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.penci-lines:after { color: #d15e60; } #sidebar-nav .menu li a:hover, .header-social.sidebar-nav-social a:hover i, #sidebar-nav .menu li a .indicator:hover, #sidebar-nav .menu .sub-menu li a .indicator:hover{ color: #ed2b23; } #sidebar-nav-logo:before{ background-color: #ed2b23; } .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .penci-slider38-overlay, .penci-flat-overlay .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before { opacity: ; } .penci-item-mag:hover .penci-slide-overlay .overlay-link, .featured-style-38 .item:hover .penci-slider38-overlay, .penci-flat-overlay .penci-item-mag:hover .penci-slide-overlay .penci-mag-featured-content:before { opacity: ; } .penci-featured-content .featured-slider-overlay { opacity: ; } .featured-style-29 .featured-slider-overlay { opacity: ; } .header-standard h2, .header-standard .post-title, .header-standard h2 a { text-transform: none; } .penci-standard-cat .cat > a.penci-cat-name { color: #ed2b23; } .penci-standard-cat .cat:before, .penci-standard-cat 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.penci-grid li.typography-style .item .main-typography h2 a:hover { color: #ed2b23; } .penci-grid li.typography-style .grid-post-box-meta span a:hover { color: #ed2b23; } .overlay-header-box .cat > a.penci-cat-name:hover { color: #ed2b23; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow { font-size: 14px; } .penci-sidebar-content.style-11 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-12 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-14 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow:before, .penci-sidebar-content.style-13 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-15 .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow{ background-color: #111111; } .penci-sidebar-content.style-2 .penci-border-arrow:after{ border-top-color: #111111; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow:after { background-color: #111111; } .penci-sidebar-content .penci-border-arrow .inner-arrow, .penci-sidebar-content.style-4 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datetime="2023-08-07T14:49:28-05:00">August 7, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-12"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Solar_Orbiter_reaches_first_perihelion-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind">Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-04T14:45:57-05:00">September 4, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Space_Rider_pillars-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/space-rider-update/" title="ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter of 2025, program manager says"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/space-rider-update/" title="ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter of 2025, program manager says">ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-26T20:20:19-05:00">August 26, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a 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safety"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety">ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-28T11:15:56-05:00">July 28, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-756"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NSF-2023-07-30-05-44-33-107-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite, Rocket Lab’s Electron to complete 40th flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite, Rocket Lab’s Electron to complete 40th flight">Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-25T16:52:32-05:00">July 25, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DSC_4995-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2">Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights –...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time 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back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/R-3-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing 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data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Solar_Orbiter_reaches_first_perihelion-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind">Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-04T14:45:57-05:00">September 4, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/F5JkWPdW4AARi03-263x175.jpeg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/launch-roundup-03092023/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with Starlink Group 6-12; China to launch three missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/launch-roundup-03092023/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with Starlink Group 6-12; China to launch three missions">Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-03T16:08:08-05:00">September 3, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/commercial/">Commercial</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-04-05-19-12-344-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/crew-6-splashdown/" title="SpaceX Crew-6 returns to Earth after six-month ISS Stay"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/crew-6-splashdown/" title="SpaceX Crew-6 returns to Earth after six-month ISS Stay">SpaceX Crew-6 returns to Earth after six-month ISS...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-02T22:14:31-05:00">September 2, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/featured/">Featured</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV">India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-01T19:50:40-05:00">September 1, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-4"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/F5JkWPdW4AARi03-263x175.jpeg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/launch-roundup-03092023/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with Starlink Group 6-12; China to launch three missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/launch-roundup-03092023/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with Starlink Group 6-12; China to launch three missions">Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-03T16:08:08-05:00">September 3, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/lYMF4ZZ-263x175.png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/china-roundup-20-2/" title="Multiple remote sensing satellite launched from China, as launch cadence increases"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/china-roundup-20-2/" title="Multiple remote sensing satellite launched from China, as launch cadence increases">Multiple remote sensing satellite launched from China, as...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-20T16:35:19-05:00">August 20, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F22H0e1XwAAhJl8-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-081623/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX launches Starlink Group 6-10"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-081623/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX launches Starlink Group 6-10">Launch Roundup: SpaceX launches Starlink Group 6-10</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-16T14:34:40-05:00">August 16, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/photo_2023-08-07_18-11-30-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight">Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-07T14:49:28-05:00">August 7, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-12"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Solar_Orbiter_reaches_first_perihelion-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind">Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-04T14:45:57-05:00">September 4, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Space_Rider_pillars-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/space-rider-update/" title="ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter of 2025, program manager says"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/space-rider-update/" title="ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter of 2025, program manager says">ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-26T20:20:19-05:00">August 26, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Understanding_Earth_s_winds_pillars-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety">ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-28T11:15:56-05:00">July 28, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-756"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV">India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-01T19:50:40-05:00">September 1, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NSF-2023-07-30-05-44-33-107-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite, Rocket Lab’s Electron to complete 40th flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite, Rocket Lab’s Electron to complete 40th flight">Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-25T16:52:32-05:00">July 25, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DSC_4995-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2">Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights –...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-14T12:03:16-05:00">July 14, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-5"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/R-3-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?">Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-20T17:43:26-05:00">August 20, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" 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datetime="2023-08-26T20:20:19-05:00">August 26, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Understanding_Earth_s_winds_pillars-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety">ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-28T11:15:56-05:00">July 28, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-756"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV">India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-01T19:50:40-05:00">September 1, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NSF-2023-07-30-05-44-33-107-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2">Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights –...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-14T12:03:16-05:00">July 14, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-5"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/R-3-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?">Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-20T17:43:26-05:00">August 20, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/NSF-2023-08-11-00-18-05-442-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-25-mission-launch/" title="Luna 25: the first Russian spacecraft in 47 years heading to the moon"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-25-mission-launch/" title="Luna 25: the first Russian spacecraft in 47 years heading to the moon">Luna 25: the first Russian spacecraft in 47...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-10T15:33:12-05:00">August 10, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/photo_2023-08-07_18-11-30-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight">Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-07T14:49:28-05:00">August 7, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent penci-megapos-flexible penci-mega-menu menu-item-has-children menu-item-53581"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/">Other</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item-0"><div class="penci-megamenu normal-cat-menu penc-menu-53581"> <div class="penci-mega-child-categories hihi"> <a class="mega-cat-child cat-active all-style" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/" data-id="penci-mega-1"><span>All</span></a> <a class="mega-cat-child" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/science/" data-id="penci-mega-3353"><span>Science</span></a> <a class="mega-cat-child" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/shuttle/" data-id="penci-mega-3"><span>Shuttle</span></a> <a class="mega-cat-child" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/unmanned/" data-id="penci-mega-14"><span>Uncrewed</span></a> </div> <div class="penci-content-megamenu"> <div class="penci-mega-latest-posts col-mn-4 mega-row-1"> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-1 row-active"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/">Other</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-07-00-51-48-924-263x175.jpg" 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2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/featured/">Featured</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV">India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" 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wind">Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel...</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-04T14:45:57-05:00">September 4, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/science/">Science</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar 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menu-item-75502"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://shop.nasaspaceflight.com/">Shop</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-single-wrapper"> <div class="penci-single-block"> <div class="container container-single container-single-magazine penci_sidebar penci-enable-lightbox"> <div id="main" class="penci-main-sticky-sidebar"> <div class="theiaStickySidebar"> <article id="post-95449" class="post type-post status-publish"> <div class="header-standard header-classic single-header"> <h1 class="post-title single-post-title entry-title">Japanese H-IIA launches X-ray telescope and lunar lander</h1> <div class="penci-hide-tagupdated"> <span class="author-italic author vcard">by <a class="author-url url fn n" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/author/justin/">Justin Davenport</a> </span> <time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-06T06:38:25-05:00">September 6, 2023</time> </div> <div class="post-box-meta-single"> <span class="author-post byline"><span class="author vcard">written by <a class="author-url url fn n" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/author/justin/">Justin Davenport</a> </span></span> <span><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-06T06:38:25-05:00">September 6, 2023</time></span> </div> </div> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-07-00-51-48-924.jpg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"> <img class="attachment-penci-full-thumb size-penci-full-thumb penci-lazy wp-post-image pc-singlep-img" width="2273" height="1275" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%202273%201275'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt title="NSF 2023-09-07 00-51-48-924" data-sizes="auto" data-srcset data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-07-00-51-48-924.jpg"> </a> </div> <div class="post-entry blockquote-style-2"> <div class="inner-post-entry entry-content" id="penci-post-entry-inner"> <i class="penci-post-countview-number-check" style="display:none">143</i> <p>The Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA launch vehicle, as its career is being wound down in favor of the H3, launched the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) robotic lunar lander and the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) X-ray telescope on its 47th flight. After this flight, the second of 2023 for the H-IIA, the H-IIA will have three flights left before retirement.</p> <p>The H-IIA vehicle F47 was scheduled to launch from the LA-Y1 launch pad at Tanegashima Space Center, Japan, on Monday, Aug. 28, at 00:26 UTC. After a scrub due to weather, the launch of SLIM and XRISM took place Wednesday, Sept. 6, at 23:42 UTC.</p> <p><span id="more-95449"></span></p> <p>Immediately after liftoff, the H-IIA flew an eastward trajectory over the Pacific. The H-IIA’s two solid rocket boosters released near the T+1:48 mark, while the core and its LE-7A engine, using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as propellants, operated until around T+6:35.</p> <p><iframe title="X線分光撮像衛星XRISM／小型月着陸実証機SLIM 打上げライブ中継" width="1170" height="658" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/RV59wONfrHU?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <aside class="penci-sidebar-content widget l2-info"><h4 class="widget-title penci-border-arrow"><span class="inner-arrow">See Also</span></h4><ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=56845.0">XRISM & SLIM Updates</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?board=43.0">Japanese Section</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?board=27.0">L2 Master Section</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/l2/">Click here to Join L2</a></li></ul></aside> <p>After stage separation, the second stage, equipped with a LE-5B engine and using the same propellant combination as the LE-7A, burned until approximately 15 minutes after launch. The two payloads separated sometime after the stage shuts down its engine.</p> <p>The XRISM X-ray observatory was placed into a 550-kilometer circular low-Earth orbit inclined 31 degrees to the Equator. The SLIM lunar lander will also be placed in the same orbit but will use its own engines to get to the Moon.</p> <p><strong>XRISM</strong></p> <p>This flight’s main payload is the XRISM — the observatory is a replacement mission started in 2016 after the failure of the Hitomi X-ray observatory weeks after reaching orbit. Hitomi was in its commissioning phase, having made some test observations when false information from a sensor and software issues caused the spacecraft to spin in orbit and break apart.</p> <div id="attachment_95453" style="width: 1230px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2536.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95453" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-95453" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2536.jpeg" alt width="1220" height="624" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2536.jpeg 600w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2536-350x179.jpeg 350w" sizes="(max-width: 1220px) 100vw, 1220px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95453" class="wp-caption-text">Artist’s rendition of the XRISM X-ray observatory in orbit. (Credit: JAXA)</p></div> <p>Hitomi’s failure could have left the scientific community without an orbiting X-ray observatory for a long period of time from the early 2020s to the late 2030s. JAXA began the XRISM project in June 2016, three months after Hitomi’s failure. NASA, ESA, and major universities on three continents are collaborating on the project.</p> <p>X-ray astronomy has only been performed within the last sixty years, as X-rays from deep space are attenuated by the Earth’s atmosphere. Humanity has observed the heavens in visible light with its own eyes for millennia and with optical means for centuries. The advent of spaceflight has enabled observations of stars, galaxies, and the background of the universe in wavelengths inaccessible to astronomers prior to the 1960s.</p> <div id="attachment_95456" style="width: 2570px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-scaled.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95456" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95456" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-scaled.jpeg" alt width="2560" height="1669" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-350x228.jpeg 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-537x350.jpeg 537w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-768x501.jpeg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-1920x1252.jpeg 1920w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2539-1170x763.jpeg 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95456" class="wp-caption-text">The electromagnetic spectrum. (Credit: NASA)</p></div> <p>The first Japanese X-ray observatory, Cygnus X-1, was launched in 1979, and Japan has successfully flown a number of X-ray telescopes. XRISM will join other space-based observatories such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and IXPE in orbit. These spacecraft all observe the universe in the X-ray spectrum but do so in different ways which complement each other.</p> <p>X-rays are generated by objects like exploding stars, black holes, radio galaxies, pulsars, and other high-energy phenomena. XRISM’s science objectives are to study clusters of galaxies, how the structure of the Universe evolves, how matter spreads through interstellar space, how energy is transported through the Universe, and how matter behaves under strong gravitational and magnetic fields that cannot be created on Earth.</p> <div id="attachment_95457" style="width: 2570px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-scaled.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95457" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95457" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-scaled.jpeg" alt width="2560" height="1702" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-350x233.jpeg 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-526x350.jpeg 526w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-768x511.jpeg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-1920x1277.jpeg 1920w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-1170x778.jpeg 1170w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-585x390.jpeg 585w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2540-263x175.jpeg 263w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95457" class="wp-caption-text">The Resolve instrument, one of two science instruments aboard XRISM. (Credit: Larry Gilbert/NASA)</p></div> <p>To accomplish these objectives, XRISM is equipped with two instruments, both attached to a dedicated X-ray mirror assembly. The Resolve spectrometer is designed to make highly detailed measurements of an X-ray emitting object’s temperature and composition, and can make detailed Doppler measurements to determine how objects in the Universe move.</p> <p>Resolve needs to be cooled to -273.1 degrees Celsius, which is just barely above absolute zero, to make its observations. This is done with a dewar filled with superfluid helium. The instrument observes “soft” X-rays, which have longer wavelengths than “hard” X-rays which spacecraft like IXPE are designed to observe.</p> <p>The Xtend X-ray imager, like Resolve, is designed to observe soft X-rays. Xtend has a field of view that can capture the full Moon, and can image larger celestial objects. The instrument is similar to one that was used on Hitomi.</p> <div id="attachment_95458" style="width: 2241px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-scaled.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95458" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95458" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-scaled.jpeg" alt width="2231" height="2560" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-scaled.jpeg 2231w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-305x350.jpeg 305w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-768x881.jpeg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-1920x2203.jpeg 1920w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2541-1170x1342.jpeg 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 2231px) 100vw, 2231px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95458" class="wp-caption-text">XRISM X-ray observatory undergoing vibration testing. (Credit: JAXA)</p></div> <p>The XRISM spacecraft masses 2,300 kilograms and is eight meters long and three meters in diameter. In addition, the two solar panels will extend nine meters from tip to tip. After the spacecraft reaches orbit, there will be a critical operation phase where XRISM’s attitude control ability will be tested.</p> <p>A commissioning phase will test the spacecraft’s subsystems, and a seven-month performance verification phase will evaluate the science instruments. Once this is finished, science observations will start. The primary mission is scheduled to last for two years, and a mission extension will be evaluated.</p> <div id="attachment_95454" style="width: 970px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2532.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95454" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95454" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2532.png" alt width="960" height="720" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2532.png 960w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2532-350x263.png 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2532-467x350.png 467w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2532-768x576.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95454" class="wp-caption-text">Artist’s rendition of the SLIM lunar lander on the Moon. (Credit: JAXA)</p></div> <p><strong>SLIM</strong></p> <p>On the heels of the successful Chandrayaan-3 landing, Japan will seek to join the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and India in the club of nations that have landed probes successfully on the Moon. The SLIM lander will attempt to succeed where earlier Japanese landing attempts with the Hakuto-R and OMOTENASHI missions failed.</p> <p>SLIM is the secondary payload on this flight. The project is an outgrowth of the SELENE-B lander proposed at the turn of the century, and SLIM was proposed in 2012. The spacecraft’s critical design review was done in 2019, and its launch date kept moving along with the XRISM payload’s flight.</p> <p>The SLIM lander masses around 700 kilograms after it is fueled, and it is built around a cylindrical fuel tank over two meters long containing hypergolic propellants. The spacecraft is equipped with two main engines capable of 500 Newtons of thrust along with 12 thrusters capable of around 20 Newtons of thrust.</p> <div id="attachment_95459" style="width: 1223px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95459" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95459" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534.jpeg" alt width="1213" height="1028" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534.jpeg 1213w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534-350x297.jpeg 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534-413x350.jpeg 413w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534-768x651.jpeg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2534-1170x992.jpeg 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 1213px) 100vw, 1213px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95459" class="wp-caption-text">The SLIM lunar lander undergoing processing before its flight. (Credit: JAXA)</p></div> <p>The spacecraft requires a slow, fuel-efficient trajectory that would take SLIM to the Moon in around four months. This is similar to the HAKUTO-R lander, and unlike larger landers like the Chang’e or Chandrayaan spacecraft which took less time to reach the Moon.</p> <p>Once SLIM reaches lunar orbit, it will spend around a month there before its landing attempt. Unlike the Chandrayaan-3 mission, SLIM is not targeted for the south polar region. The landing site is in Mare Nectaris, and is at 13.3 degrees South latitude, 25.2 degrees East longitude, on the slopes by Shioli crater.</p> <p>When SLIM’s deorbit burn is complete, it will use a system based on face recognition technology to autonomously navigate to its landing site. The spacecraft has an onboard map with observational data from the SELENE orbiter. Using that data, it will compare the terrain features it sees, and it is equipped with a landing radar, laser range finder, and a navigation camera to provide critical information to the integrated computer.</p> <p>A major objective of SLIM is to demonstrate a precision landing to within 100 meters of its target. This capability, if achieved, would enable future landers to reach sites currently not able to be visited by spacecraft. Current lunar landing capabilities are on the order of at least several kilometers as the landing ellipse.</p> <div id="attachment_95460" style="width: 1828px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544.jpeg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95460" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95460" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544.jpeg" alt width="1818" height="662" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544.jpeg 1818w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544-350x127.jpeg 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544-630x229.jpeg 630w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544-768x280.jpeg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2544-1170x426.jpeg 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 1818px) 100vw, 1818px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95460" class="wp-caption-text">The SLIM lunar lander transition from vertical to horizontal as it lands. (Credit: JAXA)</p></div> <p>SLIM will transition to a horizontal position just before landing, and will use five fixed landing legs with crushable aluminum shock absorbers to touch down on the lunar surface. Thin film solar panels mounted on the side opposite the landing legs provide power, while an S-band communication system connects SLIM with Earth.</p> <p>The spacecraft is equipped with a multi-band spectral camera that is designed to measure the composition of rocks surrounding the landing site. It is hoped that mineralogy measurements can help scientists piece together how the Moon formed.</p> <div id="attachment_95461" style="width: 910px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2533.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-95461" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-95461" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2533.png" alt width="900" height="675" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2533.png 900w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2533-350x263.png 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2533-467x350.png 467w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_2533-768x576.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-95461" class="wp-caption-text">The LEV-1 and LEV-2 probes that will work on the lunar surface after separation from SLIM. (Credit: JAXA)</p></div> <p>A small probe known as the Lunar Exploration Vehicle-1 is to separate from SLIM just before landing and image the site. SLIM is also carrying the ball-shaped SORA-Q mini-rover, also known as Lunar Exploration Vehicle-2, that was designed by Tomy, the Japanese toy maker who invented the transformers toys.</p> <p>In addition, NASA has provided a mirror reflector to enable precise measurement of the distance between Earth and the landing site, similar to the ones aboard Chandrayaan-3 and the Apollo missions.</p> <p>A stretch goal for SLIM is to conduct operations until lunar sunset. Lunar daylight at a given location lasts around 14 Earth days, and once the sun sets the lunar surface can reach a temperature of minus 130 degrees Celsius.</p> <div id="attachment_82904" style="width: 2570px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-scaled.jpg" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-82904" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-82904" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-scaled.jpg" alt width="2560" height="1707" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-350x233.jpg 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-525x350.jpg 525w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-768x512.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-1170x780.jpg 1170w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-585x390.jpg 585w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/FCl7ZQ1VEAEH6Qm-263x175.jpg 263w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-82904" class="wp-caption-text">Launch of H-IIA F44. (Credit: MHI Launch Services)</p></div> <p><strong>H-IIA retirement</strong></p> <p>The H-II family has been Japan’s workhorse launch vehicle for nearly 30 years. The H-II’s first flight was in 1994, while the H-IIA first flew in 2001 after the H-II was retired following a launch failure in 1999.</p> <p>The H-IIB first flew in 2009 for HTV cargo ships to ISS and last flew in 2020 . The H-II family overall has launched communications and weather satellites, lunar and interplanetary probes, and military reconnaissance satellites along with other payloads.</p> <p>The H-IIA is the only vehicle still active in the H-II family of rockets, and the H3 is due to replace it. However, the H3’s first flight in March of this year ended in failure, and the second stage was implicated in the failure. The H3 second stage is very similar to the H-IIA’s, so common failure modes had to be cleared before the XRISM/SLIM launch could fly.</p> <div id="attachment_91422" style="width: 4010px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF.png" data-rel="penci-gallery-image-content"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-91422" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-91422" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF.png" alt width="4000" height="2400" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF.png 4000w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF-350x210.png 350w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF-583x350.png 583w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF-768x461.png 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF-1920x1152.png 1920w, https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317im_/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/H3-launch-jun-2020-15-NSF-1170x702.png 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 4000px) 100vw, 4000px"/></a><p id="caption-attachment-91422" class="wp-caption-text">Rendering of the H3 rocket in flight, sporting 2 SRB-3 boosters in its H3-24 configuration. (Credit: Mack Crawford for NSF/L2)</p></div> <p>After this flight, the H-IIA is slated to fly the GOSAT-GW greenhouse gas monitoring satellite no earlier than December 2023 and the Japanese military IGS-Optical 8 and IGS-Radar 8 reconnaissance spacecraft no earlier than April 2024. If all goes well, the H-IIA would end its career with 49 successful launches in 50 attempts, with the only failure being in 2003 due to the loss of an SRB separation system.</p> <p>The H-IIA joins the Ariane 5 among the major launch vehicles being retired in 2023. JAXA is working to return the H3 to flight and the timetable for this is not currently known. Once the H3’s issues are resolved, it is set to become Japan’s main launcher for important missions to ISS, civilian and military weather, communications, and observation satellites, and future lunar and interplanetary flights.</p> <p>(<em>Lead image: HII-A launches XRISM and SLIM. Credit: JAXA)</em></p> <div class="penci-single-link-pages"> </div> <div class="post-tags"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/tag/jaxa/" rel="tag">JAXA</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/tag/nasa/" rel="tag">NASA</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/tag/slim/" rel="tag">SLIM</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/tag/telescope/" rel="tag">Telescope</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/tag/xrism/" rel="tag">XRISM</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tags-share-box single-post-share tags-share-box-s1 center-box social-align-default disable-btnplus post-share"> <span class="post-share-item post-share-plike"> <span class="count-number-like">1</span><a href="#" aria-label="Like this post" class="penci-post-like single-like-button" 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class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-03T16:08:08-05:00">September 3, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/commercial/">Commercial</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-04-05-19-12-344-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/crew-6-splashdown/" title="SpaceX Crew-6 returns to Earth after six-month ISS Stay"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/crew-6-splashdown/" title="SpaceX Crew-6 returns to Earth after six-month ISS Stay">SpaceX Crew-6 returns to Earth after six-month ISS…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-02T22:14:31-05:00">September 2, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/featured/">Featured</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV">India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-01T19:50:40-05:00">September 1, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-4"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/F5JkWPdW4AARi03-263x175.jpeg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/launch-roundup-03092023/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with Starlink Group 6-12; China to launch three missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/launch-roundup-03092023/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with Starlink Group 6-12; China to launch three missions">Launch Roundup: SpaceX surpass 2022’s launch count with…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-03T16:08:08-05:00">September 3, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/lYMF4ZZ-263x175.png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/china-roundup-20-2/" title="Multiple remote sensing satellite launched from China, as launch cadence increases"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/china-roundup-20-2/" title="Multiple remote sensing satellite launched from China, as launch cadence increases">Multiple remote sensing satellite launched from China, as…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-20T16:35:19-05:00">August 20, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F22H0e1XwAAhJl8-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-081623/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX launches Starlink Group 6-10"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-081623/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX launches Starlink Group 6-10">Launch Roundup: SpaceX launches Starlink Group 6-10</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-16T14:34:40-05:00">August 16, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/chinese/">Chinese</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/photo_2023-08-07_18-11-30-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight">Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-07T14:49:28-05:00">August 7, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-12"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Solar_Orbiter_reaches_first_perihelion-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/solar-orbiter-picoflare/" title="Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel the production of solar wind">Solar Orbiter discovers plasma jets that could fuel…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-04T14:45:57-05:00">September 4, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Space_Rider_pillars-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/space-rider-update/" title="ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter of 2025, program manager says"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/space-rider-update/" title="ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter of 2025, program manager says">ESA’s Space Rider likely to launch third quarter…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-26T20:20:19-05:00">August 26, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/europe/">European</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Understanding_Earth_s_winds_pillars-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/esa-aeolus-reentry/" title="ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’ of space tech and safety">ESA’s Aeolus assisted reentry is ‘pushing the limits’…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-28T11:15:56-05:00">July 28, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-756"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/NSF-2023-09-02-07-23-55-644-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/" title="India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV">India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-09-01T19:50:40-05:00">September 1, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NSF-2023-07-30-05-44-33-107-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite, Rocket Lab’s Electron to complete 40th flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/launch-roundup-24/" title="Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite, Rocket Lab’s Electron to complete 40th flight">Launch roundup: Falcon Heavy launches largest GEO satellite,…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-25T16:52:32-05:00">July 25, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/indian/">Indian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/DSC_4995-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/07/lanch-roundup-071123/" title="Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights – China launches methane powered ZQ-2">Launch Roundup: SpaceX finishes Starlink v1 flights –…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-07-14T12:03:16-05:00">July 14, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-row penci-mega-5"> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/F3w5ZWga4AA3a2k-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-082123/" title="Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt, SpaceX launch back-to-back missions">Launch Roundup: North Korea has failed launch attempt,…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-21T13:01:33-05:00">August 21, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/R-3-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-fails-to-land/" title="Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s next?">Looking past Luna 25’s lunar landing failure: what’s…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-20T17:43:26-05:00">August 20, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/NSF-2023-08-11-00-18-05-442-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-25-mission-launch/" title="Luna 25: the first Russian spacecraft in 47 years heading to the moon"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/luna-25-mission-launch/" title="Luna 25: the first Russian spacecraft in 47 years heading to the moon">Luna 25: the first Russian spacecraft in 47…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-10T15:33:12-05:00">August 10, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> <div class="penci-mega-post"> <div class="penci-mega-thumbnail"> <span class="mega-cat-name"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/international/russian/">Russian</a> </span> <a class="penci-image-holder penci-lazy" data-bgset="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/photo_2023-08-07_18-11-30-263x175.jpg" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight"> </a> </div> <div class="penci-mega-meta"> <h3 class="post-mega-title"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/08/launch-roundup-080623/" title="Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with Luna 25 mission, Virgin Galactic completes first fully private space tourism flight">Launch Roundup: Russia returns to the Moon with…</a> </h3> <p class="penci-mega-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2023-08-07T14:49:28-05:00">August 7, 2023</time></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent penci-megapos-flexible penci-mega-menu menu-item-has-children menu-item-53581"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/">Other</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item-0"><div class="penci-megamenu normal-cat-menu penc-menu-53581"> <div class="penci-mega-child-categories hihi"> <a class="mega-cat-child cat-active all-style" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/" data-id="penci-mega-1"><span>All</span></a> <a class="mega-cat-child" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051317/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/news/other/science/" 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