Intellectual Property Law Center

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has-padding-content-block-x2large has-no-top-padding blocks clearfix"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h1 class="heading-1 has-margin-top-10">Intellectual Property Law Center </h1> </div> <div class="content-links -semibold content-headings -large-gap"> <div class="main-image"> <img class="height-auto" src="https://justatic.com/v/20241127120445/marketing/files/new/production/images/portal/intellectual-property.jpg" width="650px" height="300px" loading="lazy" alt="Intellectual Property Law Center " > </div> <div id="complementary" class="text-diminished -overflow-x-visible white xlarge -collapsed set-maxlimit -max-landscape-tablet has-margin-bottom-20 to-large-font"> <p class="has-no-top-margin"> Intellectual property is intangible property that arises out of mental labor. It encompasses inventions, designs, and artistic work. Federal and state laws give certain rights and protections to those who develop creative works to exclusively control intangible assets in the form of: </p> <ul class="no-space-list"> <li>Copyrights</li> <li>Patents</li> <li>Trademarks</li> <li>Trade Secrets</li> </ul> <p> The Constitution gives Congress the power to pass laws related to intellectual property. Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the authority to grant authors and inventors copyright and patent rights. Federal copyright law is found in chapters 1 through 8 and 10 through 12 of title 17 of the United States Code. Patent law is found in Title 35 of the United States Code. </p> <p> Congress’ power to enact federal trademark protection is derived from the Commerce Clause. The Lanham Act is the primary statute that covers trademark law, but there are also state laws associated with trademarks. Most states have adopted part or all of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, which protects any confidential business information that gives an enterprise an edge over the competition. Trade secrets include manufacturing, industrial, and commercial secrets. </p> <p> In general, intellectual property rights are enforced by rights holders through civil lawsuits against the party that is infringing against the right through its conduct. The particular remedies for infringement vary depending on the types of intellectual property at issue. </p> <h2 class="heading-3"> Copyrights </h2> <p> Copyright protection is afforded to “original works of authorship.” Copyright protection includes the right to reproduce, the right to create derivative works, the right to distribute, and the right to publicly perform. Contrary to popular perception, copyright protection does not extend to mere ideas, systems, concepts, principles, or discoveries in their abstract forms. </p> <p> Instead, to be eligible for copyright protection, a work must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression from which it can be communicated either directly or with the help of a device. The medium can be known now, or it can be later developed. Copyrightable works include literature, music, dramas and plays, choreography, pictorial work, graphics and sculptures, motion pictures, sound recordings, and architectural work. </p> <h2 class="heading-3"> Patents </h2> <p> A patent is a monopoly that provides an exclusive right to make, use, offer to sell, or sell a particular invention in the United States, or import it into the United States, for a limited period. The purpose of giving inventors patent protection is to encourage inventers to invest their time and resources in developing new and useful discoveries. In order to obtain the limited monopoly, inventers must disclose patented information to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). In order to get a patent, the application to the USPTO must demonstrate subject matter that can be patented, usefulness, novelty, non-obviousness, and enablement. </p> <h2 class="heading-3"> Trademarks </h2> <p> To obtain trademark protection, a word, phrase, logo, symbol, shape, sound, fragrance, or color must be used in commerce by a producer to identify goods, and it must also be distinctive. Exclusive rights to a trademark are awarded to the first producer to use it in commerce. The second requirement of distinctiveness encompasses four traits: arbitrary/fanciful, suggestive, descriptive, and generic. </p> <h2 class="heading-3"> Trade Secrets </h2> <p> Under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), trade secrets are information that derives independent economic value from not being generally known through appropriate means by other people who might obtain economic value from its disclosure or use, and that the holder of the trade secret strives to keep secret with reasonable efforts. In the past, improper use or disclosure of a trade secret was a common law tort, which required six factors to be considered when deciding whether information counted as a trade secret. However, the majority of states have enacted the UTSA. In addition to proving that the trade secret qualifies for protection, a trade secret holder trying to enforce a trade secret under the UTSA needs to prove that a defendant wrongfully acquired and misappropriated the secret information. </p> <p class="color-dove-gray"> <time datetime="2024-10-13" pubdate> <em> Last reviewed October 2024 </em> </time> </p> </div> <div> <a href="#" class="expand-v2" data-directive="j-expand" data-collapsed_class="-collapsed" data-expanded_class="-expanded" data-collapsed_text="<span>View More</span> <span class='arrow'>›</span>" data-expanded_text="<span>Show Less</span>" data-section="complementary" data-go_to="#main-content"> <span> View More </span> <span class="arrow"> › </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar primary-sidebar"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-center-stripes"> <div id="stripe-intellectual-property-topics" class="large-gap-stripe "> <div class="bg-wild-sand"> <div class="main-content has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans width-100-v2"> <div class="cards -flex -information-cards -overflow-hidden"> <div class="wrapper -flex-wrap"> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/patents/">Patents</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>You can apply for a patent if you have invented a product or process that is novel and non-obvious.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/patents/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/copyright/">Copyrights</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>A creative work that is fixed in a tangible medium usually qualifies for copyright protection.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/copyright/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/trademarks/">Trademarks</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>A trademark is used to distinguish a product or service from competing products or services.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/trademarks/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card has-no-border"> <div class="header bg-justia-blue color-white"> <strong class="title -same-height heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1"> <a class="color-white" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/trade-secrets/">Trade Secrets</a> </strong> </div> <div class="content bg-white"> <div> <p>A trade secret involves confidential information that gives a business a competitive edge.</p> </div> <div class="footer text-left"> <a href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/trade-secrets/" class="-no-underline">Learn More ›</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="stripe-intellectual-property-listing" class="large-gap-stripe "> <div class="main-content has-padding-content-block-x2large font-opensans flex-columns -cols-gap-50 -cols-in-landscape-tablet width-100-v2"> <div class="primary-content-wrapper"> <div class="flex-col-wrapper listing-columns"> <div class="listing-column flex-col width-50 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong class="heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1">Frequently Asked Questions</strong> <ul class="list-no-styles has-no-padding to-large-font list-gutter--default"> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/patents/patentability-requirements/">What types of things can I patent?</a> </strong> <br />You can get a utility patent for an invention or an improvement on an existing invention that is useful, novel, and non-obvious. Design patents and plant patents have other requirements. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/patents/duration-of-patent-protection/">How long does patent protection last?</a> </strong> <br />If you have a utility patent, protection usually lasts for 20 years after the filing date of the application. The period is 14 years for design patents and 17 years for plant patents. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/copyright/">How long does copyright protection last?</a> </strong> <br />If a work was published in 1978 or later, copyright protection lasts for the life of the author and 70 years afterward. Works that were published earlier have different periods of protection. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/copyright/music-samples/">Do I need permission from the copyright owner to use part of a song?</a> </strong> <br />Generally, yes. You would need to get permission from both the copyright owner of the song and the copyright owner of the recording. However, the fair use doctrine shields some types of use. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/trademarks/categories-of-marks/">Can someone else use the name of my business for their business?</a> </strong> <br />This depends on the degree to which your products or services overlap, as well as the markets for each business. The main question is whether consumers would be confused. </li> </ul> <a href="/intellectual-property/faqs/" class="-no-underline">View More FAQs ›</a> </div> <div class="listing-column flex-col width-50 reset-width-below-landscape-tablet"> <strong class="heading-3 has-no-top-margin line-height-1-1">Popular Topics</strong> <ul class="list-no-styles has-no-padding to-large-font list-gutter--default"> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/patents/applying-for-a-patent/">Applying for a Patent</a> </strong> <br />To get patent protection, you must file an application that describes your invention and shows why it is novel and non-obvious to people in your field. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/patents/infringement/">Patent Infringement</a> </strong> <br />A patent owner can enforce their rights by suing anyone who makes, uses, or sells their invention or part of it without permission during the term of the patent. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/copyright/infringement/">Copyright Infringement</a> </strong> <br />To establish copyright infringement, you must show that you hold a valid copyright in a work and that the defendant violated one or more of your exclusive rights. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/copyright/fair-use/">Fair Use</a> </strong> <br />In limited situations, the fair use doctrine can shield people who use copyrighted material without getting permission from the owner. </li> <li> <strong> <a href="/intellectual-property/choosing-among-patent-copyright-and-trademark/">Choosing Among Patent, Copyright, and Trademark</a> </strong> <br />You should understand the differences among the three main forms of intellectual property so that you know which type of protection to seek. </li> </ul> <a href="/intellectual-property/sitemap/" class="-no-underline">View More Topics ›</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-gap-stripe -with-title" data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-layout="carousel" data-limit="7" data-practice="intellectual-property" data-display-tooltip="true" > </div> <div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-alabaster color-black"> <div class="wrapper has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix"> <div class="section-title"> Justia Legal Resources </div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241127120445/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow" /> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - 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