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Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden - Wikipedia
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لأسامة بن لادن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزاعم مساعدة وكالة المخابرات الأمريكية لأسامة بن لادن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculaci%C3%B3_CIA_al-Qaida" title="Vinculació CIA al-Qaida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vinculació CIA al-Qaida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86" title="اتهامات کمک سیا به اسامه بن لادن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتهامات کمک سیا به اسامه بن لادن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controv%C3%A9rsia_sobre_a_assist%C3%AAncia_da_CIA_a_Al-Qaeda" title="Controvérsia sobre a assistência da CIA a Al-Qaeda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controvérsia sobre a assistência da CIA a Al-Qaeda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA%27in_Usame_bin_Ladin%27i_destekledi%C4%9Fi_iddialar%C4%B1" title="CIA'in Usame bin Ladin'i desteklediği iddiaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CIA'in Usame bin Ladin'i desteklediği iddiaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:black;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Osama_bin_Laden_in_2001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:black;color:white;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Osama bin Laden</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Personal life of Osama bin Laden">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Political views of Osama bin Laden">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_career_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Militant career of Osama bin Laden">Militant career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_bodyguards" title="Osama bin Laden's bodyguards">Bodyguards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">Compound in Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum" title="Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum">House in Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Aqiq" title="Wadi al-Aqiq">Wadi al-Aqiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_family" title="Bin Laden family">Family</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">1st General Emir of al-Qaeda</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatwas_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Fatwas of Osama bin Laden">Fatwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Motives for the September 11 attacks">Motives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Planning of the September 11 attacks">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks" title="Responsibility for the September 11 attacks">Responsibility</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bin_Ladin_Determined_To_Strike_in_US" title="Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US">Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allegations of CIA assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Pakistani_support_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Alleged Pakistani support for Osama bin Laden">Alleged Pakistani support</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Works</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="2004 Osama bin Laden video">2004 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_January_2006_Osama_bin_Laden_tape" title="19 January 2006 Osama bin Laden tape">19 January 2006 tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 6, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">6 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 11, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">11 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 20, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">20 September 2007 tape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Interviews of Osama bin Laden">Interviews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_American_People" title="Letter to the American People">Letter to the American People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Messages_to_the_World" title="Messages to the World">Messages to the World</a></i></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Killing and legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">Manhunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIA_fake_vaccination_campaign_in_Pakistan" title="CIA fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan">CIA fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Reactions to the killing of Osama bin Laden">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_in_popular_culture" title="Osama bin Laden in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osama_bin_Laden_series" title="Template:Osama bin Laden series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osama_bin_Laden_series" title="Template talk:Osama bin Laden series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osama_bin_Laden_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osama bin Laden series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several sources have alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) had ties with <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>'s faction of "<a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Arab">Afghan Arab</a>" fighters when it armed <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> groups to fight the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>. </p><p>About the same time as the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the United States began collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) to provide several hundred million dollars a year in aid to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen#Afghanistan" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan Mujahideen</a> insurgents fighting the Afghan pro-Soviet government and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">the Soviet Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>. Along with native Afghan mujahideen were Muslim volunteers from other countries, popularly known as "<a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Afghan Arabs</a>". The most famous of the Afghan Arabs was <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, known at the time as a wealthy and pious Saudi who provided his own money and helped raise millions from other wealthy persian Gulf Arabs. </p><p>When the war ended, bin Laden organized the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> organization to carry on armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against other countries, primarily against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>A number of analysts, journalists, and government officials have described Al-Qaeda attacks as "<a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">blowback</a>" or an <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintended consequence">unintended consequence</a> of American aid to the mujahideen. In response, the United States government, U.S. government officials involved in the operation, as well as several journalists and academics have denied this theory. They maintain the aid was given out by the Pakistani ISI, that it went to Afghan and not foreign mujahideen, and that there was no contact between the Afghan Arabs (foreign mujahideen) and the CIA and other American officials, let alone the arming, training, coaching, or indoctrination. Declassified U.S. government documents contain no record of direct contact between the CIA and bin Laden.<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_p._87_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll_p._87-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, several other journalists and academics have documented that bin Laden and the Afghan Arabs at least informally cooperated with the ISI, thus indirectly benefiting from the CIA's funding. According to bin Laden himself, Arab volunteers recruited at his Pakistani-based camp underwent training led by Pakistani and American officers, with the weapons provided by the U.S. and funds provided by Saudi Arabia, however elsewhere bin Laden would deny ever witnessing American aid. Bin Laden's key Afghan allies during the war—<a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>—were some of the CIA's greatest beneficiaries, with Haqqani being backed directly by the CIA (without ISI mediation), while simultaneously contributing to the formation and growth of bin Laden's group. The CIA backed an ISI initiative to recruit and train foreign mujahideen from around the globe, funded Islamic charitable organizations which recruited foreign mujahideen, and at one point even contemplated the formation of an "<a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">international brigade</a>" composed of Afghan Arabs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations">Allegations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2004 article entitled "Al-Qaeda's origins and links", the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> wrote that "[d]uring the anti-Soviet war Bin Laden and his fighters received American and Saudi funding. Some analysts believe Bin Laden himself had security training from the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a> from 1997 to 2001, would state that: </p><blockquote><p>Bin Laden was, though, a product of a monumental miscalculation by western security agencies. Throughout the 80s he was armed by the CIA and funded by the Saudis to wage jihad against the Russian occupation of Afghanistan. Al-Qaida, literally "the database", was originally the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen who were recruited and trained with help from the CIA to defeat the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a>, in 1986 bin Laden "helped build the Khost tunnel complex, which the CIA was funding as a major arms storage depot, training facility and medical centre for the Mujaheddin."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although bin Laden would elsewhere claim that "the [Americans] had no mentionable role"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "are lying when they say that they cooperated with us" during the Soviet–Afghan War,<sup id="cite_ref-Hegghammer_2020_184_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer_2020_184-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a 1995 interview bin Laden himself would state that:</p><blockquote><p>To counter these atheist Russians, the Saudis chose me as their representative in Afghanistan, [...] I settled in Pakistan in the Afghan border region. There I received volunteers who came from the Saudi Kingdom and from all over the Arab and Muslim countries. I set up my first camp where these volunteers were trained by Pakistani and American officers. The weapons were supplied by the Americans, the money by the Saudis.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jackals" title="The New Jackals">The New Jackals</a></i>, British journalist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reeve_(British_TV_presenter)" title="Simon Reeve (British TV presenter)">Simon Reeve</a>, quoting a "senior Pakistani intelligence source and a former CIA official," writes that "[US agents] armed [bin Laden's] men by letting him pay rock-bottom prices for basic weapons," and that "American emissaries are understood to have traveled to Pakistan for meetings with mujaheddin leaders... [A former CIA official] even suggests the US emissaries met directly with bin Laden, and that it was bin Laden, acting on advice from his friends in Saudi intelligence, who first suggested the mujaheddin should be given Stingers."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the formation of al-Qaeda in 1988, bin Laden (among others) ran a precursor organization known as <a href="/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamat" title="Maktab al-Khidamat">Maktab al-Khidamat</a> (MAK), investigative reporter Joseph Trento will write, citing a "former CIA officer who actually filed these reports," that "CIA money was actually funneled to MAK, since it was recruiting young Muslim men to come join the jihad in Afghanistan."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moran_(journalist)" title="Michael Moran (journalist)">Michael Moran</a> states that "the MAK was nurtured by Pakistan’s state security services, the Inter-Services Intelligence agency, or ISI, the CIA’s primary conduit for conducting the covert war against Moscow’s occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Springmann" title="Michael Springmann">Michael Springmann</a>, a consular officer at the US Consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from 1987 to 1989, would state that he issued more than a hundred visas to unqualified applicants after pressure from his superiors in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, stating to have learned that the visas went to militants recruited by the CIA and bin Laden for training.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conversation with former British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a>, two-time prime minister of Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> said Osama bin Laden was initially pro-American.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince <a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar bin Sultan">Bandar bin Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, has also stated that bin Laden once expressed appreciation for the United States' help in Afghanistan. On CNN's <a href="/wiki/Larry_King" title="Larry King">Larry King</a> program he said: </p> <blockquote> <p>Bandar bin Sultan: This is ironic. In the mid-'80s, if you remember, we and the United - Saudi Arabia and the United States were supporting the Mujahideen to liberate Afghanistan from the Soviets. He [Osama bin Laden] came to thank me for my efforts to bring the Americans, our friends, to help us against the atheists, he said the communists. Isn't it ironic? </p><p>Larry King: How ironic. In other words, he came to thank you for helping bring America to help him. </p><p>Bandar bin Sultan: Right.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_view">Opposing view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. government officials and a number of other parties maintain that the U.S. supported only the indigenous Afghan mujahideen. They deny that the CIA or other American officials had contact with Bin Laden, let alone armed, trained, coached, or indoctrinated him. American analysts and reporters have called the idea of a CIA-backed Al Qaeda "nonsense",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "sheer fantasy",<sup id="cite_ref-Sageman,_p.57-58_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sageman,_p.57-58-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a "common myth".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a>, "there is simply no evidence for the common myth that bin Laden and his Afghan Arabs were supported by the CIA financially. Nor is there any evidence that CIA officials at any level met with bin Laden or anyone in his circle."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergen insists that U.S. funding went to the <i>Afghan</i> mujahideen, not the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab volunteers</a> who arrived to assist them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergen_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergen-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Setmariam_Nasar" title="Mustafa Setmariam Nasar">Mustafa Setmariam Nasar</a>, a former Afghan Arab fighter and suspected member of al-Qaeda states that, "[i]t is a big lie that the Afghan Arabs were formed with the backing of the CIA, whose minions were Bin Laden and Azzam ... the accusation that bin Laden was an employee of the CIA [is false]." Former Al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> wrote that "the United States did not give one penny to the [Arab] mujahideen. Is it possible that Osama bin Laden who, in his lectures in the year 1987, called for the boycott of U.S. goods ... is [a] U.S. agent in Afghanistan?" <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Anas" title="Abdullah Anas">Abdullah Anas</a> wrote, "I never learned, until my departure from Afghanistan, about the rumors concerning the CIA's involvement in the Afghan jihad through secret circles. I don't know, but what is known and clear is that the main supply depots for the jihad were in the bases of the Pakistani army in Peshawar."<sup id="cite_ref-Hegghammer_2020_184_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegghammer_2020_184-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marc_Sageman" title="Marc Sageman">Marc Sageman</a>, a former CIA <a href="/wiki/Operations_officer_(CIA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operations officer (CIA)">Operations Officer</a> who was based in Islamabad from 1987 to 1989, and worked closely with Afghanistan's Mujahideen, states that no American money went to the Afghan Arabs, that "[n]o U.S. official ever came in contact with the foreign volunteers," and that they "never crossed U.S. radar screens."<sup id="cite_ref-Sageman,_p.57-58_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sageman,_p.57-58-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a>, quoting Vincent Cannistraro "who led the Reagan administration's Afghan Working Group from 1985 to 1987," the CIA "tried to avoid direct involvement in the [Soviet-Afghan] war," and that when Cannistraro coordinated Afghan policy, he never once heard bin Laden's name.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both "Bill Peikney—CIA station chief in Islamabad from 1984 to 1986—and Milt Bearden—CIA station chief from 1986 to 1989 [...] flatly denied that any CIA funds ever went to bin Laden," with Peikney stating that "I don’t even recall UBL [bin Laden] coming across my screen when I was there."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bearden, the CIA did not recruit Arabs because there were hundreds of thousands of Afghans all too willing to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Holy_War_Inc._p.66_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_War_Inc._p.66-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic historian Paul Thomas Chamberlin wrote in 2018 that "[t]o date, no researcher has produced documentation of direct links between Washington and bin Laden or, for that matter, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Zarqawi</a>. The weight of evidence suggests that the CIA and the future leaders of Al-Qaeda and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> were not in communication with one another during the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan," but that "[n]evertheless, U.S. and Soviet operations in Afghanistan laid the groundwork for the rise of a global jihadist movement in the waning years of the Cold War."<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlin_2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlin_2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agreements">Agreements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2004 book <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> writes that "Bin Laden moved within <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">Saudi intelligence</a>'s compartmented operations, outside of CIA eyesight. CIA archives contain no record of any direct contact between a CIA officer and bin Laden during the 1980s," commenting that "[i]f the CIA did have contact with bin Laden during the 1980s and subsequently covered it up, it has so far done an excellent job."<sup id="cite_ref-Coll_p._87_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coll_p._87-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coll nonetheless documents that bin Laden at least informally cooperated with the ISI during the 1980s, and "tapping into ISI’s guerrilla training camps on behalf of newly arrived Arab jihadists" to the notice of the CIA. Bin Laden also had intimate connections to CIA-backed mujahideen commander <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Bearden" title="Milton Bearden">Milton Bearden</a>, the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> station chief from mid-1986 until mid-1989, took an admiring view of bin Laden at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghan assets recounted the fanaticism and intolerance of many of the so-called "Afghan Arabs" to the CIA, yet the CIA discounted these reports, instead contemplating direct support to the Arab volunteers under the guise of a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>-inspired "<a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">international brigade</a>"—a concept that, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> then-<a href="/wiki/CIA_Deputy_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Deputy Director">Deputy Director of Central Intelligence</a>, never got off paper.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, according to Rashid, then-CIA chief <a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a> "committed CIA support to a long-standing ISI initiative to recruit radical Muslims from around the world to come to Pakistan and fight with the Afghan Mujaheddin."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norwegian academic historian <a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a> writes that the CIA funded "Islamic charitable organizations that provided assistance to the mujahedin," and that "[a]t least two of these organizations also recruited Muslim volunteers—mostly from North Africa—to fight in Afghanistan," with the CIA also helping run training camps in Egypt and "probably one in one of the Gulf states" for both native Afghan and Afghan Arab recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ewans" title="Martin Ewans">Sir Martin Ewans</a> stated that the Afghan Arabs "benefited indirectly from the CIA's funding, through the ISI and resistance organizations,"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "it has been reckoned that as many as 35,000 'Arab-Afghans' may have received military training in Pakistan at an estimated cost of $800 million in the years up to and including 1988."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the CIA's greatest Afghan beneficiaries were Arabist commanders such as Haqqani and <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a> who were key allies of Bin Laden over many years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haqqani—one of Bin Laden's closest associates in the 1980s—received direct cash payments from CIA agents, without the mediation of the ISI. This independent source of funding gave Haqqani disproportionate influence over the mujahideen, and helped Bin Laden develop his base.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sheik_Omar_Abdel_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman">Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman</a>, an associate of Bin Laden's, was given visas to enter the US on four occasions by the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rahman was recruiting Arabs to fight in the Soviet-Afghan war, and Egyptian officials testified that the CIA actively assisted him. Rahman was a co-plotter of the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holy_War_Inc._p.66_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_War_Inc._p.66-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One allegation not denied by the US government is that the U.S. Army enlisted and trained a former <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> soldier named <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohamed_(double_agent)" title="Ali Mohamed (double agent)">Ali Mohamed</a>, and that it knew Ali occasionally took trips to Afghanistan, where he claimed to fight Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a>, who interviewed U.S. officials about him, Ali told his Army superiors that he was fighting in Afghanistan, but did not tell them he was training other Afghan Arabs or writing a manual from what he had learned from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">US Army Special Forces</a>. Wright also reports that the CIA failed to inform other US agencies that it had learned Ali, who was a member of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a>, was an anti-American spy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">CIA activities in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War:_The_Extraordinary_Story_of_the_Largest_Covert_Operation_in_History" title="Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History">Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Coll_p._87-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_p._87_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_p._87_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll S</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a>: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm">"Al-Qaeda's origins and links"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda%27s+origins+and+links&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1670089.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook_R2005" class="citation news cs1">Cook R (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/terrorism/story/0,12780,1523838,00.html">"The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London: Guardian Unlimited<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 Jul</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+struggle+against+terrorism+cannot+be+won+by+military+means&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Cook+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fterrorism%2Fstory%2F0%2C12780%2C1523838%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2010" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2010). <i>Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 132, 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300163681" title="Special:BookSources/9780300163681"><bdi>9780300163681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+Militant+Islam%2C+Oil+and+Fundamentalism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=132%2C+256&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780300163681&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Messages to the World</i>, 2006, p.50. (March 1997 interview with Peter Arnett</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegghammer_2020_184-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer_2020_184_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegghammer_2020_184_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2020" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FfPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184"><i>The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76595-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caravan%3A+Abdallah+Azzam+and+the+Rise+of+Global+Jihad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76595-4&rft.aulast=Hegghammer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FfPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI5TAAAAIBAJ&dq=I+created+my+first+%5Bmilitary%5D+camps%2C+where+these+volunteers+underwent+training+led+by+Pakistani+and+American+officers&pg=PA5&article_id=3701,6603848">"Bin Laden Quoted As Saying U.S. Trained His Men"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. August 27, 1998. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I created my first [military] camps, where these volunteers underwent training led by Pakistani and American officers. The arms were supplied by the Americans and the money by the Saudis," Bin Laden said in the interview, conducted in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> during an [sic] conference of Arab and Moslem countries in April 1995.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+Quoted+As+Saying+U.S.+Trained+His+Men&rft.date=1998-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI5TAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3DI%2Bcreated%2Bmy%2Bfirst%2B%255Bmilitary%255D%2Bcamps%252C%2Bwhere%2Bthese%2Bvolunteers%2Bunderwent%2Btraining%2Bled%2Bby%2BPakistani%2Band%2BAmerican%2Bofficers%26pg%3DPA5%26article_id%3D3701%2C6603848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve1998" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, Simon (1998). <i>The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the future of terrorism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern University Press">Northeastern University Press</a>. pp. 167–168, 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-407-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-407-4"><bdi>1-55553-407-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Jackals%3A+Ramzi+Yousef%2C+Osama+bin+Laden+and+the+future+of+terrorism&rft.pages=167-168%2C+176-177&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55553-407-4&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrento2005" class="citation book cs1">Trento, Joseph (2005). <i>Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf_Publishers" title="Carroll & Graf Publishers">Carroll & Graf Publishers</a>. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1464-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1464-6"><bdi>0-7867-1464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+Terror%3A+The+Rogue+CIA+and+the+Legacy+of+America%27s+Private+Intelligence+Network&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7867-1464-6&rft.aulast=Trento&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2003" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Michael (2003-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3340101">"Bin Laden comes home to roost"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+comes+home+to+roost&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna3340101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedberg2001" class="citation web cs1">Freedberg, Sydney (November 25, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/11/25/loopholes-leave-u-s-borders-vulnerable/">"Loopholes leave U.S. borders vulnerable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Loopholes+leave+U.S.+borders+vulnerable&rft.date=2001-11-25&rft.aulast=Freedberg&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F2001%2F11%2F25%2Floopholes-leave-u-s-borders-vulnerable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/newsnight/1645527.stm">"Newsnight - Has someone been sitting on the FBI?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. November 8, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021011104011/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/newsnight/1645527.stm">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsnight+-+Has+someone+been+sitting+on+the+FBI%3F&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Fnewsnight%2F1645527.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhutto_B2003" class="citation episode cs1">Bhutto B (20 Mar 2003). <i>Dinner with Portillo</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dinner+with+Portillo&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft.au=Bhutto+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_L2001" class="citation episode cs1">King L (1 Oct 2001). "America's New War: Responding to Terrorism". <i><a href="/wiki/Larry_King_Live" title="Larry King Live">Larry King Live</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0110/01/lkl.00.html">CNN Transcripts</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Larry+King+Live&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft.au=King+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy O (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9eFGcsWnwEC&pg=PA291"><i>Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 291–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231134996" title="Special:BookSources/9780231134996"><bdi>9780231134996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalized+Islam%3A+The+Search+for+a+New+Ummah&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=291-92&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780231134996&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9eFGcsWnwEC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sageman,_p.57-58-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sageman,_p.57-58_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sageman,_p.57-58_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSageman2004" class="citation book cs1">Sageman M (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage"><i>Understanding Terror Networks</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage/page/57">57</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812238082" title="Special:BookSources/9780812238082"><bdi>9780812238082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terror+Networks&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=57-8&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780812238082&rft.aulast=Sageman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingter00sage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Bergen, Peter L.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWI7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>The Rise and Fall of Osama bin Laden</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7052-3"><bdi>978-1-9821-7052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-7052-3&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWI7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Bergen, Peter L.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWI7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>The Rise and Fall of Osama bin Laden</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7052-3"><bdi>978-1-9821-7052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-7052-3&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWI7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergen-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergen_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2006" class="citation book cs1">Bergen, Peter (2006). <i>The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader</i>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743295925" title="Special:BookSources/9780743295925"><bdi>9780743295925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Osama+bin+Laden+I+Know%3A+An+Oral+History+of+al+Qaeda%27s+Leader&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780743295925&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeinart_P2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Beinart P (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/63866/back-front">"Back To Front"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Back+To+Front&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Beinart+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F63866%2Fback-front&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiniter_R2003" class="citation news cs1">Miniter R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/dispelling-the-cia-bin-laden-myth">"Dispelling the CIA-Bin Laden Myth"</a>. International. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727085034/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,98115,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Dispelling+the+CIA-Bin+Laden+Myth&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Miniter+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fdispelling-the-cia-bin-laden-myth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holy_War_Inc._p.66-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holy_War_Inc._p.66_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holy_War_Inc._p.66_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2001" class="citation book cs1">Bergen P (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRhZDrJb0zgC&pg=PA65">"Blowback: The CIA and the Afghan War"</a>. <i>Holy War Inc</i>. New York: The Free Press. pp. 65–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743234672" title="Special:BookSources/9780743234672"><bdi>9780743234672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blowback%3A+The+CIA+and+the+Afghan+War&rft.btitle=Holy+War+Inc.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65-7&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780743234672&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRhZDrJb0zgC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlin_2018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlin_2018_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin2018" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, Paul Thomas (2018). <i>The Cold War's Killing Fields: Rethinking the Long Peace</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062367228" title="Special:BookSources/9780062367228"><bdi>9780062367228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%27s+Killing+Fields%3A+Rethinking+the+Long+Peace&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780062367228&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Paul+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 87–88, 147, 152–158, 167, 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=87-88%2C+147%2C+152-158%2C+167%2C+208&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1997" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Robert (1997). <i>From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and how They Won the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684834979" title="Special:BookSources/9780684834979"><bdi>9780684834979</bdi></a>. <q>It was during this period that we began to learn of a significant increase in the number of Arab nationals from other countries who had traveled to Afghanistan to fight in the Holy War against the Soviets. They came from Syria, Iraq, Algeria, and elsewhere, and most fought with the Islamic fundamentalist Muj groups, particularly that headed by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a>. We examined ways to increase their participation, perhaps in the form of some sort of "international brigade," but nothing came of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Shadows%3A+The+Ultimate+Insider%27s+Story+of+Five+Presidents+and+how+They+Won+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780684834979&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2010" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2010). <i>Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300163681" title="Special:BookSources/9780300163681"><bdi>9780300163681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+Militant+Islam%2C+Oil+and+Fundamentalism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780300163681&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2004" class="citation book cs1">Westad, Odd Arne (2004). "Reagan's Anti-Revolutionary Offensive in the Third World". In Njølstad, Olav (ed.). <i>The Last Decade of the Cold War: From Conflict Escalation to Conflict Transformation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 212–213, 217–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714685397" title="Special:BookSources/9780714685397"><bdi>9780714685397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reagan%E2%80%99s+Anti-Revolutionary+Offensive+in+the+Third+World&rft.btitle=The+Last+Decade+of+the+Cold+War%3A+From+Conflict+Escalation+to+Conflict+Transformation&rft.pages=212-213%2C+217-218&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780714685397&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2004" class="citation book cs1">Ewans, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9V-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128"><i>Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymetric Warfare</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134294817" title="Special:BookSources/9781134294817"><bdi>9781134294817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Afghanistan%3A+Studies+in+Asymetric+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134294817&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9V-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2013" class="citation book cs1">Ewans M (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BREUv91DebIC&pg=PP1"><i>Afghanistan - A New History</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136803390" title="Special:BookSources/9781136803390"><bdi>9781136803390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+-+A+New+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136803390&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBREUv91DebIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalMahsudFishman2013" class="citation book cs1">Gopal A, Mahsud MK, Fishman B (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvtQI1aANTIC&pg=PA142">"The Taliban in North Waziristan"</a>. In Bergen P, Tiedemann K (eds.). <i>Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion</i>. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 132–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199893096" title="Special:BookSources/9780199893096"><bdi>9780199893096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taliban+in+North+Waziristan&rft.btitle=Talibanistan%3A+Negotiating+the+Borders+Between+Terror%2C+Politics%2C+and+Religion&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=132-142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199893096&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Mahsud%2C+MK&rft.au=Fishman%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvtQI1aANTIC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias-Sanborn_B2012" class="citation web cs1">Elias-Sanborn B, ed. (11 Sep 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB389/">"The Haqqani History: Bin Ladin's Advocate Inside the Taliban"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Haqqani+History%3A+Bin+Ladin%27s+Advocate+Inside+the+Taliban&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB389%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownRassler2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown V, Rassler D (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b95MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289"><i>Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973-2012</i></a>. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199327980" title="Special:BookSources/9780199327980"><bdi>9780199327980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountainhead+of+Jihad%3A+The+Haqqani+Nexus%2C+1973-2012&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199327980&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Vahid&rft.au=Rassler%2C+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db95MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2002" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i></a>. 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Officers Played Role In Sheik Visas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Mar</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C.I.A.+Officers+Played+Role+In+Sheik+Visas&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Jehl+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F07%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Fcia-officers-played-role-in-sheik-visas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marshall_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_A1998" class="citation news cs1">Marshall A (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/terror-blowback-burns-cia-1182087.html">"Terror 'blowback' burns CIA"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004052543/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/terror-blowback-burns-cia-1182087.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 Sep</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Terror+%27blowback%27+burns+CIA&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Marshall+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fterror-blowback-burns-cia-1182087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright L (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig"><i>Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307266088" title="Special:BookSources/9780307266088"><bdi>9780307266088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looming+Tower%3A+Al+Qaeda+and+the+Road+to+9%2F11&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780307266088&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floomingtoweralqa00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllegations+of+CIA+assistance+to+Osama+bin+Laden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osama_bin_Laden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Template:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Template talk:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osama_bin_Laden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Personal life of Osama bin Laden">Childhood, education, and personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_activity_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant activity of Osama bin Laden">Militant activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_ideology_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden">Beliefs and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum" title="Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum">Khartoum compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">Abbottabad compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Reactions to the killing of Osama bin Laden">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name_Geronimo_controversy" title="Code name Geronimo controversy">code name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_family" title="Bin Laden family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ladin" title="Muhammad bin Ladin">Muhammad bin Ladin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas" title="Hamida al-Attas">Hamida al-Attas</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najwa_Ghanhem" class="mw-redirect" title="Najwa Ghanhem">Najwa Ghanhem</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Laden" title="Abdallah bin Laden">Abdallah bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden" title="Saad bin Laden">Saad bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_bin_Laden" title="Omar bin Laden">Omar bin Laden</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Aqiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al Aqiq">Wadi al Aqiq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Messages_to_the_World" title="Messages to the World">Messages to the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawā of Osama bin Laden">Fatawā</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="2004 Osama bin Laden video">2004 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_January_2006_Osama_bin_Laden_tape" title="19 January 2006 Osama bin Laden tape">19 January 2006 tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 6, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">6 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 11, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">11 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 20, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">20 September 2007 tape</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_American_People" title="Letter to the American People">Letter to the American People</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_in_popular_culture" title="Osama bin Laden in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_bin_Laden" title="Growing Up bin Laden">Growing Up bin Laden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_War,_Inc." title="Holy War, Inc.">Holy War, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Easy_Day" title="No Easy Day">No Easy Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Osama_bin_Laden%3F" title="Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?">Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty" title="Zero Dark Thirty">Zero Dark Thirty</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Interviews of Osama bin Laden">Interviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_a_support_system_in_Pakistan_for_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden">Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_bodyguards" title="Osama bin Laden's bodyguards">Bodyguards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station" title="Bin Laden Issue Station">Issue Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Brooks_Faulkner" title="Gary Brooks Faulkner">Gary Brooks Faulkner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐4xwft Cached time: 20241122143139 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: 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