CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Qin dynasty - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0a802f37-4e22-4aca-9147-1c322e7ce7f6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Qin_dynasty","wgTitle":"Qin dynasty","wgCurRevisionId":1275446439,"wgRevisionId":1275446439,"wgArticleId":43461,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Use British English from February 2025","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)","CS1 maint: postscript","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link from Wikidata","Qin dynasty","Dynasties of China","Iron Age Asia","Former countries in East Asia","States and territories established in the 3rd century BC","221 BC","220s BC establishments","States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC","1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China","Qin Shi Huang","Former monarchies of East Asia","Former empires"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Qin_dynasty","wgRelevantArticleId":43461,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{ "tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1275446439,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7183","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg/1200px-Qin_dynasty_territory.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1440"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg/800px-Qin_dynasty_territory.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg/640px-Qin_dynasty_territory.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="768"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Qin dynasty - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Qin_dynasty rootpage-Qin_dynasty skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qin+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qin+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qin+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qin+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_development,_9th_century_–_230_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_development,_9th_century_–_230_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origin and development, 9th century – 230 BC</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_and_development,_9th_century_–_230_BC-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin and development, 9th century – 230 BC subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_development,_9th_century_–_230_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warring_States_period,_c._475_–_230_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warring_States_period,_c._475_–_230_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Warring States period, c. 475 – 230 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warring_States_period,_c._475_–_230_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_and_expansion,_230–210_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_and_expansion,_230–210_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unification and expansion, 230–210 BC</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unification_and_expansion,_230–210_BC-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unification and expansion, 230–210 BC subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unification_and_expansion,_230–210_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southward_expansion,_214–206_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southward_expansion,_214–206_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southward expansion, 214–206 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southward_expansion,_214–206_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Xiongnu,_215_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_the_Xiongnu,_215_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Campaign against the Xiongnu, 215 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Xiongnu,_215_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_and_aftermath,_210–202_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_and_aftermath,_210–202_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collapse and aftermath, 210–202 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_and_aftermath,_210–202_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Domestic life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Construction projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Registration system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Writing reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penal_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penal_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Penal policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penal_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Etymology of <i>China</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sovereigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sovereigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sovereigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sovereigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Imperial family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qin dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-dinastie" title="Qin-dinastie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Qin-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-Dynastie" title="Qin-Dynastie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Qin-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة تشين الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تشين الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qin" title="Dinastía Qin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Qin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si_(e.%C9%99._221_%E2%80%93_e.%C9%99._206)" title="Sin sülaləsi (e.ə. 221 – e.ə. 206) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sin sülaləsi (e.ə. 221 – e.ə. 206)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چین سیلسله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین سیلسله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="ছিন রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছিন রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AEn" title="Chîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Цинь (династия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цинь (династия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ch%27in" title="Dinastiyang Ch'in – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ch'in" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD_(3_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5.)" title="Цин (3 век пр.н.е.) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цин (3 век пр.н.е.)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆིན་རྒྱལ་རབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆིན་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Qin" title="Tierniezh Qin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Qin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Цинь улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Цинь улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qin" title="Dinastia Qin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Qin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Цинь (импери) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цинь (импери)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_%C4%8Cchin" title="Dynastie Čchin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dynastie Čchin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qin" title="Brenhinllin Qin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Qin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-dynastiet" title="Qin-dynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Qin-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-Dynastie" title="Qin-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qin-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qini_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Qini dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Qini dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Δυναστεία Τσιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Τσιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qin" title="Dinastía Qin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Qin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Qin" title="Dinastio Qin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Qin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dinastia" title="Qin dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qin dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دودمان چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Qin" title="Dynastie Qin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Qin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Q%C3%ADn" title="Ríshliocht Qín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Qín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Qin" title="Dinastía Qin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Qin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6" title="秦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="秦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%ACn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Chhìn-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhìn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="진나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ցին դինաստիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցին դինաստիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चिन राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिन राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qin" title="Dinastija Qin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Qin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qin" title="Dinasti Qin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Qin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qin" title="Dinastia Qin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Qin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שושלת צ'ין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת צ'ין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Qin" title="Wangsa Qin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Qin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ცინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Цинь патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цинь патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Qin" title="Nasaba ya Qin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Qin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Qin" title="Xanedana Qin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Qin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ລາຊະວົງສິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງສິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Cin" title="Familia Cin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Cin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cji%C5%86u_dinastija" title="Cjiņu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cjiņu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cin%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Činų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Činų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qin" title="Dinastia Qin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Qin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csin-dinasztia_(i._e._221_%E2%80%93_i._e._207)" title="Csin-dinasztia (i. e. 221 – i. e. 207) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csin-dinasztia (i. e. 221 – i. e. 207)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ക്വിൻ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്വിൻ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="छिन राजवंश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छिन राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ცინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qin" title="Dinasti Qin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Qin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ACng-di%C3%A8u" title="Cìng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cìng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Цинь улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цинь улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="စိန့်တိုင်းပြည် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-dynastie" title="Qin-dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Qin-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="छिन वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छिन वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चिन राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिन राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="秦朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-dynastiet" title="Qin-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qin-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-dynastiet" title="Qin-dynastiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Qin-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qin" title="Dinastia Qin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Qin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(imperatorlar_sulolasi)" title="Sin (imperatorlar sulolasi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sin (imperatorlar sulolasi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਚਿਨ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿਨ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%90%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="چِن راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چِن راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%93%DB%8D" title="کین لړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کین لړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="រាជវង្សឈិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សឈិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Qin" title="Dynastia Qin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Qin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Chin" title="Dinastia Chin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Chin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Qin" title="Dinastia Qin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Qin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Цинь (империя) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цинь (империя)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_%C3%87in" title="Dinastia Çin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Çin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="චින් රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චින් රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qin dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%C4%8Cin" title="Dinastija Čin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Čin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%8B%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Династија Ћин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Ћин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Qin" title="Dinastija Qin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Qin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin-dynastia" title="Qin-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Qin-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qindynastin" title="Qindynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qindynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ch%27in" title="Dinastiyang Ch'in – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ch'in" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சின் அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சின் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์ฉิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ฉิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Çin Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Династія Цінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Цінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="چن شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چن شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="چىن سۇلالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چىن سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenzciuz" title="Caenzciuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caenzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_T%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nhà Tần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Tần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Qin" title="Dinastiya Qin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Qin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="秦朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="秦朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="秦朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Qin_dynasty" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Qin_dynasty" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Qin_dynasty" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&oldid=1275446439" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Qin_dynasty&id=1275446439&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQin_dynasty"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQin_dynasty"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Qin_dynasty&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7183" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Qin_dynasty">reviewed</a> on <i>13 February 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First imperial dynasty in China (221–206 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the first imperial Chinese dynasty. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, the final such dynasty.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Qin Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Qin_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qin Empire (disambiguation)">Qin Empire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Qin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">221–206 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm of Qin dynasty"><img alt="Heirloom Seal of the Realm of Qin dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg/85px-Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg/128px-Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg/170px-Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_dynasty_territory.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Qin dynasty,[note 1] with population centres and segments of the Great Wall marked"><img alt="Territory of the Qin dynasty,[note 1] with population centres and segments of the Great Wall marked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg/250px-Qin_dynasty_territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg/375px-Qin_dynasty_territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg/500px-Qin_dynasty_territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Qin dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with population centres and segments of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a> marked</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_China#Qin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of China">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 221–210 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 210–207 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qin_Er_Shi" title="Qin Er Shi">Qin Er Shi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 221–208 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 208–207 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Gao" title="Zhao Gao">Zhao Gao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_era_of_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial era of Chinese history">Imperial</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founding of the <span class="nowrap">state of Qin</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">770 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Accession of Qin Shi Huang</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">221 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Death of Qin Shi Huang</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">210 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Surrender to <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">207 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Destruction of Xianyang </div></th><td class="infobox-data">206 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">220 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979121_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979121-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (890,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banliang" title="Banliang">Banliang</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin (state)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">秦</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Qín</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qín</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄑㄧㄣˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chʻin<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Cín</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chín</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕʰǐn]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Zin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chèuhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Ceon4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰɵn˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Chîn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tsîn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]i[n]</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BC)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BC</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BC)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BC)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BC)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BC – 220 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BC)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BC – 9 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 AD)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 AD)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 AD)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Science and technology history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_China" title="Cartography of China">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">Transport history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">Women's history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Qin dynasty</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHIN</span></i></a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the first <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">imperial dynasty of China</a>. It is named for its progenitor <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">state of Qin</a>, a fief of the confederal <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – 256 BC). Beginning in 230 BC, the Qin under King Ying Zheng engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">series of wars conquering each of the rival states</a> that had previously pledged fealty to the Zhou. This culminated in 221 BC with the successful unification of China under Qin, which then assumed an imperial prerogative – with Ying Zheng declaring himself to be <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor of China</a>, and bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 475</span> – 221 BC). This state of affairs lasted until 206 BC, when the dynasty collapsed in the years following Qin Shi Huang's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20136_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qin dynasty's 14-year existence was the shortest of any major dynasty in Chinese history, with only two emperors. However, the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 AD) largely continued the military and administrative practices instituted by the Qin; as a result, the Qin have been credited as the originators of the Chinese imperial system that would endure in some form until the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> in 1911. </p><p>Qin was a minor power for the first several centuries of its existence; its strength greatly increased in the 4th century BC, in large part owing to the administrative and military reforms of <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a>. They sought to create a strong, centralised state and a large army supported by a stable economy, which were developed in the Qin homeland and implemented across China following its unification. Reforms included the standardisation of currency, weights, measures, and the writing system, along with innovations in weaponry, transportation and military tactics. The central government sought to undercut aristocrats and landowners and administer the peasantry directly, who comprised the vast majority of the population. This enabled numerous large-scale construction projects involving the labour of hundreds of thousands of peasants and convicts – which included the connection of walls along the northern border into what would eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>, a large national road system, and the city-sized <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang">Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang</a> guarded by the life-sized <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>. The state possessed an unprecedented capacity to transform the environment through the management of people and land; as a result, Qin's rise has been characterised as one of the most important events in East Asian environmental history. </p><p>When Qin Shi Huang died in 210 BC, two of his advisors placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to exert control over the dynasty and wield state power. These advisors squabbled among themselves, resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin emperor. Popular revolt broke out, and the weakened empire soon fell to <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> general <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>, who was proclaimed Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a>, who founded the Han dynasty. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development,_9th_century_–_230_BC"><span id="Origin_and_development.2C_9th_century_.E2.80.93_230_BC"></span>Origin and development, 9th century – 230 BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and development, 9th century – 230 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin (state)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warring_States_and_the_Qin_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Warring States and the Qin dynasty">Timeline of the Warring States and the Qin dynasty</a></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 91 BC</span>), during the 9th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Feizi" title="Feizi">Feizi</a> – attested to be a descendant of the legendary political advisor <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yao_(minister)" title="Gao Yao (minister)">Gao Yao</a> – was granted rule over the settlement of Qin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦邑</span></span>; modern <a href="/wiki/Qingshui_County" title="Qingshui County">Qingshui County</a>, Gansu). During the rule of <a href="/wiki/King_Xiao_of_Zhou" title="King Xiao of Zhou">King Xiao of Zhou</a>, the 8th king of the Zhou dynasty, this area became known as the state of Qin. In 897 BC, under the <a href="/wiki/Gonghe_Regency" title="Gonghe Regency">Gonghe Regency</a>, the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200717_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200717-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Feizi's descendants, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Qin" title="Duke Zhuang of Qin">Duke Zhuang</a>, became favoured by <a href="/wiki/King_Ping_of_Zhou" title="King Ping of Zhou">King Ping of Zhou</a>, the 13th king in that line. As a reward, Zhuang's son, Duke Xiang, was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition, during which he formally established the Qin<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 770 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen2018117_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen2018117-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of Qin began military expeditions into central China in 672 BC, though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen. By the 4th century BC, all the neighbouring tribes had either been subdued or conquered, setting the stage for Qin expansionism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200717–18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200717–18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warring_States_period,_c._475_–_230_BC"><span id="Warring_States_period.2C_c._475_.E2.80.93_230_BC"></span>Warring States period, c. 475 – 230 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Warring States period, c. 475 – 230 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg/300px-Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg/450px-Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg/600px-Warring_States_c._250_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Territories of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven Warring States</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span>, with the former capital of the Zhou royal family at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> marked <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 4.2em;column-gap: 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#f5ab3a"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#F5AB3A;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#e85bbf"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#E85BBF;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a></li><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#83608e"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#83608E;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#c35356"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#C35356;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a></li><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#44c27d"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#44C27D;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#dfe0df"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#DFE0DF;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a></li><li style="width:4em"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#00adbc"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#00ADBC;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a></li></ul></div></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 475</span> – 221 BC), the Qin statesman <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a> introduced a series of advantageous military reforms between 361 BC and his death in 338. He also helped to construct the Qin capital at <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, a city that ultimately resembled the capitals of the other states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200788_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200788-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qin engaged in practical and ruthless warfare. From the preceding <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 481 BC</span>), the prevailing philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle. For example, during a war <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Song" title="Duke Xiang of Song">Duke Xiang of Song</a> was waging against Chu, he declined an opportunity to attack Chu forces that were crossing a river. After allowing them to cross and marshal their forces, he was decisively defeated in the ensuing battle. When he admonished by his advisors for excessive courtesy to the enemy, he retorted, "The sage does not crush the feeble, nor give the order for attack until the enemy have formed their ranks."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199526,_45_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199526,_45-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qin disregarded this military tradition, taking advantage of their enemy's weaknesses. A nobleman in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wei">state of Wei</a> accused Qin of being "avaricious, perverse, eager for profit, and without sincerity. It knows nothing about etiquette, proper relationships, and virtuous conduct, and if there be an opportunity for material gain, it will disregard its relatives as if they were animals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde19673_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde19673-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, combined with strong leadership from long-lived rulers, an openness to employ talented men from other states, and a lack of internal opposition, contributed to the Qin's strong political base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qin maintained a military that was superior in both doctrine and practice to that of the other Warring States. Its army was large, efficient, and staffed with capable generals. Unlike many of their enemies, the Qin utilised contemporary advancements in weapons technology and transportation, the latter of which enabled greater mobility across the different types of terrain throughout China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199545_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199545-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geography of Qin's core territories – located at the heart of a region known as the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> – provided additional advantages, including fertile farmland, and a strategic position protected by mountains that made it a natural stronghold. The Guanzhong was in direct contrast with the flat, open <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> valley (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> the "Guandong") to its south-east – during this period, Xiangyang was the only capital city in China that did not require walls to be built around it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELander2021115_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander2021115-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legacy of Qin society within the Guanzhong inspired a Han-era adage that "Guanzhong produces generals, while Guandong produces ministers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200717_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200717-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qin's agricultural output, expanded via projects like the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a> canal built in 246 BC, helped sustain their large army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unification_and_expansion,_230–210_BC"><span id="Unification_and_expansion.2C_230.E2.80.93210_BC"></span>Unification and expansion, 230–210 BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unification and expansion, 230–210 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification</a></div> <p>During the Warring States period, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">seven major states</a> vying for dominance were Qin, <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>. The rulers of these states styled themselves as kings, as opposed to the titles of lower nobility they had previously held. However, none elevated himself to believe that he had the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> as claimed by the kings of Zhou, nor that he had the right to offer sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199525_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199525-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the century that preceded the wars of unification, the Qin suffered several setbacks. Shang Yang was executed in 338 BC by <a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Qin" title="King Huiwen of Qin">King Huiwen</a> due to a personal grudge harboured from his youth. There was also internal strife over the Qin succession in 307 BC, which decentralised Qin authority somewhat. Qin was defeated by an alliance of the other states in 295 BC; this was soon followed by another defeat inflicted by Zhao, made possible by a majority of the Qin army already being occupied with defending against attacks by Qi. However, the aggressive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Sui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Sui (page does not exist)">Fan Sui</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E9%9B%8E" class="extiw" title="zh:范雎">zh</a>]</span> became prime minister in 266 BC; after issues with the succession were resolved, Fan pursued an expansionist policy that had its origins in <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> and Qi, in which they endeavoured to conquer the other states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200738–39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200738–39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_stone_slab_with_twelve_small_seal_characters_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Stone slab bearing an inscription stating that it is an auspicious moment for Qin Shi Huang to ascend to the throne, that the country is united, and that no one will be dying on the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Qin first attacked the Han directly to their east, and took their capital city of Xinzheng in 230 BC. They then struck the state of Zhao to their north, who surrendered in 228 BC, followed by the northernmost state of Yan in 226. Next, Qin launched assaults to the east and south; they took the Wei capital of Daliang (modern <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>) in 225, and forced Chu to surrender in 223. They then deposed the Zhou dynasty's remnants at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>; finally, they conquered Qi, taking their capital at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Linzi" title="Ancient Linzi">Linzi</a> in 221 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200710_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200710-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the completion of Qin's conquests in 221 BC, <a href="/wiki/King_Zheng" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zheng">King Zheng</a> – who had acceded to the throne of Qin at age 9<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – became the effective ruler of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subjugation of the six states was done by King Zheng who had used efficient persuasion and exemplary strategy. He solidified his position as sole ruler with the abdication of his prime minister, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Buwei" title="Lü Buwei">Lü Buwei</a>. The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe2007_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then combined the titles of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> into the new name "Shi Huangdi", meaning 'First Emperor'. The newly declared emperor ordered all weapons not in the possession of the Qin to be confiscated and melted down. The resulting metal was sufficient to build twelve large ornamental statues at the Qin's newly declared capital at <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199547_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199547-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southward_expansion,_214–206_BC"><span id="Southward_expansion.2C_214.E2.80.93206_BC"></span>Southward expansion, 214–206 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southward expansion, 214–206 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qin_campaign_against_the_Baiyue" title="Qin campaign against the Baiyue">Qin campaign against the Baiyue</a></div> <p>In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction (roughly 100,000 men) of his large army, and sent the majority (500,000 men) of his army to <a href="/wiki/Qin_campaign_against_the_Baiyue" title="Qin campaign against the Baiyue">conquer the territory</a> to their south, which was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> peoples. Prior to Qin's campaigns unifying the former Zhou territories, the Baiyue had gained possession of much of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> to their southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and it was defeated by the southern tribes' guerrilla warfare tactics with over 100,000 men lost. However, in the defeat Qin was successful in building a canal to the south, which they used heavily for supplying and reinforcing their troops during their second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, and took the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>. They may have struck as far south as <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>. After these victories in the south, Qin Shi Huang moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to colonise the newly conquered area. In terms of extending the boundaries of his empire, Qin Shi Huang was extremely successful in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199547_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199547-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_the_Xiongnu,_215_BC"><span id="Campaign_against_the_Xiongnu.2C_215_BC"></span>Campaign against the Xiongnu, 215 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaign against the Xiongnu, 215 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Xiongnu" title="Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu">Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu</a></div> <p>The Qin collectively referred to the peoples living on their northern border as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a>; while sporadically subject to imperial rule, they remained free from it for the majority of the Qin's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007129_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibited from engaging in trade with local Qin peasantry, the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a> to the Qin's north-west frequently raided them instead. In retaliation, <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Xiongnu" title="Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu">a military campaign</a> was led by the Qin general Meng Tian. The region was conquered in 215 BC, and agriculture was established; however, the local peasants were discontented and later revolted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20075_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20075-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse_and_aftermath,_210–202_BC"><span id="Collapse_and_aftermath.2C_210.E2.80.93202_BC"></span>Collapse and aftermath, 210–202 BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collapse and aftermath, 210–202 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg/260px-Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg/390px-Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg/520px-Assassination_attempt_on_Qin_Shi_Huang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Rubbing of a Han-era stone relief depicting the 227 BC assassination attempt on the future Qin Shi Huang (right) by <a href="/wiki/Jing_Ke" title="Jing Ke">Jing Ke</a> (left). Jing is held by a court physician (background), as a soldier (far right) rushes to save the emperor, who holds an imperial <a href="/wiki/Jade_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade disc">jade disc</a>. Jing's dagger (centre) has become stuck in a pillar.</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, three assassination attempts were made on Qin Shi Huang – one in 227 BC by <a href="/wiki/Jing_Ke" title="Jing Ke">Jing Ke</a>, and the other two around 218 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde198645_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde198645-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing in part to these incidents, the emperor became paranoid and obsessed with immortality. While on a trip to the eastern frontiers in 210 BC, Qin Shi Huang died in an attempt to procure an elixir of immortality from <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> magicians, who claimed the elixir was stuck on an island guarded by a sea monster. The chief <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Gao" title="Zhao Gao">Zhao Gao</a>, and the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a>, hid the news of his death upon their return until they were able to alter his will. It is understood that his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Fusu" title="Fusu">Fusu</a> was intended to inherit the throne; however, Li and Zhao conspired to transmit a fabricated order for Fusu to commit suicide,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018155_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018155-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead elevated the former emperor's son Huhai to the throne, taking the name of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Er_Shi" title="Qin Er Shi">Qin Er Shi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed that they would be able to manipulate Huhai to their own ends, effectively allowing them to exert control over the empire. As expected, Qin Er Shi proved inept: he executed many ministers and imperial princes, continued massive building projects – one of the most extravagant was the lacquering of the city's walls – enlarged the army, increased taxes, and arrested messengers who delivered bad news. As a result, men from all over China revolted, attacking officials, raising armies, and declaring themselves kings of seized territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Li Si and Zhao Gao came into conflict with one another, which culminated in Zhao persuading Qi Er Shi to put Li on trial, where he was ultimately executed. The worsening military situation then caused the emperor to blame Zhao for the rebellion; this pivot frightened Zhao, who engineered another conspiracy to deceive Qin Er Shi into believing hostile forces had arrived at the capital. The emperor's quarters were invaded, and Qin Er Shi was forced to commit suicide for his incompetence after being cornered by Zhao's co-conspirator and son-in-law <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Le&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Le (page does not exist)">Yan Le</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%8E%E4%B9%90" class="extiw" title="zh:阎乐">zh</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018157–158_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018157–158-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ziying" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziying">Ziying</a>, a son of Fusu, ascended to the throne, and immediately executed Zhao Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrest continued to spread among the people – caused in large part by regional differences, which had persisted despite Qin's attempts to impose uniformity – and many local officials had declared themselves kings. In this climate, Ziying attempted to cling to his throne by declaring himself as merely one king among all the others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was undermined by his ineptitude, and popular revolt broke out in 209 BC. When Chu rebels under the lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a> attacked, a state in such turmoil could not hold for long. Ziying surrendered to Liu Bang upon the latter's arrival in Xianyang in 207 BC; while initially spared by Liu, he was executed shortly thereafter by the Chu leader <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>. In 206 BC, Xianyang was destroyed, marking what historians consider to be the end of the imperial Qin dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde198684_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde198684-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the former Qin territories temporarily divided into the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeung2018163_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung2018163-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu Bang then betrayed Xiang Yu, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> from which he ultimately emerged victorious atop a reunited realm – on 28 February 202 BC, he declared himself emperor of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199549–50_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199549–50-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Xi%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/History_of_Xi%27an.jpg/196px-History_of_Xi%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/History_of_Xi%27an.jpg/294px-History_of_Xi%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/History_of_Xi%27an.jpg/392px-History_of_Xi%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Layout of the palace's surroundings</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg/188px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg/282px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg/376px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Excavation of the western platform</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg/186px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg/279px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg/372px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E5%89%8D%E6%AE%BF%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%A4%AF%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BE%A7_2023-10-01_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A palace gate</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg/198px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg/297px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg/396px-%E9%98%BF%E6%88%BF%E5%AE%AB%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%B1%95%E7%89%8C_2023-10-01_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4360" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Objects found at the site</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Epang_Palace" title="Epang Palace">Epang Palace</a>, destroyed in 206 BC</div></div></div></div> <p>The Qin ruled over territories roughly corresponding to the extent at the time of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>, as well as that of what would later be understood as the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007128_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the empire's frontiers were diverse groups with cultures foreign to the Qin; even areas under the control of the Qin military remained culturally distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20075_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20075-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_life">Domestic life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Domestic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qin aristocracy were largely similar to the Zhou in culture and daily life, with regional variation generally considered a symbol of the lower classes – and ultimately as contrary to the unification that the government strove to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200711_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200711-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commoners and rural villagers, who made up over 90% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007102_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007102-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> very rarely left the villages or farmsteads where they were born. Forms of employment differed by region, though farming was almost universally common. Professions were hereditary; a father's employment was passed to his eldest son after he died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200715_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200715-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 239 BC</span>) – a text named for <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Buwei" title="Lü Buwei">Lü Buwei</a>, the prime minister who sponsored it – gave examples of how, when commoners are obsessed with material wealth, instead of the idealism of a man who "makes things serve him", they were "reduced to the service of things".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200716_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200716-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominant religious belief in China during the Qin, as well as throughout the early imperial period, was focused on the <i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">shen</a></i> (roughly meaning 'spirits'), <i>yin</i> ('shadows'), and the realm they were understood to inhabit. Spirits were classified as one of three types: 'human dead' (<span lang="zh">人鬼</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">rénguǐ</span></i>), 'heavenly spirits' (<span lang="zh">天神</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tiānshén</span></i>) such as <a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a>, and 'earthly spirits' (<span lang="zh">地示</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dìshì</span></i>) corresponding to natural features like mountains and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2018242_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2018242-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spirit world was believed to be parallel to the earthly one: animal sacrifices were offered in order to make contact with it, and the spirits of people were thought to move there upon death. In general, ritual served two purposes: to receive blessings from the spirit realm, and to ensure the dead journeyed to and stayed there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007186_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007186-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ritual concept introduced by the Qin, which would be continued under the Han, was the official tours by the emperor of ritual sites across the realm, which served to reinforce notions of the emperor as a semi-divine figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETavor2018273_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavor2018273-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qin also practised forms of divination – including that previously used by the Shang, where bones and turtle shells were heated in order to divine knowledge of the future from the cracks that formed. Observation of astronomical and weather phenomena were also common, with comets, eclipses, and droughts commonly considered omens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007181_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007181-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_military">Government and military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg/260px-2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg/390px-2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg/520px-2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg/260px-01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg/390px-01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg/520px-01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Warriors and horse from the Terracotta Army</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qin government was highly <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a>, and was administered by a hierarchy of officials serving the emperor. The Qin put into practice the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a>, allowing the state to administer all of its territories, including those recently conquered. All aspects of life were standardised, from measurements and language to more practical details, such as the length of chariot <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200753–54_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200753–54-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empire was divided into 36 <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commanderies</a>, which were further subdivided into more than 1000 districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200718_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200718-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than placing the burden on people from the royal family. Zheng and his advisors also introduced new laws and practices that ended <a href="/wiki/Fengjian" title="Fengjian">aristocratic rule</a> in China, fully replacing it with a centralised, bureaucratic government. A supervisory system, the <a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a> was introduced to monitor and check the powers of administrators and officials at each level of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXueQi2019415_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXueQi2019415-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qin instituted a permanent system of ranks and rewards, consisting of twenty ranks based on the number of enemies killed in battle or commanding victorious units. Ranks were not hereditary unless a soldier died heroically in battle, whereby the soldier's rank will be inherited by his family. Each rank was assigned a specific allotment of dwellings, slaves and land, and ranks could be used to remit judicial punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHui200581_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHui200581-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instances of abuse were recorded. In one example from the <i>Records of Officialdom</i>, a commander named Hu ordered his men to attack peasants in an attempt to increase the number of "bandits" he had killed; his superiors, likely eager to inflate their records as well, allowed this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenWu2007180–181_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenWu2007180–181-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang,_221-208_BC,_30mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang%2C_221-208_BC%2C_30mm.jpg/220px-026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang%2C_221-208_BC%2C_30mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang%2C_221-208_BC%2C_30mm.jpg/330px-026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang%2C_221-208_BC%2C_30mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang%2C_221-208_BC%2C_30mm.jpg/440px-026_S-83_Qin_Ban_Liang%2C_221-208_BC%2C_30mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5188" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Qin-era <i>banliang</i> coin, with the obverse marked <span lang="zh">半两</span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">bànliǎng</span></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 330s BC, the state of Qin began minting <i><a href="/wiki/Banliang" title="Banliang">banliang</a></i> coins, which were round, made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, and marked to indicate a nominal weight of around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>8 g (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> oz) – though the actual weight varied in reality. After unification, <i>banliang</i> were given official status across the empire, replacing previous regional currencies like <a href="/wiki/Spade_money" title="Spade money">spade money</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knife_money" title="Knife money">knife money</a> to become the first standardised currency used throughout all of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022132–133_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022132–133-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Han, who initially continued the use of <i>banliang</i>, the Qin did not allow additional coins to be minted by the private sector, and considered those that were to be counterfeit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022133_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022133-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_projects">Construction projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Construction projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qin Shi Huang developed plans to fortify Qin's northern border, to protect against nomadic invasions. The resulting construction formed the base of what later became the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>, which joined and strengthened the walls made by feudal lords. Another project built during his rule was the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>, intended to protect the emperor after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2013255–256_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2013255–256-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Terracotta Army was inconspicuous due to its underground location, and was not discovered until 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199549_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199549-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registration_system">Registration system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Registration system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-indent:1ic each-line" class="poem"> <p><span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><span lang="lzh">四境之內，丈夫女子皆有名於上</span></span><br /> Everywhere within the borders, let all men and women be registered by name with the government<br /> <br /> <span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><span lang="lzh">生者著，死者削</span></span><br /> Those who are born shall be entered, and those who die, expunged </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <i>The Book of Lord Shang</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014127_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014127-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>During the 4th century BC, the state of Qin introduced a registration system for its population, which initially collated the names of individuals, and later began keeping track of entire households. The system, unique in its scope among Qin's contemporaries, is thought to have been established in 375 BC. It was expanded later in the century at the direction of Shang Yang, with passages of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang" title="The Book of Lord Shang">The Book of Lord Shang</a></i> referencing the system likely reflecting the words of Shang Yang himself. The oldest lists to be discovered, excavated at <a href="/wiki/Shuihudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuihudi">Shuihudi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liye_Ancient_City" title="Liye Ancient City">Liye</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, date to the late 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014127–128_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014127–128-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adapting a concept originally used within the military to society at-large, Qin households were organised into 'groups of five' (<span lang="zh">五</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wǔ</span></i>), wherein the heads of each household were made mutually responsible for reporting any wrongdoing committed by other members of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbieri-LowYates2015111–112Sanft2014127–129_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbieri-LowYates2015111–112Sanft2014127–129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the orders of King Ying Zheng, the state began recording the ages of adult men in 231 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014129_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014129-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_reform">Writing reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Qin_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/130px-Qin_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Qin_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/195px-Qin_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Qin_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/260px-Qin_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>"Qin" in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> (bottom) Chinese characters</figcaption></figure> <p>The Zhou inherited the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used by the preceding <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1056 BC</span>) and first attested in <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bone inscriptions">oracle bone inscriptions</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BC</span>. Writing was adopted throughout the Zhou cultural sphere during the first half of the 1st millennium BC, with the shapes and forms of characters in the script gradually evolving over time. With the Warring States period, distinct regional writing styles began to diverge from one another;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu198870–71_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu198870–71-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to that of other Zhou states, the script used in Qin generally changed the least during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu198878_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu198878-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard writing style in the state of Qin was consolidated under Qin Shi Huang into what is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small seal script</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu1988100_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu1988100-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (111 AD) states that Li Si distributed detailed instructions for writing in small seal script to scribes in 221 BC, these instructions have been lost. However, many contemporary inscriptions on monuments meant to demonstrate small seal character forms have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBökset200617,_19_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBökset200617,_19-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the regional divergences across China were reduced considerably, the use of <a href="/wiki/Variant_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant characters">variant characters</a> remained frequent among Qin scribes; the traditional idea of a strict standardisation of small seal script appears to be a later notion introduced by the Han.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalambos2004181–182Bökset200618–19_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalambos2004181–182Bökset200618–19-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penal_policy">Penal policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Penal policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qin law was primarily administrative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986539Bodde198660_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986539Bodde198660-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and like most ancient societies, the early imperial Chinese state did not have separate structures of administration and jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986528_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986528-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articulated alongside <a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">ritual practice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng2008208_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng2008208-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qin penal practice included concepts such as intent, defendant rights, judicial procedure, requests for retrials, and the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055–6_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055–6-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparative model manuals guided penal legal procedures based on real-life situations, with publicly named wrongs linked to punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307Cheng2008208_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307Cheng2008208-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code primarily focuses on theft, as opposed to murder – though there were certain statutes dealing specifically with infanticide and other unsanctioned harm against children. <a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Laws" title="Canon of Laws">Canon of Laws</a></i> – a lost text which <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a> was said to have been drawn from, a claim supported by other Qin-era manuscripts – treated dealing with thieves and robbers as the most urgent legal matter of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2024588_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2024588-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period prior to unification, Qin laws had already diverged significantly from ideas espoused in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang" title="The Book of Lord Shang">The Book of Lord Shang</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while retaining Shang Yang's reforms, the Qin soon abandoned his anti-Confucianism and strict, harsh penal policy, and later his heavy emphasis on agriculture. After Shang Yang, <a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Qin" title="King Huiwen of Qin">King Huiwen of Qin</a> is attested as having pardoned the death penalty in a case involving murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines2023_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines2023-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiang2021213Hsiao1979470_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiang2021213Hsiao1979470-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depicted as emphasising law and order, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> also relates Qin Shi Huang as praising himself as being a "sage ruler of benevolence and righteousness ... who cares for and pities the common people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1962174_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1962174-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While generally considered harsh by modern standards, Qin punishments were "not extraordinarily severe for their time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although including mutilating punishments, they most frequently consisted of hard labour. Those sentenced to hard labour generally performed public works inside the country, mainly in road and canal construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986533_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986533-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punishment often went unenforced. Criminals were sometimes given amnesties, only incurring punishment upon <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a>, and were often pardoned in exchange for fines, labour, or a demotion in aristocratic rank, even for capital offences. While <i>The Book of Lord Shang</i> recommended harsh punishments, it also "laments" insufficient population for its territories, and the Qin attempted to limit emigration out of the country. Rather than physically punish criminals, they were frequently resettled in frontier colonies. Those sentenced to hard labour were sometimes sent to join frontier defences if given amnesty. Men in the colonies sentenced to death were then recruited for expeditionary armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines201421,_213Hulsewé1986533–535_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines201421,_213Hulsewé1986533–535-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Han-era writer <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a> (179–104 BC) considered Qin officials and taxes severe, but did not characterise punishments as such; in fact, Dong criticised the Qin system for its inability to punish criminals;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe201193–94_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe201193–94-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though, exile as a heavy punishment in China dates to at least the Spring and Autumn period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199919_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199919-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Qin, despite existing for only 14 years, are credited with inaugurating the Chinese imperial system, which would persist in some form throughout Chinese history until it was ultimately overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018159_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018159-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Han dynasty scholars began portraying the Qin as a monolithic, <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">legalist</a> tyranny, often invoked as an example of bad governance in contemporary debates about imperial policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiongHammond20197Pines2014231_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiongHammond20197Pines2014231-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, purges in 213 and 212 BC collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">burning of books and burying of scholars</a> are frequently cited to this end; however, the earliest account of these events is contained in the <i>Shiji</i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 91 BC</span>), and its veracity is disputed by some modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorolkov202211Sanft201921_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorolkov202211Sanft201921-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qin were deliberately contrasted with what was characterised as the virtuous rule of the Han.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft201921Pines2014231–232_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft201921Pines2014231–232-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Han essentially inherited the administrative state built by the Qin, including the household registration system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014127_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014127-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to this continuity, medieval and modern historians have often grouped the Qin and Han together,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorolkov2022170_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorolkov2022170-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the establishment of the Han treated "mainly as a change in ruling houses rather than a system or method of rule".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018159_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018159-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_of_China">Etymology of <i>China</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Etymology of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qin dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Qin dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png/300px-Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png/450px-Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png/600px-Map_of_the_Qin_Empire_in_221_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 210 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-210</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_0x0" style="position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental_Asia_date_mask.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Continental_Asia_date_mask.png/300px-Continental_Asia_date_mask.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Continental_Asia_date_mask.png/450px-Continental_Asia_date_mask.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Continental_Asia_date_mask.png/600px-Continental_Asia_date_mask.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="207" /></a></span></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.451%;left:78.624%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qin dynasty"><img alt="Qin dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/6px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/8px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_95x75" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GRECO<br />BACTRIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_79x67" style="position:absolute; left:79px; top:67px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAR-<br />THIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_165x41" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:41px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Pazyryk<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x43" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:43px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_165x23" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:23px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tagar<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x30" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:30px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sagly-Bazhy_culture" title="Sagly-Bazhy culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sagly<br />culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x73" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:73px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shule</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x82" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:82px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Khotan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_265x60" style="position:absolute; left:265px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DONGHU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SABEANS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_223x67" style="position:absolute; left:223px; top:67px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Ordos<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x110" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Dian<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_285x80" style="position:absolute; left:285px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">JIN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x75" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YUEZHI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_173x65" style="position:absolute; left:173px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Subeshi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x57" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:57px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Wusun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_48x87" style="position:absolute; left:48px; top:87px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SELEUCID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_137x113" style="position:absolute; left:137px; top:113px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAURYA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x86" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:86px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">QIN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x55" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:55px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XIONGNU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_02x100" style="position:absolute; left:02px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PTOLE-<br />MIES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MEROË</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x45" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Scythians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x40" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sarmatians</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Qin alongside the other major polities of Asia in 221 BC, with the capital Xianyang marked <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_red_dot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red dot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/5px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/8px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/10px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The name <i>Qin</i> is believed to be the origin of the modern name for the country in many European languages, <i>China</i>. The word probably made its way into the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> first as <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Cina</i></span> or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Sina</i></span>, and then into Greek and Latin as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thinai</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sinai</i></span> respectively. It was then borrowed into English and French as <i>China</i> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chine</i></span>. This etymology is dismissed by some scholars, who suggest that <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sina</i></span> in Sanskrit evolved much earlier before the Qin. However, the preceding state of Qin was itself founded in the 9th century BC. <i><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a></i>, the name of a state that existed during the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> until the 4th century BC, is another possible origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay200998_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay200998-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued for the names of other polities during the early period as the ultimate origin, including <i>Jing</i> (<span lang="zh">荆</span>), another name for <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade200919"This_thesis_also_helps_explain_the_existence_of_Cīna_in_the_Indic_''Laws_of_Manu''_and_the_''Mahabharata'',_likely_dating_well_before_Qin_Shihuangdi"_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade200919"This_thesis_also_helps_explain_the_existence_of_Cīna_in_the_Indic_''Laws_of_Manu''_and_the_''Mahabharata'',_likely_dating_well_before_Qin_Shihuangdi"-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovereigns">Sovereigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sovereigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)#Rulers" title="Qin (state)">Qin (state) § Rulers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png/220px-BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png/330px-BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png/440px-BronzePlaque-EdictOfSecondEmperor-Qin-ROM-May8-08.png 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>An edict in bronze from the reign of Qin Er Shi</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th> <th scope="col">Personal name</th> <th scope="col">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a> </td> <td>Zheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">政</span></span>) </td> <td>221–210 BC </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Er_Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Er Shi Huangdi">Er Shi Huangdi</a> </td> <td>Huhai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胡亥</span></span>)</td> <td>210–207 BC </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziying" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziying">Ziying</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">子嬰</span></span>) </td> <td>207 BC </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_family_tree">Imperial family tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Imperial family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:fit-content; width:fit-content; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:fit-content">Qin dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-size:110%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-style:dashed"><i>See <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(Warring_States_period)#Qin" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)">Family tree of Qin</a></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Zheng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">政</span></span><br />259–210 BC<hr /><span class="nowrap">King of Qin <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦王</span></span><br />r. 247–221 BC</span><hr /><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a></b> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦始皇</span></span><br />r. 221–210 BC</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px">1</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px">18 or 25 (disputed)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-style:dashed"><a href="/wiki/Fusu" title="Fusu">Fusu</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">扶蘇</span></span><br />d. 210 BC</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap">Huhai <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胡亥</span></span><br />229–207 BC</span><hr /><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_Er_Shi" title="Qin Er Shi">Qin Er Shi</a></b> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦二世</span></span><br />r. 210–207 BC</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ziying" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziying">Ziying</a></b> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">子嬰</span></span><br />d. 206 BC<hr />King of Qin<br />r. 207 BC</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per Brian Lander: "While most maps of the Qin Empire depict the south as solidly Qin territory, in fact Qin only had administrative control over a few areas south of the Yangzi River, most notably the lowlands of the central Yangzi valley that it had conquered from Chu. Across the vast regions south of the Yangzi—most of which were hilly and densely forested—Qin controlled nothing more than a scattered network of garrisons connected by river and land routes. In retrospect, Qin's penetration of the far south was a key event in the Chinese colonization of what is now South China, but it was a minor concern of the Qin rulers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELander2021158_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander2021158-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inscription reads: <span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><span lang="lzh"><span class="nowrap">海内皆臣、</span><span class="nowrap">歲登成熟、</span><span class="nowrap">道毋飢人</span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qin Shi Huang stated that the dynasty would last 10,000 generations; it lasted less than 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199549_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199549-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELander2021158-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELander2021158_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLander2021">Lander 2021</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979121-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979121_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaagepera1979">Taagepera 1979</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Qin">"Qin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qin&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FQin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20136-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20136_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2013">Li 2013</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200717-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200717_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200717_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510043425/http://english.people.com.cn/200602/20/eng20060220_244270.html">"Chinese surname history: Qin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200602/20/eng20060220_244270.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Chinese+surname+history%3A+Qin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200602%2F20%2Feng20060220_244270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen2018117-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen2018117_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShen2018">Shen 2018</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200717–18-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200717–18_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200788-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200788_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199526,_45-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199526,_45_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1995">Morton 1995</a>, pp. 26, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde19673-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde19673_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodde1967">Bodde 1967</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200510_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinneyHardy2005">Kinney & Hardy 2005</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199545-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199545_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1995">Morton 1995</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELander2021115-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELander2021115_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLander2021">Lander 2021</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200718–19_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199525-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199525_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1995">Morton 1995</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200738–39-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200738–39_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200710-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200710_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBo2008134–135_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBo2008">Bo 2008</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe2007-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe2007_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe2007_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewe2007">Loewe 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199547-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199547_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199547_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1995">Morton 1995</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007129-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007129_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20075-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20075_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20075_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde198645-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde198645_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodde1986">Bodde 1986</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018155-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018155_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2018">Sanft 2018</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinneyHardy200513–15_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinneyHardy2005">Kinney & Hardy 2005</a>, pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018157–158-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018157–158_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2018">Sanft 2018</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde198684-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde198684_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodde1986">Bodde 1986</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199549-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199549_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199549_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1995">Morton 1995</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung2018163-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeung2018163_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeung2018">Leung 2018</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton199549–50-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton199549–50_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1995">Morton 1995</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007128-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007128_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200711-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200711_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007102-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007102_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200715-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200715_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200716-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200716_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2018242-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuo2018242_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuo2018">Guo 2018</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007186-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007186_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETavor2018273-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETavor2018273_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTavor2018">Tavor 2018</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007181-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007181_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200753–54-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200753–54_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200718-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200718_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXueQi2019415-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXueQi2019415_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXueQi2019">Xue & Qi 2019</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHui200581-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHui200581_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHui2005">Hui 2005</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenWu2007180–181-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenWu2007180–181_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenWu2007">Chen & Wu 2007</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022132–133-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022132–133_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKakinuma2022">Kakinuma 2022</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022133-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakinuma2022133_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKakinuma2022">Kakinuma 2022</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2013255–256-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2013255–256_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2013">Li 2013</a>, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014127-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014127_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014127_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2014">Sanft 2014</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014127–128-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014127–128_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2014">Sanft 2014</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbieri-LowYates2015111–112Sanft2014127–129-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbieri-LowYates2015111–112Sanft2014127–129_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbieri-LowYates2015">Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015</a>, pp. 111–112; <a href="#CITEREFSanft2014">Sanft 2014</a>, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2014129-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2014129_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2014">Sanft 2014</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu198870–71-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu198870–71_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQiu1988">Qiu 1988</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu198878-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu198878_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQiu1988">Qiu 1988</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu1988100-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu1988100_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQiu1988">Qiu 1988</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBökset200617,_19-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBökset200617,_19_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBökset2006">Bökset 2006</a>, pp. 17, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalambos2004181–182Bökset200618–19-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalambos2004181–182Bökset200618–19_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalambos2004">Galambos 2004</a>, pp. 181–182; <a href="#CITEREFBökset2006">Bökset 2006</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986539Bodde198660-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986539Bodde198660_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1986">Hulsewé 1986</a>, p. 539; <a href="#CITEREFBodde1986">Bodde 1986</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986528-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986528_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1986">Hulsewé 1986</a>, p. 528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng2008208-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng2008208_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheng2008">Cheng 2008</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055–6-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055–6_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldin2005">Goldin 2005</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307Cheng2008208-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307Cheng2008208_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2015">Wilkinson 2015</a>, p. 307; <a href="#CITEREFCheng2008">Cheng 2008</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2024588-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2024588_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2024">Wang 2024</a>, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015307_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2015">Wilkinson 2015</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines2023-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines2023_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPines2023">Pines 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiang2021213Hsiao1979470-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiang2021213Hsiao1979470_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiang2021">Jiang 2021</a>, p. 213; <a href="#CITEREFHsiao1979">Hsiao 1979</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1962174-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1962174_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1962">Watson 1962</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldin20055_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldin2005">Goldin 2005</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986533-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1986533_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1986">Hulsewé 1986</a>, p. 533.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPines201421,_213Hulsewé1986533–535-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPines201421,_213Hulsewé1986533–535_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPines2014">Pines 2014</a>, pp. 21, 213; <a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1986">Hulsewé 1986</a>, pp. 533–535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe201193–94-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe201193–94_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewe2011">Loewe 2011</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199919-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199919_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis 1999</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft2018159-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018159_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft2018159_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2018">Sanft 2018</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiongHammond20197Pines2014231-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiongHammond20197Pines2014231_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiongHammond2019">Xiong & Hammond 2019</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFPines2014">Pines 2014</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorolkov202211Sanft201921-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorolkov202211Sanft201921_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorolkov2022">Korolkov 2022</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFSanft2019">Sanft 2019</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanft201921Pines2014231–232-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanft201921Pines2014231–232_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanft2019">Sanft 2019</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFPines2014">Pines 2014</a>, pp. 231–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorolkov2022170-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorolkov2022170_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorolkov2022">Korolkov 2022</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5vlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139047913">10.1017/CBO9781139047913</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3"><bdi>978-1-316-29777-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Connections%3A+Volume+1%2C+To+1500%3A+Politics%2C+Exchange%2C+and+Social+Life+in+World+History&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139047913&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29777-3&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cole%2C+Juan&rft.au=Hanagan%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Perdue%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Charles&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5vlBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_K._O%27Brien" title="Patrick K. O'Brien">O'Brien, Patrick Karl</a>; et al., eds. (2007) [2002]. <i>Atlas of World History</i> (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521921-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3671170M">3671170M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Concise&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3671170M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521921-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Van Den Bosch, Jeroen; Fauve, Adrien; De Cordier, B. J., eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPBIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406"><i>European Handbook of Central Asian Studies</i></a>. Ibidem. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1"><bdi>978-3-8382-1518-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Handbook+of+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Ibidem&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-1518-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPBIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay200998-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay200998_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeay2009">Keay 2009</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade200919"This_thesis_also_helps_explain_the_existence_of_Cīna_in_the_Indic_''Laws_of_Manu''_and_the_''Mahabharata'',_likely_dating_well_before_Qin_Shihuangdi"-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade200919"This_thesis_also_helps_explain_the_existence_of_Cīna_in_the_Indic_''Laws_of_Manu''_and_the_''Mahabharata'',_likely_dating_well_before_Qin_Shihuangdi"_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2009">Wade 2009</a>, p. 19, "This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic <i>Laws of Manu</i> and the <i>Mahabharata</i>, likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbieri-LowYates2015" class="citation book cs1">Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; <a href="/wiki/Robin_D._S._Yates" title="Robin D. S. Yates">Yates, Robin D. S.</a> (2015). <i>Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China</i>. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 126. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004300538">10.1163/9789004300538</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30053-8"><bdi>978-90-04-30053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+State%2C+and+Society+in+Early+Imperial+China&rft.series=Sinica+Leidensia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004300538&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30053-8&rft.aulast=Barbieri-Low&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Yates%2C+Robin+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBo2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo, Yang</a> (2008). <bdi lang="zh">中国帝王皇后亲王公主世系录</bdi> [<i>Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors, Empresses, and Their Descendants</i>] (in Chinese). Vol. 1. Taiyuan: Zhongguo youyi chubangongsi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%BD%95&rft.place=Taiyuan&rft.pub=Zhongguo+youyi+chubangongsi&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bo&rft.aufirst=Yang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodde1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derk_Bodde" title="Derk Bodde">Bodde, Derk</a> (1967) [1938]. <i>China's First Unifier: A Study of the Chʻin Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssŭ 李斯 280?–208 B.C</i>. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 3. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5588381M">5588381M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+First+Unifier%3A+A+Study+of+the+Ch%CA%BBin+Dynasty+as+Seen+in+the+Life+of+Li+Ss%C5%AD+%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF+280%3F%E2%80%93208+B.C.&rft.series=Sinica+Leidensia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5588381M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Bodde&rft.aufirst=Derk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Translated from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> (1739) [90s BC]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7044#魏安釐王" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷044">44: Hereditary House of Wei</a>". <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji"><i>Shiji</i> <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi></a> [<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>] (in Literary Chinese) (punctuated ed.). Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=44%3A+Hereditary+House+of+Wei&rft.btitle=Shiji+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=punctuated&rft.pub=Imperial+Household+Department&rft.date=1739&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft.au=Sima+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBökset2006" class="citation book cs1">Bökset, Roar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200810/FULLTEXT01"><i>Long Story of Short Forms: The Evolution of Simplified Chinese Characters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stockholm East Asian Monographs. Vol. 11. Stockholm University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-628-6832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-628-6832-1"><bdi>978-91-628-6832-1</bdi></a><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Story+of+Short+Forms%3A+The+Evolution+of+Simplified+Chinese+Characters&rft.series=Stockholm+East+Asian+Monographs&rft.pub=Stockholm+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-91-628-6832-1&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6kset&rft.aufirst=Roar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A200810%2FFULLTEXT01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenWu2007" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Guidi; Wu, Chuntao (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFEK1pLNqqMC"><i>Will the Boat Sink the Water?: The Life of China's Peasants</i></a>. Translated by Zhu, Hong. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-441-5"><bdi>978-1-58648-441-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Will+the+Boat+Sink+the+Water%3F%3A+The+Life+of+China%27s+Peasants&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-441-5&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Guidi&rft.au=Wu%2C+Chuntao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFEK1pLNqqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Cheng, Chung-ying</a> (2008). "The <i>Yi-jing</i> and <i>Yin-Yang</i> way of thinking". In Mou, Bo (ed.). <i>The Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24937-4"><bdi>978-1-134-24937-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yi-jing+and+Yin-Yang+way+of+thinking&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-24937-4&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Chung-ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalambos2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Imre_Galambos" title="Imre Galambos">Galambos, Imre</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real.mtak.hu/46320/1/aorient.57.2004.2.2.pdf">"The Myth of the Qin Unification of Writing in Han Sources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">181–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.57.2004.2.2">10.1556/AOrient.57.2004.2.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446">0001-6446</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23658631">23658631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Qin+Unification+of+Writing+in+Han+Sources&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0001-6446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23658631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.57.2004.2.2&rft.aulast=Galambos&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F46320%2F1%2Faorient.57.2004.2.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin2005" class="citation book cs1">Goldin, Paul R. (2005). <i>After Confucius: Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy</i>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26530%2Foapen_625891">10.26530/oapen_625891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2842-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2842-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2842-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Confucius%3A+Studies+in+Early+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26530%2Foapen_625891&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2842-4&rft.aulast=Goldin&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin2018" class="citation book cs1">———, ed. (2018). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Early Chinese History</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-77591-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-77591-6"><bdi>978-1-138-77591-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Early+Chinese+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-77591-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFGuo2018" class="citation">Guo, Jue. "The spirit world". In <a href="#CITEREFGoldin2018">Goldin (2018)</a>, pp. 229–260.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFLeung2018" class="citation">Leung, Vincent S. "The former Han empire". In <a href="#CITEREFGoldin2018">Goldin (2018)</a>, pp. 160–179.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFSanft2018" class="citation">Sanft, Charles. "The Qin dynasty". In <a href="#CITEREFGoldin2018">Goldin (2018)</a>, pp. 146–159.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFShen2018" class="citation">Shen, Chen. "The age of territorial lords". In <a href="#CITEREFGoldin2018">Goldin (2018)</a>, pp. 108–145.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTavor2018" class="citation">Tavor, Ori. "Religious thought". In <a href="#CITEREFGoldin2018">Goldin (2018)</a>, pp. 261–279.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._C._Hsiao" title="K. C. Hsiao">Hsiao, Kung-chuan</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn7PxQEACAAJ"><i>A History of Chinese Political Thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61289-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-61289-8"><bdi>978-0-691-61289-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Political+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-691-61289-8&rft.aulast=Hsiao&rft.aufirst=Kung-chuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWn7PxQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHui2005" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Victoria Tin-bor (2005). <i>War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511614545.002">10.1017/CBO9780511614545.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44356-2"><bdi>978-1-139-44356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+State+Formation+in+Ancient+China+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511614545.002&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44356-2&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Tin-bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2021" class="citation book cs1">Jiang, Tao (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXo_EAAAQBAJ"><i>Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760347-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760347-5"><bdi>978-0-19-760347-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Moral-political+Philosophy+in+Early+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-760347-5&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXo_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2009). <i>China: A History</i>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-722178-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-722178-3"><bdi>978-0-00-722178-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-00-722178-3&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinneyHardy2005" class="citation book cs1">Kinney, Anne Behnke; Hardy, Grant (2005). <i>The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32588-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32588-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32588-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Establishment+of+the+Han+Empire+and+Imperial+China&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32588-5&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Anne+Behnke&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorolkov2022" class="citation book cs1">Korolkov, Maxim (2022). <i>The Imperial Network in Ancient China: The Foundation of Sinitic Empire in Southern East Asia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-65428-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-65428-3"><bdi>978-0-367-65428-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Network+in+Ancient+China%3A+The+Foundation+of+Sinitic+Empire+in+Southern+East+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-367-65428-3&rft.aulast=Korolkov&rft.aufirst=Maxim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLander2021" class="citation book cs1">Lander, Brian (2021). <i>The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25508-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25508-9"><bdi>978-0-300-25508-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Harvest%3A+A+Political+Ecology+of+China+from+the+First+Farmers+to+the+First+Empire&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25508-9&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Edward_Lewis" title="Mark Edward Lewis">Lewis, Mark Edward</a> (1999). <i>Writing and Authority in Early China</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2001.0006">10.1353/pew.2001.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4114-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-4114-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Authority+in+Early+China&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2001.0006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4114-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">——— (2007). <i>The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han</i>. London: Belknap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02477-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chinese+Empires%3A+Qin+and+Han&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Belknap&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02477-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Li_Feng_(sinologist)" title="Li Feng (sinologist)">Li, Feng</a> (2013). <i>Early China: A Social and Cultural History</i>. New Approaches to Asian History. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139034395">10.1017/CBO9781139034395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89552-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+China%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+Asian+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034395&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89552-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeweShaughnessy1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a>, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHA7Ey0-pbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFLoewe1999" class="citation">———. "The Heritage Left to the Empires". In <a href="#CITEREFLoeweShaughnessy1999">Loewe & Shaughnessy (1999)</a>, pp. 967–1032.</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.016">10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.016</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe2007" class="citation magazine cs1">——— (9 September 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/michael-loewe/china%E2%80%99s-first-empire">"China's First Empire"</a></span>. <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 57, no. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2753">0018-2753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235658/http://www.historytoday.com/michael-loewe/china%E2%80%99s-first-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=China%27s+First+Empire&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.issn=0018-2753&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fmichael-loewe%2Fchina%25E2%2580%2599s-first-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe2011" class="citation book cs1">——— (2011). <i>Dong Zhongshu, a 'Confucian' Heritage and the </i>Chunqiu fanlu<i><span></span></i>. China Studies. Vol. 20. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004194656.i-370.15">10.1163/ej.9789004194656.i-370.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21486-6"><bdi>978-90-04-21486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dong+Zhongshu%2C+a+%27Confucian%27+Heritage+and+the+Chunqiu+fanlu&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=China+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004194656.i-370.15&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21486-6&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavon_Glahn2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ma, Debin; von Glahn, Richard, eds. (2022). <i>The Cambridge Economic History of China</i>. Vol. 1: To 1800. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108587334">10.1017/9781108587334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42557-5"><bdi>978-1-108-42557-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108587334&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42557-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKakinuma2022" class="citation">Kakinuma, Yōhei. "Money, Markets, and Merchants". In <a href="#CITEREFMavon_Glahn2022">Ma & von Glahn (2022)</a>, pp. 131–165.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1995" class="citation book cs1">Morton, W. Scott (1995). <i>China: Its History and Culture</i> (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-043424-0"><bdi>978-0-07-043424-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9250588M">9250588M</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Its+History+and+Culture&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9250588M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-07-043424-0&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Pines" title="Yuri Pines">Pines, Yuri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Shelach-Lavi" title="Gideon Shelach-Lavi">Shelach-Lavi, Gideon</a>; Falkenhausen, Lothar von; <a href="/wiki/Robin_D._S._Yates" title="Robin D. S. Yates">Yates, Robin D. S.</a>, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h74v49p"><i>Birth of an Empire: The State of Qin Revisited</i></a>. New Perspectives on Chinese Culture and Society. Vol. 5. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28974-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28974-1"><bdi>978-0-520-28974-1</bdi></a> – via eScholarship<span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+an+Empire%3A+The+State+of+Qin+Revisited&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=New+Perspectives+on+Chinese+Culture+and+Society&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28974-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4h74v49p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">——— (Summer 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/chinese-legalism/">"Legalism in Chinese Philosophy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a>; Nodelman, Uri (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legalism+in+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2023%2Fentries%2Fchinese-legalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines2024" class="citation book cs1">———, ed. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L24aBQAAQBAJ"><i>Dao Companion to China's </i>fa<i> Tradition</i></a>. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 19. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-53629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-53629-8"><bdi>978-3-031-53629-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-0275">2211-0275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dao+Companion+to+China%27s+fa+Tradition&rft.series=Dao+Companions+to+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=2211-0275&rft.isbn=978-3-031-53629-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL24aBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWang2024" class="citation">Wang, Pei. "Laozi, Huang-Lao and the <i>fa</i> Tradition: Thinking Through the Term <i>xingming</i> 刑名". In <a href="#CITEREFPines2024">Pines (2024)</a>, pp. 575–594.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiu1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Xigui" title="Qiu Xigui">Qiu, Xigui</a> (2000) [1988]. <i>Chinese Writing</i>. Early China Special Monograph Series. Vol. 4. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7"><bdi>978-1-55729-071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Writing&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Early+China+Special+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China%2C+University+of+California&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-071-7&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Xigui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanft2014" class="citation book cs1">Sanft, Charles (2014) [2013]. <i>Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China: Publicizing the Qin Dynasty</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5037-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-5037-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-5037-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+and+Cooperation+in+Early+Imperial+China%3A+Publicizing+the+Qin+Dynasty&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-5037-7&rft.aulast=Sanft&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Taagepera, Rein</a> (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>3</b> (3/4): 121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959">10.2307/1170959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_History_of_China1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>, eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243278">10.1017/CHOL9780521243278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC%E2%80%93AD+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243278&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2HKxK5N2sAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFBodde1986" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Derk_Bodde" title="Derk Bodde">Bodde, Derk</a>. "The State and Empire of Chʻin". In <a href="#CITEREFCambridge_History_of_China1986"><i>Cambridge History of China</i> (1986)</a>, pp. 20–102.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFHulsewé1986" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/A._F._P._Hulsew%C3%A9" title="A. F. P. Hulsewé">Hulsewé, A. F. P.</a> "Chʻin and Han Law". In <a href="#CITEREFCambridge_History_of_China1986"><i>Cambridge History of China</i> (1986)</a>, pp. 520–544.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Geoff (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf">"The Polity of Yelang (夜郎) and the Origin of the Name 'China'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a></i>. <b>188</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930070227/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Polity+of+Yelang+%28%E5%A4%9C%E9%83%8E%29+and+the+Origin+of+the+Name+%27China%27&rft.volume=188&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp188_yelang_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion, ed. (2015). <i>Chinese History A New Manual</i>. Harvard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08846-7"><bdi>978-0-674-08846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History+A+New+Manual&rft.pub=Harvard&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08846-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiongHammond2019" class="citation book cs1">Xiong, Victor Cunrui; Hammond, Kenneth James, eds. (2019). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84728-6"><bdi>978-1-138-84728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Imperial+Chinese+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-84728-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFSanft2019" class="citation">Sanft, Charles. "The Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE)". In <a href="#CITEREFXiongHammond2019">Xiong & Hammond (2019)</a>, pp. 12–24.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (1962). <i>Early Chinese Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231086714" title="Special:BookSources/9780231086714"><bdi>9780231086714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Chinese+Literature&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780231086714&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueQi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, Deshu; Qi, Xiuqian (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2Fichssr-19.2019.79">"Research on Supervision System in Ancient China and Its Contemporary Reference"</a>. <i>Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research</i>. <b>319</b> (79): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2991%2Fichssr-19.2019.79">10.2991/ichssr-19.2019.79</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-5398">2352-5398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education+and+Humanities+Research&rft.atitle=Research+on+Supervision+System+in+Ancient+China+and+Its+Contemporary+Reference&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2991%2Fichssr-19.2019.79&rft.issn=2352-5398&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Deshu&rft.au=Qi%2C+Xiuqian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2991%252Fichssr-19.2019.79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanhoeVan_Norden2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Ivanhoe" title="Philip J. Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe, Philip J.</a>; Van Norden, Bryan W., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PL9hSUiVEoC"><i>Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy</i></a>. Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-780-6"><bdi>978-0-87220-780-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Classical+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-780-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PL9hSUiVEoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Pines" title="Yuri Pines">Pines, Yuri</a> (2009). <i>Envisioning Eternal Empire</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3275-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-3275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Eternal+Empire&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3275-9&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPines2017" class="citation book cs1">——— (2017). "Confucius' Elitism: The Concepts of <i>junzi</i> and <i>xiaoren</i> Revisited". In Goldin, Paul R. (ed.). <i>A Concise Companion to Confucius</i>. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Vol. 65. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118783863.ch8">10.1002/9781118783863.ch8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78387-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78387-0"><bdi>978-1-118-78387-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius%27+Elitism%3A+The+Concepts+of+junzi+and+xiaoren+Revisited&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Companion+to+Confucius&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118783863.ch8&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78387-0&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQin+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qin_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Qin Dynasty">Qin Dynasty</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> </b><br />221–207 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qin_dynasty_topics37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qin_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qin dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qin_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qin dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qin_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qin dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qin_dynasty_topics37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qin dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Xiongnu" title="Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu">Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Yue_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes">Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng_and_Wu_Guang_uprising" title="Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising">Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Battle of Julu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epang_Palace" title="Epang Palace">Epang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._He%27s_jade" title="Mr. He's jade">Mr. He's jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Acrobats" title="The Acrobats">The Acrobats</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Metal_Colossi" title="Twelve Metal Colossi">Twelve Metal Colossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts" title="Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts">Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Crimes_of_Qin" title="Ten Crimes of Qin">Ten Crimes of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Emperor" title="The First Emperor">The First Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata831" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata831" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7183#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/233150325514610090002">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4065411-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="China--History--Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024040">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285644305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&oldid=1275446439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&oldid=1275446439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qin_dynasty" title="Category:Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_China" title="Category:Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iron_Age_Asia" title="Category:Iron Age Asia">Iron Age Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries in East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_3rd_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 3rd century BC">States and territories established in the 3rd century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:221_BC" title="Category:221 BC">221 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:220s_BC_establishments" title="Category:220s BC establishments">220s BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_3rd_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-millennium_BC_disestablishments_in_China" title="Category:1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China">1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Category:Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Former monarchies of East Asia">Former monarchies of East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_empires" title="Category:Former empires">Former empires</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Literary_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text">Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use British English from February 2025">Use British English from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 02:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qin_dynasty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qin dynasty</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>94 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-6khgx","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.879","walltime":"2.324","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18601,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":374046,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":36254,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":291595,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1964.307 1 -total"," 22.38% 439.698 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 12.04% 236.515 78 Template:Sfn"," 9.58% 188.095 36 Template:Cite_book"," 9.36% 183.771 1 Template:History_of_China"," 8.08% 158.735 2 Template:Reflist"," 7.11% 139.603 17 Template:Lang"," 6.32% 124.090 1 Template:Langn"," 6.16% 121.021 1 Template:Normal"," 4.88% 95.838 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.107","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22812864,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbieri-LowYates2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodde1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodde1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBökset2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCambridge_History_of_China1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenWu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalambos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsiao1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHui2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulsewé1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanhoeVan_Norden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakinuma2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinneyHardy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorolkov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLander2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewe1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMavon_Glahn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPines2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPines2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPines2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPines2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPines2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiu1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanft2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanft2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanft2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaagepera1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiongHammond2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXueQi2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"A.k.a.\"] = 1,\n [\"About-distinguish-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Asia in 210 BCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite Cambridge History of China\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Collins Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Shiji\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Colorsample\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-num\"] = 3,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 11,\n [\"History of China\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Langn\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-num\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Numero\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Qin dynasty family tree\"] = 1,\n [\"Qin dynasty topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 78,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 27,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 4,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhc\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","30.6"],["?","220","17.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","4.8"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","60","4.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","3.2"],["[others]","140","11.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-248zp","timestamp":"20250215020255","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qin_dynasty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7183","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7183","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-09T07:20:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Qin_dynasty_territory.svg","headline":"dynasty that ruled in China from 221 to 206 BC"}</script> </body> </html>