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https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/15102304/europe-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px" /> </div> <header class="post-header has-large-shadow normalize-first-last has-brand-white-background-color has-background is-content-width-widest"> <div class="has-para-medium-font-size has-no-text-decoration-links has-brand-a-link-color has-brand-b-link-hover-color text-center"> <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/category/policy/">Politik</a> </div> <h1 class="has-hdg-medium-font-size mb-2 mb-1-m text-center">Europa braucht eine optionsbasierte Klimastrategie</h1> <div class="post-header-meta"> <span> 23. Februar 2023 </span> </div> </header> <main class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-alt-tp pt-4 pt-3-m"> <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last has-post-content-styles"> <div class="post-authors has-link-transition has-brand-a-link-color has-brand-b-link-hover-color has-text-decoration-links"> <a class="post-author" href="https://www.catf.us/de/content-by/lee-beck/"> <span class="post-author__headshot"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/26151426/LBeck_Headshot_3-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Lee Beck" decoding="async" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/26151426/LBeck_Headshot_3-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/26151426/LBeck_Headshot_3-300x300.jpg 300w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/26151426/LBeck_Headshot_3.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> </span> <span class="has-para-small-font-size"> Lee Beck </span> </a> </div> <p><strong>Die politischen Entscheidungstr盲ger der EU m眉ssen eine neue Strategie formulieren, wenn sie die Netto-Null-Ziele rechtzeitig erreichen wollen. Neben den erneuerbaren Energien muss die Politik auch die Kernenergie, CO2-abscheidung und die Speicherung sowie CO2-freie kraftstoffe unterst眉tzen.</strong></p> <p>Inmitten der Energiekrise und der sich ver盲ndernden Geopolitik ist klar geworden, dass Europa einen neuen Ansatz zur Klimaneutralit盲t braucht, der auch langfristige Energiesicherheit und Wirtschaftswachstum erm枚glicht.</p> <p>W盲hrend die europ盲ischen Entscheidungstr盲ger auf EU- und nationaler Ebene <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/eu-leaders-back-green-subsidy-drive-but-leave-details-to-brussels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">眉ber die Details</a> der europ盲ischen Antwort auf den globalen Trend zu einer gr眉nen Industriepolitik <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/eu-leaders-back-green-subsidy-drive-but-leave-details-to-brussels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nachdenken</a>, ist es jetzt an der Zeit, eine neue Klimastrategie zu entwickeln, die das Ausma脽 und die Komplexit盲t des Problems mit einer Reihe von politischen und technologischen L枚sungen widerspiegelt, die mehr auf Optionen basieren.</p> <p>Erstens m眉ssen die europ盲ischen Entscheidungstr盲ger eine Klimapolitik formulieren, die umfassende L枚sungsoptionen beinhaltet.</p> <p>Europa muss so viele erneuerbare Energien wie m枚glich bauen. Um jedoch sektor眉bergreifende Emissionssenkungen und die Zuverl盲ssigkeit der Stromversorgung rund um die Uhr in verschiedenen Volkswirtschaften zu gew盲hrleisten, muss die Politik auch die konventionelle und die n盲chste Generation der Kernenergie sowie CO2-abscheidung und die Speicherung, die klimaschonende CO2-freie kraftstoffe und die entsprechende Infrastruktur unterst眉tzen.聽</p> <p>Die <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/2022/12/disappointment-as-council-backtracks-on-european-methane-ambition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Methanemissionen m眉ssen dringend</a> durch eine angemessene Regulierung <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/2022/12/disappointment-as-council-backtracks-on-european-methane-ambition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">angegangen werden</a>. Wir m眉ssen auch in die Kommerzialisierung vision盲rer L枚sungen wie die dauerhafte Entfernung von Kohlendioxid, die Kernfusion und die <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/work/superhot-rock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geothermie mit superhei脽em Gestein</a> investieren.聽聽</p> <p>Was ist, wenn sich eine der heutigen L枚sungen nicht in gro脽em Ma脽stab bew盲hrt? Um die Ziele von REPowerEU zu erreichen, m眉ssen die Mitgliedstaaten beispielsweise <a href="https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/europes-race-for-wind-and-solar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">die in den</a> letzten Jahrzehnten <a href="https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/europes-race-for-wind-and-solar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">errichtete Kapazit盲t an erneuerbaren Energien</a> in nur sieben Jahren <a href="https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/europes-race-for-wind-and-solar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mehr als verdoppeln</a>, doch die Genehmigungs- und Installationsraten sind im R眉ckstand.</p> <p>Mit der Umstellung von russischen fossilen Brennstoffen auf erneuerbare Energien mit von China abh盲ngigen Lieferketten - woher <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eu-wants-to-mine-its-way-out-of-reliance-on-china-for-raw-materials-itll-have-to-convince-the-locals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fast 98 %</a> der Seltenen Erden der EU stammen - laufen wir Gefahr, von einer 眉berm盲脽igen Abh盲ngigkeit in eine andere zu geraten. Gegen diese Risiken k枚nnen wir uns nur mit mehr Optionen absichern.聽</p> <p>Die W盲hler stehen der Idee eindeutig offen gegen眉ber. K眉rzlich sprachen sich <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-sees-tidal-shift-in-sentiment-toward-atomic-energy-a-05f47c3c-d20e-44dc-bd6d-1e1dbfb7f0cd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">67 % der deutschen Befragten</a> daf眉r aus, dass Deutschland die bestehenden Kernkraftwerke in den n盲chsten f眉nf Jahren weiter nutzen sollte. 41 % sagten, Deutschland solle neue Kernkraftwerke bauen.</p> <p>Zweitens lehrt die Geschichte, dass die Verbreitung von Technologien eine langfristige Politik- und Investitionsplanung erfordert. Es dauerte etwa 30 Jahre, bis die Solartechnik aus dem Labor auf den Markt kam, und weitere 20 Jahre, bis sie kommerziell genutzt wurde.</p> <p>Bei der Windenergie betrugen diese Zeitr盲ume 20 Jahre und zehn Jahre. Die Netto-Null-Modelle gehen jedoch von einer noch nie dagewesenen Verk眉rzung der Einf眉hrungszeitr盲ume aus.</p> <p><a href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/a86b480e-2b03-4e25-bae1-da1395e0b620/EnergyTechnologyPerspectives2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nach dem Netto-Null-Szenario der Internationalen Energieagentur</a> wird die Markteinf眉hrung von Zement CO2-abscheidung, direct air capture und der wasserstoffbasierten Eisenerzeugung auf deutlich weniger als ein Jahrzehnt verk眉rzt.</p> <p>Das Gleiche gilt f眉r die Skalierung der Lieferketten und die gemeinsame Nutzung von Infrastrukturen, wie z. B. 脺bertragungs- und Wasserstoffpipelines.</p> <p>Wenn wir das f眉r 2030 angestrebte Ziel einer Reduzierung der Emissionen um 55 % gegen眉ber den Werten der 1990er Jahre erreichen - <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/europe-miss-2030-climate-goal-by-21-years-current-pace-study-2021-09-04/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">und es ist sehr ungewiss </a>, ob wir dieses Ziel erreichen k枚nnen -, m眉ssen wir immer noch planen, wie wir die zus盲tzlichen 45 % Emissionsreduzierungen und den Kohlenstoffabbau danach erreichen. Die meisten der zus盲tzlichen Reduktionen werden Technologien und M盲rkte erfordern, die noch nicht vorhanden sind.聽</p> <p>Drittens sollten sich die politischen Entscheidungstr盲ger darauf konzentrieren, wie die vorhandenen Mittel effizienter verteilt werden k枚nnen. In den USA <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e157d9c2-8386-48ee-820e-93696d90a6d7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">k枚nnen die Projektentwickler vorhersagen</a>, ob sie f眉r Anreize in Frage kommen.</p> <p>Obwohl sie in der Summe 盲hnlich <a href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/34a55767-55a1-11ed-92ed-01aa75ed71a1/language-en?WT.mc_id=Searchresult&WT.ria_c=37085&WT.ria_f=3608&WT.ria_ev=search&WT.URL=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.ec.europa.eu%2F" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gro脽z眉gig sind wie in den USA</a>, ist oft unklar, wie die Politiken der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten bei der Einf眉hrung und Innovation zusammenwirken k枚nnen; <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/sites/default/files/wp_attachments/Bruegel_Blueprint_31_Complete_151220.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sie k枚nnten sich sogar widersprechen</a>. Wissenschaftler sprechen von einem "<a href="https://twitter.com/Tagliapietra_S/status/1615341962252648448" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kaleidoskop</a>" politischer Ma脽nahmen, denen es an Koordination mangelt und die die F盲higkeit untergraben, Gr枚脽envorteile zu erzielen.</p> <p>Nehmen Sie die wichtigen Projekte von gemeinsamem europ盲ischen Interesse (IPCEI). Sie sind eine der Optionen f眉r die europ盲ische Industriepolitik, aber das <a href="https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PP286_EU-industrial-policy-in-the-making_Eisl_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fehlen harmonisierter Verfahren und der Bottom-up-Prozess</a>, einschlie脽lich begrenzter Verwaltungskapazit盲ten, haben zu unn枚tigen Belastungen f眉r die Unternehmen gef眉hrt, so dass die Durchf眉hrung dieser Projekte zu lange dauert. Die Forderung nach einer Straffung und Koordinierung der Politiken ist zwingend notwendig.聽</p> <p>Viertens werden zus盲tzliche politische Instrumente und Finanzmittel ben枚tigt, um verschiedene technologische Optionen einzusetzen und den Ausbau der Verbindungsinfrastruktur zu unterst眉tzen. Die <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/resource/climate-clean-energy-legislation-2020-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US-Innovationspolitik</a>, einschlie脽lich des Inflation Reduction Act, bietet Anreizstrukturen, die sich je nach technologischem Entwicklungsstand unterscheiden.</p> <p>Dazu geh枚ren Zusch眉sse f眉r Pilotprojekte, Demonstrationen und Vorstudien sowie Steuergutschriften und zinsg眉nstige Darlehen, um die Einf眉hrung von Technologien und Infrastrukturen zu f枚rdern.</p> <p>Der EU-Innovationsfonds bietet gute Anreize zur Demonstration. Er ist vom Umfang her begrenzt und nicht darauf ausgelegt, Kostensenkungen durch den kontinuierlichen Einsatz der verschiedenen gef枚rderten Technologien zu erreichen.</p> <p>Auf der Ebene der Mitgliedstaaten bieten die europ盲ischen L盲nder gro脽z眉gige Unterst眉tzung f眉r den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien. F眉r den Einsatz weiterer technologischer Optionen sind zus盲tzliche Finanzmittel und politische Instrumente erforderlich. Dazu k枚nnen Instrumente wie <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/2022/08/why-carbon-contracts-difference-could-policy-measure-europe-needs-decarbonise-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kohlenstoffvertr盲ge f眉r Differenzen</a> geh枚ren, wie z. B. das <a href="https://www.catf.us/de/2020/12/sde-netherlands-eu-decarbonization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDE++-System der Niederlande</a>.聽</p> <p>F眉nftens verbessert eine vorausschauende Planung die Chancen auf ein effizienteres und kosteng眉nstigeres k眉nftiges Energiesystem erheblich. Die Planung wird auch die Vorabgenehmigung unterst眉tzen und sicherstellen, dass die Gemeinschaft davon profitiert.</p> <p>Daher ben枚tigen die politischen Entscheidungstr盲ger ein besseres Verst盲ndnis der k眉nftigen Energienachfrage, der Art der Produktionskapazit盲ten, der Qualifikationen und des Umfangs der gemeinsamen grenz眉berschreitenden Infrastruktur der gesamten Wertsch枚pfungskette, wie z. B. 脺bertragung, CO2-Transport und -Speicherung sowie Erzeugungskapazit盲ten, die f眉r die Dekarbonisierung Europas erforderlich sind.</p> <p>Beispielsweise werden bis 2035 voraussichtlich mehr als <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/electric-power-and-natural-gas/our-insights/four-themes-shaping-the-future-of-the-stormy-european-power-market?stcr=F6EB64DCA84E4A489E3C0F5A995B3A37&cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck&hlkid=1e8254f3d6de4967a4e568606a1a95f9&hctky=14377652&hdpid=4d92b9cb-b434-42ae-b555-35c0d77af779" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">100 GW an neuen sauberen festen Stromkapazit盲ten</a> ben枚tigt. Die Umstellung auf <a href="https://www.flexidao.com/post/what-is-24-7-carbon-free-energy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">24/7-Ziele f眉r sauberen Strom</a> - anstatt den Erzeugern zu erlauben, zu behaupten, sie seien "100 % sauber", indem sie Gutschriften f眉r erneuerbare Energien kaufen, unabh盲ngig davon, wann und wo sie erzeugt werden - kann mehr saubere Stromtechnologien f枚rdern.</p> <p>Um ein solches Ziel zu erreichen, ist jedoch eine proaktive Systemplanung erforderlich. Der <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/net-zero-review-uk-could-do-more-to-reap-economic-benefits-of-green-growth" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mission Zero Report</a> des Vereinigten K枚nigreichs empfahl k眉rzlich eine sektor眉bergreifende Infrastrukturstrategie bis 2025.</p> <p>Die bevorstehende 脺berarbeitung der nationalen Energie- und Klimapl盲ne <a href="https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-strategy/national-energy-and-climate-plans-necps_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wird ein Stresstest daf眉r sein, wie gut die Mitgliedstaaten</a> ihren Bedarf an Klimainfrastruktur und technologischer Unterst眉tzung verstehen.聽</p> <p>Wie geht es also weiter? Die europ盲ischen Politiker sollten umfassend 眉ber die L枚sungen nachdenken, die f眉r eine klimagerechte Zukunft erforderlich sind, und dar眉ber, wie die sich ver盲ndernde industrielle und geopolitische Landschaft sie beeinflusst.</p> <p>Dazu m眉ssen wir besser verstehen, was wir heute tun m眉ssen, um die politischen und technologischen L眉cken zu schlie脽en und die Ziele f眉r 2030 zu erreichen.</p> <p>Au脽erdem m眉ssen wir uns die Frage stellen, ob unsere derzeitige Politik zweckm盲脽ig ist, und ma脽geschneiderte sektorale und technologische Fahrpl盲ne entwickeln, die sich an den Bed眉rfnissen der Industrie orientieren und anhand der Realit盲t vor Ort 眉berpr眉ft werden.</p> <p>In den n盲chsten Jahren wird sich zeigen, ob Europa weiterhin mit kleinen Fortschritten beim Klimaschutz vorankommt, die sich m枚glicherweise nicht summieren, oder ob es zu einer langfristig angelegten Strategie 眉bergeht. Wir m眉ssen h盲rter denken.</p> <p><em>Urspr眉nglich ver枚ffentlicht in <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/europe-needs-an-options-based-climate-strategy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EURACTIV</a>.</em><a id="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fenergy%2Fopinion%2Feurope-needs-an-options-based-climate-strategy%2F&title=Europe%20needs%20an%20options-based%20climate%20strategy%C2%A0%20%E2%80%93%20@EURACTIV" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a></p> <div class="post-footer"> <div> <div class="social-sharing"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Teilen Sie dies auf:</span> <a class="social-sharing__option is-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catf.us%2F%3Fp%3D27801&title=Europe needs an options-based climate strategy - &summary=&source=" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Auf LinkedIn teilen</span> <svg 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Klimapolitik in Europa vorgeschlagen. 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