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<span>Similar effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography_techniques_for_prevention_and_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography_techniques_for_prevention_and_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Photography techniques for prevention and removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography_techniques_for_prevention_and_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_medical_warning_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_medical_warning_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As a medical warning sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_medical_warning_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تأثير العين الحمراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأثير العين الحمراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Червени очи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червени очи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_d%27ulls_vermells" title="Efecte d'ulls vermells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte d'ulls vermells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_%C4%8Derven%C3%BDch_o%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="Efekt červených očí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Efekt červených očí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote-Augen-Effekt" title="Rote-Augen-Effekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rote-Augen-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Φαινόμενο κόκκινων ματιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινόμενο κόκκινων ματιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_de_ojos_rojos" title="Efecto de ojos rojos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto de ojos rojos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_(%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="قرمزی چشم (عکاسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرمزی چشم (عکاسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_yeux_rouges" title="Effet yeux rouges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet yeux rouges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EB%AA%A9_%ED%98%84%EC%83%81" title="적목 현상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적목 현상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_occhi_rossi" title="Effetto occhi rossi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto occhi rossi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אפקט עיניים אדומות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט עיניים אדומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode-ogeneffect" title="Rode-ogeneffect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode-ogeneffect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%9B%AE%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="赤目現象 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤目現象" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_czerwonych_oczu" title="Efekt czerwonych oczu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt czerwonych oczu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_dos_olhos_vermelhos" title="Efeito dos olhos vermelhos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito dos olhos vermelhos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="රතු ඇස සංසිද්ධිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතු ඇස සංසිද්ධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punasilm%C3%A4" title="Punasilmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punasilmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_%C3%B6gon_(fotografi)" title="Röda ögon (fotografi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda ögon (fotografi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ефект червоних очей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефект червоних очей" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red-eye_effect" title="Special:EditPage/Red-eye effect">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red-eye+effect%22">"Red-eye effect"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red-eye+effect%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red-eye+effect%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red-eye+effect%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red-eye+effect%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red-eye+effect%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BoldRedEye.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BoldRedEye.JPG/220px-BoldRedEye.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BoldRedEye.JPG/330px-BoldRedEye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BoldRedEye.JPG/440px-BoldRedEye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Intense red-eye effect in blue eyes with dilated pupil</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_eye_effect_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Red_eye_effect_2.jpg/220px-Red_eye_effect_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Red_eye_effect_2.jpg/330px-Red_eye_effect_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Red_eye_effect_2.jpg/440px-Red_eye_effect_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption>Red-eye effect seen on a teenager</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>red-eye effect</b> in <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> is the common appearance of red pupils in color photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> of humans and several other animals. It occurs when using a photographic <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">flash</a> that is very close to the <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">camera lens</a> (as with most <a href="/wiki/Point_and_shoot_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Point and shoot camera">compact cameras</a>) in ambient low light. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-eye_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiro_200504-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Shiro_200504-2.jpg/220px-Shiro_200504-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Shiro_200504-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Odd-eyed_cat" title="Odd-eyed cat">odd-eyed cat</a> displays red-eye effect of its <i><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a></i> only in its blue eye</figcaption></figure> <p>In flash photography the light of the flash occurs too fast for the <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupil</a> to close, so much of the very bright light from the flash passes into the eye through the pupil, reflects off the <a href="/wiki/Fundus_(eye)" title="Fundus (eye)">fundus</a> at the back of the eyeball and out through the pupil. The camera records this reflected light. The main cause of the red color is the ample amount of blood in the <a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">choroid</a> which nourishes the back of the eye and is behind the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood in the retinal circulation is far less than in the choroid, and plays virtually no role. The eye contains several photostable pigments that all absorb in the short wavelength region, and hence contribute somewhat to the red eye effect.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> cuts off deep blue and violet light, below 430 nm (depending on age), and macular pigment absorbs between 400 and 500 nm, but this pigment is located exclusively in the tiny <i><a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">retinal pigment epithelium</a> (RPE) and the choroid, shows a gradually increasing absorption towards the short wavelengths. But blood is the main determinant of the red color, because it is completely transparent at long wavelengths and abruptly starts absorbing at 600 nm. The amount of red light emerging from the pupil depends on the amount of melanin in the layers behind the retina. This amount varies strongly between individuals. People with blue eyes have relatively low melanin in the <a href="/wiki/Fundus_(eye)" title="Fundus (eye)">fundus</a> and thus show a much stronger red-eye effect than people with brown eyes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg/220px-Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg/330px-Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg/440px-Red_eye_effect_on_dark_brown_eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>Red-eye effect on dark brown eyes</figcaption></figure> <p>The same holds for animals. The color of the <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a> itself is of virtually no importance for the red-eye effect. This is obvious because the red-eye effect is most apparent when photographing dark-adapted subjects, hence with fully dilated pupils. Photographs taken with infrared light through night vision devices always show very bright pupils because, in the dark, the pupils are fully dilated and the infrared light is not absorbed by any ocular pigment. </p><p>The role of melanin in red-eye effect is demonstrated in animals with <a href="/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum" title="Heterochromia iridum">heterochromia</a>: only the blue eye displays the effect. The effect is still more pronounced in humans and animals with <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a>. All forms of albinism involve abnormal production and/or deposition of melanin. </p><p>Red-eye effect is seen in photographs of children also because children's eyes have more rapid <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">dark adaptation</a>: in low light a child's pupils enlarge sooner, and an enlarged pupil accentuates the red-eye effect. </p><p>Theatrical <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_operator" title="Spotlight operator">followspot operators</a>, positioned nearly coincidentally with a very bright light and somewhat distant from the actors, occasionally witness red-eye in actors on stage. The effect is not visible to the rest of the audience because it is reliant on the very small angle between the followspot operator and the light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_effects">Similar effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-eye_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Similar effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar effects, some related to red-eye effect, are of several kinds: </p> <ul><li>In many flash photographs, even those without perceptible red-eye effect, the tapetum lucidum of many animals' pupils creates an "eyeshine" effect. Although eyeshine is an unrelated phenomenon, animals with blue eyes may display the red-eye effect in addition to it.</li> <li>A related effect, <a href="/wiki/Red_reflex" title="Red reflex">red reflex</a>, is seen in <a href="/wiki/Fundoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundoscopy">fundoscopy</a>; here, the reflected red light is directly visible through the ophthalmoscope.</li> <li>In photographs recorded with <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>-sensitive passive (non-IR emitting) equipment, the eyes (not only the pupils) usually appear very bright. This is due not to reflection, but to <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> of core body heat in the form of infrared light (see <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">Night vision</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography_techniques_for_prevention_and_removal">Photography techniques for prevention and removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-eye_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Photography techniques for prevention and removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canon IXUS v3 Exposure time: 1/60 sec f/4"><img alt="Canon IXUS v3 Exposure time: 1/60 sec f/4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg/90px-TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg/135px-TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg/180px-TRM_double_bathrobe_rulz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canon_Digital_IXUS" title="Canon Digital IXUS">Canon IXUS</a> v3<br />Exposure time: 1/60 sec<br />f/4</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spotted eagle-owl displays red-eye effect only on the eye facing the camera's ring flash"><img alt="Spotted eagle-owl displays red-eye effect only on the eye facing the camera's ring flash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg/80px-SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg/120px-SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg/160px-SpottedEagleOwl2501MGRedEye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_eagle-owl" title="Spotted eagle-owl">Spotted eagle-owl</a> displays red-eye effect only on the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> facing the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ring_flash" title="Ring flash">ring flash</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canon EOS 100 camera with bright light to contract pupils"><img alt="Canon EOS 100 camera with bright light to contract pupils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG/120px-EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG/180px-EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG/240px-EOS100FlashWithRedEyeLight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_100" title="Canon EOS 100">Canon EOS 100</a> camera with bright light to contract pupils</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Motorola Milestone XT720 camera while capturing image with red-eye reduction and xenon flash."><img alt="Motorola Milestone XT720 camera while capturing image with red-eye reduction and xenon flash." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg/120px-Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg/180px-Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg/240px-Motorola_Milestone_XT720_with_Xenon_flash_and_red_eye_strobe_return_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Milestone_XT720" title="Motorola Milestone XT720">Motorola Milestone XT720</a> camera while capturing image with red-eye reduction and xenon flash.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Demonstration of a red eye remover, before and after."><img alt="Demonstration of a red eye remover, before and after." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg/120px-Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg/180px-Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg/240px-Red_eye_effect_on_a_boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Demonstration of a red eye remover, before and after.</div> </li> </ul> <p>The red-eye effect can be prevented in a number of ways:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Using bounce flash in which the flash head is aimed at a nearby pale colored surface such as a ceiling or wall or at a specialist photographic reflector. This both changes the direction of the flash and ensures that only diffused flash light enters the eye.</li> <li>Placing the flash away from the camera's optical axis ensures that the light from the flash hits the eye at an oblique angle. The light enters the eye in a direction away from the optical axis of the camera and is refocused by the eye lens back along the same axis. Because of this the retina will not be visible to the camera and the eyes will appear natural.</li> <li>Taking pictures without flash by increasing the ambient lighting, opening the lens aperture, using a faster film or detector, or reducing the shutter speed.</li> <li>Using the red-eye reduction capabilities built into many modern cameras. These precede the main flash with a series of short, low-power flashes, or a continuous piercing bright light triggering the pupil to contract. (This should not be confused with some <a href="/wiki/Autofocus#Illuminator" title="Autofocus">autofocus assist beams</a>, which use a series of flashes for focus instead.)</li> <li>Having the subject look away from the camera lens.</li> <li>Increase the lighting in the room so that the subject's pupils are more constricted.</li></ul> <p>If direct flash must be used, a good rule of thumb is to separate the flash from the lens by 1/20 of the distance of the camera to the subject. For example, if the subject is 2 meters (6 feet) away, the flash head should be at least 10 cm (4 inches) away from the lens. </p><p>Professional photographers prefer to use ambient light or indirect flash, as the red-eye reduction system does not always prevent red eyes — for example, if people look away during the pre-flash. In addition, people do not look natural with small pupils, direct lighting from close to the camera lens is considered to produce unflattering photographs, and pre-flashes can be distracting or annoying. </p><p>Red-eye removal is built into many popular consumer <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">graphics editing software</a> packages, or is supported through red-eye reduction plug-ins; examples include <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Lightroom" title="Adobe Lightroom">Adobe Lightroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">Apple iPhoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corel_Photo-Paint" title="Corel Photo-Paint">Corel Photo-Paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Google Picasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint.NET" title="Paint.NET">Paint.NET</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery</a>. Some can automatically find eyes in the image and perform color correction, and can apply it to many photos at once. Others may require the operator to manually select the regions of the pupils to which correction is to be applied. When performed manually, correction may consist of simply converting the red area of pupils to grayscale (desaturating), leaving surface reflections and highlights intact. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_medical_warning_sign">As a medical warning sign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-eye_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a medical warning sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a photograph of a child's face, if there is red-eye in one eye but not the other, it may be <a href="/wiki/Leukocoria" title="Leukocoria">leukocoria</a>, which may be caused by the cancer <a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma" title="Retinoblastoma">retinoblastoma</a>. The child's eyes should be examined by a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general physician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red-eye_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Red-eye_effect" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutvision.com/resources/red-eye-photo.htm">"5 Tips for Preventing Red Eyes in Photos"</a>. <i>All About Vision</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+About+Vision&rft.atitle=5+Tips+for+Preventing+Red+Eyes+in+Photos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutvision.com%2Fresources%2Fred-eye-photo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed-eye+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Kraatsvan_Norren2008" class="citation journal cs1">van de Kraats, Jan; van Norren, Dirk (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.2899151">"Directional and nondirectional spectral reflection from the human fovea"</a>. <i>Journal of Biomedical Optics</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 024010. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JBO....13b4010V">2008JBO....13b4010V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F1.2899151">10.1117/1.2899151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18465973">18465973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomedical+Optics&rft.atitle=Directional+and+nondirectional+spectral+reflection+from+the+human+fovea&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=024010&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18465973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F1.2899151&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JBO....13b4010V&rft.aulast=van+de+Kraats&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=van+Norren%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1117%252F1.2899151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed-eye+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Johnson2009" class="citation news cs1">Dave Johnson (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224065704/http://pcworld.co.nz/pcworld/pcw.nsf/digi/D193D7DD8DD78628CC257540000F4A4F">"HOW TO: Avoid the red eye effect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)#Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="PC World (magazine)">New Zealand PC World</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcworld.co.nz/pcworld/pcw.nsf/digi/D193D7DD8DD78628CC257540000F4A4F">the original</a> on 24 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+PC+World&rft.atitle=HOW+TO%3A+Avoid+the+red+eye+effect&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.au=Dave+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcworld.co.nz%2Fpcworld%2Fpcw.nsf%2Fdigi%2FD193D7DD8DD78628CC257540000F4A4F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed-eye+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/retinoblastoma/Pages/Introduction.aspx">"Retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children)"</a>. 17 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Retinoblastoma+%28eye+cancer+in+children%29&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fretinoblastoma%2FPages%2FIntroduction.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed-eye+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcleral_layer" title="Episcleral layer">Episcleral layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork" title="Trabecular meshwork">Trabecular meshwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">Limbus</a></li> <li><i>layers</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowman%27s_layer" title="Bowman's layer">Bowman's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_cornea" title="Stroma of cornea">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua%27s_layer" title="Dua's layer">Dua's layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descemet%27s_membrane" title="Descemet's membrane">Descemet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_endothelium" title="Corneal endothelium">Endothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina"><img alt="1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/300px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/400px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" usemap="#ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f" resource="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0a6142ee86469b4f"><area href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="50,21,7" alt="1: posterior segment" title="1: posterior segment" /><area href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" shape="circle" coords="38,30,7" alt="2: ora serrata" title="2: ora serrata" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" shape="circle" coords="28,40,7" alt="3: ciliary muscle" title="3: ciliary muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" shape="circle" coords="20,53,7" alt="4: ciliary zonules" title="4: ciliary zonules" /><area href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" shape="circle" coords="12,66,7" alt="5: Schlemm's canal" title="5: Schlemm's canal" /><area href="/wiki/Pupil" shape="circle" coords="9,80,7" alt="6: pupil" title="6: pupil" /><area href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" shape="circle" coords="7,96,7" alt="7: anterior chamber" title="7: anterior chamber" /><area href="/wiki/Cornea" shape="circle" coords="7,111,7" alt="8: cornea" title="8: cornea" /><area href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" shape="circle" coords="9,125,7" alt="9: iris" title="9: iris" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_cortex" shape="circle" coords="15,139,7" alt="10: lens cortex" title="10: lens cortex" /><area href="/wiki/Lens_nucleus" shape="circle" coords="22,152,7" alt="11: lens nucleus" title="11: lens nucleus" /><area href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" shape="circle" coords="30,163,7" alt="12: ciliary process" title="12: ciliary process" /><area href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" shape="circle" coords="41,173,7" alt="13: conjunctiva" title="13: conjunctiva" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" shape="circle" coords="133,189,7" alt="14: inferior oblique muscule" title="14: inferior oblique muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="147,182,7" alt="15: inferior rectus muscule" title="15: inferior rectus muscule" /><area href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="160,174,7" alt="16: medial rectus muscle" title="16: medial rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retinal_arteries_and_veins" shape="circle" coords="171,163,7" alt="17: retinal arteries and veins" title="17: retinal arteries and veins" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_disc" shape="circle" coords="180,152,7" alt="18: optic disc" title="18: optic disc" /><area href="/wiki/Dura_mater" shape="circle" coords="187,139,7" alt="19: dura mater" title="19: dura mater" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery" shape="circle" coords="191,125,7" alt="20: central retinal artery" title="20: central retinal artery" /><area href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein" shape="circle" coords="188,66,7" alt="21: central retinal vein" title="21: central retinal vein" /><area href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" shape="circle" coords="182,53,7" alt="22: optic nerve" title="22: optic nerve" /><area href="/wiki/Vorticose_veins" shape="circle" coords="174,41,7" alt="23: vorticose vein" title="23: vorticose vein" /><area href="/wiki/Tenon%27s_capsule" shape="circle" coords="162,30,7" alt="24: bulbar sheath" title="24: bulbar sheath" /><area href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" shape="circle" coords="151,22,7" alt="25: macula" title="25: macula" /><area href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" shape="circle" coords="136,13,7" alt="26: fovea" title="26: fovea" /><area href="/wiki/Sclera" shape="circle" coords="121,8,7" alt="27: sclera" title="27: sclera" /><area href="/wiki/Choroid" shape="circle" coords="107,7,7" alt="28: choroid" title="28: choroid" /><area href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" shape="circle" coords="93,7,7" alt="29: superior rectus muscle" title="29: superior rectus muscle" /><area href="/wiki/Retina" shape="circle" coords="79,8,7" alt="30: retina" title="30: retina" /></map><figcaption>1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Uvea / vascular <br />tunic</a> (middle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_lamina_of_choroid" title="Capillary lamina of choroid">Capillary lamina of choroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruch%27s_membrane" title="Bruch's membrane">Bruch's membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattler%27s_layer" title="Sattler's layer">Sattler's layer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_processes" title="Ciliary processes">Ciliary processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plicata" title="Pars plicata">Pars plicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_plana" title="Pars plana">Pars plana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">Stroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_dilator_muscle" title="Iris dilator muscle">Iris dilator muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_sphincter_muscle" title="Iris sphincter muscle">Iris sphincter muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a> (inner)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_limiting_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner limiting membrane">Inner limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_fiber_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve fiber layer">Nerve fiber layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">Ganglion cell layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">Inner plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">Inner nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">Outer plexiform layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_nuclear_layer" title="Outer nuclear layer">Outer nuclear layer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_limiting_membrane" title="External limiting membrane">External limiting membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_of_rods_and_cones" title="Layer of rods and cones">Layer of rods and cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a>) → (<a href="/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell" title="Retina horizontal cell">Horizontal cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retina_bipolar_cell" title="Retina bipolar cell">Bipolar cell</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cell" title="Amacrine cell">Amacrine cell</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Retinal_ganglion_cell" title="Retinal ganglion cell">Retina ganglion cell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midget_cell" title="Midget cell">Midget cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasol_cell" title="Parasol cell">Parasol cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">Bistratified cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_retinal_ganglion_cells" title="Giant retinal ganglion cells">Giant retina ganglion cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>) → <i>Diencephalon</i>: <a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muller_glia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muller glia">Muller glia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of retina">Macula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perifovea" title="Perifovea">Perifoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafovea" title="Parafovea">Parafoveal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foveal_avascular_zone" title="Foveal avascular zone">Foveal avascular zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveola" title="Foveola">Foveola</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_cup_(anatomical)" title="Optic cup (anatomical)">Optic cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_serrata" title="Ora serrata">Ora serrata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical regions <br />of the eye</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Anterior segment of eyeball">Anterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacrimal system">Lacrimal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tunic">Fibrous tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Anterior chamber of eyeball">Anterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humour" title="Aqueous humour">Aqueous humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball" title="Posterior chamber of eyeball">Posterior chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_lens" title="Capsule of lens">Capsule of lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonule_of_Zinn" title="Zonule of Zinn">Zonule of Zinn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_segment_of_eyeball" title="Posterior segment of eyeball">Posterior segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_chamber" title="Vitreous chamber">Vitreous chamber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_keratocyte" title="Corneal keratocyte">Keratocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_immune_system" title="Ocular immune system">Ocular immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography#Ophthalmology" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_care_professional" title="Eye care professional">Eye care professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></li> <li><i>Physiological Optics</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span 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