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في فنزويلا من 2013 حتى الآن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftskrise_in_Venezuela" title="Wirtschaftskrise in Venezuela – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaftskrise in Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_econ%C3%B3mica_en_Venezuela_de_2013-presente" title="Crisis económica en Venezuela de 2013-presente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis económica en Venezuela de 2013-presente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ongoing event in Venezuela</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Venezuelan economic crisis</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the deterioration that began to be noticed in the main macroeconomic indicators from the year 2012, and whose consequences continue, not only economically but also <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">politically and socially</a>. The April 2019 <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) World Economic Outlook described Venezuela as being in a "<a href="/wiki/Wartime_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartime economy">wartime economy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-WartimeEconomy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the fifth consecutive year, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> rated Venezuela first on its <a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">misery index</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg/120px-Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg/180px-Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg/240px-Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy under Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">Economic policy under Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Effects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">2019 blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2024 Venezuelan blackouts">2024 blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulia_energy_collapse" title="Zulia energy collapse">Zulia energy collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_defection" title="Venezuelan crisis defection">Defections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="U.S. sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">U.S. sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventions_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="Interventions of political parties in Venezuela">Interventions of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela%E2%80%93Colombia_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis">Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Xenophobic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakazo" title="Dakazo">Dakazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salida" title="La Salida">La Salida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Arrest of Antonio Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro#Recall_referendum" title="Presidency of Nicolás Maduro">2016 recall movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign">2018 re-election campaign of Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_shipping_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela" title="2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela">2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live" title="Venezuela Aid Live">Venezuela Aid Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2022 recall movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Unitary_Platform_presidential_primaries" title="2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries">2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">2024 Venezuelan political crisis</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">2017 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017 Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">2023 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 presidential election</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">Protests</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election_protests" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election protests">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">2024</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2015_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2018_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2018 Venezuelan protests">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests">2019</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Armed violence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_helicopter_incident" title="Caracas helicopter incident">Caracas helicopter incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_attack" title="2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack">2017 National Assembly attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fort_Paramacay" title="Attack on Fort Paramacay">Attack on Fort Paramacay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_drone_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracas drone attack">Caracas drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">2019 uprising attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Barquisimeto_shooting" title="2020 Barquisimeto shooting">2020 Barquisimeto shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">Operation Gideon (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Apure clashes">2021 Apure clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Arauca_clashes" title="2022 Arauca clashes">2022 Arauca clashes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/16px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/24px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela_short" title="Template:Crisis in Venezuela short"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crisis_in_Venezuela_short" title="Template talk:Crisis in Venezuela short"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela_short" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis in Venezuela short"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Venezuela</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg/310px-Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg/465px-Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg/620px-Plaza_Venezuela_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3835" data-file-height="2282" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Venezuela" title="Plaza Venezuela">Plaza Venezuela</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Bolívar Digital</a> (VES)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Calendar year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Trade organizations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">OPEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Unasur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alternative_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas">ALBA</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28,301,696 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $102.328 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOVE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOVE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $224.526 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOVE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOVE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">69st (nominal, 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">73rd (PPP, 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.0% <abbr title="2023 forecast">(2023f)</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-poverty82_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poverty82-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $3,867 (nominal, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOVE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOVE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $8,486 (PPP, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOVE_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOVE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">129st (nominal, 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">127 th (PPP, 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Agriculture</a>: 4.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industry</a>: 40.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a>: 54.9%</li> <li>(2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 193% (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Observatorio_Venezolano_de_Finanzas_(Venezuela)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatorio Venezolano de Finanzas (Venezuela) (page does not exist)">OVF</a> estimate; annual; December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 189.8% (BCV; annual; December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 360% (IMF estimate; annual; 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOVE_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOVE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Population below <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 87.0% (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-poverty82b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poverty82b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19.7% (2015 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient"><span class="wrap">Gini coefficient</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">39 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.691 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">120th</a>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.592 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">IHDI</a> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 out of 100 points (2023, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">177th rank</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labor force</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11,063,337 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labor force by occupation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Communal, social and personal services: 31.4%</li> <li>Commercial, restaurants and hotels: 23.4%</li> <li>Manufacturing industry: 11.6%</li> <li>Construction: 9.0%</li> <li>Transport, storage and communications: 8.7%</li> <li>Agriculture: 6.5%</li> <li>Financial, insurance and real estate: 6.1%</li> <li>(2015)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 35.6% (2018 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOVE_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOVE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main industries</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction materials">construction materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $32.08 billion (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-OPEC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPEC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> and basic <a href="/wiki/Manufactures" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactures">manufactures</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 42%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 23%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 19%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> 4.5%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> 1.4%</li> <li>(2017)<sup id="cite_ref-OEC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imports</th><td class="infobox-data">$9.1 billion (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-OEC_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Import goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological">technological</a> items, <a href="/wiki/Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a> and equipment, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> equipment and <a href="/wiki/Construction_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction material">construction material</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main import partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 38%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 18%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> 12%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> 5.2%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> 3.5%</li> <li>(2017)<sup id="cite_ref-OEC_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a> stock</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $32.74 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Abroad: $35.15 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)"><span class="wrap">Current account</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $4.277 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt"><span class="wrap">external debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $100.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data">92.8 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">189.7 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating" title="List of countries by credit rating"><span class="wrap">Credit rating</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />SD (domestic)<br />SD (foreign)<br />Outlook: negative <p><a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C<br />Outlook: stable </p> <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />CC (domestic)<br />RD (foreign)<br />Outlook: negative</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves"><span class="wrap">Foreign reserves</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $8.999 billion (April 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $9.661 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>economy of Venezuela</b> is based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the country holds the largest crude oil supply in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela was historically among the wealthiest economies in South America, particularly from the 1950s to 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 21st century, under the leadership of socialist populist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>, the Venezuelan economy has collapsed, prompting millions of citizens to flee Venezuela. GDP has fallen by 80 percent in less than a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy is characterized by corruption, good shortages, unemployment, mismanagement of the oil sector, and since 2014, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">hyperinflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venezuela is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">25th largest producer of oil in the world</a> and the 8th largest member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> also manufactures and exports heavy industry products such as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>. Other notable manufacturing includes <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">beverages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foodstuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodstuff">foodstuffs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela" title="Agriculture in Venezuela">Agriculture in Venezuela</a> accounts for approximately 4.7% of GDP, 7.3% of the labor force and at least one-fourth of Venezuela's land area.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFVE_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFVE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela exports <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, tropical <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>. Venezuela has an estimated US$14.3 trillion worth<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of natural resources and is not self-sufficient in most areas of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Exports accounted for 16.7% of GDP and petroleum products accounted for about 95% of those exports.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1920s, Venezuela has been a <a href="/wiki/Rentier_state" title="Rentier state">rentier state</a>, offering oil as its main export.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s to the early 1980s, the Venezuelan economy experienced a steady growth that attracted many <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a>, with the nation enjoying the highest <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> in Latin America. The situation reversed when <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">oil prices collapsed during the 1980s</a>. Hugo Chavez became president in 1999 and implemented a form of socialism (the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>) that resulted in the collapse or nationalization of many Venezuelan businesses, and purged the state-run <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a> oil company, replacing thousands of workers with political supporters with no technical expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chavez administration also imposed stringent currency controls in 2003 in an attempt to prevent <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions resulted in a decline in oil production and exports and a series of stern currency devaluations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">Price controls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">expropriation</a> of numerous farmlands and various industries are government policies along with a near-total freeze on any access to foreign currency at reasonable "official" exchange rates. These have resulted in severe <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a> and steep price rises of all common goods, including food, water, household products, spare parts, tools and medical supplies; forcing many manufacturers to either cut production or close down, with many ultimately abandoning the country as has been the case with several technological firms and most automobile makers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venezuela's economy has been in a state of total <a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">economic collapse</a> since <a class="mw-selflink selflink">2013</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Venezuela had over 100% inflation—the highest in the world and the highest in the country's history at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FPblackbox_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPblackbox-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to independent sources, the rate increased to 80,000% at the end of 2018<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Venezuela spiraling into hyperinflation</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYThyperinflation_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYThyperinflation-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the poverty rate was nearly 90 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 November 2017, <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating_agency" title="Credit rating agency">credit rating agencies</a> declared that Venezuela was in <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> with its debt payments, with <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a> categorizing Venezuela as being in "selective default".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has been Venezuela's most important trading partner despite the strained relations between the two countries. American exports to Venezuela have included machinery, agricultural products, medical instruments and cars. Venezuela is one of the top four suppliers of foreign oil to the United States. About 500 American companies are represented in Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-ven_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ven-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">Central Bank of Venezuela</a>, between 1998 and 2008 the government received around US$325 billion through oil production and exports in general.<a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela#cite_note-17" title="Economy of Venezuela"><sup>[17]</sup></a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (as of August 2015), the production of 2.4 million barrels per day supplied 500,000 barrels to the United States.<a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela#cite_note-18" title="Economy of Venezuela"><sup>[18]</sup></a> A report published by Transparencia Venezuela in 2022 estimated that illegal activities in the country made up around 21% of its GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of this <a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">economic collapse</a>, framed in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, years after the improvement of the extraction of unconventional hydrocarbons in the U.S., showed a macro-economic phenomenon of great importance for the region. China's slowdown, a steady increase in oil production, and stable demand generated a surplus of crude oil that caused a drop in prices of <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">reference crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a> (WTI), and <a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent Crude</a>, falling in 2014 from $100 a barrel to $50 a barrel, and causing unfavourable changes in the economy of Venezuela (see <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Owing to high oil reserves, lack of policies on private property and low remittances, by 2012, 90% of Venezuela's revenues came from oil and its derivatives. With the fall in oil prices in early 2015 the country faced a drastic fall in revenues of the US currency along with commodities. </p><p>In addition, the government had not made policy changes to adapt to the low petroleum price. In early 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported the official price of state-retailed petrol was below US$.01 per gallon, and the black market valued the dollar at 150 times what the official state currency exchange rate did.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_and_industry">Business and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, Venezuela ranked as the top spot globally with the highest misery index score.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanke_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanke-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_(1998_to_2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png/330px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png/495px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png/660px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_%281998_to_2017%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Ratings for Venezuela from 1998 to 2017 by the U.S. Government-funded NGO <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1 = Free, 7 = not free)</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of foreign firms have left the nation, often due to quarrels with the socialist government, including <a href="/wiki/Smurfit_Kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfit Kappa">Smurfit Kappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorox" title="Clorox">Clorox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberly Clark">Kimberly Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>; the departures aggravate unemployment and shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-CompaniesFlee_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompaniesFlee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic airlines are having difficulties because of hyperinflation and parts shortages, and many <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_International_Airport_(Venezuela)#Chronology_of_former_international_flights" title="Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)">international airlines have left the country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AirlineSuffer_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AirlineSuffer-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airlines from many countries that have left Venezuela including <a href="/wiki/AeroMexico" class="mw-redirect" title="AeroMexico">AeroMexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a> (Colombia), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, making travel to the country difficult. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA), the Government of Venezuela has not paid US$3.8 billion to international airlines in a currency issue involving conversion of local currency to U.S. dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-DeltaCuts_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeltaCuts-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airlines have left for other reasons, including crime against flight crews, stolen baggage, and problems with the quality of jet fuel and maintenance of runways.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, the last U.S. airline serving Venezuela, left on 15 March 2019, after its pilots refused to fly to Venezuela, citing safety issues.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iranian <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Air" title="Mahan Air">Mahan Air</a> (blacklisted by the U.S. since 2011<sup id="cite_ref-MahanBlacklist_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahanBlacklist-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) began direct flights to Caracas in April 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "signifying a growing relationship between the two nations" according to FOX News.<sup id="cite_ref-MahanBlacklist_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MahanBlacklist-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gross_domestic_product">Gross domestic product</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gross domestic product"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimated to drop by 25% in 2019, the IMF said the contraction in Venezuela's GDP—the largest since the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> began in 2014—was affecting all of Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-WartimeEconomy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 the Venezuelan economy contracted 5.7% and in 2016 it contracted 18.6% according to the Venezuelan central bank.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oil generates about 96% of Venezuela's export revenues; oil prices have fallen when the country faces runaway inflation and a severe scarcity of basic products. </p><p>In reference to the anti-government protests that shook Venezuela earlier this year,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> smuggling and of hoarding essential products, the central bank said that those "actions against the national order prevented the full distribution of basic goods to the population, as well as the normal development of the production of goods and services. This resulted in an inflationary upturn and a fall in economic activity".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inflation">Inflation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_(DolarToday)_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_%28DolarToday%29_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png/390px-Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_%28DolarToday%29_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_%28DolarToday%29_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png/585px-Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_%28DolarToday%29_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_%28DolarToday%29_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png/780px-Venezuela_inflation_on_the_black_market_%28DolarToday%29_on_a_logarithmic_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>The value of one US dollar in Venezuelan bolívares fuertes (before 20 August 2018) and soberanos on the black market through time, according to DolarToday.com. Blue and red vertical lines represent every time the currency has lost 99% of its value. This has happened almost five times since 2012, meaning that the currency is worth, as of November 2020, almost 1 billion times less than in August 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inflation in Venezuela remained high during Chávez's presidency. By 2010, inflation removed any advancement of wage increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inflation rate in 2014 reached 69%<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It increased to 181% in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 800% in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-inflation_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4,000% in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-hunger_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunger-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2,295,981% in February 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2016, Venezuela entered a period of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venezuelan government "essentially stopped" producing inflation estimates in early 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-NYRoB-2018_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYRoB-2018-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2017 to 2019, some people became video game <a href="/wiki/Gold_farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold farmer">gold farmers</a> and could be seen playing games such as <i><a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a></i> to sell in-game currency or characters for real currency; gamers could make more money than salaried workers by earning only a few dollars per day.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2017 Christmas season, some shops stopped using price tags since prices would inflate so quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2018, Maduro announced a new currency, the sovereign bolívar, to fight hyperinflation. The new currency replaced the existing paper bolivar at a rate of 1/100,000: a 100,000 bolivar note becoming a 1 sovereign bolivar note. The new bills were introduced on 20 August 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 2018, inflation had reached 1.35 million percent.<sup id="cite_ref-MaduroStarts_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaduroStarts-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>, Venezuela's inflation is expected to reach 8 million percent in 2019, making it the world's most miserable economy. The country continues to top Bloomberg's <a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery Index</a> for the fifth year straight.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shortages">Shortages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shortages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages in Venezuela</a></div> <p>Shortages in Venezuela became prevalent after <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> were enacted according to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government">economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-currency_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currency-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qz.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qz.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government">economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government</a>, greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJseptDOWNGRADE_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortages occur in regulated products, such as milk, meat, chicken, coffee, rice, oil, precooked flour, and butter; and also basic necessities like toilet paper, personal hygiene products and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-currency_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currency-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACN_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACN-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-El_Nuevo_Herald_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Nuevo_Herald-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Venezuelans must search for food—occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or garbage—wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products.<sup id="cite_ref-APGarbage_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGarbage-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unemployment was forecasted to reach 44% for 2019; the IMF stated that this was the highest unemployment seen in the world since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-WartimeEconomy_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WartimeEconomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venezuelan's unemployment rate hit 17.4% at the end of June 2017, with the jobless total having doubled over 12 months, when two million people lost their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2016 the unemployment rate was 18.1 percent<sup id="cite_ref-imf-datamapper_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-datamapper-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the economy was the worst in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">misery index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-economia.uol_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economia.uol-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela has not reported official unemployment figures since April 2016, when the rate was at 7.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the inflation and expropriations by the Venezuelan government to private companies, many others left the country, which in turn increased unemployment for those remaining. Likewise, the salary increase at the end of 2016 brought the dismissal of half of the employees of large companies (Corpoelec, Imaseo, etc.).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After having completed substantial improvements over the second half of the 1990s and during the 2000s, which put a few regions on the brink of full employment, Venezuela suffered a severe setback in 2015, when it saw its unemployment rate surging to 1994 levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venezuelan_debt">Venezuelan debt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Venezuelan debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2017 <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> imposed sanctions on Venezuela<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which banned transactions involving Venezuela's state debt including <a href="/wiki/Debt_restructuring" title="Debt restructuring">debt restructuring</a>. The technical default period ended 13 November 2017 and Venezuela didn't pay coupons on its dollar eurobonds, causing a cross default on other dollar bonds. A committee consisting of the fifteen largest banks admitted default on state debt obligations which in turn entailed payments on CDS on 30 November.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017, <i>The Economist</i> estimated Venezuela's debt at US$105 billion and its reserves at US$10 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-PayConoco_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PayConoco-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bonds are in default,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Venezuela's government and state-owned companies owe nearly US$8 billion in unpaid interest and principal.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2019, the government and state-owned companies have US$150 billion in debt.<sup id="cite_ref-PayConoco_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PayConoco-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The risk premium began to skyrocket at the end of 2014 to a record high of 3,181 basis points. The risk premium set a record in August 2017, recording 5,000 basis points exceeding eight times Greece's risk premium.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prices">Prices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to the lack of its own resources, Venezuela has traditionally exported all its oil abroad, so the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">energy crisis of 2014</a> produced a strong inflationary trend. In June 2013, accumulated inflation in the last twelve months was 56.2%. The sharp drop between 2014 and 2016 in the price of oil, sparked fears of a risk of hyperinflation. In 2015, Venezuela reached the highest inflation rate in the last 35 years, and in March 2016 there was hyperinflation for the first time in recorded history. In October 2016, the economy continued to contract while inflation increased again. Between 2017 and 2018, prices rose 2616% - this increase combined with austerity measures and high unemployment negatively impacted the living standards of Venezuelans. At the same time the average wages decreased (real) and the purchasing power was significantly reduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ratings">Ratings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the beginning of the crisis, Venezuela's credit ratings were downgraded to "junk territory" or below <a href="/wiki/Investment_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment grade">investment grade</a> with negative outlooks according to most rating agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-AJdec2013_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJdec2013-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJseptDOWNGRADE_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOODYSdec2013_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOODYSdec2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a little more than one year, <a href="/wiki/Standard_and_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard and Poor's">Standard and Poor's</a> downgraded Venezuela's credit rating three times; from B+ to B in June 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-REUTERSjune2013_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REUTERSjune2013-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B to B− in December 2013<sup id="cite_ref-AJdec2013_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJdec2013-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from B− to CCC+ in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJseptDOWNGRADE_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a> also lowered each of Venezuela's credit ratings in March 2014 from B+ to B<sup id="cite_ref-REUTERSmarch2013CR_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REUTERSmarch2013CR-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even lower from B to CCC in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FITCHdec2014_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FITCHdec2014-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's Investors Service</a> also downgraded both Venezuela's local (B1) and foreign currency (B2) ratings to Caa1.<sup id="cite_ref-MOODYSdec2013_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOODYSdec2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noted reasons of credit rating changes were the greatly increased likelihood of economic and financial collapse due to the Venezuelan government's policies and an "out of control" inflation rate.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJseptDOWNGRADE_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOODYSdec2013_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOODYSdec2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-REUTERSmarch2013CR_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REUTERSmarch2013CR-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, Standard & Poor's lowered both the domestic and foreign credit ratings of Venezuela to CCC− due to the increasing risk of default.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitch Ratings followed suit in August 2017, lowering local and foreign credit ratings to CC.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2017 Standard & Poor's rated Venezuela in technical default and Fitch ratings rated Venezuela's oil company PDVSA in restrictive default - one rank above full default.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014 Venezuelan protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data cover central government debt as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA. The data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, some debt issued by subnational entities as well as intragovernmental debt which consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds such as for retirement, medical care and unemployment. Some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%93present_economic_crisis_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elestimulo.com/elinteres/la-gran-depresion-economica-de-venezuela/">"La crisis venezolana ya tiene nombre: Gran depresión económica"</a>. 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+crisis+venezolana+ya+tiene+nombre%3A+Gran+depresi%C3%B3n+econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=2016-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felestimulo.com%2Felinteres%2Fla-gran-depresion-economica-de-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WartimeEconomy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WartimeEconomy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WartimeEconomy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WartimeEconomy_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=Sociales+Fuerza+de+Trabajo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gov.ve%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D103%26Itemid%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/171.htm">"Venezuela facts and figures"</a>. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Moody%27s+downgrades+Venezuela+rating+by+two+notches&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fmoodys-venezuela%2Fmoodys-downgrades-venezuela-rating-by-two-notches-idUSL4N1QR5NO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fitchratings.com/site/pr/1032316">"Fitch Downgrades Venezuela's LTFC Rating to 'RD'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a></i>. 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fitch+Ratings&rft.atitle=Fitch+Downgrades+Venezuela%27s+LTFC+Rating+to+%27RD%27&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitchratings.com%2Fsite%2Fpr%2F1032316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcv.org.ve/estadisticas/reservas-internacionales">"BCV Reservas Internacionales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela" title="Central Bank of Venezuela">BCV</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BCV+Reservas+Internacionales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcv.org.ve%2Festadisticas%2Freservas-internacionales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieuwenHeckelMcCoyMartz2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lieuwen, Edwin; Heckel, Heather D.; McCoy, Jennifer L.; Martz, John D. (25 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Venezuela">"Venezuela"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Venezuela&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2021-04-25&rft.aulast=Lieuwen&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Heckel%2C+Heather+D.&rft.au=McCoy%2C+Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Martz%2C+John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FVenezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46999668">"Venezuela: All you need to know about the crisis in nine charts"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+All+you+need+to+know+about+the+crisis+in+nine+charts&rft.date=2019-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-46999668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/07/27/feature/as-venezuela-crumbles-its-fleeing-citizens-are-becoming-latin-americas-new-underclass/">"Lawyers as sex workers. Ex-bureaucrats as maids. How Venezuelans became Latin America's new underclass"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Lawyers+as+sex+workers.+Ex-bureaucrats+as+maids.+How+Venezuelans+became+Latin+America%27s+new+underclass.&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fwp%2F2018%2F07%2F27%2Ffeature%2Fas-venezuela-crumbles-its-fleeing-citizens-are-becoming-latin-americas-new-underclass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkewitzHerrera2023" class="citation news cs1">Turkewitz, Julie; Herrera, Isayen (24 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/24/world/americas/why-are-so-many-venezuelans-going-to-the-united-states.html">"Why Are So Many Venezuelans Going to the United States?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Are+So+Many+Venezuelans+Going+to+the+United+States%3F&rft.date=2023-09-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Turkewitz&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Isayen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F24%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fwhy-are-so-many-venezuelans-going-to-the-united-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19649648">"Venezuela country profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela+country+profile&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-19649648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2016" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Craig (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp">"10 Countries with the Most Natural Resources"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Investopedia" title="Investopedia">Investopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=10+Countries+with+the+Most+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Fmarkets-economy%2F090516%2F10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163605/https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/fr/fiche-pays/venezuela/risque-pays-commerce">"Risque pays du Venezuela : Commerce international"</a>. <i>Societe Generale, Import Export solutions</i> (in French). 1 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://import-export.societegenerale.fr/fr/fiche-pays/venezuela/risque-pays-commerce">the original</a> on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>Traditionnellement, le pétrole représente plus de 95% des exportations du Venezuela. Le pays exporte aussi du fer, de la bauxite et de l'aluminium, des produits agricoles, des produits semi-manufacturés, des véhicules et des produits chimiques. Les principaux clients du Venezuela sont la Chine, l'Inde et Singapour. Le pays importe des produits manufacturés et de luxe, des machines et des équipements pour le secteur des transports, du matériel de construction et des produits pharmaceutiques. Les principaux fournisseurs du Venezuela sont les Etats-Unis, la Chine et le Brésil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Societe+Generale%2C+Import+Export+solutions&rft.atitle=Risque+pays+du+Venezuela+%3A+Commerce+international&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimport-export.societegenerale.fr%2Ffr%2Ffiche-pays%2Fvenezuela%2Frisque-pays-commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Maya2016" class="citation book cs1">López Maya, Margarita (2016). <i>El ocaso del chavismo: Venezuela 2005–2015</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Cut+Deeper+into+Junk+by+S%26P&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-07-11%2Fvenezuela-cut-deeper-into-junk-by-s-p-as-default-risk-surges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFotis2017" class="citation news cs1">DeFotis, Dimitra (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrons.com/articles/venezuela-bond-default-probable-fitch-downgrade-says-1504129573">"Venezuela Bond Default 'Probable' Fitch Downgrade Says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's (newspaper)">Barron's</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Bond+Default+%27Probable%27+Fitch+Downgrade+Says&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.aulast=DeFotis&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Farticles%2Fvenezuela-bond-default-probable-fitch-downgrade-says-1504129573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013%E2%80%93present+economic+crisis+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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crises</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">Bank run</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Commodity price shocks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">Credit crunch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">Currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debt_crisis" title="Debt crisis">Debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">Financial contagion</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flash_crash" title="Flash crash">Flash crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">Liquidity crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">Accounting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_capital" title="Liquid capital">Capital</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Funding_liquidity" title="Funding liquidity">Funding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">Market</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minsky_moment" title="Minsky moment">Minsky moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">Stock market crash</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">1000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_33" title="Financial crisis of 33">Financial crisis of 33 CE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> (235–284 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a><br />(1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">Great Bullion Famine</a> (c. 1400–c. 1500)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debasement" title="The Great Debasement">The Great Debasement</a> (1544–1551)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic stock market crashes</a> (c. 1600–1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kipper_und_Wipper" title="Kipper und Wipper">Kipper und Wipper</a></i> (1621–1623)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania crash</a> (1637)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble crash</a> (1720)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_banking_crisis_of_1763" title="Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763">Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal bubble crash</a> (1769–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic financial collapse</a> (c. 1780–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Panic_of_1789" title="Copper Panic of 1789">Copper Panic of 1789</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">Panic of 1792</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_state_bankruptcy_of_1813" title="Danish state bankruptcy of 1813">Danish state bankruptcy of 1813</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commodity_price_shocks" title="Commodity price shocks">Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks</a> (1815–1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1825" title="Panic of 1825">Panic of 1825</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_potato_failure" title="European potato failure">European potato failure</a> (1845–1856)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1847" title="Panic of 1847">Panic of 1847</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">Panic of 1866</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> (1869)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a><br />(1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882" title="Paris Bourse crash of 1882">Paris Bourse crash of 1882</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1884" title="Panic of 1884">Panic of 1884</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arendal_crash" title="Arendal crash">Arendal crash</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baring_crisis" title="Baring crisis">Baring crisis</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1890–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Australian banking crisis of 1893</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1894)" title="Black Monday (1894)">Black Monday</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1896" title="Panic of 1896">Panic of 1896</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1901" title="Panic of 1901">Panic of 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_rubber_stock_market_crisis" title="Shanghai rubber stock market crisis">Shanghai rubber stock market crisis</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1910%E2%80%9311" title="Panic of 1910–11">Panic of 1910–11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914" title="Financial crisis of 1914">Financial crisis of 1914</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_early_Soviet_Russia" title="Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia">Early Soviet hyperinflation</a> (1917–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic hyperinflation</a> (1921–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1930" title="Panic of 1930">Panic of 1930</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Wartime period</a><br />(1939–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Greek hyperinflation</a> (1941–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a><br />(1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91#Hyperinflation" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő hyperinflation</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962" title="Kennedy Slide of 1962">Kennedy Slide of 1962</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%931965_Indonesian_hyperinflation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation (page does not exist)">1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a> (1937-1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Great Inflation</a><br />(1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a> (1973–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash" title="1973–1974 stock market crash">1973–1974 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_banking_crisis_of_1973%E2%80%931975" title="Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975">Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steel_crisis" title="Steel crisis">Steel crisis</a> (1973–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a> (1975–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 British currency crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1980–1982)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a><br />(1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">Brazilian hyperinflation</a> (1982–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1982" title="Crisis of 1982">Chilean crisis of 1982</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis" title="1983 Israel bank stock crisis">1983 Israel bank stock crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday (1983)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">Savings and loan crisis</a> (1986–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_economic_crisis" title="Cameroonian economic crisis">Cameroonian economic crisis</a> (1987–2000s)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">Black Monday (1987)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931992_Norwegian_banking_crisis" title="1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis">1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble crash</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_banking_crisis" title="Rhode Island banking crisis">Rhode Island banking crisis</a> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_economic_crisis" title="1991 Indian economic crisis">1991 Indian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994">1990s Swedish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990s_Finnish_banking_crisis" title="1990s Finnish banking crisis">1990s Finnish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian energy crisis of 1990s">1990s Armenian energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Cuban Special Period</a> (1991–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav hyperinflation</a> (1992–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_bond_market_crisis" title="1994 bond market crisis">1994 bond market crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994">Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a> (1994–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash" title="October 27, 1997, mini-crash">October 1997 mini-crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">1998–2002 Argentine great depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samba_effect" title="Samba effect">Samba effect</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble crash</a> (2000–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">9/11 stock market crash</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">2001 Turkish economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_American_economic_crisis_of_2002" title="South American economic crisis of 2002">South American economic crisis of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002" title="Stock market downturn of 2002">Stock market downturn of 2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Uruguay_banking_crisis" title="2002 Uruguay banking crisis">2002 Uruguay banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Myanmar_banking_crisis" title="2003 Myanmar banking crisis">2003 Myanmar banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a> (2003–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Argentine_energy_crisis" title="2004 Argentine energy crisis">2004 Argentine energy crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 Chinese stock bubble crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwean hyperinflation</a> (2007–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a><br />(2007–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008" title="Global financial crisis in September 2008">September 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_October_2008" title="Global financial crisis in October 2008">October 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_November_2008" title="Global financial crisis in November 2008">November 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_December_2008" title="Global financial crisis in December 2008">December 2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009" title="Global financial crisis in 2009">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_market_correction" title="2000s United States housing market correction">2000s U.S. housing market correction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009" title="United States bear market of 2007–2009">U.S. bear market of 2007–2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">2008–2009 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Ukrainian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis">2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">2008–2011 Irish banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_Crash_2009" title="Blue Monday Crash 2009">Blue Monday Crash 2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a><br />(2009–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubai_World" title="Dubai World">2009 Dubai debt standstill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_2009%E2%80%932010" title="Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010">Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis in Venezuela</a> (2010–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syrian economic crisis</a> (2011–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall" title="August 2011 stock markets fall">August 2011 stock markets fall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 Bangladesh share market scam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Banking_Liquidity_Crisis_of_2013" title="Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013">2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuela economic crisis</a> (2013–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis" title="2014 Brazilian economic crisis">2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_government-debt_crisis" title="Puerto Rican government-debt crisis">Puerto Rican government-debt crisis</a> (2014–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)">Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" title="2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff" title="2015–2016 stock market selloff">2015–2016 stock market selloff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit stock market crash</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Venezuelan hyperinflation</a> (2016–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Sri_Lankan_fuel_crisis" title="2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis">2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghana_banking_crisis" title="Ghana banking crisis">Ghana banking crisis</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_economic_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93current)" title="Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)">Turkish economic crisis</a> (2018–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_liquidity_crisis" title="Lebanese liquidity crisis">Lebanese liquidity crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_economic_crisis_(2019%E2%80%93present)" title="Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)">Sri Lankan economic crisis</a> (2019–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial market impact</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_2020s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2020s recession">Recession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis</a> (2020–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian financial crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Pakistani economic crisis</a> (2022–present)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline" title="2022 stock market decline">2022 stock market decline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="German economic crisis (2022–present)">2022–2024 German economic crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Egyptian_financial_crisis" title="2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis">2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_crises" title="List of banking crises">List of banking crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_crises" title="List of economic crises">List of economic crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_debt_crises" title="List of sovereign debt crises">List of sovereign debt crises</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets" title="List of stock market crashes and bear markets">List of stock market crashes and bear markets</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crisis_in_Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Template:Crisis in Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Crisis in Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crisis in Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crisis_in_Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Protests against Nicolás Maduro">Protests against Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">History of Venezuela (1999–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela#Crimes_against_humanity" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela#Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_defection" title="Venezuelan crisis defection">Defections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_administration" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration">Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Energy crisis in Venezuela">Energy crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zulia_energy_collapse" title="Zulia energy collapse">Zulia energy collapse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)#From_2009:_Term_limits_eliminated_and_human_rights_abuses" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">Internationa sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="U.S. sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventions_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="Interventions of political parties in Venezuela">Interventions of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" title="Negotiations during the Venezuelan crisis">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">Refugee crisis and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Resource shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_protector" title="State protector">State protectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency_in_Venezuela" title="States of emergency in Venezuela">States of emergency in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Colombian diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Brito" title="Franklin Brito">Death of Franklin Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVAL_affair" title="PDVAL affair">PDVAL affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/III_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="III National Assembly of Venezuela">III National Assembly of Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuay_tragedy" title="Amuay tragedy">Amuay tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2012 Venezuelan regional elections">Regional elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakazo" title="Dakazo">Dakazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2013 Venezuelan municipal elections">Municipal elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Salida" title="La Salida">La Salida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez#Imprisonment" title="Leopoldo López">Detention of Leopoldo López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2014 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Panama diplomatic crisis (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Defense_of_Human_Rights_and_Civil_Society_Act_of_2014" title="Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014">Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Detention of Antonio Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_migrant_crisis" title="2015 Colombia–Venezuela migrant crisis">Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_8610" title="Resolution 8610">Resolution 8610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2015_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests">2015 protests (timeline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_affair" title="Narcosobrinos affair">Narcosobrinos affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IV_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="IV National Assembly of Venezuela">IV National Assembly of Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tumeremo_massacre" title="2016 Tumeremo massacre">Tumeremo massacre (first)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project">Recall referendum movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests">2016 protests (timeline)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro#2017_incarceration" title="Gilber Caro">Detention of Gilber Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_All_Marches" title="Mother of All Marches">Mother of All Marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_helicopter_incident" title="Caracas helicopter incident">Caracas helicopter incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_attack" title="2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack">National Assembly attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_2017_National_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="Members of the 2017 National Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan regional elections">Regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan municipal elections">Municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fort_Paramacay" title="Attack on Fort Paramacay">Attack on Fort Paramacay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_Garc%C3%ADa_(politician)" title="Carlos Andrés García (politician)">Death of Carlos Andrés García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_against_Hatred" title="Law against Hatred">Law against Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">2017 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign">Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Valencia,_Venezuela_fire" title="2018 Valencia, Venezuela fire">Valencia fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Panama diplomatic crisis (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso_stampede" title="El Paraíso stampede">El Paraíso stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_drone_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracas drone attack">Caracas drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Juan_Requesens" title="Detention of Juan Requesens">Detention of Juan Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viernes_Rojo" title="Viernes Rojo">Economic reforms and <i>Viernes Rojo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Fernando Albán">Murder of Fernando Albán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2018_Tumeremo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2018 Tumeremo massacre">Tumeremo massacre (third)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2018_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2018 Venezuelan protests">2018 protests (timeline)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_TPS_Act_of_2019" title="Venezuela TPS Act of 2019">Venezuela TPS Act of 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Plan País">Plan País</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_shipping_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela" title="2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela">Humanitarian aid mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_Amnesty_Law" title="2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law">Amnesty Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Aid_Live" title="Venezuela Aid Live">Venezuela Aid Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Governing_the_Transition_to_Democracy" title="Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy">Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Alí Domínguez">Murder of Alí Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">Widespread blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marrero" title="Roberto Marrero">Detention of Roberto Marrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro#2019_detention_and_disappearance" title="Gilber Caro">Disappearance of Gilber Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">30 April uprising attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarigua_prison_riot" title="Acarigua prison riot">Acarigua prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Acosta_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Rafael Acosta Arévalo">Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_Rufo_Chac%C3%B3n" title="Attack of Rufo Chacón">Attack of Rufo Chacón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Juan Carlos Márquez">Death of Juan Carlos Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Rada" title="Edmundo Rada">Murder of Edmundo Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Alacr%C3%A1n" title="Operación Alacrán">Operación Alacrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_Delegated_Committee_election" title="2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election">National Assembly leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addy_Valero" title="Addy Valero">Death of Addy Valero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Cagua_fire" title="2020 Cagua fire">Cagua fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Barquisimeto_shooting" title="2020 Barquisimeto shooting">Barquisimeto shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanare_prison_riot" title="Guanare prison riot">Guanare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">Operation Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_El_Palito_oil_spill" title="2020 El Palito oil spill">El Palito oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Saab" title="Alex Saab">Detention of Alex Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="V National Assembly of Venezuela">V National Assembly of Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Vega_raid" title="La Vega raid">La Vega raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Apure clashes">Apure clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Arauca_clashes" title="2022 Arauca clashes">Arauca clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project">Recall referendum project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Solidarity_Law" title="Anti-Solidarity Law">Anti-Solidarity Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Agreement" title="Barbados Agreement">Barbados Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Unitary_Platform_presidential_primaries" title="2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries">Unitary Platform presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis">Guyana–Venezuela crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_El_Palito_oil_spill" title="2023 El Palito oil spill">El Palito oil spill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Roc%C3%ADo_San_Miguel" title="Detention of Rocío San Miguel">Detention of Rocío San Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_against_Fascism,_Neofascism_and_Similar_Expressions" title="Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions">Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Loca_mine_disaster" title="Bulla Loca mine disaster">Bulla Loca mine disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election">international reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_protests" title="2024 Venezuelan protests">protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">political crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2024 Venezuelan blackouts">Widespread blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Argentine_Embassy_and_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Venezuela" title="Siege of the Argentine Embassy and ambassador's residence in Venezuela">Argentine embassy siege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deaths during protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassil_Da_Costa" title="Bassil Da Costa">Bassil Da Costa</a></li> <li>Robert Redman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nesis_Carmona" title="Génesis Carmona">Génesis Carmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldin_Moreno" title="Geraldin Moreno">Geraldin Moreno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Kluivert_Roa" title="Murder of Kluivert Roa">Kluivert Roa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Paola_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Killing of Paola Ramírez">Paola Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Pernalete" title="Juan Pablo Pernalete">Juan Pablo Pernalete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Armando_Ca%C3%B1izales" title="Killing of Armando Cañizales">Armando Cañizales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Miguel_Castillo" title="Killing of Miguel Castillo">Miguel Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Pa%C3%BAl_Moreno" title="Killing of Paúl Moreno">Paúl Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figuera" title="Orlando Figuera">Orlando Figuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomar_Lander" title="Neomar Lander">Neomar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Fabi%C3%A1n_Urbina" title="Killing of Fabián Urbina">Fabián Urbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Vallenilla" title="Killing of David Vallenilla">David Vallenilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Xiomara_Scott" title="Killing of Xiomara Scott">Xiomara Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ameliach" title="Francisco Ameliach">F. Ameliach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">D. Cabello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Adán Chávez">A. Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">T. El Aissami</a> <ul><li>arrested in 2024</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Escarr%C3%A1" title="Hermann Escarrá">H. Escarrá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab" title="Tarek William Saab">T. W. Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">C. Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B3bulo_Ist%C3%BAriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristóbulo Istúriz">A. Istúriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">E. Jaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibisay_Lucena" title="Tibisay Lucena">T. Lucena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Alfonzo" title="Indira Alfonzo">I. Alfonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">N. Maduro Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mata_Figueroa" title="Carlos Mata Figueroa">C. Mata Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Carmen Meléndez">C. Meléndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADver_Alcal%C3%A1_Cordones" title="Clíver Alcalá Cordones">C. Alcalá Cordones</a> <ul><li>until 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luisa Ortega Díaz">L. Ortega Díaz</a> <ul><li>until 2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Padrino_L%C3%B3pez" title="Vladimir Padrino López">V. Padrino López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Rafael Ramírez (politician)">R. Ramírez</a> <ul><li>until 2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Parra" title="Luis Parra">L. Parra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rangel_Silva" title="Henry Rangel Silva">H. Rangel Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">D. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">J. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">J. Arreaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Isaías Rodríguez">I. Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab" title="Tarek William Saab">T. W. Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Varela" title="Iris Varela">I. Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Vivas" title="Darío Vivas">D. Vivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Amoroso" title="Elvis Amoroso">E. Amoroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladimir_Lugo" title="Bladimir Lugo">B. Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cristopher_Figuera" title="Manuel Cristopher Figuera">M. C. Figuera</a> <ul><li>until 2019</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Far%C3%ADas" title="Erika Farías">E. Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Bernal" title="Freddy Bernal">F. Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Alfonzo" title="Indira Alfonzo">I. Alfonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yv%C3%A1n_Gil" title="Yván Gil">Y. Gil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Alberto_P%C3%A9rez" title="Óscar Alberto Pérez">Óscar Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADver_Alcal%C3%A1_Cordones" title="Clíver Alcalá Cordones">C. Alcalá Cordones</a> <ul><li>since 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Borges" title="Julio Borges">J. Borges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luisa Ortega Díaz">L. Ortega Díaz</a> <ul><li>since 2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Rafael Ramírez (politician)">Rafael Ramírez</a> <ul><li>since 2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">H. Capriles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Henri Falcón">H. Falcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Adri%C3%A1n" title="Tamara Adrián">Adrián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Arria" title="Diego Arria">Arria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Guillermo_Aveledo" title="Ramón Guillermo Aveledo">Aveledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro" title="Gilber Caro">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Guevara" title="Freddy Guevara">F. Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">A. Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">L. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmit_Mantilla" title="Rosmit Mantilla">Mantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Mendoza" title="Enrique Mendoza">Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_P%C3%A9rez_%C3%81lvarez" title="Pablo Pérez Álvarez">Pérez Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_P%C3%A9rez_Vivas" title="César Pérez Vivas">Pérez Vivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ramos_Allup" title="Henry Ramos Allup">Ramos Allup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Requesens" title="Juan Requesens">J. Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafaela_Requesens" title="Rafaela Requesens">R. Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabiana_Rosales" title="Fabiana Rosales">F. Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rosales" title="Manuel Rosales">M. Rosales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Salas_Feo" title="Henrique Salas Feo">H. Salas Feo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicencio_Scarano_Spisso" title="Vicencio Scarano Spisso">V. S. Scarano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Tintori" title="Lilian Tintori">L. Tintori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Torrealba" title="Jesús Torrealba">J. Torrealba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Andrés Velásquez">A. Velásquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Silva_Silva" title="José Luis Silva Silva">J. L. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cristopher_Figuera" title="Manuel Cristopher Figuera">M. C. Figuera</a> <ul><li>since 2019</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delsa_Sol%C3%B3rzano" title="Delsa Solórzano">D. Solórzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Barboza" title="Omar Barboza">O. Barboza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJ_Rend%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="JJ Rendón">J. J. Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Guanipa" title="Juan Pablo Guanipa">J. P. Guanipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guanipa" title="Tomás Guanipa">T. Guanipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a></li> <li>Political parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Democracy" title="For Social Democracy">PODEMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Electoral_Movement_(Venezuela)" title="People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)">People's Electoral Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media outlets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencia_Venezolana_de_Noticias" title="Agencia Venezolana de Noticias">Agencia Venezolana de Noticias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesur" title="Telesur">Telesur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">Venezolana de Televisión</a></li></ul></li> <li>State organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent National Assembly">Constituent National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">Bolivarian Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian National Guard">Bolivarian National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Committees_for_Supply_and_Production" title="Local Committees for Supply and Production">Local Committees for Supply and Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_card" title="Homeland card">Carnet de la Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Maduro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li>Political parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">Un Nuevo Tiempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Venezuela">Come Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">Copei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" 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