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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizione</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definizione-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Definizione</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pandemia_influenzale:_le_classificazioni_dell'OMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemia_influenzale:_le_classificazioni_dell'OMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pandemia influenzale: le classificazioni dell'OMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandemia_influenzale:_le_classificazioni_dell'OMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandemie_nella_storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemie_nella_storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pandemie nella storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandemie_nella_storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandemia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 146 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C4%8Belco%C3%BEu" title="Myċelcoþu - inglese antico" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Myċelcoþu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglese antico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="جائحة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="وباء عالمى - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وباء عالمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰী - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiya" title="Pandemiya - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pandemiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پاندمی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاندمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пандемия - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пандемия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gering_agung" title="Gering agung - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gering agung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Pandemėjė - samogitico" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pandemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya" title="Pandemya - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pandemya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пандэмія - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пандэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пандэмія - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пандэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пандемия - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пандемия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="महामारी - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महामारी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="বৈশ্বিক মহামারি - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈশ্বিক মহামারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་རིམས་ནད། - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་རིམས་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija" title="Pandemija - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pandemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia" title="Pandèmia - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pandèmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACng-%C4%ADk" title="Ŭng-ĭk - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭng-ĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Пандеми - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пандеми" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پاندێمی - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاندێمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Пандеми - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пандеми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemig" title="Pandemig - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pandemig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%94bo" title="Alɔbo - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Alɔbo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πανδημία - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανδημία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pandemic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemio" title="Pandemio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pandemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeemia" title="Pandeemia - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دنیاگیری - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دنیاگیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mie" title="Pandémie - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pandémie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemii" title="Pandemii - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pandemii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemy" title="Pandemy - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pandemy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paind%C3%A9im" title="Paindéim - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paindéim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27asypav%E1%BA%BD" title="Mba'asypavẽ - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'asypavẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BBn-yi%CC%8Dt" title="Vûn-yi̍t - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vûn-yi̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="פנדמיה - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנדמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विश्वमारी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वमारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamari" title="Mahamari - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mahamari" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija" title="Pandemija - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pandemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mia" title="Pandémia - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pandémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Համավարակ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համավարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemio" title="Pandemio - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pandemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimsfaraldur" title="Heimsfaraldur - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimsfaraldur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="パンデミック - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンデミック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandh%C3%A9mi" title="Pandhémi - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pandhémi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პანდემია - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანდემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwas" title="Arwas - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arwas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Індет - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Індет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic - Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Pandemic" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89" title="범유행 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범유행" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandem%C3%AE" title="Pandemî - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pandemî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пандемия - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пандемия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mow%C3%A1" title="Mowá - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mowá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija" title="Pandemija - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C4%93mija" title="Pandēmija - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pandēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пандемија - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пандемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="മഹാമാരി - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹാമാരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကပ် - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကပ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5" title="जागतिक साथ - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जागतिक साथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemik" title="Pandemik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pandemik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ကမ္ဘာကပ်ရောဂါ - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာကပ်ရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli_%C4%ABpan_moch%C4%ABuh_nepapan_%C4%81ltep%C4%93tl" title="Cocoliztli īpan mochīuh nepapan āltepētl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cocoliztli īpan mochīuh nepapan āltepētl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विश्वव्यापी महामारी - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वव्यापी महामारी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia" title="Pandèmia - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pandèmia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Пандеми - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пандеми" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਹਾਂਮਾਰੀ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਂਮਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandem%C3%ACa" title="Pandemìa - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pandemìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="عالمی وبا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمی وبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="وبا یا ټولنیونه - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وبا یا ټولنیونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pandemie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пандемия - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пандемия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пандемія - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пандемія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пандемия - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пандемия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia" title="Pandèmia - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pandèmia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidim%C3%ACa" title="Pidimìa - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pidimìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="عالمگير وبا - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عالمگير وبا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiija" title="Pandemiija - sami del nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pandemiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami del nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija" title="Pandemija - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pandemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD" title="ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාප්ත වසංගත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pandemic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mia" title="Pandémia - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija" title="Pandemija - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pandemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - sami di Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami di Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukondombera" title="Mukondombera - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukondombera" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пандемија - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пандемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewa_se_seholo" title="Sewa se seholo - sotho del sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sewa se seholo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandymij%C5%8F" title="Pandymijŏ - slesiano" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pandymijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/libung" title="libung - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="libung" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="உலகம்பரவுநோய் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலகம்பரவுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="ప్రపంచమారి - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రపంచమారి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7" title="โรคระบาดทั่ว - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคระบาดทั่ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya" title="Pandemya - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandemya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pandemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пандемия - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пандемия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic - ci" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Pandemic" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="ci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="پەندەمىيە - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەندەمىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пандемія - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пандемія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="عالمگیر وبا - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمگیر وبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiya" title="Pandemiya - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pandemiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshiwo_tsha_lushaka" title="Tshiwo tsha lushaka - venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Tshiwo tsha lushaka" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia" title="Pandemia - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pandemia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemii" title="Pandemii - vepso" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pandemii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Đại dịch - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại dịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmin%C3%AAye" title="Parminêye - vallone" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Parminêye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya" title="Pandemya - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pandemya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瘟疫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inqaku_lesiseko_eliphambili_lephandemikhi" title="Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi - xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პანდემია - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პანდემია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאנדעמיע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנדעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%C3%A0k%C3%A1y%C3%A9-%C3%A0r%C3%B9n" title="Àjàkáyé-àrùn - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àjàkáyé-àrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghraq" title="Binghraq - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghraq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瘟疫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-e%CC%8Dk" title="Un-e̍k - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Un-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瘟疫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhubhane" title="Ubhubhane - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubhubhane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em 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href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pandemia (disambigua)">Pandemia (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento medicina <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Medicina" title="Progetto:Medicina">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg/220px-1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg/330px-1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg/440px-1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Pandemia dell'<a href="/wiki/Influenza_spagnola" title="Influenza spagnola">influenza spagnola</a> del 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Una <b>pandemia</b> (dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco antico</a> πανδήμιος, <i>pandḗmios</i>, “di tutte le persone”, “pertinente al popolo”, “pubblico”)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> è un'<a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">epidemia</a> che si diffonde rapidamente estendendosi su vastissima scala, coinvolgendo gran parte della <a href="/wiki/Popolazione_mondiale" title="Popolazione mondiale">popolazione mondiale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tale situazione presuppone la mancanza di <a href="/wiki/Immunizzazione" title="Immunizzazione">immunizzazione</a> dell'uomo nei confronti di un <a href="/wiki/Microrganismo_patogeno" title="Microrganismo patogeno">patogeno</a> altamente pericoloso. Nella storia umana si sono verificate numerose pandemie. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizione">Definizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Definizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La parola pandemia deriva dal greco <i>pandḗmios</i>, che significa "di tutta la popolazione": <i>pán</i> significa "tutti", <i>dḗmios</i> (da <i>dḗmos</i>, "popolo") significa "pertinente alla popolazione". Il termine "pandemia" in questa accezione fu utilizzato dagli scienziati europei a partire dalla fine del XVIII secolo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandemia è quindi un concetto utilizzato in età moderna per indicare l'esposizione dell'intera popolazione mondiale a una comune malattia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il termine si applicherebbe solo a malattie o condizioni patologiche contagiose. Di conseguenza, le patologie che colpiscono aree molto grandi o l'intero pianeta ma non possono essere trasmesse da persona a persona (per esempio il <a href="/wiki/Cancro_(malattia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancro (malattia)">cancro</a>) non sono da considerarsi pandemiche. </p><p>Secondo l'<a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_mondiale_della_sanit%C3%A0" title="Organizzazione mondiale della sanità">Organizzazione mondiale della sanità</a>, le condizioni affinché si possa verificare una vera e propria pandemia sono tre: </p> <ol><li>la comparsa di un <a href="/wiki/Agente_patogeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Agente patogeno">agente patogeno</a> nuovo, verso il quale non sono conosciute cure efficaci;</li> <li>la capacità di tale agente di colpire gli esseri umani;</li> <li>la capacità di tale agente di diffondersi rapidamente per contagio<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ol> <p>Vi sono state diverse critiche a questa definizione, essendo venuta a mancare la specifica di gravità, pertanto anche virus con bassissimi indici di conseguenze gravi possono essere inclusi nella definizione di pandemia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel maggio 2009 il dott. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keiji_Fukuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keiji Fukuda (la pagina non esiste)">Keiji Fukuda</a>, vicedirettore generale <i>ad interim</i> del settore <a href="/wiki/Qualit%C3%A0,_sicurezza_e_ambiente" title="Qualità, sicurezza e ambiente">Qualità, sicurezza e ambiente</a> dell'OMS ha affermato che «<i>Un modo semplice di pensare alla pandemia è dire: [...] una pandemia è un focolaio globale. Significa che vediamo sia la diffusione dell'agente infettivo [...] che le attività della malattia, oltre alla diffusione del virus</i>».<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gli esperti riconoscono che dichiarare una pandemia possa essere politicamente gravoso perché può scuotere i mercati, portare a restrizioni più drastiche per i viaggi e il commercio, e stigmatizzare le persone provenienti dalle prime regioni colpite, ma al contempo può stimolare i paesi a prepararsi all'eventuale arrivo del virus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il dottor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a>, direttore del <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> degli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a>, ha dichiarato all'inizio di febbraio 2020 che tuttora non esiste una definizione scientifica e definitiva di ciò che costituisce una pandemia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In generale, secondo quanto dichiarato da Anthony Fauci, l'OMS evita di dichiarare "pandemie" le situazioni di salute pubblica che non sono <a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale" title="Pandemia influenzale">pandemie influenzali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19_del_2019-2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia di COVID-19 del 2019-2021">pandemia di COVID-19</a> è, secondo le dichiarazioni dell'OMS, la prima pandemia di una malattia causata da un <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandemia_influenzale:_le_classificazioni_dell'OMS"><span id="Pandemia_influenzale:_le_classificazioni_dell.27OMS"></span>Pandemia influenzale: le classificazioni dell'OMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Pandemia influenzale: le classificazioni dell'OMS" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Pandemia influenzale: le classificazioni dell'OMS"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale" title="Pandemia influenzale">Pandemia influenzale</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandemic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pandemic.png/220px-Pandemic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pandemic.png/330px-Pandemic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pandemic.png/440px-Pandemic.png 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Le fasi della pandemia come da ultima guida dell'OMS "<i>Guida alla gestione del rischio di influenza pandemica</i>" del 2017.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'OMS ha utilizzato una classificazione in 6 stadi che descriveva il processo mediante il quale un nuovo <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">virus influenzale</a> procede dalle prime infezioni iniziali nell'uomo arrivando ad una pandemia. Questo processo inizia con un virus che infetta principalmente gli animali (periodo inter-pandemico), seguito da alcuni casi in cui gli animali infettano le persone, quindi passa attraverso la fase in cui il virus inizia a diffondersi direttamente tra le persone (periodo di allerta pandemica) e termina con una pandemia quando le infezioni del nuovo virus si sono diffuse in tutto il mondo (pandemia). </p><p>In previsione di una futura possibile pandemia influenzale, nel 1999 l'OMS ha pubblicato un documento guida sulla preparazione alle pandemie, aggiornato nel 2005 e nel febbraio 2009, che definiva le fasi e le azioni appropriate per ogni fase, in un promemoria intitolato "<i>Descrizioni delle fasi della pandemia dell'OMS e principali azioni per fase</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La revisione del febbraio 2009 comprendeva le definizioni di pandemia e le fasi che portano alla sua dichiarazione;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tutte le versioni di questo documento si riferivano all'influenza. Le fasi erano definite in base alla diffusione della malattia; virulenza e letalità non erano prese in considerazione nella definizione dell'OMS, sebbene in passato lo fossero state. </p><p>Le fasi possono essere così definite: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Descrizioni delle fasi della pandemia dell'OMS e principali azioni per fase (2009)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:lightgrey;" rowspan="2">Periodo interpandemico </td> <td>Fase 1 </td> <td>Nessun sottotipo di virus è stato riscontrato negli esseri umani. Un virus che ha causato influenza in qualcuno può essere presente negli animali. Se presente negli animali, il rischio di contagio per gli umani è considerato basso. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fase 2 </td> <td>Nessun sottotipo di virus è stato riscontrato negli esseri umani. Tuttavia, un sottotipo di virus presente negli animali potrebbe essere potenzialmente pericoloso in caso di <a href="/wiki/Salto_di_specie" title="Salto di specie">salto di specie</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:orange;" rowspan="3">Periodo di allerta </td> <td>Fase 3 </td> <td>Infezioni di esseri umani con un nuovo sottotipo di virus, ma nessuna diffusione fra umani stessi, o al massimo soltanto rare istanze causate da stretto contatto. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fase 4 </td> <td>Limitata trasmissione tra umano e umano ma la diffusione è altamente localizzata, il che suggerisce che il virus non è ancora adattato agli esseri umani. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fase 5 </td> <td>Trasmissione da umano a umano ancora localizzata ma più semplice, il che suggerisce che il virus si sta adattando agli esseri umani, ma potrebbe non essere ancora pienamente trasmissibile (rischio sostanziale di pandemia). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:orangered;">Periodo pandemico </td> <td>Fase 6 </td> <td>Pandemia: trasmissione aumentata e continua fra la popolazione. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La guida del 2009 è stata revisionata nel 2013 con la guida "<i>Gestione del rischio di influenza pandemica: guida intermedia dell'OMS</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queste due guide sono state sostituite ed aggiornate dalla "<i>Guida alla gestione del rischio di influenza pandemica</i>" del maggio 2017, che pone come principali aggiornamenti l'allineamento alle altre politiche delle <a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_delle_Nazioni_Unite" title="Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite">Nazioni Unite</a> per la gestione delle crisi e delle emergenze, e l'inclusione dello sviluppo significativo, degli ultimi anni, delle strategie vaccinali durante l'inizio di una pandemia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel febbraio 2020, il portavoce dell'OMS <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarik_Jasarevic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarik Jasarevic (la pagina non esiste)">Tarik Jasarevic</a> ha affermato che «<i>non esiste una categoria ufficiale</i>» di pandemia: «<i>L'OMS non utilizza il vecchio sistema di 6 fasi con cui alcune persone potrebbero avere avuto familiarità per il caso dell'<a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_A_sottotipo_H1N1" title="Influenzavirus A sottotipo H1N1">H1N1</a> del 2009</i>».<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandemie_nella_storia">Pandemie nella storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Pandemie nella storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pandemie nella storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La maggior parte dei virus che hanno causato pandemie sono zoonotici, ovvero originati da un contagio interspecie; due esempi tipici sono l'<a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Tubercolosi" title="Tubercolosi">tubercolosi</a>. Fra le pandemie più catastrofiche si possono annoverare: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Febbre_tifoide" title="Febbre tifoide">Febbre tifoide</a> durante la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_del_Peloponneso" title="Guerra del Peloponneso">guerra del Peloponneso</a>, 430 a.C. La febbre tifoide uccise un quarto delle truppe di <a href="/wiki/Atene" title="Atene">Atene</a> ed un quarto della popolazione, nel giro di quattro anni. Questa malattia fiaccò la resistenza di Atene, ma la grande virulenza della malattia ha impedito un'ulteriore espansione, in quanto uccideva i suoi ospiti così velocemente da impedire la dispersione del bacillo. La causa esatta di questa epidemia non fu mai conosciuta.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel gennaio 2006 alcuni ricercatori della Università di Atene hanno ritrovato, nei denti provenienti da una fossa comune sotto la città, presenza di tracce del batterio.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peste_antonina" title="Peste antonina">Peste antonina</a>, 165-180. Una pandemia presumibilmente di <a href="/wiki/Vaiolo" title="Vaiolo">vaiolo</a>, portata dalle truppe di ritorno dalla guerra contro i <a href="/wiki/Parti" title="Parti">Parti</a> nelle province del <a href="/wiki/Vicino_Oriente" title="Vicino Oriente">Vicino Oriente</a>, uccise almeno cinque milioni di persone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fra il <a href="/wiki/251" title="251">251</a> e il <a href="/wiki/266" title="266">266</a> si ebbe il picco di una seconda pandemia dello stesso virus, il cosiddetto "Morbo di Cipriano", dal nome del vescovo di Cartagine che ne scrisse; pare che a <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> e nelle città greche in quel periodo morissero 5 000 persone al giorno.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si stimano tra i 5 e i 30 milioni di morti.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemie_di_peste" title="Pandemie di peste">Pandemie di peste</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peste_di_Giustiniano" title="Peste di Giustiniano">Morbo di Giustiniano</a>, a partire dal 541; fu la prima pandemia nota di <a href="/wiki/Peste" title="Peste">peste bubbonica</a>. Partendo dall'<a href="/wiki/Egitto" title="Egitto">Egitto</a> giunse fino a <a href="/wiki/Costantinopoli" title="Costantinopoli">Costantinopoli</a>; secondo lo storico <a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">bizantino</a> <a href="/wiki/Procopio_di_Cesarea" title="Procopio di Cesarea">Procopio</a>, morì quasi la metà degli abitanti della città, a un ritmo di 10 000 vittime al giorno. La pandemia si estese nei territori circostanti, uccidendo complessivamente un quarto degli abitanti delle regioni del <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneo" title="Mar Mediterraneo">Mar Mediterraneo</a> occidentale. I morti sono stimati tra i 50 e i 100 milioni.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera">Peste nera</a>, a partire dal 1300. Ottocento anni dopo la strage di Costantinopoli, la peste bubbonica fece il suo ritorno dall'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Nel <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a> fu portata in Europa orientale dai <a href="/wiki/Tartari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartari">Tartari</a> che assediavano la <a href="/wiki/Colonie_genovesi" title="Colonie genovesi">colonia genovese</a> di <a href="/wiki/Caffa_(Crimea)" title="Caffa (Crimea)">Caffa</a> (l'odierna <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>), e successivamente in <a href="/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia">Sicilia</a> dai mercanti italiani provenienti dalla <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, diffondendosi in tutta <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e uccidendo venti milioni di persone in sei anni (un terzo della popolazione totale del continente). Il ricercatore italo-americano <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_F._More&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander F. More (la pagina non esiste)">Alexander F. More</a> ha dimostrato con dati epidemiologici, glaciochimici e storici che i cinque anni della Peste Nera, con mortalità dal 40 al 60%, causarono una tale crisi economica che l'inquinamento dell'aria causato dal piombo raggiunse il minimo degli ultimi duemila anni.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questo fenomeno si è ripetuto in maniera parziale durante l'epidemia di COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occorsero due secoli perché la popolazione europea raggiungesse nuovamente la numerosità precedente la pandemia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Il <a href="/wiki/Tifo_esantematico" title="Tifo esantematico">tifo</a>, chiamato anche "febbre da accampamento" o "febbre navale" perché tendeva a diffondersi con maggiore rapidità in situazioni di guerra o in ambienti come navi e prigioni. Emerso già ai tempi delle <a href="/wiki/Crociata" title="Crociata">Crociate</a>, colpì per la prima volta l'Europa nel <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a>. Durante i combattimenti a <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, gli eserciti cristiani persero 3 000 uomini in battaglia e 20 000 per l'epidemia. Sempre per via del tifo, nel <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a> i francesi persero 18 000 uomini in <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>; altre 30 000 persone caddero nel <a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a> durante i combattimenti nei <a href="/wiki/Penisola_balcanica" title="Penisola balcanica">Balcani</a>. La <i>grande armée</i> di <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Bonaparte" title="Napoleone Bonaparte">Napoleone</a> fu decimata dal tifo in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> nel 1811. Il tifo fu anche la causa di morte per moltissimi reclusi dei <a href="/wiki/Campo_di_concentramento" title="Campo di concentramento">campi di concentramento</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazionalsocialismo" title="Nazionalsocialismo">nazisti</a> durante la <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale">seconda guerra mondiale</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemie_di_colera" title="Pandemie di colera">Pandemie di colera</a>: <ul><li>1816-1826: precedentemente confinata all'<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, la malattia si diffuse dal <a href="/wiki/Bengala" title="Bengala">Bengala</a> fino alla <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a> e al <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspio" title="Mar Caspio">Mar Caspio</a>;</li> <li>1829-1851: toccò l'<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, e <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a> (costa del <a href="/wiki/Oceano_Pacifico" title="Oceano Pacifico">Pacifico</a>);</li> <li>1852-1860: principalmente diffusa in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, fece più di un milione di morti;</li> <li>1863-1875: diffusa principalmente in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>;</li> <li>1899-1923: ebbe poco effetto sull'Europa grazie anche ai progressi nella salute pubblica; la Russia ne fu di nuovo colpita duramente;</li> <li>1960-1966: l'epidemia chiamata <a href="/wiki/El_Tor" title="El Tor">El Tor</a> colpì l'<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, raggiunse il <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a>, e l'<a href="/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica">Unione Sovietica</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale" title="Pandemia influenzale">Pandemie influenzali</a>: <ul><li>L'<a href="/wiki/Influenza_spagnola" title="Influenza spagnola">influenza spagnola</a>, 1918-1920. Iniziò nell'agosto del 1918 in tre diversi luoghi: <a href="/wiki/Brest_(Francia)" title="Brest (Francia)">Brest</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, nel <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. Venne chiamata "spagnola" anche se non ebbe origine in <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a> in quanto gli organi d'informazione spagnoli furono inizialmente gli unici a parlarne, non essendo sottoposti alla censura causata dalla <a href="/wiki/Prima_guerra_mondiale" title="Prima guerra mondiale">prima guerra mondiale</a>, in corso negli stessi anni, a cui la Spagna non aveva preso parte. Si trattava di un ceppo di influenza particolarmente violenta e letale. La malattia si diffuse in tutto il mondo, uccidendo 50 milioni di persone. Terminò dopo 18 mesi e 3 ondate.</li> <li>L'<a href="/wiki/Influenza_asiatica" title="Influenza asiatica">influenza asiatica</a>, 1957-1960. Rilevata per la prima volta in <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a> nel febbraio del <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>, raggiunse in seguito l’Europa e gli Stati Uniti. Fece in tutto il mondo circa 2 milioni di morti.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il virus che la causava era l’H2N2.</li> <li>L'<a href="/wiki/Influenza_russa_del_1977" title="Influenza russa del 1977">influenza russa del 1977</a>. È iniziato nel nord della <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a> e nell'<a href="/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica">Unione Sovietica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 700 000 persone sono morte in tutto il mondo.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> È causato da un ceppo del virus <a href="/wiki/H1N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> che somigliava molto a un ceppo circolante in tutto il mondo negli anni cinquanta e molti ricercatori ritengono che il virus sia stato trasmesso al grande pubblico in un incidente di laboratorio.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>L'<a href="/wiki/Influenza_di_Hong_Kong" title="Influenza di Hong Kong">influenza di Hong Kong</a>, 1968-1969. Il ceppo virale H3N2, emerso a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>, raggiunse nello stesso anno gli Stati Uniti dove fece 34 000 vittime. Fece in tutto il mondo circa 2 milioni di morti. Un virus H3N2 è ancora oggi in circolazione.</li> <li>L'<a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_A_sottotipo_H1N1" title="Influenzavirus A sottotipo H1N1">influenza A H1N1</a>, 2009-2010. Detta anche "<a href="/wiki/Influenza_suina" title="Influenza suina">influenza suina</a>" perché trasmessa da questo animale all'uomo. Il suo focolaio iniziale ha avuto luogo in Messico, estendendosi poi in soli 2 mesi a quasi 80 Paesi. In Europa e Paesi limitrofi, al 31 agosto 2009 i casi accertati erano 46 016 e le morti accertate 104. Nel resto del mondo i casi di morte accertati furono 2 910<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al 6 agosto 2010, quando l'OMS dichiarò ufficialmente la fine della pandemia, i casi confermati in tutto in mondo erano 1 632 710<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e i decessi 18 449<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li>La pandemia <a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27epidemia_di_HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Storia dell'epidemia di HIV/AIDS">da AIDS</a>, dal 1981, causata dal virus <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. Si propagò in maniera esponenziale in tutti i Paesi del mondo. Nel <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> è stata messa a punto una terapia farmacologica che ne blocca il decorso, ma non elimina il virus dai corpi degli individui; grazie a tale cura la malattia può essere resa cronica e raramente diventa letale (nel mondo sviluppato), ma continua il suo contagio, legato a fattori comportamentali. Al 2020, vengono registrati circa 75 milioni di casi e circa 35 milioni di morti.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19_del_2019-2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia di COVID-19 del 2019-2021">pandemia di COVID-19</a>, dal 2019 al 2023. Il COVID-19 è un morbo che si manifesta sia in maniera asintomatica sia con sintomi che colpiscono il sistema polmonare e quello vascolare, causato dal coronavirus <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, diffusasi rapidamente in tutto il mondo nel 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> È la prima epidemia ad essere dichiarata pandemia dall'OMS dopo la pubblicazione delle linee guida del 2009. Al 29 giugno 2022 sono stati registrati oltre 545 milioni di casi e oltre 6,33 milioni di morti mentre le stime parlano di 19 milioni di decessi, rendendola la malattia a diffusione pandemica con più morti dai tempi della spagnola.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>L'incontro fra gli esploratori europei e le popolazioni indigene di altre zone del mondo spesso fu causa di epidemie e pandemie violentissime. Il <a href="/wiki/Vaiolo" title="Vaiolo">vaiolo</a> uccise metà della popolazione di <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>, e seminò il terrore in <a href="/wiki/Messico" title="Messico">Messico</a> intorno al <a href="/wiki/Anni_1520" title="Anni 1520">1520</a>, uccidendo 150 000 persone (incluso l'imperatore) solo a <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" title="Tenochtitlán">Tenochtitlán</a>; lo stesso morbo colpì violentemente il <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù">Perù</a> nel <a href="/wiki/Anni_1530" title="Anni 1530">decennio successivo</a>. Il <a href="/wiki/Morbillo" title="Morbillo">morbillo</a> fece altri due milioni di vittime tra i nativi messicani nel <a href="/wiki/XVII_secolo" title="XVII secolo">XVII secolo</a>. Ancora fra il <a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a> e il <a href="/wiki/1849" title="1849">1849</a>, circa un terzo della popolazione nativa delle isole <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> morì di morbillo, <a href="/wiki/Pertosse" title="Pertosse">pertosse</a> e <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>. </p><p>Moltissime sono anche le epidemie di cui restano testimonianze storiche ma delle quali è impossibile identificare l'<a href="/wiki/Eziologia" title="Eziologia">eziologia</a>, in quanto venivano chiamate genericamente <i>pestilenze</i> a causa delle limitate conoscenze scientifiche. Un esempio è quello della cosiddetta <a href="/wiki/Malattia_del_sudore" title="Malattia del sudore">malattia del sudore</a> che colpì l'Inghilterra nel <a href="/wiki/XVI_secolo" title="XVI secolo">XVI secolo</a>; più temuto della stessa peste bubbonica, questa malattia aveva un decorso esiziale molto rapido. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/pandemia"><span style="font-style:italic;">pandemìa in Vocabolario - Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">treccani.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 5 novembre 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logeion.uchicago.edu/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82"><span style="font-style:italic;">πανδήμιος</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">logeion.uchicago.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 5 novembre 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.garzantilinguistica.it/ricerca/?q=pandemia"><span style="font-style:italic;">pandemia - Ganzanti Linguistica online</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">garzantilinguistica.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/pandemìa.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">pandemia - Sapere.it, Enciclopedia on-line De Agostini</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pandemia_%28Dizionario-di-Medicina%29/"><span style="font-style:italic;">pandemia in "Dizionario di Medicina" - Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">treccani.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/robinson/2020/08/12/news/quando_il_virus_era_solo_d_amore-264503549/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Rep</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">rep.repubblica.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 4 maggio 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Jacqueline Howard CNN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/health/what-is-a-pandemic-explainer/index.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">What is a pandemic?</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">CNN</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408115601/https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/7/11-088815/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO | The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WHO</span>. <small>URL consultato il 7 aprile 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www9.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/7/11-088815/en/">url originale</abbr> l'8 aprile 2020)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Peter Doshi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2011.v89n7/532-538/pt/"><span style="font-style:italic;">The elusive definition of pandemic influenza</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Bulletin of the World Health Organization</span>, vol. 89, 2011-07, pp. 532–538, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.11.086173">10.2471/BLT.11.086173</a>. <small>URL consultato il 22 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/7/11-088815/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO | The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WHO</span>. <small>URL consultato il 22 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/influenzaAH1N1_presstranscript_20090526.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, WHO Spokesperson for Epidemic and Pandemic Diseases, and Dr Keiji Fukuda, Assistant Director-General ad Interim for Health Security and Environment, World Health Organization</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_Mondiale_della_Sanit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità">Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità</a></span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309100924/https://time.com/5798797/un-who-coronavirus-outbreak-classification/"><span style="font-style:italic;">U.N. Declines to Label COVID-19 as a Pandemic While Outbreaks Multiply</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Time</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://time.com/5798797/un-who-coronavirus-outbreak-classification/">url originale</abbr> il 9 marzo 2020)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311214147/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen"><span style="font-style:italic;">Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - events as they happen</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">who.int</span>. <small>URL consultato l'11 marzo 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen">url originale</abbr> l'11 marzo 2020)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/pandemic_guidance_04_2009/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO | Pandemic influenza preparedness and response</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WHO</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513194204/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/PIPGuidance09.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Wayback Machine</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">who.int</span>, 13 maggio 2011. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/PIPGuidance09.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 13 maggio 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509051804/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/GIPA3AideMemoire.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Wayback Machine</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">who.int</span>, 10 settembre 2011. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/GIPA3AideMemoire.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 9 maggio 2009)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/influenza_risk_management/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO | Pandemic Influenza Risk Management</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WHO</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-health-who-idUKKCN20I0PD"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO says it no longer uses 'pandemic' category, but virus still emergency</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Reuters</span>, 24 febbraio 2020. <small>URL consultato il 9 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">L'identificazione con il tifo è argomentata in: Robert J. Littman, “The Plague of Athens: Epidemiology and Paleopathology”, <i>Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine</i>, 76.5 (2009), pp. 456–467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Stime anche maggiori sono in: Yan Zelener, “Genetic Evidence, Density Dependence, and Epidemiological Models of the ‘Antonine Plague’ ” in Elio Lo Cascio, ed., <i>L'impatto della “Peste Antonina”</i>, (Bari: Edipuglia, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Gallieni_duo*.html">Historia Augusta: Gallieni Duo 5.5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Alexander F. More, Nicole E. Spaulding e Pascal Bohleber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GH000064"><span style="font-style:italic;">Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">GeoHealth</span>, vol. 1, n. 4, 2017, pp. 211–219, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F2017GH000064">10.1002/2017GH000064</a>. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/black-death-plague-air-pollution/"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Black Death helped reveal how long humans have polluted the planet</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Popular Science</span>. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Erin Blakemore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/humans-polluted-air-much-earlier-previously-thought-180963528/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Humans Polluted the Air Much Earlier Than Previously Thought</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Smithsonian Magazine</span>. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Nicola Davis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/30/we-have-been-poisoning-ourselves-has-ice-analysis-revealed-the-truth-about-lead"><span style="font-style:italic;">‘We have been poisoning ourselves’: has ice analysis revealed the truth about lead?</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Guardian</span>, 30 maggio 2017. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Coral Davenport, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/climate/coronavirus-clean-air.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Pandemic’s Cleaner Air Could Reshape What We Know About the Atmosphere</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The New York Times</span>, 25 giugno 2020. <small>URL consultato il 25 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Ole J. Benedictow, The Black Death, 1346–1353: The Complete History (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2004), p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8017585.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sito della BBC</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">news.bbc.co.uk</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/hsc-scen-3_pandemic-1957.htm">GlobalSecurity.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-30"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/whocdscsredc991.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></span>, aprile 1999, pp. 38, 41 <small>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203084733/https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/whocdscsredc991.pdf">archiviato</a> il 3 dicembre 2020)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-31"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_31-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Kung HC, Jen KF, Yuan WC, Tien SF, Chu CM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395678/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Bulletin of the World Health Organization</span>, vol. 56, n. 6, 1978, pp. 913–8, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395678">2395678</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/310732">310732</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5"><span style="font-style:italic;">Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Medical Microbiology and Immunology</span>, vol. 198, n. 3, agosto 2009, pp. 175–83, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00430-009-0118-5">10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543913">19543913</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_33-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Wertheim JO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011184"><span style="font-style:italic;">The re-emergence of H1N1 influenza virus in 1977: a cautionary tale for estimating divergence times using biologically unrealistic sampling dates</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">PLOS ONE</span>, vol. 5, n. 6, giugno 2010, pp. e11184, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011184">10.1371/journal.pone.0011184</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2887442">2887442</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20567599">20567599</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Rozo M, Gronvall GK, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542197"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-Function Debate</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">mBio</span>, vol. 6, n. 4, agosto 2015, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.01013-15">10.1128/mBio.01013-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542197">4542197</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26286690">26286690</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-35"><a href="#cite_ref-:82_35-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Furmanski M, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611044"><span style="font-style:italic;">The 1977 H1N1 Influenza Virus Reemergence Demonstrated Gain-of-Function Hazards</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">mBio</span>, vol. 6, n. 5, settembre 2015, pp. e01434-15, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.01434-15">10.1128/mBio.01434-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4611044">4611044</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26419881">26419881</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123065044/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/Documents/090831_Influenza_AH1N1_Situation_Report_1700hrs.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">ecdc.europa.eu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 novembre 2009</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/Documents/090831_Influenza_AH1N1_Situation_Report_1700hrs.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 23 novembre 2009)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/laboratory06_08_2010/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO | Weekly Virological Update on 05 August 2010</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WHO</span>. <small>URL consultato il 14 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_08_06/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">WHO | Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 112</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WHO</span>. <small>URL consultato il 14 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">al 30 marzo 2020 la pandemia ha contagiato 781441 persone e ne ha uccise 37578 <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/canale_saluteebenessere/notizie/sanita/2020/03/11/coronavirus-nuove-misure-governo.-lombardia-chiudere-tutto_6297725e-1db1-4c6d-89c4-fa86bd633135.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Coronavirus, l'Oms dichiara la pandemia - Salute & Benessere</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ANSA.it</span>, 11 marzo 2020. <small>URL consultato l'11 marzo 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Coronavirus Update (Live)</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">worldometers.info</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 aprile 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">covid19.healthdata.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19.healthdata.org/global?view=cumulative-deaths&tab=trend">https://covid19.healthdata.org/global?view=cumulative-deaths&tab=trend</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endemia" title="Endemia">Endemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">Epidemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale" title="Pandemia influenzale">Pandemia influenzale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemie_di_colera" title="Pandemie di colera">Pandemie di colera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemie_di_peste" title="Pandemie di peste">Pandemie di peste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater-Based_Epidemiology" title="Wastewater-Based Epidemiology">Wastewater-Based Epidemiology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandemia" class="extiw" title="wikt:pandemia">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Pandemics"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pandemics?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandemia" class="extiw" title="wikt:pandemia">pandemia</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pandemics?uselang=it">pandemia</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Kara Rogers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/pandemic"><span style="font-style:italic;">pandemic</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_canadese" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pandemic/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Pandemia</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_canadese" title="Enciclopedia canadese">Enciclopedia canadese</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184#P5395" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310051113/http://www.global-pandemic.org/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Global Informazioni sulle pandemie, inclusa l'influenza aviaria</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">global-pandemic.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 26 luglio 2019</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://global-pandemic.org">url originale</abbr> il 10 marzo 2012)</small>.</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iliesi.cnr.it/covid19.php"><b>Illness in ConText</b>: parole di filosofia e orientamento nella pandemia</a>, Istituto per il Lessico Intellettuale Europeo e Storia delle Idee - CNR (2020)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output 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th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Epidemie"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epidemie" title="Template:Epidemie"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Epidemie" title="Discussioni template:Epidemie"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Epidemie&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">Epidemie</a> e <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pandemie</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Epidemie locali</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Peste_di_Atene" title="Peste di Atene">Peste di Atene</a> (430-426 a.C.)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malattia_del_sudore" title="Malattia del sudore">Malattia del sudore</a> (1485-1551)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_colera_in_Zimbabwe_del_2008" title="Epidemia di colera in Zimbabwe del 2008">Colera in Zimbabwe</a> (2008)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_colera_ad_Haiti_del_2010" title="Epidemia di colera ad Haiti del 2010">Colera ad Haiti</a> (2010)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_febbre_emorragica_di_Ebola_in_Africa_occidentale_del_2014-2016" title="Epidemia di febbre emorragica di Ebola in Africa occidentale del 2014-2016">Ebola</a> (2013-2016)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_peste_in_Madagascar_del_2014-2015" title="Epidemia di peste in Madagascar del 2014-2015">Peste in Madagascar</a> (2014-2015)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Epidemie globali e/o pandemie</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Peste_antonina" title="Peste antonina">Peste antonina</a> (165-180)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peste_di_Cipriano" title="Peste di Cipriano">Peste di Cipriano</a> (249-262)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_pandemia_di_AIDS" title="Storia della pandemia di AIDS">AIDS</a> (1981-<i>in corso</i>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_SARS_del_2002-2004" title="Epidemia di SARS del 2002-2004">SARS</a> (2002-2004)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malattia_da_virus_Zika" title="Malattia da virus Zika">Zika</a> (2015-2016)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19" title="Pandemia di COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (2020-2023) <table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Pandemie_di_peste" title="Pandemie di peste">Pandemie di peste</a></th><td colspan="1"><b>1° pandemia</b> (541 – 767): <a href="/wiki/Peste_di_Giustiniano" title="Peste di Giustiniano">Peste di Giustiniano</a><br /> <p><b>2° pandemia</b> (1348 – XIX secolo): <a href="/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera">Peste nera</a> (1347-1353) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Peste_nera_in_Inghilterra" title="Peste nera in Inghilterra">Inghilterra</a>)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peste_di_San_Carlo" title="Peste di San Carlo">Peste di San Carlo</a> (1576-1577)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peste_di_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna_del_1582" title="Peste di San Cristóbal de La Laguna del 1582">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a> (1582)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Grande_peste_di_Siviglia" title="Grande peste di Siviglia">Siviglia</a> (1647-1652)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Grande_peste_di_Londra" title="Grande peste di Londra">Grande peste di Londra</a> (1665-1666)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peste_del_1630" title="Peste del 1630">Peste del 1630</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peste_del_1656" title="Peste del 1656">Peste del 1656</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peste_di_Marsiglia" title="Peste di Marsiglia">Marsiglia</a> (1729)<br /> </p> <b>3° pandemia</b> (1855–1960) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Peste_in_Indocina" title="Peste in Indocina">Indocina</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Pandemie_di_colera" title="Pandemie di colera">Pandemie di colera</a></th><td colspan="1"><b>3° pandemia</b> (1846-1860) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_colera_a_Broad_Street_del_1854" title="Epidemia di colera a Broad Street del 1854">Broad Street</a>)</small><b> ·</b> <b>7° pandemia</b> (1961-1975) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Epidemia_di_colera_in_Italia_del_1973" title="Epidemia di colera in Italia del 1973">Italia</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale" title="Pandemia influenzale">Pandemie influenzali</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_russa" title="Influenza russa">Influenza russa</a> (1889-1895)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Influenza_spagnola" title="Influenza spagnola">Influenza spagnola</a> (1918-1920)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Influenza_asiatica" title="Influenza asiatica">Influenza asiatica</a> (1957-1960)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Influenza_di_Hong_Kong" title="Influenza di Hong Kong">Influenza di Hong Kong</a> (1968-1969)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Influenza_russa_del_1977" title="Influenza russa del 1977">Russa</a> (1977-1978)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Influenza_aviaria" title="Influenza aviaria">Aviaria</a> (2003-2006)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale_del_2009-2010" title="Pandemia influenzale del 2009-2010">Influenza suina</a> (2009-2010) <small>(<a href="/wiki/Pandemia_influenzale_del_2009-2010_in_Italia" title="Pandemia influenzale del 2009-2010 in Italia">Italia</a>)</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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