93+Avijacija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rts.rs%2Fpage%2Fstories%2Fsr%2Fstory%2F125%2FDru%25C5%25A1tvo%2F1516279%2FVeliki%2Brat%2B-%2Bavijacija.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html">"How was the first military airplane shot down"</a>. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022235418/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/verdun-myths-and-memories-of-the-lost-villages-of-france-5335493.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017. 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New York: Grove Press. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3936-8"><bdi>978-0-8021-3936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+Islamic+world+reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=119-120&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrLGT3dwTogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanuary2007" class="citation book cs1">January, Brendan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoPMDp2WA6cC">Genocide: modern crimes against humanity</a>. 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London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35621223">35621223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestine+Campaigns&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-155&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35621223&rft.aulast=Wavell&rft.aufirst=Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614214531/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/jerusalemdecree.htm">"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control"</a>. First World War.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/jerusalemdecree.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Decree+of+the+Surrender+of+Jerusalem+into+British+Control&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fsource%2Fjerusalemdecree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2002" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5432-2"><bdi>978-0-7195-5432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Crusade%3A+The+Palestine+Campaign+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/kressenstein.htm">"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein"</a>. First World War.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120122815/http://firstworldwar.com/bio/kressenstein.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+%E2%80%93+Kress+von+Kressenstein&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbio%2Fkressenstein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/liman.htm">"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders"</a>. First World War.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227070027/http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/liman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+%E2%80%93+Otto+Liman+von+Sanders&rft.pub=First+World+War.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstworldwar.com%2Fbio%2Fliman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2001195_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyers1919104_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyers1919">Ayers 1919</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146–147-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman1997146%E2%80%93147_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeyman1997">Heyman 1997</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell2004_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestwell2004">Westwell 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray199186-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray199186_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1991">Gray 1991</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2007-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2007_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRickard2007">Rickard 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber2004" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shockarmyofbriti0000schr/mode/2up">Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War</a>. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55125-096-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55125-096-0"><bdi>978-1-55125-096-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57063659">57063659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shock+Army+of+the+British+Empire%3A+The+Canadian+Corps+in+the+Last+100+Days+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=St.+Catharines%2C+ON&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Vanwell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57063659&rft.isbn=978-1-55125-096-0&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Shane+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshockarmyofbriti0000schr%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2001-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2001_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRickard2001">Rickard 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Malcolm (1999) [1998]. 1918: Year of Victory. London: Pan. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37672-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37672-3"><bdi>978-0-330-37672-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1918%3A+Year+of+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-330-37672-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chron-FWW-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Chron-FWW_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrayArgyle1990">Gray & Argyle 1990</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan49_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLellan">McLellan</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie1997?_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristie1997">Christie 1997</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923215523/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1"</a>. Militaryhistorynow.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">the original</a> on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Militaryhistorynow.com&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Dobro+Polje+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+Balkan+Skirmish+That+Ended+WW1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistorynow.com%2F2017%2F09%2F21%2Fknock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight"</a>. historycollection.co. 22 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historycollection.co&rft.atitle=The+Germans+Could+no+Longer+Keep+up+the+Fight&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.co%2Ften-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiana.edu-1918-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiana.edu-1918_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiana.edu-1918_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm">"1918 Timeline"</a>. League of Nations Photo Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=League+of+Nations+Photo+Archive&rft.atitle=1918+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~league%2F1918.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923215523/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1"</a>. Militaryhistorynow.com. 21 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/">the original</a> on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Militaryhistorynow.com&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Dobro+Polje+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+Balkan+Skirmish+That+Ended+WW1&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistorynow.com%2F2017%2F09%2F21%2Fknock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight"</a>. historycollection.com. 22 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historycollection.com&rft.atitle=The+Germans+Could+no+Longer+Keep+up+the+Fight&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.co%2Ften-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2018260_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxelrod2018">Axelrod 2018</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_di_Michele2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrea di Michele (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002053915/http://www.agiati.it/UploadDocs/12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf">"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)"</a> [Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)] (PDF). Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione (in Italian): 436–437. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiati.it/UploadDocs/12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 October 2018. <q>La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini. [The numerical strength of the Italian contingent varied with the passing of months and at its peak reached 20–22,000 men.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trento+e+Trieste.+Percorsi+degli+Italiani+d%27Austria+dal+%2748+all%27annessione&rft.atitle=Trento%2C+Bolzano+e+Innsbruck%3A+l%27occupazione+militare+italiana+del+Tirolo+%281918%E2%80%931920%29&rft.pages=436-437&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Andrea+di+Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agiati.it%2FUploadDocs%2F12255_Art_20_di_michele.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp">"Clairière de l'Armistice"</a> (in French). Ville de <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp">the original</a> on 27 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clairi%C3%A8re+de+l%27Armistice&rft.pub=Ville+de+Compi%C3%A8gne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compiegne.fr%2Fdecouvrir%2Fclairierearmistice.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004385_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Kuhl" class="citation web cs1">K. Kuhl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf">"Die 14 Kieler Punkte"</a> [The Kiel 14 points] (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+14+Kieler+Punkte&rft.au=K.+Kuhl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurkuhl.de%2Fdocs%2Fkieler_14punkte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDähnhardt1978" class="citation book cs1">Dähnhardt, D. (1978). Revolution in Kiel. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-529-02636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-529-02636-2"><bdi>978-3-529-02636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Kiel&rft.place=Neum%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Karl+Wachholtz+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-529-02636-2&rft.aulast=D%C3%A4hnhardt&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWette2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette, Wolfram</a> (2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918". In Fleischhauer; Turowski (eds.). Kieler Erinnerungsorte. Boyens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Novemberrevolution+%E2%80%93+Kiel+1918&rft.btitle=Kieler+Erinnerungsorte&rft.pub=Boyens&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wette&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004383_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2004Chapter_17_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson2004">Stevenson 2004</a>, Chapter 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm">"France's oldest WWI veteran dies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm">Archived</a> 28 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 20 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker_2005_2732-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_2005_2732_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_2005_2732_222-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA273">273</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastedt2009" class="citation book cs1">Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009). Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. Infobase Publishing. p. 483. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0989-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0989-3"><bdi>978-1-4381-0989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0989-3&rft.aulast=Hastedt&rft.aufirst=Glenn+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonGerstle2010" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People. Vol. II. Cengage Learning. p. 622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90383-3"><bdi>978-0-495-90383-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90383-3&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Paul&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James&rft.au=Gerstle%2C+Gary&rft.au=Fahs%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3">"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 3 July 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harding+Ends+War%3B+Signs+Peace+Decree+at+Senator%27s+Home.+Thirty+Persons+Witness+Momentous+Act+in+Frelinghuysen+Living+Room+at+Raritan&rft.date=1921-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31773" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31773/page/1671">"No. 31773"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 10 February 1920. p. 1671.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31773&rft.pages=1671&rft.date=1920-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31773%2Fpage%2F1671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31991" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31991/page/7765">"No. 31991"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765–7766.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31991&rft.pages=7765-7766&rft.date=1920-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31991%2Fpage%2F7765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13627" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13627/page/1924">"No. 13627"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 27 August 1920. p. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13627&rft.pages=1924&rft.date=1920-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13627%2Fpage%2F1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32421" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32421/page/6371">"No. 32421"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 12 August 1921. pp. 6371–6372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32421&rft.pages=6371-6372&rft.date=1921-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32421%2Fpage%2F6371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32964" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32964/page/6030">"No. 32964"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 12 August 1924. pp. 6030–6031.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32964&rft.pages=6030-6031&rft.date=1924-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32964%2Fpage%2F6030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf">"Dates on war memorials"</a> (PDF). War Memorials Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dates+on+war+memorials&rft.pub=War+Memorials+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmemorials.org%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2F117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliveras19998–12-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagliveras19998%E2%80%9312_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagliveras1999">Magliveras 1999</a>, pp. 8–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthedge198635–36-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthedge198635%E2%80%9336_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorthedge1986">Northedge 1986</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2005" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, John H. (2005). The Great War: An Imperial History. London: Routledge. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20440-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20440-8"><bdi>978-0-415-20440-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War%3A+An+Imperial+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20440-8&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze1998" class="citation book cs1">Schulze, Hagen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B84ZaAdGbS4C&pg=PA204">Germany: A New History</a>. Harvard U.P. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Harvard+U.P.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB84ZaAdGbS4C%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYpersele2012" class="citation book cs1">Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). "Mourning and Memory, 1919–45". In Horne, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjZHLXRKjtEC&pg=PA584">A Companion to World War I</a>. Wiley. p. 584.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mourning+and+Memory%2C+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+World+War+I&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ypersele&rft.aufirst=Laurence+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjZHLXRKjtEC%26pg%3DPA584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf">"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Surrogate+Hegemon+in+Polish+Postcolonial+Discourse+Ewa+Thompson%2C+Rice+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.owlnet.rice.edu%2F~ethomp%2FThe%2520Surrogate%2520Hegemon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary">"Open-Site:Hungary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open-Site%3AHungary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-site.org%2FRegional%2FEurope%2FHungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frucht,_p._356-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Frucht,_p._356_239-0">^</a> Frucht, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsisHodosi1998" class="citation book cs1">Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. 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Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.denix.osd.mil&rft.atitle=History+of+United+States%27+Involvement+in+Chemical+Warfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denix.osd.mil%2Frcwmprogram%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJPH-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJPH_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJPH_267-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJPH_267-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzgerald, Gerard (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376985">"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 98 (4): 611–625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.11930">10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376985">2376985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18356568">18356568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Chemical+Warfare+and+Medical+Response+During+World+War+I&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-625&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2376985%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18356568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.11930&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2376985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Telford (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34">The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-83400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-83400-1"><bdi>978-0-316-83400-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 June 2013 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+the+Nuremberg+Trials%3A+A+Personal+Memoir&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-316-83400-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Telford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyofnuremb00tayl%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamLavera2003" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PYx0j3wRvAC&pg=PA7">Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98296-0"><bdi>978-0-295-98296-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornerstones+of+Security%3A+Arms+Control+Treaties+in+the+Nuclear+Era&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98296-0&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Lavera%2C+Damien+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PYx0j3wRvAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Morgenthau1918" class="citation book cs1">Henry Morgenthau (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/morgenthau/Morgen25.htm">"XXV: Talaat Tells Why He "Deports" the Armenians"</a>. Ambassador Mogenthau's story. Brigham Young University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612014938/http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/morgenthau/Morgen25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXV%3A+Talaat+Tells+Why+He+%22Deports%22+the+Armenians&rft.btitle=Ambassador+Mogenthau%27s+story&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Henry+Morgenthau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fcomment%2Fmorgenthau%2FMorgen25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAGSletter-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAGSletter_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAGSletter_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> (13 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm">"Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Letter+to+the+Prime+Minister+of+Turkey+Recep+Tayyip+Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft.au=International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.org%2FTurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leverkun-272"><a href="#cite_ref-leverkun_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVartparonianKaiser2008" class="citation book cs1">Vartparonian, Paul Leverkuehn; Kaiser (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_hItAQAAIAAJ">A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter</a>. translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903656-81-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903656-81-5"><bdi>978-1-903656-81-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326152834/https://books.google.com/books?id=_hItAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+German+officer+during+the+Armenian+genocide%3A+a+biography+of+Max+von+Scheubner-Richter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taderon+Press+for+the+Gomidas+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903656-81-5&rft.aulast=Vartparonian&rft.aufirst=Paul+Leverkuehn&rft.au=Kaiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_hItAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006177-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006177_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2006">Ferguson 2006</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010071506/http://www.genocidescholars.org/sites/default/files/document%09%5Bcurrent-page%3A1%5D/documents/US%20Congress_%20Armenian%20Resolution.pdf">"International Association of Genocide Scholars"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidescholars.org/sites/default/files/document%09%5Bcurrent-page%3A1%5D/documents/US%20Congress_%20Armenian%20Resolution.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidescholars.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument%2509%255Bcurrent-page%253A1%255D%2Fdocuments%2FUS%2520Congress_%2520Armenian%2520Resolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin1989212–215-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin1989212%E2%80%93215_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFromkin1989">Fromkin 1989</a>, pp. 212–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" class="citation web cs1">International Association of Genocide Scholars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422005726/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf">"Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+on+genocides+committed+by+the+Ottoman+empire&rft.au=International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidescholars.org%2Fimages%2FResolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2006" class="citation book cs1">Gaunt, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC">Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I</a>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacres%2C+Resistance%2C+Protectors%3A+Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Eastern+Anatolia+during+World+War+I&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mug9LrpLKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71515470">71515470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71515470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J.&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehorn2015" class="citation book cs1">Whitehorn, Alan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83, 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-688-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-688-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=83%2C+218&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-688-3&rft.aulast=Whitehorn&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vrnCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillimoreBellot19194–64-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillimoreBellot19194%E2%80%9364_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillimoreBellot1919">Phillimore & Bellot 1919</a>, pp. 4–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999368–369-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999368%E2%80%93369_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1999">Ferguson 1999</a>, pp. 368–369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20052733-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20052733_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 2733. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavighurst1985131-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavighurst1985131_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHavighurst1985">Havighurst 1985</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Alan J. (1974). "Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis". Historical Journal. 17 (1): 107–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00005689">10.1017/S0018246X00005689</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162360809">162360809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Lloyd+George+and+the+1918+Irish+conscription+crisis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-129&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00005689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162360809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> J.M. Main, Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150707113023/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722">Archived</a> 7 July 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-parl-286"><a href="#cite_ref-parl_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl">"Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I"</a>. Parliament of Australia. 4 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+Parliament+from+1901+to+World+War+I&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp1415%2FComParl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html">"The Conscription Crisis"</a>. CBC. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2014. 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The International History Review. 9 (4): 621–638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1987.9640462">10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022. 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Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Military+Diplomats+in+the+Prussian+and+German+Service%3A+The+Attach%C3%A9s%2C+1816-+1914&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-94&rft.date=1949&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2144182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2144182&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2144182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoakes2006" class="citation book cs1">Noakes, Lucy (2006). Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/30/world-war-i-to-finally-end-this-weekend/">the original</a> on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=World+War+I+to+finally+end+for+Germany+this+weekend&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.blogs.cnn.com%2F2010%2F09%2F30%2Fworld-war-i-to-finally-end-this-weekend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2010" class="citation news cs1">MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/opinion/26macmillan.html">"Ending the War to End All Wars"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113814/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/opinion/26macmillan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ending+the+War+to+End+All+Wars&rft.date=2010-12-25&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F26%2Fopinion%2F26macmillan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouter2000354-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouter2000354_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouter2000">Souter 2000</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051189-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051189_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 1189. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_311-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 1001 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005117-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005117_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhtar2003" class="citation book cs1">Mukhtar, Mohammed (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=iyasu+dervish&pg=PA126">Historical Dictionary of Somalia</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6604-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-6604-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230529/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=iyasu+dervish&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Somalia&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1&rft.aulast=Mukhtar&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPwOsOcNy5YC%26q%3Diyasu%2Bdervish%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682">"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans"</a>. BBC News. 25 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Ethiopian+prince+scuppered+Germany%27s+WW1+plans&rft.date=2016-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-37428682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051069-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051069_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 1069. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005884-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005884_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 884. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005335-317"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005335_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005219-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005219_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005209-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005209_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_320-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 596 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005826-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005826_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 826. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a>. 1997. Modern Italy: A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37">"No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier"</a>. paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 22 September 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz&rft.atitle=No+Immediate+Need.+Te+Awamutu+Courier&rft.date=1939-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FTAWC19390922.2.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Hom-c4.html">"Chapter 4 – Response from the Home Front"</a>. nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806215043/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1Hom-c4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+%E2%80%93+Response+from+the+Home+Front&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2-1Hom-c4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oag.parliament.nz/2005/copy_of_2003-04/part5-2.htm">"5.2: Provincial patriotic councils"</a>. Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519045102/https://oag.parliament.nz/2005/copy_of_2003-04/part5-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Auditor-General+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=5.2%3A+Provincial+patriotic+councils&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foag.parliament.nz%2F2005%2Fcopy_of_2003-04%2Fpart5-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp-PoW-1979-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Karp-PoW-1979_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarp1979">Karp 1979</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell2012" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, Catriona (2012). A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959058-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959058-2"><bdi>978-0-19-959058-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+United%3A+Popular+Responses+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+First+World+War+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959058-2&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=Catriona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005584-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005584_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 584. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> O'Halpin, Eunan, The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920, (Dublin, 1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmannvan_der_Veer199962-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmannvan_der_Veer199962_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLehmannvan_der_Veer1999">Lehmann & van der Veer 1999</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Brock, Peter, These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8707-2">978-0-8020-8707-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-25749290">"Winchester Whisperer: The secret newspaper made by jailed pacifists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207220011/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-25749290">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Winchester+Whisperer%3A+The+secret+newspaper+made+by+jailed+pacifists&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-25749290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Pipes1990" class="citation book cs1">Richard Pipes (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407">The Russian Revolution</a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78857-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78857-3"><bdi>978-0-307-78857-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78857-3&rft.au=Richard+Pipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtE54LuhFzEC%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seton_6-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seton_6_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seton_6_334-1">b</a> Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967. Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonLawson2002" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PGHckhHiX0Cpg=PT123">The First Air Campaign: August 1914 – November 1918</a>. Da Capo Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81213-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81213-2"><bdi>978-0-306-81213-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Air+Campaign%3A+August+1914+%E2%80%93+November+1918&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81213-2&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PGHckhHiX0Cpg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcup1988154-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcup1988154_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartcup1988">Hartcup 1988</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcup198882–86-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcup198882%E2%80%9386_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartcup1988">Hartcup 1988</a>, pp. 82–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-732-6">978-1-85109-732-6</a> p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross_1991-339"><a href="#cite_ref-Cross_1991_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1991">Cross 1991</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross199156–57-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross199156%E2%80%9357_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross1991">Cross 1991</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-341'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson1988%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2020)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson1988">Stevenson 1988</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeman1971" class="citation book cs1">Zeman, Z. A. B. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema">Diplomatic History of the First World War</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-00300-7"><bdi>978-0-297-00300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomatic+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-297-00300-7&rft.aulast=Zeman&rft.aufirst=Z.+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiplomatichistor0000zema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace1921" class="citation book cs1">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1921). Scott, James Brown (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106">Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918</a>. Washington, D.C., The Endowment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Statements+of+War+Aims+and+Peace+Proposals%3A+December+1916+to+November+1918&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+The+Endowment&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924016943106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing">"Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars"</a>. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Commonwealth of Australia. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Veterans%27+Affairs&rft.atitle=Memorials+to+the+Missing+of+the+First+and+Second+World+Wars&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dva.gov.au%2Frecognition%2Fcommemorations%2Fmemorials%2Fmemorials-missing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/67300/thiepval-anglo-french-cemetery/">"Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014125355/https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/67300/thiepval-anglo-french-cemetery/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.atitle=Thiepval+Anglo-French+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fvisit-us%2Ffind-cemeteries-memorials%2Fcemetery-details%2F67300%2Fthiepval-anglo-french-cemetery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F100487b0">"John McCrae"</a>. Nature. 100 (2521). Historica: 487–488. 1918. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1918Natur.100..487.">1918Natur.100..487.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F100487b0">10.1038/100487b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4275807">4275807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=John+McCrae&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2521&rft.pages=487-488&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4275807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F100487b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1918Natur.100..487.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F100487b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1918" class="citation journal cs1">David, Evans (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-mccrae">"John McCrae"</a>. Nature. 100 (2521): 487–488. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1918Natur.100..487.">1918Natur.100..487.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F100487b0">10.1038/100487b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4275807">4275807</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072732/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/john-mccrae/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=John+McCrae&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2521&rft.pages=487-488&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4275807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F100487b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1918Natur.100..487.&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjohn-mccrae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kclibrary.org-348"><a href="#cite_ref-kclibrary.org_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kclibrary.org/blog/week-kansas-city-history/monumental-undertaking">"Monumental Undertaking"</a>. kclibrary.org. 21 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529002033/http://www.kclibrary.org/blog/week-kansas-city-history/monumental-undertaking">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kclibrary.org&rft.atitle=Monumental+Undertaking&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kclibrary.org%2Fblog%2Fweek-kansas-city-history%2Fmonumental-undertaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208062818/http://www.1914.org/">"Commemoration website"</a>. 1914.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1914.org">the original</a> on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemoration+website&rft.pub=1914.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1914.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HartmannswillerkopfMemorial-350"><a href="#cite_ref-HartmannswillerkopfMemorial_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francenews.net/news/224398825/french-german-presidents-mark-world-war-i-anniversary">"French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary"</a>. France News.Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403005503/http://www.francenews.net/news/224398825/french-german-presidents-mark-world-war-i-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French%2C+German+Presidents+Mark+World+War+I+Anniversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francenews.net%2Fnews%2F224398825%2Ffrench-german-presidents-mark-world-war-i-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46165903">"Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One"</a>. BBC News. 10 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210194001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46165903">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armistice+Day%3A+Macron+and+Merkel+mark+end+of+World+War+One&rft.date=2018-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-46165903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilfred_Owen_2004-352"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilfred_Owen_2004_352-0">^</a> Wilfred Owen: poems, 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-Neiberg2-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neiberg2_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neiberg2_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Neiberg, Michael (2007). The World War I Reader. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+War+I+Reader&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Heather (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X13000216">"As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Journal">Historical Journal</a>. 56 (3): 857–878 [858]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X13000216">10.1017/S0018246X13000216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=As+the+centenary+approaches%3A+the+regeneration+of+First+World+War+historiography&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=857-878+858&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X13000216&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0018246X13000216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> see Christoph Cornelissen, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting">free download</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075020/https://berghahnbooks.com/title/CornelissenWriting">Archived</a> 29 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; full coverage for major countries. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a comprehensive bibliography, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_I" title="Bibliography of World War I">Bibliography of World War I</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Axelrod" title="Alan Axelrod">Axelrod, Alan</a> (2018). How America Won World War I. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-3192-4"><bdi>978-1-4930-3192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+America+Won+World+War+I&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4930-3192-4&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Porter_Ayres" title="Leonard Porter Ayres">Ayers, Leonard Porter</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCLC01187647&pg=PA1111">The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary</a>. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Germany%3A+A+Statistical+Summary&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOCLC01187647%26pg%3DPA1111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall1994" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Alan M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andnowmysoulisha00alan/mode/2up?view=theater">And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08010-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08010-6"><bdi>0-520-08010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+Now+My+Soul+Is+Hardened%3A+Abandoned+Children+in+Soviet+Russia%2C+1918%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-520-08010-6&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandnowmysoulisha00alan%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Michael B (2013). Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00865-7"><bdi>978-0-253-00865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+Blitzkrieg%3A+The+1916+Austro-German+Campaign+in+Romania&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00865-7&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Michael+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2007" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Ian (2007). The Great War. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-1252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéla1998" class="citation book cs1">Béla, Köpeczi (1998). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8371-020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8371-020-3"><bdi>978-84-8371-020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-84-8371-020-3&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9la&rft.aufirst=K%C3%B6peczi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraybon2004" class="citation book cs1">Braybon, Gail (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFqZcQmlOBsC&pg=PA8">Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-801-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-801-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-801-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083935/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFqZcQmlOBsC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence%2C+History%2C+and+the+Great+War%3A+Historians+and+the+Impact+of+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-801-0&rft.aulast=Braybon&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFqZcQmlOBsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_M._Brown" title="Judith M. Brown">Brown, Judith M.</a> (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873113-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+The+Origins+of+an+Asian+Democracy&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873113-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Butcher" title="Tim Butcher">Butcher, Tim</a> (2014). The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War (2015 ed.). Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-958133-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-958133-8"><bdi>978-0-09-958133-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trigger%3A+Hunting+the+Assassin+Who+Brought+the+World+to+War&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-09-958133-8&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1997" class="citation book cs1">Christie, Norm M (1997). The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918. CEF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896979-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896979-18-2"><bdi>978-1-896979-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadians+at+Cambrai+and+the+Canal+du+Nord%2C+August%E2%80%93September+1918&rft.pub=CEF+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-896979-18-2&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Norm+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2003" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Anthony (2003). Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35949-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35949-3"><bdi>978-0-304-35949-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Glory%3B+the+French+Army+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35949-3&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1927" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Charles Upson (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008231407/http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml">Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea</a>. New York: Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150789848">150789848</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/meta_pag.shtml">the original</a> on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bessarabia%2C+Russia+and+Roumania+on+the+Black+Sea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150789848&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Charles+Upson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fcartah%2Ftext_archive%2Fclark%2Fmeta_pag.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Clark (historian)">Clark, Christopher</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061146657">The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-219922-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-219922-5"><bdi>978-0-06-219922-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers%3A+How+Europe+Went+to+War+in+1914&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-06-219922-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780061146657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlon" class="citation book cs1">Conlon, Joseph M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213940/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf">The historical impact of epidemic typhus</a> (PDF). Montana State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+impact+of+epidemic+typhus&rft.pub=Montana+State+University&rft.aulast=Conlon&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentomology.montana.edu%2Fhistorybug%2FTYPHUS-Conlon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Tim (2009). Ireland in the 20th Century. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-941522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-941522-0"><bdi>978-0-09-941522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-941522-0&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1994" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R. J. (1994). Eastern Europe in the twentieth century. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05346-4"><bdi>978-0-415-05346-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05346-4&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisp1976" class="citation book cs1">Crisp, Olga (1976). Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-16907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-16907-0"><bdi>978-0-333-16907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Russian+Economy+before+1914&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-333-16907-0&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1991" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Wilbur L. (1991). Zeppelins of World War I. New York: Paragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-382-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-382-0"><bdi>978-1-55778-382-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22860189">22860189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeppelins+of+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paragon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22860189&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-382-0&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2001" class="citation book cs1">Crowe, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONDZngEACAAJ">The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis</a>. Research and Education Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87891-710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87891-710-5"><bdi>978-0-87891-710-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083933/https://books.google.com/books?id=ONDZngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+European+History%3A+1914+to+1935%2C+World+War+I+and+Europe+in+crisis&rft.pub=Research+and+Education+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87891-710-5&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DONDZngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo2015" class="citation book cs1">DiNardo, Richard (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0092-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0092-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-0092-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invasion%3A+The+Conquest+of+Serbia%2C+1915&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-0092-4&rft.aulast=DiNardo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonko2012" class="citation book cs1">Donko, Wilhelm (2012). A Brief History of the Austrian Navy. epubli GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8442-2129-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8442-2129-9"><bdi>978-3-8442-2129-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Austrian+Navy&rft.pub=epubli+GmbH&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8442-2129-9&rft.aulast=Donko&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, Robert A.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZRmHkdGk44C">Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01880-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083949/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZRmHkdGk44C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhic+victory%3A+French+strategy+and+operations+in+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01880-8&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZRmHkdGk44C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumitru2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revista.unap.ro/index.php/bulletin/article/view/163-172/0">"Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I"</a>. Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091440/https://revista.unap.ro/index.php/bulletin/article/view/163-172/0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+%22Carol+I%22+National+Defence+University%2C+Bucharest&rft.atitle=Preliminaries+of+Romania%27s+entering+the+World+War+I&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dumitru&rft.aufirst=Laurentiu-Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevista.unap.ro%2Findex.php%2Fbulletin%2Farticle%2Fview%2F163-172%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuy1993" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped0000dupu">The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History</a> (4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270056-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270056-8"><bdi>978-0-06-270056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harper%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Military+History&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-06-270056-8&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=R.+Ernest+and+Trevor+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharperencycloped0000dupu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9"><bdi>978-0-313-31516-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43481698">43481698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+to+Die%3A+A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Contributions+in+Military+Studies&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43481698&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31516-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Falls" title="Cyril Falls">Falls, Cyril Bentham</a> (1960). 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London: Longmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-272-3"><bdi>978-1-84342-272-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460327352">460327352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460327352&rft.isbn=978-1-84342-272-3&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Bentham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Byron_Farwell" title="Byron Farwell">Farwell, Byron</a> (1989). The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30564-7"><bdi>978-0-393-30564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+in+Africa%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30564-7&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1930" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Sidney B (1930). 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New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05711-5"><bdi>978-0-465-05711-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41124439">41124439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pity+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41124439&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05711-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2006" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-100-4"><bdi>978-1-59420-100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-Century+Conflict+and+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-100-4&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinestoneMassie1981" class="citation book cs1">Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). The last courts of Europe. JM Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-04519-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-04519-3"><bdi>978-0-460-04519-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+courts+of+Europe&rft.pub=JM+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-460-04519-3&rft.aulast=Finestone&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Massie%2C+Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornassin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fornassin, Alessio (2017). "The Italian Army's Losses in the First World War". Population. 72 (1): 39–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpopu.1701.0039">10.3917/popu.1701.0039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Army%27s+Losses+in+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-62&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fpopu.1701.0039&rft.aulast=Fornassin&rft.aufirst=Alessio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace:_The_Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_and_the_Creation_of_the_Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East">A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</a>. New York: Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0857-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-0857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+to+End+All+Peace%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-0857-9&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2004" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, David (2004). Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41156-4"><bdi>978-0-375-41156-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53937943">53937943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Last+Summer%3A+Who+Started+the+Great+War+in+1914%3F&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53937943&rft.isbn=978-0-375-41156-4&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2015" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Hall (2015). The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-3056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-3056-4"><bdi>978-1-4724-3056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+to+Prevent+World+War+I%3A+The+Unexpected+Armageddon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-3056-4&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2005" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R.G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran">Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat</a>. DK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-5578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-5578-5"><bdi>978-0-7566-5578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+Visual+Journey+Through+5%2C000+Years+of+Combat&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-5578-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlevisualjour0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayArgyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). Chronicle of the First World War. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-2595-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-2595-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19398100">19398100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19398100&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-2595-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft.au=Argyle%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1994" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1994). First World War. Stoddart Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-2848-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7737-2848-6"><bdi>978-0-7737-2848-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War&rft.pub=Stoddart+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7737-2848-6&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed1985" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). The German Wars 1914–1945. New York: Random House; Bonanza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-46790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-46790-9"><bdi>978-0-517-46790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Wars+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House%3B+Bonanza&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-517-46790-9&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=Donald+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1991" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Randal (1991). Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-157-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-157-1"><bdi>978-1-85532-157-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiserschlacht+1918%3A+the+final+German+offensive&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-157-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Randal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1938" class="citation journal cs1">Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). "Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson". Geological Society Quarterly Journal. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Albert+Ernest+Kitson&rft.volume=94&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotelueschen2006" class="citation book cs1">Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86434-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86434-3"><bdi>978-0-521-86434-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+AEF+Way+of+War%3A+The+American+Army+and+Combat+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86434-3&rft.aulast=Grotelueschen&rft.aufirst=Mark+Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1995" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. 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CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89802-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89802-7"><bdi>978-0-521-89802-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Haig+and+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89802-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartcup1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Hartcup" title="Guy Hartcup">Hartcup, Guy</a> (1988). The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18. Brassey's Defence Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-033591-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-033591-9"><bdi>978-0-08-033591-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Invention%3B+Scientific+Developments%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+Defence+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-08-033591-9&rft.aulast=Hartcup&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavighurst1985" class="citation book cs1">Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). Britain in transition: the twentieth century (4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31971-1"><bdi>978-0-226-31971-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+transition%3A+the+twentieth+century&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31971-1&rft.aulast=Havighurst&rft.aufirst=Alfred+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1988" class="citation journal cs1">Herwig, Holger (1988). "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered". The International History Review. 10 (1): 68–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1988.9640469">10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40107090">40107090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+German+Sea+Power%2C+1914%E2%80%931945%3A+Mahan%2C+Tirpitz%2C+and+Raeder+Reconsidered&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-105&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1988.9640469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40107090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyman1997" class="citation book cs1">Heyman, Neil M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwari00heym">World War I</a>. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29880-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29880-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36292837">36292837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Guides+to+historic+events+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36292837&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29880-6&rft.aulast=Heyman&rft.aufirst=Neil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwari00heym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinterhoff1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). "The Campaign in Armenia". In Young, Peter (ed.). Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. Vol. ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86307-181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86307-181-2"><bdi>978-0-86307-181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Campaign+in+Armenia&rft.btitle=Marshall+Cavendish+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86307-181-2&rft.aulast=Hinterhoff&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2014" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017041-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017041-2"><bdi>978-0-14-017041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Glory&rft.edition=1993&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-14-017041-2&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1993" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, N.P. (1993). "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19". German History. 11 (2): 161–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgh%2F11.2.161">10.1093/gh/11.2.161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=The+Social+and+Political+Consequences+of+the+Allied+Food+Blockade+of+Germany%2C+1918%E2%80%9319&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-188&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgh%2F11.2.161&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=N.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries2007" class="citation book cs1">Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". 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Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6"><bdi>978-0-88920-508-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Old+Wine+in+New+Bottles%22%3A+A+Comparison+of+British+and+Canadian+Preparations+for+the+Battle+of+Arras&rft.btitle=Vimy+Ridge%3A+A+Canadian+Reassessment&rft.place=Waterloo&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-508-6&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Mark+Osborne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis1995" class="citation book cs1">Inglis, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf">Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years</a> (PDF). Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183818/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6687/b17448906.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vimy+Ridge%3A+1917%E2%80%931992%2C+A+Canadian+Myth+over+Seventy+Five+Years&rft.place=Burnaby&rft.pub=Simon+Fraser+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsummit.sfu.ca%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Firitems1%2F6687%2Fb17448906.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2018" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julian (2018). A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle. 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Scholarly Resources Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2918-6"><bdi>978-0-8420-2918-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46640675">46640675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Power%3A+A+History+of+US+Foreign+Relations+Since+1897&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46640675&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2918-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarp1979" class="citation book cs1">Karp, Walter (1979). The Politics of War. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012265-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-012265-2"><bdi>978-0-06-012265-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4593327">4593327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+War&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4593327&rft.isbn=978-0-06-012265-2&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1998). 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Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 27: 61–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678575">10.2307/3678575</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678575">3678575</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154285570">154285570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+the+Three+Emperors%27+Alliance%2C+1881%E2%80%9387&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=61-83&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154285570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3678575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3678575&rft.aulast=Medlicott&rft.aufirst=W.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Gerald J (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldundonestory00gjme">A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918</a>. 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The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 24 (1): 153–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200278002400107">10.1177/002200278002400107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/173938">173938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155405415">155405415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Arms+Race+and+Military+Expenditure+Models%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-185&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155405415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F173938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200278002400107&rft.aulast=Moll&rft.aufirst=Kendall+D&rft.au=Luebbert%2C+Gregory+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg" title="Michael S. Neiberg">Neiberg, Michael S.</a> (2005). Fighting the Great War: A Global History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01696-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01696-5"><bdi>978-0-674-01696-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56592292">56592292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+the+Great+War%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56592292&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01696-5&rft.aulast=Neiberg&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthedge1986" class="citation book cs1">Northedge, F.S. (1986). The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946. New York: Holmes & Meier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1316-0"><bdi>978-0-7185-1316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+League+of+Nations%3A+Its+Life+and+Times%2C+1920%E2%80%931946&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1316-0&rft.aulast=Northedge&rft.aufirst=F.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimoreBellot1919" class="citation journal cs1">Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh H.L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War". Transactions of the Grotius Society. 5: 47–64. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43267276">43267276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Grotius+Society&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Prisoners+of+War&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=47-64&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43267276&rft.aulast=Phillimore&rft.aufirst=George+Grenville&rft.au=Bellot%2C+Hugh+H.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1980" class="citation book cs1">Price, Alfred (1980). Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980. London: Jane's Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0008-0"><bdi>978-0-7106-0008-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10324173">10324173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+versus+Submarine%3A+the+Evolution+of+the+Anti-submarine+Aircraft%2C+1912+to+1980&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10324173&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-0008-0&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"> Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping <a href="/wiki/Hydrophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophones">hydrophones</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudzens1990" class="citation journal cs1">Raudzens, George (October 1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History". The Journal of Military History. 54 (4): 403–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1986064">10.2307/1986064</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986064">1986064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=War-Winning+Weapons%3A+The+Measurement+of+Technological+Determinism+in+Military+History&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-434&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1986064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1986064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Raudzens&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ludendorff.html">"Erich von Ludendorff [sic], 1865–1937, German General"</a>. Military History Encyclopedia on the Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110050355/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_ludendorff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Encyclopedia+on+the+Web&rft.atitle=Erich+von+Ludendorff%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B%2C+1865%E2%80%931937%2C+German+General&rft.date=2001-03-05&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fpeople_ludendorff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickard2007" class="citation web cs1">Rickard, J. (27 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/scripts/fluffy/fcp.pl?words=20+July+1918&d=/battles_ludendorff.html">"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918"</a>. historyofwar.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010071517/http://www.historyofwar.org/scripts/fluffy/fcp.pl?words=20+July+1918&d=%2Fbattles_ludendorff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofwar.org&rft.atitle=The+Ludendorff+Offensives%2C+21+March%E2%80%9318+July+1918&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Fscripts%2Ffluffy%2Ffcp.pl%3Fwords%3D20%2BJuly%2B1918%26d%3D%2Fbattles_ludendorff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothschild1975" class="citation book cs1">Rothschild, Joseph (1975). East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95350-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95350-2"><bdi>978-0-295-95350-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East-Central+Europe+between+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95350-2&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaadi2009" class="citation news cs1">Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html">"Dreaming of Greater Syria"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110319/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dreaming+of+Greater+Syria&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Saadi&rft.aufirst=Abdul-Ilah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Ffocus%2Farabunity%2F2008%2F02%2F2008525183842614205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachar1970" class="citation book cs1">Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofmiddl0000sach">The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924</a>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-0158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-0158-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-0158-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/153103197">153103197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+the+Middle+East%2C+1914%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F153103197&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-0158-0&rft.aulast=Sachar&rft.aufirst=Howard+Morley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergenceofmiddl0000sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler, J. (2003). "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916". War in History. 10 (1): 27–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344503wh260oa">10.1191/0968344503wh260oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143618581">143618581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Steamrollered+in+Galicia%3A+The+Austro-Hungarian+Army+and+the+Brusilov+Offensive%2C+1916&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-59&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344503wh260oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143618581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler, John R. (2002). "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914". War in History. 9 (2): 159–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344502wh250oa">10.1191/0968344502wh250oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145488166">145488166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Disaster+on+the+Drina%3A+The+Austro-Hungarian+Army+in+Serbia%2C+1914&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-195&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344502wh250oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145488166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroEpstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300107982">The Yale Book of Quotations</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Book+of+Quotations&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10798-2&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300107982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzsnSU9J5sAC">One Morning in Sarajevo</a>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85608-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85608-5"><bdi>978-0-297-85608-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207124130/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzsnSU9J5sAC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2020. <q>He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of Behr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Morning+in+Sarajevo&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85608-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzsnSU9J5sAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouter2000" class="citation book cs1">Souter, Gavin (2000). Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia. Melbourne: Text Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222801639">222801639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+%26+Kangaroo%3A+the+initiation+of+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Text+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222801639&rft.aulast=Souter&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmele" class="citation web cs1">Smele, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml">"War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921"</a>. World Wars in-depth. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023214328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/eastern_front_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wars+in-depth&rft.atitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Russia+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.aulast=Smele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwone%2Feastern_front_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpreeuwenberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Spreeuwenberg, P (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314216">"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Epidemiology" title="American Journal of Epidemiology">American Journal of Epidemiology</a>. 187 (12): 2561–2567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwy191">10.1093/aje/kwy191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314216">7314216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30202996">30202996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+Global+Mortality+Burden+of+the+1918+Influenza+Pandemic.&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2561-2567&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7314216%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30202996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwy191&rft.aulast=Spreeuwenberg&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7314216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1988" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (1988). The First World War and International Politics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873049-1"><bdi>978-0-19-873049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+and+International+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873049-1&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(historian)" title="David Stevenson (historian)">Stevenson, David</a> (1996). Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820208-0"><bdi>978-0-19-820208-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33079190">33079190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armaments+and+the+Coming+of+War%3A+Europe%2C+1904%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33079190&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820208-0&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2004). Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy. New York: Basic Books. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08184-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08184-4"><bdi>978-0-465-08184-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54001282">54001282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cataclysm%3A+The+First+World+War+as+Political+Tragedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54001282&rft.isbn=978-0-465-08184-4&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2012" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2012). 1914–1918: The History of the First World War. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9795-7"><bdi>978-0-7181-9795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-9795-7&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2016" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.). Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873526-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873526-7"><bdi>978-0-19-873526-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+armaments+in+Europe%2C+1866%E2%80%931914+in+Arms+Races+in+International+Politics%3A+From+the+Nineteenth+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873526-7&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew</a> (2003). The First World War: Volume I: To Arms. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03295-2"><bdi>978-0-670-03295-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53075929">53075929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+Volume+I%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53075929&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03295-2&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferro1972" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) [1944]. Medicine and the War. Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-2629-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-2629-3"><bdi>978-0-8369-2629-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+the+War&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-2629-3&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=William+Hay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/audacious-cruise-of-the-emden.htm">"Audacious Cruise of the Emden"</a>. The Quarterly Journal of Military History. 19 (4): 38–47. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814021234/https://www.historynet.com/audacious-cruise-of-the-emden.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Audacious+Cruise+of+the+Emden&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=38-47&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Faudacious-cruise-of-the-emden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mark (2009). The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22333-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22333-6"><bdi>978-0-571-22333-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+War%3A+Life+and+Death+on+the+Italian+Front%2C+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22333-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7924-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165249/http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA485">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC%26pg%3DPA485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrie1978" class="citation journal cs1">Torrie, Glenn E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esirc.emporia.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/311/136.pdf?sequence=1">"Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy"</a> (PDF). Emporia State Research Studies. 26 (4). <a href="/wiki/Emporia_State_University" title="Emporia State University">Emporia State University</a>: 7–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810055824/https://esirc.emporia.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/311/136.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emporia+State+Research+Studies&rft.atitle=Romania%27s+Entry+into+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Problem+of+Strategy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Torrie&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesirc.emporia.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F311%2F136.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschanz" class="citation book cs1">Tschanz, David W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611212917/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/WWI/TEF.htm">Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I</a>. Montana State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entomology.montana.edu/historybug/WWI/TEF.htm">the original</a> on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typhus+fever+on+the+Eastern+front+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Montana+State+University&rft.aulast=Tschanz&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entomology.montana.edu%2Fhistorybug%2FWWI%2FTEF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61247250">61247250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61247250&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerWoodMurphy1999" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC">The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3351-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-3351-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142143/https://books.google.com/books?id=gv3GEyB19wIC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3351-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Laura+Matysek&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Justin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgv3GEyB19wIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2002" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2002). The Great War, 1914–1918. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81750-4"><bdi>978-1-134-81750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81750-4&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikonja2003" class="citation book cs1">Velikonja, Mitja (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/141">Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/141">141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Separation+and+Political+Intolerance+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-226-3&rft.aulast=Velikonja&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousseparat0000veli%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_der_Porten1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Von_der_Porten" title="Edward Von der Porten">von der Porten, Edward P.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germannavyinworl00vond">German Navy in World War II</a>. New York: T.Y. Crowell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-213-17961-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-213-17961-8"><bdi>978-0-213-17961-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/164543865">164543865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=T.Y.+Crowell&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F164543865&rft.isbn=978-0-213-17961-8&rft.aulast=von+der+Porten&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermannavyinworl00vond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Westwell, Ian (2004). World War I Day by Day. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1937-6"><bdi>978-0-7603-1937-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57533366">57533366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+Day+by+Day&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=192pp&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57533366&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1937-6&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brest-Litovsk%3AThe+forgotten+peace&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2003" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H.P. (2003). World War I. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-9627-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-9627-0"><bdi>978-0-7894-9627-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52541937">52541937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52541937&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-9627-0&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2014" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). The Cambridge History of the First World War (2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-60066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-60066-5"><bdi>978-1-316-60066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-316-60066-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeldin1977" class="citation book cs1">Zeldin, Theodore (1977). France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety (1986 ed.). Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822125-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822125-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+1848%E2%80%931945%3A+Volume+II%3A+Intellect%2C+Taste%2C+and+Anxiety&rft.edition=1986&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822125-8&rft.aulast=Zeldin&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieger2001" class="citation book cs1">Zieger, Robert H. (2001). America's Great War: World War I and the American experience. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9645-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9645-1"><bdi>978-0-8476-9645-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Great+War%3A+World+War+I+and+the+American+experience&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9645-1&rft.aulast=Zieger&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+I" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/World_War_I" class="extiw" title="b:World War I">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/World_War_I" class="extiw" title="v:World War I">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/World_War_I" class="extiw" title="voy:World War I">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Links_to_Other_WWI_Sites">Links to other WWI Sites</a>, worldwide links from Brigham Young U.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/">The World War One Document Archive</a>, from Brigham Young U.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1914-1918-online.net/#:~:text=International%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20First%20World%20War%20%E2%80%9D,authors%2C%20editors%2C%20and%20partners%20from%20over%20fifty%20countries.">International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/">Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatwar.nl/">The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic colour photos, pictures and music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/">A multimedia history of World War I</a></li> <li>European Newspapers from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50">start of the First World War</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50">end of the war</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1">WWI Films on the European Film Gateway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection">The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234810/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection">Archived</a> 24 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/WWIphoto">World War I British press photograph collection</a> – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari">Personal accounts of American World War I veterans</a>, Veterans History Project, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li>Who is at fault for World War I? (YouTube Premium): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37QFb-LRd9Q">Link</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_guides">Library guides</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war">National Library of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia">State Library of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/wwi/wwi.html">US Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources">Indiana University Bloomington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources">Archived</a> 5 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692">New York University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692">Archived</a> 5 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914">University of Alberta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/search?style=oac4;Institution=California%20State%20Library::California%20History%20Room;idT=AEK-6409">California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I&oldid=1260150407">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I&oldid=1260150407</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_I&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 29 November 2024, at 04:43 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Япэрей дунейпсо зауэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Япэрей дунейпсо зауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Weltkrieg" title="Erster Weltkrieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erster Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8C%80%E1%88%98%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የመጀመሪያው የዓለም ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የመጀመሪያው የዓለም ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrst_Woruldg%C5%AB%C3%BE" title="Fyrst Woruldgūþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fyrst Woruldgūþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Актәи адунеизегьтәи аибашьра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Актәи адунеизегьтәи аибашьра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="الحرب العالمية الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب العالمية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primera Guerra Mundial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Primera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Համաշխարհային Առաջին Պատերազմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Համաշխարհային Առաջին Պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protlu_Polimu_Mondialu" title="Protlu Polimu Mondialu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Protlu Polimu Mondialu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A9ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_mondi%C3%A2la" title="Premiéra Guèrra mondiâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Premiéra Guèrra mondiâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primer Guerra Mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिला बिस्व जुद्ध – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पहिला बिस्व जुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Guasu_Pete%C4%A9ha" title="Ñorairõ Guasu Peteĩha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ Guasu Peteĩha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀоцебесеб дунялалъулаб рагъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Dünya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Dünya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی دونیا ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی دونیا ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Jagat_I" title="Yuda Jagat I – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yuda Jagat I" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimank%C9%9Bl%C9%9B_f%C9%94l%C9%94" title="Alimankɛlɛ fɔlɔ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimankɛlɛ fɔlɔ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-it-chh%C3%B9_S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_T%C4%81i-chi%C3%A0n" title="Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-it-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Беренсе донъя һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беренсе донъя һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая сусветная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая сусветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая сусьветная вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Першая сусьветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिला बिस्व जुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पहिला बिस्व जुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enot_na_Gerang_Pankinaban" title="Enot na Gerang Pankinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Enot na Gerang Pankinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Първа световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easchta_W%C3%B6dkriag" title="Easchta Wödkriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Easchta Wödkriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་དང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་དང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_svjetski_rat" title="Prvi svjetski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prvi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel-bed_kenta%C3%B1" title="Brezel-bed kentañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel-bed kentañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхэйн нэгэдүгээр дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дэлхэйн нэгэдүгээр дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primera Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Пĕрремĕш Тĕнче вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрремĕш Тĕнче вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="První světová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První světová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhondo_Yadziko_Lonse" title="Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_yePasirose_yeChiposhi" title="Hondo yePasirose yeChiposhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hondo yePasirose yeChiposhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_mundiale" title="Prima guerra mundiale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Prima guerra mundiale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._verdenskrig" title="1. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لحرب لعالمية لولة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحرب لعالمية لولة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Weltkrieg" title="Erster Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%9Bdna_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Prědna swětowa wójna – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Prědna swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Esimene maailmasõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimene maailmasõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mma_gu%C3%A8ra_mundi%C3%A8l" title="Prémma guèra mundièl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Prémma guèra mundièl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasence_modamastoro%C5%84_torpinge" title="Vasence modamastoroń torpinge – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Vasence modamastoroń torpinge" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primera Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Mondmilito" title="Unua Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Guerra_Mundial" title="I Guerra Mundial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="I Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen Mundu Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="جنگ جهانی اول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جهانی اول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="World War I" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrri_veraldarbardagi" title="Fyrri veraldarbardagi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fyrri veraldarbardagi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale" title="Première Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earste_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Earste Wrâldkriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Earste Wrâldkriich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_vuere_mondi%C3%A2l" title="Prime vuere mondiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Prime vuere mondiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%A9ad_Chogadh_Domhanda" title="An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chied_Chaggey_Dowanagh" title="Yn Chied Chaggey Dowanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chied Chaggey Dowanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_D%C3%BCnn%C3%A4%C3%A4_Cengi" title="Birinci Dünnää Cengi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Birinci Dünnää Cengi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cogadh_M%C3%B2r" title="An Cogadh Mòr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Cogadh Mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_guerra_mundial" title="Primeira guerra mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хьалхара дунен тӀом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьалхара дунен тӀом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第一次世界大戰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="第一次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="પ્રથમ વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રથમ વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-yit-chh%E1%B9%B3_S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Thai-chan" title="Thi-yit-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-yit-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="제1차 세계 대전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 세계 대전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in_Duniya_na_I" title="Yaƙin Duniya na I – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaƙin Duniya na I" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रथम विश्व युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रथम विश्व युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%9Bnja_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Prěnja swětowa wójna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prěnja swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_svjetski_rat" title="Prvi svjetski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unesma_mondomilito" title="Unesma mondomilito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unesma mondomilito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuna_a_Sangalubongan_a_Gubat" title="Umuna a Sangalubongan a Gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Umuna a Sangalubongan a Gubat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Dunia I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Guerra_Mundial" title="Prime Guerra Mundial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Prime Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unesim_Guerre_Mundal" title="Unesim Guerre Mundal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Unesim Guerre Mundal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фыццаг дунеон хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фыццаг дунеон хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrri_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Fyrri heimsstyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrri heimsstyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_mondiale" title="Prima guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת העולם הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העולם הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_I" title="Perang Donya I – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Donya I" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kede%C5%8Ba_y%C9%94%C9%94_kajala%C9%A3_you" title="Kedeŋa yɔɔ kajalaɣ you – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kedeŋa yɔɔ kajalaɣ you" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಒಂದನೆಯ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಂದನೆಯ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Биринчи дуния къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Биринчи дуния къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პირველი მსოფლიო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირველი მსოფლიო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%84%DA%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%8F%D9%9B%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D9%94%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="گۄڈنیُٛک عٔظیٖم جَنٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گۄڈنیُٛک عٔظیٖم جَنٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Бірінші дүниежүзілік соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бірінші дүниежүзілік соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynsa_Bresel_an_Bys" title="Kynsa Bresel an Bys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kynsa Bresel an Bys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Kuu_ya_Kwanza_ya_Dunia" title="Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%A7%D0%B2%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Медводдза мирӧвӧй тыш – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Медводдза мирӧвӧй тыш" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premy%C3%A8_G%C3%A8_mondyal" title="Premyè Gè mondyal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Premyè Gè mondyal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9my%C3%A9_Lag%C3%A8r_mondyal" title="Prémyé Lagèr mondyal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Prémyé Lagèr mondyal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Yekem" title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Yekem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Yekem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Биринчи дүйнөлүк согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биринчи дүйнөлүк согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B6ma_Gran_Vera" title="Pröma Gran Vera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pröma Gran Vera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Gerra_Mondiala" title="Primera Gerra Mondiala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Primera Gerra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5_I" title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີ I – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີ I" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primum_bellum_mundanum" title="Primum bellum mundanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Primum bellum mundanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais pasaules karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais pasaules karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ischte_Weltkrich" title="Éischte Weltkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Éischte Weltkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Дуьньядин садлагьай дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дуьньядин садлагьай дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmasis_pasaulinis_karas" title="Pirmasis pasaulinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirmasis pasaulinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primma_Go%C3%A6ra_Mondi%C3%A2" title="Primma Goæra Mondiâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Primma Goæra Mondiâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rsjte_Waeltkreeg" title="Örsjte Waeltkreeg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Örsjte Waeltkreeg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_Mundal_Un" title="Gera Mundal Un – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gera Mundal Un" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guera_mondial" title="Prima guera mondial – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prima guera mondial" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%C5%91_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első világháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Első világháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रथम विश्व युद्ध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रथम विश्व युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прва светска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прва светска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Lehibe_Voalohany" title="Ady Lehibe Voalohany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady Lehibe Voalohany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ഒന്നാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒന്നാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Ewwel_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="L-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakanga_Tuatahi_o_te_Ao" title="Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिले महायुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिले महायुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მაართა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაართა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب العالميه الاولانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب العالميه الاولانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="جهونی جنگ اول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جهونی جنگ اول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Pertama" title="Perang Dunia Pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dunia Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Dunia_I" title="Parang Dunia I – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang Dunia I" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2%CC%A4-%C3%A9k-ch%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3_Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i_D%C3%A2i-ci%C3%A9ng" title="Dâ̤-ék-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâ̤-ék-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purmeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Purmeira Guerra Mundial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Purmeira Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Васенце масторлангонь торпингесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Васенце масторлангонь торпингесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхийн нэгдүгээр дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн нэгдүгээр дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%99_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ပထမ ကမ္ဘာစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပထမ ကမ္ဘာစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Wereldoorlog" title="Eerste Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Wealdkrieg" title="Eerste Wealdkrieg – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerste Wealdkrieg" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिलो विश्वयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पहिलो विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7" title="तःहताः १ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तःहताः १" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="第一次世界大戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第一次世界大戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primma_uerra_munniale" title="Primma uerra munniale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Primma uerra munniale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8D_%DF%9D%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%A1%DF%8A" title="ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ ߝߟߐߡߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ ߝߟߐߡߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Дуьненан хьалхара тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьненан хьалхара тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarst_W%C3%A4%C3%A4ltkrich" title="Iarst Wäältkrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iarst Wäältkrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig" title="Første verdenskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Første verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fyrste_verdskrigen" title="Den fyrste verdskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den fyrste verdskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preunmi%C3%A9_Dg%C3%A8rre_Mondiale" title="Preunmié Dgèrre Mondiale – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Preunmié Dgèrre Mondiale" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Primièra Guèrra Mondiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Primièra Guèrra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରଥମ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrana_Adunya_1" title="Warrana Adunya 1 – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Warrana Adunya 1" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinchi_Jahon_urushi" title="Birinchi Jahon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birinchi Jahon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਪਹਿਲੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਹਿਲੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پہلی وڈی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی وڈی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%EA%A9%BB" title="ပထမကမ္ဘာႏစဲ့ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပထမကမ္ဘာႏစဲ့ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome_Guera_Mundial" title="Prome Guera Mundial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Prome Guera Mundial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%D9%86%DB%8D_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%87" title="لومړنۍ نړېواله جگړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لومړنۍ نړېواله جگړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Waar_I" title="Wol Waar I – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wol Waar I" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A1" title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prumi%C3%A8re_Dj%C3%A9rre_mondiale" title="Prumière Djérre mondiale – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Prumière Djérre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_gu%C3%A8ra_mondial" title="Prima guèra mondial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Prima guèra mondial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Weltkrieg" title="Eerste Weltkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eerste Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="I wojna światowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna światowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primeira Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinshi_j%C3%A1h%C3%A1n_ur%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Birinshi jáhán urısı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Birinshi jáhán urısı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Cian_cenki" title="Birinci Cian cenki – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Birinci Cian cenki" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Primul Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emprima_Guerra_mundiala" title="Emprima Guerra mundiala – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Emprima Guerra mundiala" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huk_%C3%B1iqin_pachantin_maqanakuy" title="Huk ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huk ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Перша світова война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Перша світова война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая мировая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая мировая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Аан дойду бастакы сэриитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду бастакы сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakacacayay_nu_kitakit_satabakiay_masasungayaw" title="sakacacayay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sakacacayay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_gherra_mundiale" title="Prima gherra mundiale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prima gherra mundiale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warld_War_I" title="Warld War I – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Warld War I" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eersten_Waareldkriech" title="Eersten Waareldkriech – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Eersten Waareldkriech" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore" title="Lufta e Parë Botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë Botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_munniali" title="Prima guerra munniali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prima guerra munniali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World War I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphi_Yelive_Yekucala" title="Imphi Yelive Yekucala – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Imphi Yelive Yekucala" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Prvá svetová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá svetová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_svetovna_vojna" title="Prva svetovna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva svetovna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%A3%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прьва свѣтьна воина – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Прьва свѣтьна воина" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyrsz%C5%8F_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatow%C5%8F" title="Piyrszŏ wojna światowŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Piyrszŏ wojna światowŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad" title="Dagaalkii Dunida Kowaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalkii Dunida Kowaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85" title="جەنگی جیھانیی یەکەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی جیھانیی یەکەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Први светски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први светски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_svjetski_rat" title="Prvi svjetski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_I" title="Perang Dunya I – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Dunya I" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_maailmansota" title="Ensimmäinen maailmansota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen maailmansota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Första världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாம் உலகப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் உலகப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADra%E1%B8%8D_Ama%E1%B8%8Dlan_Amezwaru" title="Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_uerre_mundiale" title="Prime uerre mundiale – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Prime uerre mundiale" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Беренче бөтендөнья сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Беренче бөтендөнья сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="మొదటి ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొదటి ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонии якум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонии якум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="I. Dünya Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Dünya Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinji_jahan_ur%C5%9Fy" title="Birinji jahan urşy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Birinji jahan urşy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwang_Swanta_I" title="Zwang Swanta I – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwang Swanta I" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Перша світова війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перша світова війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پہلی جنگ عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلی جنگ عظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89" title="بىرىنچى دۇنيا ئۇرۇشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىرىنچى دۇنيا ئۇرۇشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guera_mondia%C5%82e" title="Prima guera mondiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Prima guera mondiałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezm%C3%A4ine_mail%27man_voin" title="Ezmäine mail'man voin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ezmäine mail'man voin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volakrig_balid" title="Volakrig balid – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volakrig balid" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edim%C3%A4ne_ilmas%C3%B5da" title="Edimäne ilmasõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Edimäne ilmasõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prumire_guere_daegnrece" title="Prumire guere daegnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Prumire guere daegnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第一次世界大戰 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="第一次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Aestn_Weireldoorloge" title="Êestn Weireldoorloge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Êestn Weireldoorloge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Gera_han_Kalibotan" title="Syahan nga Gera han Kalibotan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syahan nga Gera han Kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xareb_%C3%80dduna_bu_Nj%C3%ABkk" title="Xareb Àdduna bu Njëkk – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xareb Àdduna bu Njëkk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一次世界大战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ערשטע וועלט-מלחמה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערשטע וועלט-מלחמה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_%C3%80gb%C3%A1y%C3%A9_K%C3%AC%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ogun Àgbáyé Kìíní" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第一次世界大戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第一次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%C3%AA_D%C4%B1nyay%C3%AA_Yew%C4%B1ne" title="Herbê Dınyayê Yewıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Herbê Dınyayê Yewıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Weareldo%C3%B4rlog" title="Eerste Weareldoôrlog – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Eerste Weareldoôrlog" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97rma_svieta_vaina" title="Pėrma svieta vaina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėrma svieta vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次世界大战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porang_Portibi_I" title="Porang Portibi I – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Porang Portibi I" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porang_Dunia_pa_1" title="Porang Dunia pa 1 – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Porang Dunia pa 1" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_Keterubah" title="Perang Dunya Keterubah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Perang Dunya Keterubah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imin%C9%99_Dynjo_%C4%8Dang" title="Iminə Dynjo čang – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Iminə Dynjo čang" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 04:43 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-bcssj","wgBackendResponseTime":345,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.160","walltime":"4.753","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31159,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":833485,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32023,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":104,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":942926,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3861.666 1 -total"," 30.62% 1182.435 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.75% 762.487 140 Template:Cite_book"," 18.21% 703.041 185 Template:Sfn"," 7.72% 298.308 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 6.63% 256.054 36 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.00% 193.207 40 Template:Cite_web"," 4.02% 155.419 7 Template:Cite_magazine"," 3.23% 124.892 36 Template:Main"," 3.14% 121.077 1 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[\"CITEREFChorba2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConlon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosgrave2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfordMcGibbon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrisp1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiNardo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjordjevićSpence1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonko2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoughty2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumitru2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupuy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDähnhardt1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalls1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalls1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarwell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFay1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinestoneMassie1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgerald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFornassin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromkin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromkin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaunt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettlemanSchaar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodspeed1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamLavera2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayArgyle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrotelueschen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanioglu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartcup1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastedt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavighurst1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedges2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Morgenthau1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerwig1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinterhoff1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorniman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInglis1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanuary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Black2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Kuhl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKant2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeene2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernek1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnoblerMackMahmoudLemon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKocsisHodosi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorsun\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKröll2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_Goodrich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawsonLawson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmannvan_der_Veer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichfield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieven2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMillan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMillan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagliveras1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallJosephy1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedlicott1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollLuebbert1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukhtar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonGerstle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeiberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeiberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoakes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthcote1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthedge1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly_Committee_on_Veterans_Affairs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillimoreBellot1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaudzens1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid,_A.H.McCall,_S.Henry,_J.M.Taubenberger,_J.K.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Pipes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaadi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachar1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroEpstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheffield\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmele\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpreeuwenberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanova2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuddath2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaliaferro1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrie1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumpener1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTschanz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerWoodMurphy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVartparonianKaiser2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelikonja2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWavell1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestwell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWette2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehorn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillmott2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYpersele2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeldin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZieger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_der_Porten1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Balkan Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulletlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox World War I\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 140,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 40,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Eastern world\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Flag\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 11,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 2,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 12,\n [\"Google books\"] = 12,\n [\"Great Power diplomacy\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 13,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Location map many\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 36,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 19,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SMS\"] = 4,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 185,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Sup\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WWI history by nation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Western world\"] = 1,\n [\"World War I\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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