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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Anglo-Saxon in modern usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxon_in_modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other European ethnicities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_European_ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Wealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Social values </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_Register" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Register"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Social Register </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Register-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social and political influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_political_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and political influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Post–World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostile_epithet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostile_epithet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hostile epithet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostile_epithet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="واسب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واسب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP_(etnograf%C3%ADa)" title="WASP (etnografía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="WASP (etnografía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="واسپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واسپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="לבנים אנגלו-סקסים פרוטסטנטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבנים אנגלו-סקסים פרוטסטנטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltie_anglosak%C5%A1u_protestanti" title="Baltie anglosakšu protestanti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltie anglosakšu protestanti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9r_angolsz%C3%A1sz_protest%C3%A1ns" title="Fehér angolszász protestáns – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehér angolszász protestáns" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="بروتستانت انجلوساكسون بيض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروتستانت انجلوساكسون بيض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP" title="WASP – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="WASP" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Белые англосаксонские протестанты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белые англосаксонские протестанты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Бијели англосаксонски протестанти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бијели англосаксонски протестанти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP_(sana)" title="WASP (sana) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="WASP (sana)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz_Anglo-Sakson_Protestan" title="Beyaz Anglo-Sakson Protestan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyaz Anglo-Sakson Protestan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Білі англосаксонські протестанти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білі англосаксонські протестанти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="白人盎格魯-撒克遜新教徒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白人盎格魯-撒克遜新教徒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q256898#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sociological category in the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WASP" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/WASP_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="WASP (disambiguation)">WASP (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG/220px-One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG/330px-One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG/440px-One_World_Trade_Center_and_Trinity_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The old and prominent <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> near the moneyed center of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> has been seen as embodying the prominence of White Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> culture in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants or Wealthy Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) is a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> term which is often used to describe <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Americans">Protestant Americans</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> descent (sometimes more broadly of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern European</a> descent), who are generally part of the white <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">upper-class</a> and historically often the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">elite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Historically or most consistently, WASPs are of <a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British descent</a>, though the definition of WASP varies in this respect.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-4">[4]</a> It was seen to be in exclusionary contrast to Catholics, Jews, Irish, immigrants, southern or eastern Europeans, and the non-White. WASPs have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States. Critics have disparaged them as "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Allen_1975-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Although the social influence of wealthy WASPs has declined since the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> the group continues to play a central role in American finance, politics, and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy_in_the_United_States" title="Philanthropy in the United States">philanthropy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann_2004-10">[10]</a> WASP is also used for similar elites in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Careless297-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fee_&_McAlpine-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ludowyk-14">[14]</a> The 1998 <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Unabridged_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Unabridged Dictionary</a> says the term is "sometimes disparaging and offensive".<a href="#cite_note-dictionary.com-15">[15]</a> Anglo-Saxon refers to people of <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English ancestry</a>; however, some sociologists and commentators use WASP more broadly to include all White <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant Americans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glassman_Swatos_Denison-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_definition">Naming and definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and definition">edit</a>]</div> In the early Middle Ages Anglian and Saxon kingdoms were established over most of England, ('land of the Angles'). After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a> in 1066, Anglo-Saxon refers to the pre-invasion English people. Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hacker" title="Andrew Hacker">Andrew Hacker</a> used the term WASP in 1957, with W standing for 'wealthy' rather than '<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>'. The P formed a humorous epithet to imply "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/waspishness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:waspishness">waspishness</a>" or someone likely to make sharp, slightly cruel remarks.<a href="#cite_note-Allen_1975-5">[5]</a> Describing the class of Americans that held "national power in its economic, political, and social aspects", Hacker wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">These 'old' Americans possess, for the most part, some common characteristics. First of all, they are 'WASPs'—in the cocktail party jargon of the sociologists. That is, they are wealthy, they are Anglo-Saxon in origin, and they are Protestants (and disproportionately <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hacker_1957-18">[18]</a></blockquote> An earlier usage appeared in the African-American newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Amsterdam_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Amsterdam News">The New York Amsterdam News</a> in 1948, when author <a href="/wiki/Stetson_Kennedy" title="Stetson Kennedy">Stetson Kennedy</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In America, we find the WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) ganging up to take their frustrations out on whatever minority group happens to be handy — whether Negro, Catholic, Jewish, Japanese or whatnot.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-19">[19]</a></blockquote> The term was later popularized by sociologist and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> professor <a href="/wiki/E._Digby_Baltzell" title="E. Digby Baltzell">E. Digby Baltzell</a>, himself a WASP, in his 1964 book The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America. Baltzell stressed the closed or caste-like characteristic of the group by arguing that "There is a crisis in American leadership in the middle of the twentieth century that is partly due, I think, to the declining authority of an establishment which is now based on an increasingly castelike White-Anglo Saxon-Protestant (WASP) upper class."<a href="#cite_note-Baltzell_1964_9-20">[20]</a> Citing <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book The Power of Their Glory, "As befits a church that belongs to the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, Episcopalianism has the United Kingdom to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church."<a href="#cite_note-Konolige_1978_28-21">[21]</a> WASP is also used in Australia and Canada for similar elites.<a href="#cite_note-Careless297-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fee_&_McAlpine-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ludowyk-14">[14]</a> WASPs traditionally have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">Congregationalist</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> denominations; however, the term has expanded to include other Protestant denominations as well.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_&_Pyle-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_in_modern_usage">Anglo-Saxon in modern usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon in modern usage">edit</a>]</div> The concept of Anglo-Saxonism, and especially Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, evolved in the late 19th century, especially among American Protestant missionaries eager to transform the world. Historian Richard Kyle says: <blockquote>Protestantism had not yet split into two mutually hostile camps – the liberals and fundamentalists. Of great importance, evangelical Protestantism still dominated the cultural scene. American values bore the stamp of this Anglo-Saxon Protestant ascendancy. The political, cultural, religious, and intellectual leaders of the nation were largely of a Northern European Protestant stock, and they propagated public morals compatible with their background.<a href="#cite_note-Kyle-23">[23]</a></blockquote> Before WASP came into use in the 1960s, the term Anglo-Saxon served some of the same purposes. Like the newer term WASP, the older term Anglo-Saxon was used derisively by writers hostile to an informal alliance between Britain and the U.S. The negative connotation was especially common among <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> and writers in France. Anglo-Saxon, meaning in effect the whole <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, remains a term favored by the French, used disapprovingly in contexts such as criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a> of close diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the UK and complaints about perceived "Anglo-Saxon" cultural or political dominance. In December 1918, after victory in the World War, President Woodrow Wilson told a British official in London: "You must not speak of us who come over here as cousins, still less as brothers; we are neither. Neither must you think of us as Anglo-Saxons, for that term can no longer be rightly applied to the people of the United States....There are only two things which can establish and maintain closer relations between your country and mine: they are community of ideals and of interests."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The term remains in use in Ireland as a term for the British or English, and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Nationalist">Scottish Nationalist</a> discourse. Irish-American humorist <a href="/wiki/Finley_Peter_Dunne" title="Finley Peter Dunne">Finley Peter Dunne</a> popularized the ridicule of "Anglo-Saxons", even calling President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> one. Roosevelt insisted he was Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Gossett-25">[25]</a> "To be genuinely Irish is to challenge WASP dominance", argues California politician <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayden-26">[26]</a> The depiction of the Irish in the films of <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> was a counterpoint to WASP standards of rectitude. "The procession of rambunctious and feckless Celts through Ford's films, Irish and otherwise, was meant to cock a snoot at WASP or '<a href="/wiki/Lace_curtain_and_shanty_Irish" title="Lace curtain and shanty Irish">lace-curtain Irish</a>' ideas of respectability."<a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-27">[27]</a> In Australia, Anglo or Anglo-Saxon refers to people of English descent, while <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> includes people of Irish, Welsh, and Scottish descent.<a href="#cite_note-Dixson-28">[28]</a> In France, Anglo-Saxon refers to the combined impact of Britain and the United States on European affairs. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> repeatedly sought to "rid France of Anglo-Saxon influence".<a href="#cite_note-Newhouse-29">[29]</a> The term is used with more nuance in discussions by French writers on French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.<a href="#cite_note-Chabal_2013-30">[30]</a> Outside of Anglophone countries, the term Anglo-Saxon and its translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Variations include the German Angelsachsen,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> French le modèle anglo-saxon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChabal201335-32">[32]</a> Spanish anglosajón,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Dutch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelsaksisch_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelsaksisch model (page does not exist)">Angelsaksisch model</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelsaksisch_model" class="extiw" title="nl:Angelsaksisch model">nl</a>] and Italian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paesi_anglosassoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paesi anglosassoni (page does not exist)">Paesi anglosassoni</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_anglosassoni" class="extiw" title="it:Paesi anglosassoni">it</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century">Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century</a></div> In the nineteenth century, Anglo-Saxons was often used as a synonym for all people of English descent and sometimes more generally, for all the English-speaking peoples of the world. It was often used in implying superiority, much to the annoyance of outsiders. For example, American clergyman <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Strong" title="Josiah Strong">Josiah Strong</a> boasted in 1890: <blockquote>In 1700 this race numbered less than 6,000,000 souls. In 1800, Anglo-Saxons (I use the term somewhat broadly to include all English-speaking peoples) had increased to about 20,500,000, and now, in 1890, they number more than 120,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-Strong_1885-34">[34]</a></blockquote> In 1893, Strong envisioned a future "new era" of triumphant Anglo-Saxonism: <blockquote>Is it not reasonable to believe that this race is destined to dispossess many weaker ones, assimilate others, and mould the remainder until... it has Anglo-Saxonized mankind?<a href="#cite_note-Strong_1893-35">[35]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_European_ethnicities">Other European ethnicities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other European ethnicities">edit</a>]</div> The popular and sociological usage of the term WASP has sometimes expanded to include not just "Anglo-Saxon" or <a href="/wiki/English-American" class="mw-redirect" title="English-American">English-American</a> elites but also American people of other Protestant <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern European</a> origin, including Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann_2004-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright_2004-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SAGE_Reference-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Ulster Scots or "Scotch-Irish" Americans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-king-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Americans">Scandinavian Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glassman_Swatos_Denison-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lavender-39">[39]</a> A 1969 <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> article stated, "purists like to confine Wasps to descendants of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>; less exacting analysts are willing to throw in Scandinavians, Netherlanders and Germans."<a href="#cite_note-Coming_Back-40">[40]</a> The sociologist Charles H. Anderson writes, "Scandinavians are second-class WASPs" but know it is "better to be a second-class WASP than a non-WASP".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1970-41">[41]</a> Sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey described the further expansion of the term's meaning: <blockquote>The term WASP has many meanings. In sociology it reflects that segment of the U.S. population that founded the nation and traced their heritages to...Northwestern Europe. The term...has become more inclusive. To many people, WASP now includes most 'white' people who are not ... members of any minority group.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-42">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</blockquote> Apart from Protestant English, British, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian Americans, other ethnic groups frequently included under the label WASP include Americans of <a href="/wiki/French_Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="French Huguenot">French Huguenot</a> descent,<a href="#cite_note-Lavender-39">[39]</a> Protestant Americans of <a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a> European descent in general,<a href="#cite_note-Van_den_Berghe-43">[43]</a> and established Protestant American families of a "mix" of or of "vague" <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> Northwestern European heritages.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_&_Borders-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance until the late twentieth century at the earliest.<a href="#cite_note-Allison-45">[45]</a> Numbers of the most <a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">wealthy and affluent American families</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Philadelphians" title="Old Philadelphians">Old Philadelphians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">Lowcountry</a> <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">old money</a>, were WASPs.<a href="#cite_note-Allison-45">[45]</a> Commitment to the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, but few were interested in adopting a <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-European identity</a> for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. However, in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of the United States should be. While the more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started moving towards institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-Allison-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg/260px-HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg/390px-HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg/520px-HarvardElizaSusanQuincy1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> was primarily white and Protestant into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Karabel-47">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> Some of the first colleges and <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> in America, including <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McCaughey2003-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-history-lesson-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Duke_University's_Relation_to_the_Methodist_Church-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boston_University_-_Religious_Affiliation-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a>, all were founded by mainline Protestant denominations. Expensive, private <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">prep schools</a> and universities have historically been associated with WASPs. Colleges such as the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ivies" title="Little Ivies">Little Ivies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(colleges)" title="Seven Sisters (colleges)">Seven Sisters</a> colleges are particularly intertwined with the culture.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein_2003-58">[58]</a> Until roughly World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of white Protestants. While admission to these schools is generally based upon merit, many of these universities give a <a href="/wiki/Legacy_admissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy admissions">legacy preference</a> for the children of alumni in order to link elite families (and their wealth) with the school. These legacy admissions allowed for the continuation of WASP influence on important sectors of the US.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Members of Protestant denominations associated with WASPs have some of the highest proportions of <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">advanced degrees</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, with 76% of those polled having some college education, and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church</a>, with 64%.<a href="#cite_note-Faith,_Education_and_Income-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Changing-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Zuckerman" title="Harriet Zuckerman">Harriet Zuckerman</a>, between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prize</a> laureates have come from a Protestant background,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> mostly from Episcopalian, Presbyterian or Lutheran background, while Protestants made up roughly 67% of the US population during that period.<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-64">[64]</a> Of Nobel prizes awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972, 84.2% of those in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-64">[64]</a> 60% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-64">[64]</a> and 58.6% in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-64">[64]</a> were awarded to Protestants. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington,_D_C_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington%2C_D_C_1.jpg/220px-Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington%2C_D_C_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington%2C_D_C_1.jpg/330px-Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington%2C_D_C_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington%2C_D_C_1.jpg/440px-Washington_National_Cathedral_in_Washington%2C_D_C_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>, the Episcopal cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> The White Anglo-Saxon Protestant upper class has largely held <a href="/wiki/Church_membership" title="Church membership">church membership</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> denominations of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer2008-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-3">[3]</a> Citing <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book The Power of Their Glory, "As befits a church that belongs to the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, Episcopalianism has the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church."<a href="#cite_note-Konolige_1978_28-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> From 1854 until about 1964, white Protestants were predominantly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baltzell_1964_9-20">[20]</a> More recently, the group is split more evenly between the Republican and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-Deep_Dive-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wealth">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">Presbyterians</a> are among the wealthiest religious groups and were formerly disproportionately represented in American business, law, and politics.<a href="#cite_note-Hacker_1957-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allen_1975-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a> in the United States was typically associated with WASP status,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> particularly with the Episcopal and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> Church.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">wealthiest and most affluent American families</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astor_family" title="Astor family">Astors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefellers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-W._Williams-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Ponts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_family" title="Forbes family">Forbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford family">Fords</a>,<a href="#cite_note-W._Williams-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mellon_family" title="Mellon family">Mellons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-W._Williams-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitney_family" title="Whitney family">Whitneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_family" title="Morgan family">Morgans</a>, and Harrimans are white primarily <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> families.<a href="#cite_note-Ayres-67">[67]</a> According to a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, Episcopalians ranked as the third wealthiest religious group in the United States, with 35% of Episcopalians living in households with incomes of at least $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Presbyterians ranked as the fourth most financially successful religious group in the United States, with 32% of Presbyterians living in households with incomes of at least $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg/220px-Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg/330px-Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg/440px-Beacon_Hill_and_Massachusetts_State_House_P1010887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill, Boston</a>: a preeminent <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmin</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg/220px-Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg/330px-Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg/440px-Upper_East_Side_NYC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>View of Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a>, which has traditionally been dominated by WASP families<a href="#cite_note-Auzias-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calhoun-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmins</a>, who were regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites, were often associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">American upper class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and the Episcopal Church.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Like other sociological groups, WASPs tend to concentrate within close proximity of each other. These areas are often exclusive and associated with top schools, high incomes, well-established church communities, and high real-estate values.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] For example, in the Detroit area, WASPs predominantly possessed the wealth that came from the new automotive industry. After the <a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">1967 Detroit riot</a>, they tended to congregate in the <a href="/wiki/Grosse_Pointe" title="Grosse Pointe">Grosse Pointe</a> suburbs. In the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a>, white Protestants primarily reside in the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Chicago)" title="North Shore (Chicago)">North Shore suburbs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barrington,_Illinois" title="Barrington, Illinois">Barrington</a> area in the northwest suburbs, and in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois" title="DuPage County, Illinois">DuPage County</a> in the western suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-Higley-80">[80]</a> Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> has been dominated by wealthy White Anglo-Saxon Protestant families.<a href="#cite_note-Auzias-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calhoun-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_values">Social values</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social values">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a>, a columnist for The New York Times who attended an Episcopal prep school, writes that WASPs took pride in "good posture, genteel manners, personal hygiene, pointless discipline, the ability to sit still for long periods of time."<a href="#cite_note-Brooks_2011-81">[81]</a> According to the essayist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Epstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Epstein (writer)">Joseph Epstein</a>, WASPs developed a style of understated quiet leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein_2017-82">[82]</a> A common practice of WASP families is presenting their daughters of marriageable age (traditionally at the age of 17 or 18 years old) at a <a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">débutante ball</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Debutante_Ball" title="International Debutante Ball">International Debutante Ball</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf Astoria Hotel">Waldorf Astoria Hotel</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Register">Social Register</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social Register">edit</a>]</div> America's social elite was a small, closed group. The leadership was well-known to the readers of newspaper society pages, but in larger cities it was hard to remember everyone, or to keep track of the new <a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">debutantes</a> and marriages.<a href="#cite_note-Marling-84">[84]</a> The solution was the <a href="/wiki/Social_Register" title="Social Register">Social Register</a>, which listed the names and addresses of about 1 percent of the population. Most were WASPs, and they included families who mingled at the same private clubs, attended the right teas and <a href="/wiki/Cotillion" title="Cotillion">cotillions</a>, worshipped together at prestige churches, funded the proper charities, lived in exclusive neighborhoods, and sent their daughters to finishing schools<a href="#cite_note-Pressly-85">[85]</a> and their sons away to <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">prep schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cookson-86">[86]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In the heyday of WASP dominance, the Social Register delineated high society. According to The New York Times, its influence had faded by the late 20th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Once, the Social Register was a juggernaut in New York social circles... Nowadays, however, with the waning of the WASP elite as a social and political force, the register's role as an arbiter of who counts and who doesn't is almost an anachronism. In Manhattan, where charity galas are at the center of the social season, the organizing committees are studded with luminaries from publishing, Hollywood and Wall Street and family lineage is almost irrelevant.<a href="#cite_note-Sargent-87">[87]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, The New York Times reported that there was a rising interest in the WASP culture.<a href="#cite_note-Schillinger-88">[88]</a> In their review of Susanna Salk's A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style, they stated that Salk "is serious about defending the virtues of WASP values, and their contribution to American culture."<a href="#cite_note-Schillinger-88">[88]</a> By the 1980s, brands such as <a href="/wiki/Lacoste" title="Lacoste">Lacoste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation" title="Ralph Lauren Corporation">Ralph Lauren</a> and their logos became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Preppy" title="Preppy">preppy</a> fashion style which was associated with WASP culture.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_influence">Social and political influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social and political influence">edit</a>]</div> The term WASP became associated with an <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> in the United States due to over-representation of WASPs in the upper echelons of society. Until the mid–20th century, industries such as banks, insurance, railroads, utilities, and manufacturing were dominated by WASPs.<a href="#cite_note-Pyle_2008-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> were mostly educated, well-to-do, of <a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British ancestry</a>, and Protestants. According to a study of the biographies of signers of the Declaration of Independence by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Robbins" title="Caroline Robbins">Caroline Robbins</a>: <blockquote>The Signers came for the most part from an educated elite, were residents of older settlements, and belonged with a few exceptions to a moderately well-to-do class representing only a fraction of the population. Native or born overseas, they were of British stock and of the Protestant faith.<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_Richard-92">[92]</a></blockquote> Catholics in the Northeast and the Midwest—mostly immigrants and their descendants from <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Germany</a> as well as southern and eastern Europe—came to dominate <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> politics in big cities through the ward <a href="/wiki/Boss_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Boss system">boss system</a>. Catholic politicians were often the target of WASP political hostility.<a href="#cite_note-Coming_Back-40">[40]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Eric Kaufmann</a> argues that "the 1920s marked the high tide of WASP control".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann200466-93">[93]</a> In 1965, Canadian sociologist John Porter, in The Vertical Mosaic, argued that British origins were disproportionately represented in the higher echelons of Canadian class, income, political power, the clergy, the media, etc. However, more recently, Canadian scholars have traced the decline of the WASP elite.<a href="#cite_note-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II">Post–World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post–World War II">edit</a>]</div> According to Ralph E. Pyle: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A number of analysts have suggested that WASP dominance of the institutional order has become a thing of the past. The accepted wisdom is that after World War II, the selection of individuals for leadership positions was increasingly based on factors such as motivation and training rather than ethnicity and social lineage.<a href="#cite_note-Pyle_2008-90">[90]</a></blockquote> Many reasons have been given for the decline of WASP power, and books have been written detailing it.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Self-imposed diversity incentives opened the country's most elite schools.<a href="#cite_note-Zweigenhaft-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/GI_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="GI Bill">GI Bill</a> brought higher education to new ethnic arrivals, who found middle class jobs in the postwar economic expansion. Nevertheless, white Protestants remain influential in the country's cultural, political, and economic elite. Scholars typically agree that the group's influence has waned since 1945, with the growing influence of other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann_2004-10">[10]</a> After 1945, Catholics and Jews made strong inroads in getting jobs in the federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>, which was once dominated by those from Protestant backgrounds, especially the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, a Catholic school, made a systematic effort to place graduates in diplomatic career tracks. By the 1990s, there were "roughly the same proportion of WASPs, Catholics, and Jews at the elite levels of the federal civil service, and a greater proportion of Jewish and Catholic elites among corporate lawyers."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The political scientist Theodore P. Wright Jr., argues that while the Anglo ethnicity of the U.S. presidents from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> through <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> is evidence for the continued cultural dominance of WASPs, assimilation and social mobility, along with the ambiguity of the term, has led the WASP class to survive only by "incorporating other groups [so] that it is no longer the same group" that existed in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wright_2004-36">[36]</a> Very few Jewish lawyers were hired by White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ("WASP") upscale <a href="/wiki/White-shoe_firm" title="White-shoe firm">white-shoe law firms</a>, but they started their own. The WASP dominance in law ended when a number of major Jewish law firms attained elite status in dealing with top-ranked corporations. Most white-shoe firms also excluded Roman Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As late as 1950 there was not a single large Jewish law firm in New York City. However, by 1965 six of the 20 largest firms were Jewish; by 1980 four of the ten largest were Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Two famous confrontations signifying a decline in WASP dominance were the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts, in which <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gronnerund-102">[102]</a> and the 1964 challenge by Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>—an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> who had solid WASP credentials through his mother, but whose father was Jewish, and was seen by some as part of the Jewish community<a href="#cite_note-The_Goldwaters-104">[104]</a>—to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and the Eastern Republican establishment,<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-105">[105]</a> which led to the liberal <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republican</a> wing of the party being marginalized by the 1980s, overwhelmed by the dominance of Southern and Western conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-Rae-106">[106]</a> However, asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?", journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians, ending with Republicans <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush, elected in 2000 and 2004, and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Strochlic-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kenny" title="Mary Kenny">Mary Kenny</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, although famous as the first Black president, exemplifies highly controlled "unemotional delivery" and "rational detachment" characteristic of WASP personality traits. Indeed, he attended upper class schools such as Columbia and Harvard, and was raised by his WASP mother <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">the Dunham grandparents</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">family</a> that dates to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Singletary_Dunham" title="Jonathan Singletary Dunham">Jonathan Singletary Dunham</a>, born in Massachusetts in 1640.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Inderjeet Parmar and Mark Ledwidge argue that Obama pursued a typically WASP-inspired foreign policy of liberal internationalism.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In the 1970s, a <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine study found one-in-five of the country's largest businesses and one-in-three of its largest banks was run by an Episcopalian.<a href="#cite_note-Ayres-67">[67]</a> More recent studies indicate a still-disproportionate, though somewhat reduced, influence of WASPs among economic elites.<a href="#cite_note-Pyle_2008-90">[90]</a> The reversal of WASP fortune was exemplified by the Supreme Court. Historically, the great majority of its justices were of WASP heritage. The exceptions included seven Catholics and two Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidhauser-112">[112]</a> Since the 1960s, an increasing number of non-WASP justices have been appointed to the Court.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> From 2010 to 2017, the Court had no Protestant members, until the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, once a WASP stronghold, has changed radically: only 30% of its undergraduates in 2007 were of European origin (including WASPs and all other Europeans), and 63% of undergraduates at the university were from immigrant families (where at least one parent was an immigrant), especially Asian.<a href="#cite_note-Douglass-116">[116]</a> Once also a WASP bastion, as of 2010 Harvard University enrolled 9,289 <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic white">non-Hispanic white</a> students (44%, of which approximately 30% were Jewish), 2,658 <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian American</a> students (13%), 1,239 <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> students (6%), and 1,198 <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> students (6%).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> A significant shift of American economic activity toward the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> during the latter part of the 20th century and an increasingly globalized economy have also contributed to the decline in power held by Northeastern WASPs. James D. Davidson et al. argued in 1995 that while WASPs were no longer solitary among the American elite, members of the Patrician class remained markedly prevalent within the current power structure.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_&_Pyle-22">[22]</a> Other analysts have argued that the extent of the decrease in WASP dominance has been overstated. In response to increasing claims of fading WASP dominance, Davidson, using data on American elites in political and economic spheres, concluded in 1994 that, while the WASP and Protestant establishment had lost some of its earlier prominence, WASPs and Protestants were still vastly overrepresented among America's elite.<a href="#cite_note-Wright_2004-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-119">[119]</a> In August 2012 the New York Times, reviewed the religion of the fifteen top national leaders: the presidential and vice-presidential nominees, the Supreme Court justices, the House Speaker, and the Senate majority leader. There were nine Catholics (six justices, both vice-presidential candidates, and the Speaker), three Jews (all from the Supreme Court), two Mormons (including the Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>) and one African-American Protestant (incumbent President Barack Obama). There were no white Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostile_epithet">Hostile epithet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hostile epithet">edit</a>]</div> Sociologist John W. Dykstra in 1958 described the "white Anglo-Saxon Protestant" as "Mr. Bigot".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marty" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Marty">Martin Marty</a> said in 1991 that WASPs "are the one ethnoreligioracial group that all can demean with impunity."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the 21st century, WASP is often applied as a derogatory label to those with <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">social privilege</a> who are perceived to be snobbish and exclusive, such as being members of restrictive private social clubs.<a href="#cite_note-Pyle_2008-90">[90]</a> Kevin M. Schultz stated in 2010 that WASP is "a much-maligned class identity....Today, it signifies an elitist snoot."<a href="#cite_note-Schultz-123">[123]</a> A number of popular jokes ridicule those thought to fit the stereotype.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-124">[124]</a> Occasionally, a writer praises the WASP contribution, as conservative historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brookhiser" title="Richard Brookhiser">Richard Brookhiser</a> did in 1991, when he said the "uptight, bland, and elitist" stereotype obscures the "classic WASP ideals of industry, public service, family duty, and conscience to revitalize the nation."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Likewise, conservative writer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Epstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Epstein (writer)">Joseph Epstein</a> praised WASP history in 2013 and asked, "Are we really better off with a country run by the self-involved, over-schooled products of modern meritocracy?" He deplores how the WASP element lost its self-confidence and came under attack as "The Establishment".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In media">edit</a>]</div> American films, including <a href="/wiki/Annie_Hall" title="Annie Hall">Annie Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Parents" title="Meet the Parents">Meet the Parents</a>, have used the conflicts between WASP families and urban Jewish families for comedic effect.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The 1939 Broadway play <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(play)" title="Arsenic and Old Lace (play)">Arsenic and Old Lace</a>, later adapted into a Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(film)" title="Arsenic and Old Lace (film)">film released in 1944</a>, ridiculed the old American elite. The play and film depict "old-stock British Americans" a decade before they were tagged as WASPS.<a href="#cite_note-Furman-128">[128]</a> The playwright <a href="/wiki/A._R._Gurney" title="A. R. Gurney">A. R. Gurney</a> (1930–2017), himself of WASP heritage, has written a series of plays that have been called "penetratingly witty studies of the WASP ascendancy in retreat".<a href="#cite_note-Teachout-129">[129]</a> Gurney told the Washington Post in 1982: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">WASPs do have a culture – traditions, idiosyncrasies, quirks, particular signals and totems we pass on to one another. But the WASP culture, or at least that aspect of the culture I talk about, is enough in the past so that we can now look at it with some objectivity, smile at it, and even appreciate some of its values. There was a closeness of family, a commitment to duty, to stoic responsibility, which I think we have to say weren't entirely bad.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></blockquote> In Gurney's play <a href="/wiki/The_Cocktail_Hour" title="The Cocktail Hour">The Cocktail Hour</a> (1988), a lead character tells her playwright son that theater critics "don't like us... They resent us. They think we're all Republicans, all superficial and all alcoholics. Only the latter is true."<a href="#cite_note-Teachout-129">[129]</a> Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Whit_Stillman" title="Whit Stillman">Whit Stillman</a>, whose godfather was <a href="/wiki/E._Digby_Baltzell" title="E. Digby Baltzell">E. Digby Baltzell</a>, has made films dealing primarily with WASP characters and subjects. Stillman has been called the "WASP Woody Allen".<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> His debut 1990 film <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_(1990_film)" title="Metropolitan (1990 film)">Metropolitan</a> tells the story of a group of college-age Manhattan socialites during débutante season. A recurring theme of the film is the declining power of the old Protestant élite.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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professional firms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> – Term for people from the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a> – Belief in the superiority of white people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a> – Ideology that seeks to develop a white national identity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFW._Williamls2010" class="citation book cs1">W. Williamls, Peter (2010). Encyclopedia of Religion in America. University of Philadelphia University Press. p. 744. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252009327" title="Special:BookSources/9780252009327"><bdi>9780252009327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+in+America&rft.pages=744&rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780252009327&rft.aulast=W.+Williamls&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarty1976" class="citation book cs1">Marty, Martin E. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2091625">A nation of behavers</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. "the term 'Mainline' may be as unfortunate as the pejorative-sounding WASP, but it is no more likely to fall into disuse and may as well be … Mainline religion had meant simply white Protestant until well into the twentieth century.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50891-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50891-9"><bdi>0-226-50891-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2091625">2091625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+nation+of+behavers&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%22the+term+%27Mainline%27+may+be+as+unfortunate+as+the+pejorative-sounding+WASP%2C+but+it+is+no+more+likely+to+fall+into+disuse+and+may+as+well+be+%E2%80%A6+Mainline+religion+had+meant+simply+white+Protestant+until+well+into+the+twentieth+century.%22&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2091625&rft.isbn=0-226-50891-9&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2091625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21593867">The Mainstream Protestant "decline" : the Presbyterian pattern</a>. Milton J. Coalter, John M. Mulder, Louis Weeks, Donald A. Luidens (1st ed.). Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press. 1990. pp. "Some would say the term 'mainstream' or 'mainline' is itself suspect and embodies ethnocentric and elitist assumptions. ... be dropped in favor of talking about 'liberal' Protestantism, but such a change presents additional problems". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25150-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25150-1"><bdi>0-664-25150-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21593867">21593867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mainstream+Protestant+%22decline%22+%3A+the+Presbyterian+pattern&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Ky.&rft.pages=%22Some+would+say+the+term+%27mainstream%27+or+%27mainline%27+is+itself+suspect+and+embodies+ethnocentric+and+elitist+assumptions.+...+be+dropped+in+favor+of+talking+about+%27liberal%27+Protestantism%2C+but+such+a+change+presents+additional+problems%22&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Westminster%2FJohn+Knox+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21593867&rft.isbn=0-664-25150-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F21593867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Mobei (2015). "WASPs". In Stone, John; et al. (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. Abstract. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118663202.wberen692">10.1002/9781118663202.wberen692</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-66320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-66320-2"><bdi>978-1-118-66320-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WASPs&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=Abstract&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118663202.wberen692&rft.isbn=978-1-118-66320-2&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Mobei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_1975-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1975_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1975_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1975_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1975" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Irving Lewis (1975). "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet". Ethnicity. 2 (2): 153–162. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6139">0095-6139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnicity&rft.atitle=WASP%E2%80%94From+Sociological+Concept+to+Epithet&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-162&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0095-6139&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Irving+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> By the 1950s, the emerging New Left was "thumbing their noses at the stuffy white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant establishment." W. J. Rorabaugh, "Challenging Authority, Seeking Community, and Empowerment in the New Left, Black Power, and Feminism," Journal of Policy History (Jan 1996) vol 8 p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenblatt2012" class="citation web cs1">Greenblatt, Allen (September 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/09/17/161295588/the-end-of-wasp-dominated-politics">"The End Of WASP-Dominated Politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+End+Of+WASP-Dominated+Politics&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.aulast=Greenblatt&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fitsallpolitics%2F2012%2F09%2F17%2F161295588%2Fthe-end-of-wasp-dominated-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Meacham, Jon (October 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.time.com/2012/10/15/the-decline-and-fall-of-the-wasp-president/">"The Decline of the Wasp President"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Wasp+President&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.time.com%2F2012%2F10%2F15%2Fthe-decline-and-fall-of-the-wasp-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2013" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Joseph (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-late-great-american-wasp-1387586625">"The Late, Great American WASP"</a>. Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Late%2C+Great+American+WASP&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-late-great-american-wasp-1387586625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann_2004-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_2004_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_2004_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_2004_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, Eric P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LotDtx2HUxMC&pg=PA61">"The decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada"</a>. In Kaufmann, E.P. (ed.). Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 61–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-41-531542-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-41-531542-5"><bdi>0-41-531542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+decline+of+the+WASP+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Ethnicity%3A+Majority+Groups+and+Dominant+Minorities&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=61-83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-41-531542-5&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLotDtx2HUxMC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless297-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless297_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless297_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareless1996" class="citation book cs1">Careless, J.M.S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgtSO7AzmRYC&pg=PA297">Careless at Work: Selected Canadian historical studies</a>. Dundurn. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554881253" title="Special:BookSources/9781554881253"><bdi>9781554881253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Careless+at+Work%3A+Selected+Canadian+historical+studies&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781554881253&rft.aulast=Careless&rft.aufirst=J.M.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCgtSO7AzmRYC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C.P._Champion_2010_48–49_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2010" class="citation book cs1">Champion, C. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx-UF_9BeusC&pg=PA48">The Strange Demise of British Canada: The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism, 1964–68</a>. 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The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 119 (4): 425–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.119.4.0425">10.5406/jenglgermphil.119.4.0425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6941">0363-6941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jenglgermphil.119.4.0425">10.5406/jenglgermphil.119.4.0425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226756882">226756882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=What+Do+We+Mean+By+Anglo-Saxon%3F+Pre-Conquest+to+the+Present&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-454&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0363-6941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226756882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.119.4.0425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.119.4.0425&rft.aulast=Wilton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.119.4.0425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glassman_Swatos_Denison-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glassman_Swatos_Denison_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glassman_Swatos_Denison_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassmanSwatosDenison2004" class="citation book cs1">Glassman, Ronald; Swatos, William H. 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Transaction Publishers. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0906-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-0906-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelicalism%3A+An+Americanized+Christianity&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-0906-1&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxAgETGXRaMC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Arthur S. 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Irish on the Inside: In Search of the Soul of Irish America. Verso Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8598-4477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8598-4477-9"><bdi>978-1-8598-4477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+on+the+Inside%3A+In+Search+of+the+Soul+of+Irish+America&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8598-4477-9&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonsHopperHumphreys2002" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Luke; Hopper, Keith; Humphreys, Gráinne (2002). The Quiet Man. Cork University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8591-8287-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-8591-8287-9"><bdi>1-8591-8287-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Man&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cork+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-8591-8287-9&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Hopper%2C+Keith&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Gr%C3%A1inne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixson-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixson_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Dixson" title="Miriam Dixson">Dixson, Miriam</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXTw9BTUIBMC&pg=PA35">The Imaginary Australian: Anglo-Celts and Identity, 1788 to the Present</a>. UNSW Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8684-0665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8684-0665-7"><bdi>978-0-8684-0665-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imaginary+Australian%3A+Anglo-Celts+and+Identity%2C+1788+to+the+Present&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8684-0665-7&rft.aulast=Dixson&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXTw9BTUIBMC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newhouse-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Newhouse_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhouse1970" class="citation book cs1">Newhouse, John (1970). De Gaulle and the Anglo-Saxons. London: Andre Deutsch. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2339-6162-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-2339-6162-3"><bdi>0-2339-6162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gaulle+and+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-2339-6162-3&rft.aulast=Newhouse&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chabal_2013-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Chabal_2013_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chabal, Emile (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/echabal/ecanglosaxon.pdf">"The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century"</a> (PDF). French Politics, Culture & Society. 31: 24–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2013.310102">10.3167/fpcs.2013.310102</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235030/http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/echabal/ecanglosaxon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Anglo-Saxon%3A+French+Perceptions+of+the+Anglo-American+World+in+the+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=24-46&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2013.310102&rft.aulast=Chabal&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homepages.ed.ac.uk%2Fechabal%2Fecanglosaxon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkelvoss2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winkelvoss, Peter (2006). Die Weltherrschaft der Angelsachsen : Aufstieg und Niedergang des anglo-amerikanischen Systems [Anglo-Saxon world domination: the rise and fall of the Anglo-American system] (in German). Tübingen: Grabert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87847-227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87847-227-8"><bdi>978-3-87847-227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Weltherrschaft+der+Angelsachsen+%3A+Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+des+anglo-amerikanischen+Systems&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Grabert&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-87847-227-8&rft.aulast=Winkelvoss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChabal201335-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChabal201335_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChabal2013">Chabal (2013)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deconceptos.com/ciencias-sociales/anglosajon">"Concepto de anglosajón"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025121955/http://deconceptos.com/ciencias-sociales/anglosajon">Archived</a> October 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strong_1885-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Strong_1885_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1885" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Josiah (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2ECAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161">Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis</a>. American Home Missionary Society. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8370-6621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8370-6621-9"><bdi>978-0-8370-6621-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Country%3A+Its+Possible+Future+and+Its+Present+Crisis&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=American+Home+Missionary+Society&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=978-0-8370-6621-9&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2ECAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strong_1893-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Strong_1893_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1893" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Josiah (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XK3ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80">New Era or The Coming Kingdom</a>. New York: Baker & Taylor Co. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882710112" title="Special:BookSources/9780882710112"><bdi>9780882710112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Era+or+The+Coming+Kingdom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Baker+%26+Taylor+Co.&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=9780882710112&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXK3ZAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright_2004-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2004_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2004_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2004_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Theodore P. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LotDtx2HUxMC&q=WASPs&pg=PA33">"The identity and changing status of former elite minorities"</a>. In Kaufmann, Eric P. (ed.). Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-41-531542-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-41-531542-5"><bdi>0-41-531542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+identity+and+changing+status+of+former+elite+minorities&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Ethnicity%3A+Majority+Groups+and+Dominant+Minorities&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-41-531542-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Theodore+P.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLotDtx2HUxMC%26q%3DWASPs%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAGE_Reference-37"><a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_Reference_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_E._Cortés2013" class="citation book cs1">Carlos E. Cortés, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/Reference/multicultural-america/n889.xml">WASPs (White Anglo Saxon Protestants)</a>. SAGE Reference. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452276274">10.4135/9781452276274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452216836" title="Special:BookSources/9781452216836"><bdi>9781452216836</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WASPs+%28White+Anglo+Saxon+Protestants%29&rft.pub=SAGE+Reference&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781452276274&rft.isbn=9781452216836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2FReference%2Fmulticultural-america%2Fn889.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-38"><a href="#cite_ref-king_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1977" class="citation book cs1">King, Florence (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y77ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Wasps+Scots+Irish">Wasp, Where Is Thy Sting?</a>. Stein and Day. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812821666" title="Special:BookSources/9780812821666"><bdi>9780812821666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wasp%2C+Where+Is+Thy+Sting%3F&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780812821666&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY77ZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWasps%2BScots%2BIrish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavender-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lavender_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lavender_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavender1990" class="citation book cs1">Lavender, Abraham D. (1990). French Huguenots: From Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-1136-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-1136-1"><bdi>0-8204-1136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Huguenots%3A+From+Mediterranean+Catholics+to+White+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8204-1136-1&rft.aulast=Lavender&rft.aufirst=Abraham+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_Back-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_Back_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_Back_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838862,00.html">"Essay: Are the WASPS Coming Back? Have They Ever Been Away?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. January 17, 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Essay%3A+Are+the+WASPS+Coming+Back%3F+Have+They+Ever+Been+Away%3F&rft.date=1969-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C838862%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1970-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1970_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1970" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Charles H. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhydLVyROPAC&q=%22second-class+WASP%22">White Protestant Americans: From National Origins to Religious Group</a>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-957423-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-957423-9"><bdi>0-13-957423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Protestant+Americans%3A+From+National+Origins+to+Religious+Group&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-13-957423-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhydLVyROPAC%26q%3D%2522second-class%2BWASP%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonHickey2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). Society in Focus: An introduction to sociology (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2054-1365-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-2054-1365-X"><bdi>0-2054-1365-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+in+Focus%3A+An+introduction+to+sociology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-2054-1365-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hickey%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_den_Berghe-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_den_Berghe_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Berghe1987" class="citation book cs1">Van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esAA9Njteu0C&q=WASPs&pg=PA225">The Ethnic Phenomenon</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275927097" title="Special:BookSources/9780275927097"><bdi>9780275927097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Phenomenon&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780275927097&rft.aulast=Van+den+Berghe&rft.aufirst=Pierre+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesAA9Njteu0C%26q%3DWASPs%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman_&_Borders-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_&_Borders_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman,_EdwardBorders,_Linda1988" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Edward; Borders, Linda (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMrR1ZlJJgkC&q=WASPs&pg=PA105">"Ethnic Family Differences in Adolescent Substance Use"</a>. In Coombs, Robert H. (ed.). The Family Context of Adolescent Drug Use. Psychology Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8665-6799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8665-6799-2"><bdi>978-0-8665-6799-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Family+Differences+in+Adolescent+Substance+Use&rft.btitle=The+Family+Context+of+Adolescent+Drug+Use&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8665-6799-2&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Edward&rft.au=Borders%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMrR1ZlJJgkC%26q%3DWASPs%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allison_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarzally2005" class="citation journal cs1">Varzally, Allison (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sneps.net/research-interests/the-rise-and-fall-of-anglo-america-the-decline-of-dominant-ethnicity-in-the-united-states/the-rise-and-fall-of-anglo-america-review">"Book Review: The Rise and Fall of Anglo-America"</a>. The Journal of American History. 92 (2): 680–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3659399">10.2307/3659399</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3659399">3659399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Anglo-America&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=680-81&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3659399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3659399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Varzally&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sneps.net%2Fresearch-interests%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-anglo-america-the-decline-of-dominant-ethnicity-in-the-united-states%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-anglo-america-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltzell2011" class="citation book cs1">Baltzell, E. Digby (2011). Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class. Transaction Publishers. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412830751" title="Special:BookSources/9781412830751"><bdi>9781412830751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Gentlemen%3A+The+Making+of+a+National+Upper+Class&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781412830751&rft.aulast=Baltzell&rft.aufirst=E.+Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karabel-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Karabel_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabel2006" class="citation book cs1">Karabel, Jerome (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23">The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton</a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6187-7355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6187-7355-8"><bdi>978-0-6187-7355-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chosen%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+Admission+and+Exclusion+at+Harvard%2C+Yale%2C+and+Princeton&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-6187-7355-8&rft.aulast=Karabel&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzwf-Ofc--toC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722203532/https://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html">"The Harvard Guide: The Early History of Harvard University"</a>. News.harvard.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Guide%3A+The+Early+History+of+Harvard+University&rft.pub=News.harvard.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.harvard.edu%2Fguide%2Fintro%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm">"Increase Mather"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211012309/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Increase+Mather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollege.hmco.com%2Fhistory%2Freaderscomp%2Frcah%2Fhtml%2Fah_057300_matherincrea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceton_University_Office_of_Communications" class="citation web cs1">Princeton University Office of Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/revolution.html">"Princeton in the American Revolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614194111/https://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/revolution.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princeton+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.au=Princeton+University+Office+of+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fpr%2Ffacts%2Frevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> The original Trustees of Princeton University "were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the college had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, 'any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-McCaughey2003-51"><a href="#cite_ref-McCaughey2003_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaughey2003" class="citation book cs1">McCaughey, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standcolumbiahis00aaro">Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York</a>. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standcolumbiahis00aaro/page/n15">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231130082" title="Special:BookSources/0231130082"><bdi>0231130082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stand%2C+Columbia%3A+A+History+of+Columbia+University+in+the+City+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0231130082&rft.aulast=McCaughey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandcolumbiahis00aaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-lesson-52"><a href="#cite_ref-history-lesson_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1957" class="citation web cs1">Childs, Francis Lane (December 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dartmouth_history.html">"A Dartmouth History Lesson for Freshman"</a>. Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908080011/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/rauner/dartmouth/dartmouth_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dartmouth+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Dartmouth+History+Lesson+for+Freshman&rft.date=1957-12&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Francis+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~library%2Frauner%2Fdartmouth%2Fdartmouth_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochstedt_Butler1995" class="citation book cs1">Hochstedt Butler, Diana (1995). Standing Against the Whirlwind: Evangelical Episcopalians in Nineteenth-Century America. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195359053" title="Special:BookSources/9780195359053"><bdi>9780195359053</bdi></a>. <q>Of all these northern schools, only Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania were historically Anglican; the rest are associated with revivalist Presbyterianism or Congregationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standing+Against+the+Whirlwind%3A+Evangelical+Episcopalians+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780195359053&rft.aulast=Hochstedt+Butler&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalaf2012" class="citation book cs1">Khalaf, Samir (2012). Protestant Missionaries in the Levant: Ungodly Puritans, 1820–1860. Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136249808" title="Special:BookSources/9781136249808"><bdi>9781136249808</bdi></a>. <q>Princeton was Presbyterian, while Columbia and Pennsylvania were Episcopalian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Missionaries+in+the+Levant%3A+Ungodly+Puritans%2C+1820%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136249808&rft.aulast=Khalaf&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duke_University's_Relation_to_the_Methodist_Church-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Duke_University's_Relation_to_the_Methodist_Church_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612020402/http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/history/duke-umchh-basic.html">"Duke University's Relation to the Methodist Church: the basics"</a>. Duke University. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/history/duke-umchh-basic.html">the original</a> on June 12, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010. <q>Duke University has historical, formal, on-going, and symbolic ties with Methodism, but is an independent and non-sectarian institution ... Duke would not be the institution it is today without its ties to the Methodist Church. However, the Methodist Church does not own or direct the University. Duke is and has developed as a private nonprofit corporation which is owned and governed by an autonomous and self-perpetuating Board of Trustees</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duke+University%27s+Relation+to+the+Methodist+Church%3A+the+basics&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Fuarchives%2Fhistory%2Fduke-umchh-basic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boston_University_-_Religious_Affiliation-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Boston_University_-_Religious_Affiliation_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226230616/https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=381">"Boston University Names University Professor Herbert Mason United Methodist Scholar/Teacher of the Year"</a>. Boston University. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/phpbin/news/releases/display.php?id=381">the original</a> on December 26, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2011. <q>Boston University has been historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church since 1839 when the Newbury Biblical Institute, the first Methodist seminary in the United States, was established in Newbury, Vermont.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston+University+Names+University+Professor+Herbert+Mason+United+Methodist+Scholar%2FTeacher+of+the+Year&rft.pub=Boston+University&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fphpbin%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fdisplay.php%3Fid%3D381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> W.L. Kingsley et al., "The College and the Church," New Englander and Yale Review 11 (Feb 1858): 600. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42dJAAAAMAAJ&dq=first%20graduate%20of%20the%20university%20of%20vermont&pg=PA600">accessed 2010-6-16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413105454/https://books.google.com/books?id=42dJAAAAMAAJ&dq=first%20graduate%20of%20the%20university%20of%20vermont&pg=PA600">Archived</a> April 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Note: Middlebury is considered the first "operating" college in Vermont as it was the first to hold classes in Nov 1800. It issued the first Vermont degree in 1802; UVM followed in 1804. </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein_2003-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_2003_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Joseph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sT2AahBWFIoC&pg=PT73">Snobbery: The American Version</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5475-6164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5475-6164-6"><bdi>978-0-5475-6164-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snobbery%3A+The+American+Version&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-5475-6164-6&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsT2AahBWFIoC%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUseem1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Useem" title="Michael Useem">Useem, Michael</a> (1984). The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1950-4033-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-1950-4033-3"><bdi>0-1950-4033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inner+Circle%3A+Large+Corporations+and+the+Rise+of+Business+Political+Activity+in+the+U.S.+and+U.K.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-1950-4033-3&rft.aulast=Useem&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> pp. 179-180,. </li> <li id="cite_note-Faith,_Education_and_Income-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Faith,_Education_and_Income_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2011" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (May 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/faith-education-and-income/?_r=1">"Faith, Education and Income"</a>. Economix - The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044513/https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/faith-education-and-income/?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economix+-+The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Faith%2C+Education+and+Income&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F13%2Ffaith-education-and-income%2F%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Changing-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Changing_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">"America's Changing Religious Landscape"</a>. Religion & Public Life. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. May 12, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623114225/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Public+Life&rft.atitle=America%27s+Changing+Religious+Landscape&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Famericas-changing-religious-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refEducationLevel" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210182326/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">US Religious Landscape Survey: Diverse and Dynamic</a> (PDF), The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Pew Research Center, February 2008, p. 85, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 10, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Religious+Landscape+Survey%3A+Diverse+and+Dynamic&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=The+Pew+Forum+on+Religion+%26+Public+Life%2C+Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fpdf%2Freport-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Feist2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Feist, Gregory (2008). The Psychology of Science and the Origins of the Scientific Mind. Yale University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300133486" title="Special:BookSources/9780300133486"><bdi>9780300133486</bdi></a>. <q>For instance, concerning the religious origins of American laureates, 72 percent are Protestant ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Science+and+the+Origins+of+the+Scientific+Mind&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780300133486&rft.aulast=J.+Feist&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Elite:_Nobel_Laureates_in_the_United_Statesh_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Zuckerman" title="Harriet Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Harriet</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAHCzJfmD5IC">Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States</a>. New York: The Free Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3376-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3376-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-3376-9</bdi></a>. <q>Protestants turn up among the American-reared laureates in slightly greater proportion to their numbers in the general population. Thus 72 percent of the seventy-one laureates but about two thirds of the American population were reared in one or another Protestant denomination mostly Presbyterian, Episcopalian, or Lutheran rather than Baptist or Fundamentalist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Elite%3A+Nobel+Laureates+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3376-9&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAHCzJfmD5IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer2008-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer2008_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T. (March 20, 2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. SAGE. p. 1378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=1378&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deep_Dive-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Deep_Dive_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/">"A Deep Dive Into Party Affiliation"</a>. U.S. Politics & Policy. Pew Research Center. April 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150818034641/http://www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Politics+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=A+Deep+Dive+Into+Party+Affiliation&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people-press.org%2F2015%2F04%2F07%2Fa-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayres-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayres_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayres_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayres_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres2011" class="citation news cs1">Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (December 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html">"The Episcopalians: an American Elite with Roots Going Back to Jamestown"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144740/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Episcopalians%3A+an+American+Elite+with+Roots+Going+Back+to+Jamestown&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=B.+Drummond+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F04%2F28%2Fus%2Fthe-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet", Ethnicity, 2.2 (1975): 153–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonPyleReyes1995" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V. (1995). "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930–1992". <a href="/wiki/Social_Forces" title="Social Forces">Social Forces</a>. 74 (1): 157–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2F74.1.157">10.1093/sf/74.1.157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580627">2580627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Persistence+and+Change+in+the+Protestant+Establishment%2C+1930%E2%80%931992&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-175&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsf%2F74.1.157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2580627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+Ralph+E.&rft.au=Reyes%2C+David+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._Williams-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W._Williams_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._Williams_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._Williams_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Williams2016" class="citation book cs1">W. Williams, Peter (2016). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469626987" title="Special:BookSources/9781469626987"><bdi>9781469626987</bdi></a>. <q>The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Money%3A+Episcopalians+and+American+Culture+from+the+Civil+War+to+the+Great+Depression&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781469626987&rft.aulast=W.+Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasci2016" class="citation web cs1">Masci, David (October 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/">"How income varies among U.S. religious groups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+income+varies+among+U.S.+religious+groups&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.aulast=Masci&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F10%2F11%2Fhow-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/11/how-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups/">"How income varies among U.S. religious groups"</a>. October 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+income+varies+among+U.S.+religious+groups&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F10%2F11%2Fhow-income-varies-among-u-s-religious-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCople_Jaher1982" class="citation book cs1">Cople Jaher, Frederic (1982). The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. University of Illinois Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252009327" title="Special:BookSources/9780252009327"><bdi>9780252009327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Establishment%3A+Upper+Strata+in+Boston%2C+New+York%2C+Charleston%2C+Chicago%2C+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780252009327&rft.aulast=Cople+Jaher&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auzias-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auzias_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auzias_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuziasLabourdette2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90FvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">New York 2015 Petit Futé (avec cartes, photos + avis des lecteurs)</a> (in French). Petit Futé. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-8244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-8244-4"><bdi>978-2-7469-8244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+2015+Petit+Fut%C3%A9+%28avec+cartes%2C+photos+%2B+avis+des+lecteurs%29&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7469-8244-4&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Labourdette%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90FvBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calhoun-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calhoun_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calhoun_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhounLightKeller1997" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Craig J.; Light, Donald; <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Keller" title="Suzanne Keller">Keller, Suzanne</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvQM-npb2akC">Sociology</a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0703-8069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0703-8069-1"><bdi>978-0-0703-8069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-0703-8069-1&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig+J.&rft.au=Light%2C+Donald&rft.au=Keller%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvQM-npb2akC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Rosenbaum2006" class="citation book cs1">B. Rosenbaum, Julia (2006). Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity. Cornell University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801444708" title="Special:BookSources/9780801444708"><bdi>9780801444708</bdi></a>. <q>By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Belonging%3A+New+England+Art+and+the+Making+of+American+Identity&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780801444708&rft.aulast=B.+Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Holloran1989" class="citation book cs1">C. Holloran, Peter (1989). Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830–1930. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838632970" title="Special:BookSources/9780838632970"><bdi>9780838632970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%27s+Wayward+Children%3A+Social+Services+for+Homeless+Children%2C+1830%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780838632970&rft.aulast=C.+Holloran&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Harp2003" class="citation book cs1">J. Harp, Gillis (2003). Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742571983" title="Special:BookSources/9780742571983"><bdi>9780742571983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmin+Prophet%3A+Phillips+Brooks+and+the+Path+of+Liberal+Protestantism&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780742571983&rft.aulast=J.+Harp&rft.aufirst=Gillis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrelli2010" class="citation news cs1">Borrelli, Christopher (December 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2010/12/05/the-modern-evolving-preppy/">"The modern, evolving preppy"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812030214/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-12-05/features/ct-sun-1205-preppy-20101205_1_lisa-birnbach-prep-lives-lillie-alexander">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+modern%2C+evolving+preppy&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft.aulast=Borrelli&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2010%2F12%2F05%2Fthe-modern-evolving-preppy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higley-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Higley_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigley1995" class="citation book cs1">Higley, Stephen Richard (1995). Privilege, Power, and Place: The geography of the American upper class. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-8020-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-8020-7"><bdi>0-8476-8020-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Privilege%2C+Power%2C+and+Place%3A+The+geography+of+the+American+upper+class&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8476-8020-7&rft.aulast=Higley&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks_2011-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_2011_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2011" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGeNl2hYxHgC&pg=PA22">The Paradise Suite: Bobos in Paradise and On Paradise Drive</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4917-8"><bdi>978-1-4516-4917-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradise+Suite%3A+Bobos+in+Paradise+and+On+Paradise+Drive&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4917-8&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGeNl2hYxHgC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein_2017-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_2017_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2013" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Joseph (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-late-great-american-wasp-1387586625">"The Late, Great American WASP"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720172110/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-late-great-american-wasp-1387586625">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Late%2C+Great+American+WASP&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-late-great-american-wasp-1387586625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillaway2009" class="citation book cs1">Dillaway, Diana (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UukOHtRoi9EC&pg=PA42">Power Failure: Politics, Patronage, And the Economic Future of Buffalo, New York</a>. Prometheus. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61592-237-6"><bdi>978-1-61592-237-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Failure%3A+Politics%2C+Patronage%2C+And+the+Economic+Future+of+Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61592-237-6&rft.aulast=Dillaway&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUukOHtRoi9EC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marling-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Marling_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarling2004" class="citation book cs1">Marling, Karal Ann (2004). Debutante: Rites and Regalia of American Debdom. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1317-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1317-X"><bdi>0-7006-1317-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debutante%3A+Rites+and+Regalia+of+American+Debdom&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7006-1317-X&rft.aulast=Marling&rft.aufirst=Karal+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pressly-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Pressly_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressly1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pressly, Paul M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203165033/http://www.juliettegordonlowbirthplace.org/wp-content/uploads/papeschool-ghq-pressley-1996.pdf">"Educating the Daughters of Savannah's Elite: The Pape School, the Girl Scouts, and the Progressive Movement"</a> (PDF). Georgia Historical Quarterly. 80 (2): 246–275. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juliettegordonlowbirthplace.org/wp-content/uploads/papeschool-ghq-pressley-1996.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Educating+the+Daughters+of+Savannah%27s+Elite%3A+The+Pape+School%2C+the+Girl+Scouts%2C+and+the+Progressive+Movement&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246-275&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pressly&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juliettegordonlowbirthplace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpapeschool-ghq-pressley-1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cookson-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_W._Cookson,_Jr.Caroline_Persell1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Cookson_Jr." title="Peter W. Cookson Jr.">Peter W. Cookson, Jr.</a>; Caroline Persell (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preparingforpowe00cook">Preparing for power</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06269-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06269-5"><bdi>0-465-06269-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12680970">12680970</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18166618W">18166618W</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108671720" class="extiw" title="d:Q108671720">Q108671720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparing+for+power&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12680970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL18166618W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-465-06269-5&rft.au=Peter+W.+Cookson%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Caroline+Persell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreparingforpowe00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sargent-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Sargent_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent1997" class="citation news cs1">Sargent, Allison Ijams (December 21, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/21/style/the-social-register-just-a-circle-of-friends.html">"The Social Register: Just a Circle of Friends"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005075419/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/21/style/the-social-register-just-a-circle-of-friends.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Social+Register%3A+Just+a+Circle+of+Friends&rft.date=1997-12-21&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Allison+Ijams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F12%2F21%2Fstyle%2Fthe-social-register-just-a-circle-of-friends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schillinger-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schillinger_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schillinger_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchillinger2007" class="citation news cs1">Schillinger, Liesl (June 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/10/fashion/10books.html">"Why, Bitsy, Whatever Are You Reading?"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why%2C+Bitsy%2C+Whatever+Are+You+Reading%3F&rft.date=2007-06-10&rft.aulast=Schillinger&rft.aufirst=Liesl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F10%2Ffashion%2F10books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbach" class="citation magazine cs1">Birnbach, Lisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2010/09/the-new-preppy-201009">"The Official Preppy Reboot"</a>. Vanity Fair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107015839/http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2010/09/the-new-preppy-201009">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Official+Preppy+Reboot&rft.aulast=Birnbach&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fsociety%2Ffeatures%2F2010%2F09%2Fthe-new-preppy-201009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyle_2008-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pyle_2008_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyle_2008_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyle_2008_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyle_2008_90-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle2008" class="citation book cs1">Pyle, Ralph E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=WASP">"WASP"</a>. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 3. SAGE Publications. pp. 1377–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=WASP&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=1377-9&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMUola6pDnkC%26q%3DWASP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1977" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Caroline (1977). "Decision in '76: Reflections on the 56 Signers". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 89: 72–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080810">25080810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Decision+in+%2776%3A+Reflections+on+the+56+Signers&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=72-87&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25080810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_Richard-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_Richard_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1976" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Richard D. (1976). "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view". William and Mary Quarterly. 33 (3): 465–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1921543">10.2307/1921543</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921543">1921543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Founding+Fathers+of+1776+and+1787%3A+A+collective+view&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-480&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1921543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1921543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann200466-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann200466_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmann2004">Kaufmann (2004)</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann-Haupt1991" class="citation news cs1">Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (January 17, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DB153EF934A25752C0A967958260">"The Decline of a Class and a Country's Fortunes"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616181132/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DB153EF934A25752C0A967958260">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+a+Class+and+a+Country%27s+Fortunes&rft.date=1991-01-17&rft.aulast=Lehmann-Haupt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE7DB153EF934A25752C0A967958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zweigenhaft-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Zweigenhaft_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweigenhaftDomhoff2006" class="citation book cs1">Zweigenhaft, Richard L.; Domhoff, G. William (2006). Diversity in the power elite: how it happened, why it matters. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 242–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3698-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3698-X"><bdi>0-7425-3698-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+the+power+elite%3A+how+it+happened%2C+why+it+matters&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=242-3&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-3698-X&rft.aulast=Zweigenhaft&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Domhoff%2C+G.+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Kaufmann (2004), p. 220 citing Lerner et al. (1996) American Elites. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulera2004" class="citation book cs1">Pulera, Dominic (October 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&dq=%22white+shoe%22+%22+Polish+Americans%22&pg=PA29">Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826416438" title="Special:BookSources/9780826416438"><bdi>9780826416438</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharing+the+Dream%3A+White+Males+in+Multicultural+America&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004-10-20&rft.isbn=9780826416438&rft.aulast=Pulera&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVoAXh-dNuYC%26dq%3D%2522white%2Bshoe%2522%2B%2522%2BPolish%2BAmericans%2522%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/08/01/trumps-use-of-paddy-wagon-insults-irish-americans-like-me/">"President Trump's reference to 'paddy wagon' insults Irish Americans like me"</a>. The Washington Post. August 1, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=President+Trump%27s+reference+to+%27paddy+wagon%27+insults+Irish+Americans+like+me&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F08%2F01%2Ftrumps-use-of-paddy-wagon-insults-irish-americans-like-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lideamagazine.com/italian-americans-the-progressive-tradition-reflections-on-gerald-meyers-presentation-at-the-new-haven-public-library/">"Italian Americans: The Progressive Tradition-Reflections on Gerald Meyer's Presentation at the New Haven Public Library"</a>. March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Americans%3A+The+Progressive+Tradition-Reflections+on+Gerald+Meyer%27s+Presentation+at+the+New+Haven+Public+Library&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flideamagazine.com%2Fitalian-americans-the-progressive-tradition-reflections-on-gerald-meyers-presentation-at-the-new-haven-public-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/raise-a-st-patricks-day-glass-to-wild-bill-donovan-the-greatest-irish-american">"Raise a St. Patrick's Day glass to 'Wild Bill' Donovan, the greatest Irish American"</a>. Washington Examiner. March 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Raise+a+St.+Patrick%27s+Day+glass+to+%27Wild+Bill%27+Donovan%2C+the+greatest+Irish+American&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fopinion%2Fraise-a-st-patricks-day-glass-to-wild-bill-donovan-the-greatest-irish-american&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Eli Wald, "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms." Stanford Law Review 60 (2007): 1803–1866; discrimination p. 1838 and statistics p. 1805. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gronnerund-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Gronnerund_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronnerudSpitzer2018" class="citation book cs1">Gronnerud, Kathleen A.; Spitzer, Scott J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cxwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Modern American Political Dynasties: A Study of Power, Family, and Political Influence</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5443-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-5443-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+American+Political+Dynasties%3A+A+Study+of+Power%2C+Family%2C+and+Political+Influence&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5443-9&rft.aulast=Gronnerud&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft.au=Spitzer%2C+Scott+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cxwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1998" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Bart (May 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm">"Barry Goldwater Dead at 89"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803142615/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barry+Goldwater+Dead+at+89&rft.date=1998-05-30&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fdaily%2Fmay98%2Fgoldwater30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Goldwaters-104"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Goldwaters_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swja.arizona.edu/content/goldwaters">"The Goldwaters: An Arizona Story And a Jewish History As Well"</a>. Southwest Jewish History. 1 (3). Spring 1993. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32992705">32992705</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182303/https://swja.arizona.edu/content/goldwaters">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2018 – via Southwest Jewish Archives, University of Arizona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=The+Goldwaters%3A+An+Arizona+Story+And+a+Jewish+History+As+Well&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32992705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswja.arizona.edu%2Fcontent%2Fgoldwaters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2003" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Gregory L., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6hzBFw1ky8C&pg=PA289">Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader</a>. NYU Press. pp. 289–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9799-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-9799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+in+America+Since+1930%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=289-&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9799-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU6hzBFw1ky8C%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rae-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Rae_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRae1989" class="citation book cs1">Rae, Nicol C. (1989). The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1950-5605-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-1950-5605-1"><bdi>0-1950-5605-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Liberal+Republicans%3A+From+1952+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-1950-5605-1&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Nicol+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strochlic-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Strochlic_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrochlic2012" class="citation news cs1">Strochlic, Nina (August 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/08/16/george-washington-to-george-w-bush-11-wasps-who-have-led-america-photos">"George Washington to George W. Bush: 11 WASPs Who Have Led America (PHOTOS)"</a>. The Daily Beast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush%3A+11+WASPs+Who+Have+Led+America+%28PHOTOS%29&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.aulast=Strochlic&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fgalleries%2F2012%2F08%2F16%2Fgeorge-washington-to-george-w-bush-11-wasps-who-have-led-america-photos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Mary Kenny, "Obama shaped more by his WASP heritage than the passion of Martin Luther King," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/obama-shaped-more-by-his-wasp-heritage-than-the-passion-of-martin-luther-king-30568999.html">Independent.ie (September 7, 2014)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_M_Marsteller_&_William_Addams_Reitwiesner_&_Linda_Davis_Reno_&_Mike_Marshall2015" class="citation book cs1">Charles M Marsteller & William Addams Reitwiesner & Linda Davis Reno & Mike Marshall (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921887130">St. Mary's Co, MD: ancestry of President Barak Obama (b. 1961)</a>. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925100833/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/06/entertainment/ca-47724">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Meet+the+Parents%27+Finds+Success+by+Marrying+Classic+Themes+to+Modern+Tastes&rft.date=2000-11-06&rft.aulast=Wilmington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-nov-06-ca-47724-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furman-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Furman_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurman,_Robert2015" class="citation book cs1">Furman, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BUfCgAAQBAJ&q=%22arsenic+and+old+lace%22&pg=PA78">Brooklyn Heights: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of America's First Suburb</a>. Charleston, S.C.: History Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62-619954-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62-619954-5"><bdi>978-1-62-619954-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brooklyn+Heights%3A+The+Rise%2C+Fall+and+Rebirth+of+America%27s+First+Suburb&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62-619954-5&rft.au=Furman%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BUfCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522arsenic%2Band%2Bold%2Blace%2522%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teachout-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teachout_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teachout_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeachout2016" class="citation news cs1">Teachout, Terry (January 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-cocktail-hour-review-anatomy-of-a-wasp-1452207925">"'The Cocktail Hour' Review: Anatomy of a WASP"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224063201/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-cocktail-hour-review-anatomy-of-a-wasp-1452207925">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=%27The+Cocktail+Hour%27+Review%3A+Anatomy+of+a+WASP&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Teachout&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-cocktail-hour-review-anatomy-of-a-wasp-1452207925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudel2017" class="citation news cs1">Schudel, Matt (June 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ar-gurney-playwright-who-portrayed-the-fading-wasp-culture-dies-at-86/2017/06/15/c9d640ea-51d6-11e7-b064-828ba60fbb98_story.html">"A.R. Gurney, playwright who portrayed the fading WASP culture, dies at 86"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713134934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ar-gurney-playwright-who-portrayed-the-fading-wasp-culture-dies-at-86/2017/06/15/c9d640ea-51d6-11e7-b064-828ba60fbb98_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A.R.+Gurney%2C+playwright+who+portrayed+the+fading+WASP+culture%2C+dies+at+86&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft.aulast=Schudel&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Far-gurney-playwright-who-portrayed-the-fading-wasp-culture-dies-at-86%2F2017%2F06%2F15%2Fc9d640ea-51d6-11e7-b064-828ba60fbb98_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilian1998" class="citation web cs1">Kilian, Michael (June 7, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-06-07-9806070279-story.html">"'THE WASP WOODY ALLEN'"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27THE+WASP+WOODY+ALLEN%27&rft.date=1998-06-07&rft.aulast=Kilian&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1998-06-07-9806070279-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Trey (August 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a33488246/metropolitan-whit-stillman-oral-history/">"Whit Stillman's 'Metropolitan': An Oral History of the Preppiest, WASPiest, Wittiest Comedy of Heirs Ever"</a>. Town & Country. Retrieved January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Town+%26+Country&rft.atitle=Whit+Stillman%27s+%27Metropolitan%27%3A+An+Oral+History+of+the+Preppiest%2C+WASPiest%2C+Wittiest+Comedy+of+Heirs+Ever&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Trey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townandcountrymag.com%2Fleisure%2Farts-and-culture%2Fa33488246%2Fmetropolitan-whit-stillman-oral-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aldrich, Nelson, IV. "The upper class, up for grabs," Wilson Quarterly (1993), 18#3 pp 65–72.</li> <li>Aldrich, Nelson, IV. Old Money: The Mythology of Wealth (1997)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1990" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Irving (1990). Unkind words: ethnic labeling from Redskin to WASP. New York: Bergin & Garvey Distributed to the trade by National Book Network. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-220-9"><bdi>978-0-89789-220-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21152778">21152778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unkind+words%3A+ethnic+labeling+from+Redskin+to+WASP&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bergin+%26+Garvey+Distributed+to+the+trade+by+National+Book+Network&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21152778&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-220-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltzell1958" class="citation book cs1">Baltzell, E. Digby (1958). Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Gentlemen%3A+The+Making+of+a+New+Upper+Class&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Baltzell&rft.aufirst=E.+Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltzell1987" class="citation book cs1">Baltzell, E. Digby (1987). The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy & caste in America. Yale UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protestant+Establishment%3A+Aristocracy+%26+caste+in+America&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Baltzell&rft.aufirst=E.+Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckert2003" class="citation book cs1">Beckert, Sven (2003). The monied metropolis: New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850–1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+monied+metropolis%3A+New+York+City+and+the+consolidation+of+the+American+bourgeoisie%2C+1850%E2%80%931896&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Beckert&rft.aufirst=Sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Beran, Michael Knox. "Five Best: Books on WASPs" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/five-best-books-on-wasps-11625836267">Wall Street Journal July 9, 2021 online</a>; 3 novels and 2 autobiographies</li> <li>Beran, Michael Knox. WASPS: The Splendors and Miseries of an American Aristocracy (Pegasus Books, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/180909">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2010" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, David (2010). <a href="/wiki/Bobos_in_Paradise" title="Bobos in Paradise">Bobos in paradise</a>: The new upper class and how they got there.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobos+in+paradise%3A+The+new+upper+class+and+how+they+got+there&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt1999" class="citation book cs1">Burt, Nathaniel (1999). The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perennial+Philadelphians%3A+The+Anatomy+of+an+American+Aristocracy&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1982" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Donald F. (1982). "The Price of Conspicuous Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900–1933". Journal of Social History. 16 (1): 21–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F16.1.21">10.1353/jsh/16.1.21</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786880">3786880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Conspicuous+Production%3A+The+Detroit+Elite+and+the+Automobile+Industry%2C+1900%E2%80%931933&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-46&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F16.1.21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3786880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnum1990" class="citation book cs1">Farnum, Richard (1990). "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia, 1890-1970". In W. Kingston, Paul; S. Lewis, Lionel (eds.). The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prestige+in+the+Ivy+League%3A+Democratization+and+discrimination+at+Penn+and+Columbia%2C+1890-1970&rft.btitle=The+high-status+track%3A+Studies+of+elite+schools+and+stratification&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Farnum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulkes2008" class="citation book cs1">Foulkes, Nick (2008). High society : the history of America's upper class. New York, NY: Assouline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7594-0288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7594-0288-5"><bdi>978-2-7594-0288-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299582900">299582900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+society+%3A+the+history+of+America%27s+upper+class&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Assouline&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299582900&rft.isbn=978-2-7594-0288-5&rft.aulast=Foulkes&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2005" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Steve (2005). Ruling America : a history of wealth and power in a democracy. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01747-1"><bdi>0-674-01747-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/434595715">434595715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+America+%3A+a+history+of+wealth+and+power+in+a+democracy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F434595715&rft.isbn=0-674-01747-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2009" class="citation book cs1">Friend, Tad (2009). Cheerful money : me, my family, and the last days of WASP splendor. New York: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-00317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-00317-9"><bdi>978-0-316-00317-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/310097122">310097122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheerful+money+%3A+me%2C+my+family%2C+and+the+last+days+of+WASP+splendor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F310097122&rft.isbn=978-0-316-00317-9&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Tad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell1992" class="citation book cs1">Fussell, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPbF1kuayJYC">Class: A Guide Through the American Status System</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79225-1"><bdi>978-0-671-79225-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27141367">27141367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class%3A+A+Guide+Through+the+American+Status+System&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27141367&rft.isbn=978-0-671-79225-1&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPbF1kuayJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhentJaher1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard; Jaher, Frederic Cople (1976). "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography". Business History Review. 50 (3): 288–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3112998">10.2307/3112998</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3112998">3112998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144151969">144151969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Chicago+Business+Elite%3A+1830%E2%80%931930.+A+Collective+Biography&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-328&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144151969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3112998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3112998&rft.aulast=Ghent&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn+Maynard&rft.au=Jaher%2C+Frederic+Cople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2016" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Clifton (2016). In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Privilege%3A+A+History+of+New+York+City%27s+Upper+Class+and+the+Making+of+a+Metropolis&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Clifton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham1978" class="citation book cs1">Ingham, John N. (1978). The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874–1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Barons%3A+A+Social+Analysis+of+an+American+Urban+Elite%2C+1874%E2%80%931965&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaher1973" class="citation book cs1">Jaher, Frederic Cople, ed. (1973). 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Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+Anglo-America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1977" class="citation book cs1">King, Florence (1977). WASP, Where is Thy Sting?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WASP%2C+Where+is+Thy+Sting%3F&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonolige1978" class="citation book cs1">Konolige, Kit and Frederica (1978). The Power of Their Glory: America's Ruling Class: The Episcopalians. New York: Wyden Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88326-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88326-155-3"><bdi>0-88326-155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Their+Glory%3A+America%27s+Ruling+Class%3A+The+Episcopalians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wyden+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-88326-155-3&rft.aulast=Konolige&rft.aufirst=Kit+and+Frederica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lundberg" title="Ferdinand Lundberg">Lundberg, Ferdinand</a> (1968). <a href="/wiki/The_Rich_and_the_Super-Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rich and the Super-Rich">The Rich and the Super-Rich</a>: A Study in the Power of Money Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rich+and+the+Super-Rich%3A+A+Study+in+the+Power+of+Money+Today&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConachie1988" class="citation journal cs1">McConachie, Bruce A. (1988). "New York operagoing, 1825–50: creating an elite social ritual". American Music. 6 (2): 181–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051548">10.2307/3051548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051548">3051548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=New+York+operagoing%2C+1825%E2%80%9350%3A+creating+an+elite+social+ritual&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-192&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3051548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3051548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McConachie&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggor2017" class="citation book cs1">Maggor, Noam (2017). Brahmin Capitalism: Frontiers of Wealth and Populism in America's First Gilded Age. Harvard UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmin+Capitalism%3A+Frontiers+of+Wealth+and+Populism+in+America%27s+First+Gilded+Age&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Maggor&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Marty, Martin E. "Ethnicity: The Skeleton of Religion in America." Church History 41#1 (1972), pp. 5–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3164683">online</a>, emphasis on WASP role</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrander1986" class="citation book cs1">Ostrander, Susan A. (1986). Women of the Upper Class. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_Press" title="Temple University Press">Temple University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-475-4"><bdi>978-0-87722-475-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Upper+Class&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-475-4&rft.aulast=Ostrander&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the U.S. establishment, and foreign policy." International Politics 54.3 (2017): 373-388 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12563/1/">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2002" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Kevin (2002). Wealth and democracy : a political history of the American rich. New York: Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0534-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0534-2"><bdi>0-7679-0534-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48375666">48375666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth+and+democracy+%3A+a+political+history+of+the+American+rich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48375666&rft.isbn=0-7679-0534-2&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle1996" class="citation book cs1">Pyle, Ralph E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persistencechang0000pyle">Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-5487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-5487-1"><bdi>978-0-2759-5487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persistence+and+Change+in+the+Protestant+Establishment&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-5487-1&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersistencechang0000pyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalk2007" class="citation book cs1">Salk, Susanna (2007). 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NY: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+the+WASP&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Schrag&rft.aufirst=Peter.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory1980" class="citation book cs1">Story, Ronald (1980). The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800–1870.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+forging+of+an+aristocracy%3A+Harvard+%26+the+Boston+upper+class%2C+1800%E2%80%931870&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynnott2010" class="citation book cs1">Synnott, Marcia (2010). The half-opened door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+half-opened+door%3A+Discrimination+and+admissions+at+Harvard%2C+Yale%2C+and+Princeton%2C+1900%E2%80%931970&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Synnott&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wald, Eli. "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms." Stanford Law Review 60 (2007): 1803–1866. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/04/Wald.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter W. (2016). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Money%3A+Episcopalians+and+American+Culture+from+the+Civil+War+to+the+Great+Depression&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1391.html">"Yankees"</a>. Encyclopedia of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Yankees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org%2Fpages%2F1391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Anglo-Saxon+Protestants" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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person</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialregisterl00usgoog">Social Register Locater compiles all the major cities into one list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22social%20register%20%22">35 Social Registers from major US cities early 20th century; online free</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people" title="Template:White people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_people" title="Template talk:White people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Bold refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a> by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li>Old Stock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Quebeckers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European native population</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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