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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Càlcul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Càlcul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Càlcul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Càlcul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composició_de_la_llum_solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composició_de_la_llum_solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composició de la llum solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composició_de_la_llum_solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constant_solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constant_solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constant solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constant_solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radiació solar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 31 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_solar" title="Radiación solar - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiación solar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn%C9%99%C5%9F_radiasiyas%C4%B1" title="Günəş radiasiyası - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günəş radiasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сонечная радыяцыя - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сонечная радыяцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solindstr%C3%A5ling" title="Solindstråling - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Solindstråling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenstrahlung" title="Sonnenstrahlung - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sonnenstrahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation" title="Solar radiation - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solar radiation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunradiado" title="Sunradiado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sunradiado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_solar" title="Radiación solar - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiación solar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ikesekiirgus" title="Päikesekiirgus - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Päikesekiirgus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eguzki-erradiazio" title="Eguzki-erradiazio - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eguzki-erradiazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonnement_solaire" title="Rayonnement solaire - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayonnement solaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_solar" title="Radiación solar - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radiación solar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngit-th%C3%A8u_Fuk-sa" title="Ngit-thèu Fuk-sa - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngit-thèu Fuk-sa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_radijacija" title="Sunčeva radijacija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sunčeva radijacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%B2nman_sol%C3%A8" title="Reyònman solè - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyònman solè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiazione_solare" title="Radiazione solare - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiazione solare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84" title="太陽放射 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽放射" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Күн радиациясы - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күн радиациясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnestralung" title="Sonnestralung - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sonnestralung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiazion_solar" title="Radiazion solar - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radiazion solar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saules_radi%C4%81cija" title="Saules radiācija - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saules radiācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstr%C3%A5ling" title="Solstråling - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Solstråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstr%C3%A5ling" title="Solstråling - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solstråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_solar" title="Radiação solar - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radiação solar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_solar%C4%83" title="Radiație solară - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiație solară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Солнечная радиация - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнечная радиация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_radijacija" title="Sunčeva radijacija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunčeva radijacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сунчева радијација - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сунчева радијација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сонячна радіація - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сонячна радіація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyosh_radiatsiyasi" title="Quyosh radiatsiyasi - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quyosh radiatsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="太陽輻射 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太陽輻射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17996169#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_solar" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Radiaci%C3%B3_solar&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_15231_Sunset_at_Tel_Aviv_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Radiació solar</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>radiació solar</b> és el conjunt de <a href="/wiki/Radiacions_electromagn%C3%A8tiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiacions electromagnètiques">radiacions electromagnètiques</a> emeses pel <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">sol</a> i que arriben a la superfície de la <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">terra</a>. Aquestes radiacions van des de l'<a href="/wiki/Infraroig" title="Infraroig">infraroig</a> fins a l'<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolat" title="Ultraviolat">ultraviolat</a>. </p><p>A la Terra la llum del sol és filtrada per l'atmosfera. La intensitat lumínica està condicionada per les estacions, amb un màxim a l'estiu i un mínim a l'hivern, i pels núvols. La llum solar es pot mesurar amb un piranòmetre o pirheliòmetre. Un raig de llum que surt del sol triga 8,3 minuts a arribar a la Terra. Segons L'<a href="/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_Meteorol%C3%B2gica_Mundial" title="Organització Meteorològica Mundial">Organització Meteorològica Mundial</a> la llum solar que arriba a la superfície de la Terra és d'almenys uns 120 watts per metre quadrat. </p><p>La llum directa del sol té una eficàcia lumínica d'aproximadament 93 lumen per watt de flux radiant, el qual inclou la llum infraroja, la visible i la ultraviolada; dona una luminància d'aproximadament 100.000 candeles per metre quadrat a la superfície de la Terra. </p><p>La llum del sol és el factor clau en la fotosíntesi, un procés d'importància fonamental per a la vida en la Terra. </p><p>La unitat pràctica que descriu la radiació solar és la <a href="/wiki/Irradi%C3%A0ncia" title="Irradiància">irradiància</a>, que és una unitat de <a href="/wiki/Pot%C3%A8ncia_f%C3%ADsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Potència física">potència</a> per metre quadrat [W/m²]. </p><p>L'exposició excessiva a la radiació solar pot ser perjudicial per a la <a href="/wiki/Salut" title="Salut">salut</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Càlcul"><span id="C.C3.A0lcul"></span>Càlcul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiaci%C3%B3_solar&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Càlcul"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per calcular la quantitat de llum solar que arriba a terra cal tenir en compte dos factors: l'òrbita el·líptica de la Terra i l'atenuació que exerceix l'atmosfera terrestre. La il·luminància solar extraterrestre (<i>E</i><sub>ext</sub>) corregida per l'òrbita el·líptica segons el dia de l'any (dn) és: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\rm {ext}}=E_{\rm {sc}}\left[1+0.034\cdot \cos \left(2\pi {\frac {{\rm {dn}}-3}{365}}\right)\right],}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.034</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mn>365</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\rm {ext}}=E_{\rm {sc}}\left[1+0.034\cdot \cos \left(2\pi {\frac {{\rm {dn}}-3}{365}}\right)\right],}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/146560604b99fd7a0aeb8b1d1e02e772c039fc84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:41.914ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\rm {ext}}=E_{\rm {sc}}\left[1+0.034\cdot \cos \left(2\pi {\frac {{\rm {dn}}-3}{365}}\right)\right],}"></span></dd></dl> <p>on el dia 1 de gener és dn=1; el 2 de gener dn=2; l'u de febrer és dn=32,etc. En aquesta fórmula dn-3 perquè el <a href="/wiki/Periheli" title="Periheli">periheli</a> de la Terra, el moment de màxima aproximació al Sol i per tant el de màxim <i>E</i><sub>ext</sub> passa als voltants del 3 de gener. </p><p>La constant d'il·luminància solar (<i>E</i><sub>sc</sub>) és igual a 128x103<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Lux" title="Lux">lx</a>. La il·luminància directa normal (Edn), corregida pels efectes atenuants de l'atmosfera ve donada per la següent expressió: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\rm {dn}}=E_{\rm {ext}}\,e^{-cm},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\rm {dn}}=E_{\rm {ext}}\,e^{-cm},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c5285dcb4506b8cd0acf38ed1e15915faaaffaf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.842ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\rm {dn}}=E_{\rm {ext}}\,e^{-cm},}"></span></dd></dl> <p><i>c</i> és el coeficient d'atenuació atmosfèrica i <i>m</i> és el relatiu òptic de la massa d'aire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composició_de_la_llum_solar"><span id="Composici.C3.B3_de_la_llum_solar"></span>Composició de la llum solar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiaci%C3%B3_solar&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Composició de la llum solar"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Solar_Spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Solar_Spectrum.png/220px-Solar_Spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Solar_Spectrum.png/330px-Solar_Spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Solar_Spectrum.png/440px-Solar_Spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Espectre d'irradiació solar sobre l'atmosfera i a la superfície</figcaption></figure> <p>L'espectre de <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Radiació electromagnètica">radiació electromagnètica</a> colpeja l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">atmosfera terrestre</a> de 100 a 10⁶ <a href="/wiki/Nan%C3%B2metre" title="Nanòmetre">nanòmetres</a>. Això pot ser degut en cinc regions en ordre creixent de <a href="/wiki/Longitud_d%27ona" title="Longitud d'ona">longitud d'ona</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Ultraviolat C</b> o <b>rang UVC</b>, que s'estén en el rang de 100 a 280 nm. El terme <i>ultraviolat</i> es refereix al fet que la radiació està en una freqüència major a la llum violeta (i, per tant, és invisible a l'ull humà); a causa de l'absorció per l'atmosfera, només una petita quantitat arriba a la superfície de la Terra (<a href="/wiki/Litosfera" title="Litosfera">litosfera</a>). Aquest espectre de radiació té propietats germicides, i és emprada en llums germicides.</li> <li><b>Ultraviolat B</b> o rand (UVB), s'estén entre 280 i 315 nm. És també absorbit en gran part per l'atmosfera, i juntament amb l'UVC és responsable de les <a href="/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3_fotoqu%C3%ADmica" title="Reacció fotoquímica">reaccions fotoquímiques</a> que comporten la producció de la <a href="/wiki/Capa_d%27oz%C3%B3" title="Capa d'ozó">capa d'ozó</a>.</li> <li><b>Ultraviolat A</b> o (UVA), s'estén entre els 315 i 400 nm. Ha estat tradicionalment considerat menys maligne per a l'<a href="/wiki/ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN">ADN</a>, per això és emprat en bronzejar-se i teràpia UVA per a <a href="/wiki/Psoriasi" title="Psoriasi">psoriasi</a>.</li> <li><b>Rang visible</b> o llum, s'estén entre els 400 i 700 nm. Com el nom indica, és el rang que és visible a l'ull humà naturalment.</li> <li><b>Rang infraroig</b>, que s'estén entre els 700 nm i 1 mm (10⁶ nm). És aquesta radiació la principal responsable de l'escalfament o calor que proporciona el Sol. Està subdividit en tres tipus en funció de la longitud d'onda: <ul><li>Infraroig-A: 700 nm a 1.400 nm</li> <li>Infraroig-B: 1.400 nm a 3.000 nm</li> <li>Infraroig-C: 3.000 nm a 1 mm</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constant_solar">Constant solar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiaci%C3%B3_solar&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Constant solar"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png/220px-Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png/330px-Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png/440px-Solar_radiation_Langley_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Un bològraf Langley del 1903 amb un marge d'error de la constant solar de 2,54 calories/minut/centímetre quadrat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif/220px-Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif/330px-Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif/440px-Solar_irradiance_spectrum_1992.gif 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Espectre de la irradiància solar al límit superior de l'atmosfera</figcaption></figure> <p>La constant solar és la quantitat de radiació electromagnètica solar per unitat d'àrea que incidiria en un pla perpendicular als rajos, a una distància d'una <a href="/wiki/Unitat_astron%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat astronòmica">unitat astronòmica</a> (AU) (a grans trets, la distància entre el Sol i la Terra). Quan la irradiància solar és mesurada en la part més externa de l'<a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">atmosfera terrestre</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> les mesures es poden ajustar fent servir la llei del quadrat invers per inferir la magnitud de la irradiància solar a una AU i deduir la constant solar.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La constant solar inclou tota mena de radiació solar i no només la llum visible. S'ha mesurat des d'un satèl·lit i dona, aproximadament, 1.366 watts per metre quadrat (W/m²).<sup id="cite_ref-TSI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiaci%C3%B3_solar&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNaylor1995"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Naylor</span>, Mark; Kevin C. Farmer. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telemedicine.org/sundam/sundam2.4.1.html">Sun damage and prevention</a>». <i>Electronic Textbook of Dermatology</i>.  The Internet Dermatology Society, 1995.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Satellite observations of total solar irradiance <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://acrim.com/TSI%20Monitoring.htm">http://acrim.com/TSI%20Monitoring.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716140550/http://www.acrim.com/TSI%20Monitoring.htm">Arxivat</a> 2011-07-16 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/ftpsolarirradiance.html">http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/ftpsolarirradiance.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TSI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TSI_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmodwrc.ch/pmod.php?topic=tsi/composite/SolarConstant">Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present</a>». [Consulta: 5 octubre 2005].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4139254-1">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph221956&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/radiacio-solar">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiació_solar&oldid=33141198">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiació_solar&oldid=33141198</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Sistema_solar" title="Categoria:Sistema solar">Sistema solar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Radiaci%C3%B3_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Categoria:Radiació electromagnètica">Radiació electromagnètica</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_la_plantilla_Webarchive_amb_enlla%C3%A7_wayback" title="Categoria:Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback">Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_refer%C3%A8ncies_sense_format" title="Categoria:Articles amb referències sense format">Articles amb referències sense format</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 22 feb 2024 a les 07:13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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