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<li id="toc-Iron_Age_to_Assyrian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_to_Assyrian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Iron Age to Assyrian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_to_Assyrian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_to_Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_to_Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hellenistic to Early Muslim period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_to_Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader,_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader,_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader,_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karak_revolt_and_Arab_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karak_revolt_and_Arab_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Karak revolt and Arab Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karak_revolt_and_Arab_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate,_Emirate_of_Transjordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate,_Emirate_of_Transjordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>British Mandate, Emirate of Transjordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate,_Emirate_of_Transjordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Kingdom of Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Person</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Karak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83" title="الكرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Карак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak_(Jord%C3%A0nia)" title="Al-Karak (Jordània) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Karak (Jordània)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak" title="Kerak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kerak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak_(Jordanien)" title="Al-Karak (Jordanien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Karak (Jordanien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Αλ Καράκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ Καράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Karak" title="Al Karak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al Karak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak" title="Kerak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kerak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak" title="Karak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86)" title="کرک (اردن) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرک (اردن)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="카라크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="अल-कराक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल-कराक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9B" title="כרכ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרכ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Эль-Карак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эль-Карак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakas" title="Karakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ელ-ქარაქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელ-ქარაქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%83_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86)" title="الكرك (الاردن) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكرك (الاردن)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="کرک (شهر) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کرک (شهر)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_(stad)" title="Kerak (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerak (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF_(%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3)" title="カラク (ヨルダン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラク (ヨルダン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Karak" title="Al Karak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al Karak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Karak" title="Al Karak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Al Karak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Karak" title="El Karak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="El Karak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کرک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraque_(Jord%C3%A2nia)" title="Caraque (Jordânia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caraque (Jordânia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Karak" title="Al Karak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Karak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Эль-Карак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эль-Карак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak" title="Kerak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kerak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ел Карак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ел Карак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Karak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerek" title="Kerek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kerek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ель-Карак (Йорданія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ель-Карак (Йорданія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="الکرک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الکرک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B_(%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6)" title="卡拉克 (約旦) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡拉克 (約旦)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Karak&params=31_11_N_35_42_E_type:landmark_region:JO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°42′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.183°N 35.700°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.183; 35.700</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Karak Governorate, Jordan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about city in Jordan. For other meanings of Karak, see <a href="/wiki/Karak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karak (disambiguation)">Karak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Karak Governorate, Jordan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Al-Karak</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكرك</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14_Al-Karak_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kerak Castle"><img alt="The Kerak Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/14_Al-Karak_2.JPG/250px-14_Al-Karak_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/14_Al-Karak_2.JPG/375px-14_Al-Karak_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/14_Al-Karak_2.JPG/500px-14_Al-Karak_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Al-Karak"><img alt="Flag of Al-Karak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png/100px-Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png/150px-Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png/200px-Flag_of_Greater_Karak_Municipality.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Qir of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Karak is located in Syria"><img alt="Al-Karak is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:114.583%;left:10.256%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Al-Karak"><img alt="Al-Karak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Al-Karak</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Karak&params=31_11_0_N_35_42_0_E_region:JO_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°42′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.18333°N 35.70000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.18333; 35.70000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grid position</th><td class="infobox-data">216/065</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Jordan" title="Governorates of Jordan">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karak_Governorate" title="Karak Governorate">Karak Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_Karak_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater Karak Municipality (page does not exist)">Greater Karak Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1893</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Maaitah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Maaitah (page does not exist)">Mohammed Maaitah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">765 km<sup>2</sup> (295 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">930 m (3,051 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">32,216<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">351,169</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a> +2</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">+3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+(962)2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Al-Karak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكرك</span>), in English sources often simply <b>Karak</b>, is a city in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> known for its medieval castle, the <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a>. The castle is one of the three largest castles in the region, the other two being in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Al-Karak is the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Karak_Governorate" title="Karak Governorate">Karak Governorate</a>. </p><p>Al-Karak lies 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the south of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> on the ancient <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a>. It is situated on a hilltop about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level and is surrounded on three sides by a valley. Al-Karak has a view of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>. A city of about 32,216 people (2005<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) grew up around castle. The town is built on a triangular plateau with the castle at its narrow southern tip. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age_to_Assyrian_period">Iron Age to Assyrian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iron Age to Assyrian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kir_of_Moab" title="Kir of Moab">Kir of Moab</a></div> <p>Al-Karak has been inhabited since at least the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, and was an important city for the <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabites</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> it is called <i>Kir-haresh</i>, <i>Kir-hareseth</i> or <a href="/wiki/Kir_of_Moab" title="Kir of Moab">Kir of Moab</a>, and is identified as having been subject to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2016:9&version=nrsv">2 Kings 16:9</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos+1:5,+9:7&version=NRSV">Amos 1:5, 9:7</a>), it is mentioned as the place where the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> went before they settled in the regions in the northern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and to which <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> (r. 745–727 BC) sent prisoners after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Later the Shamaili kingdom seized power, but little has been recorded about this period. In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/El-Kerak_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Kerak Inscription">El-Kerak Inscription</a> was found in Wadi al-Karak, dated to the late 9th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_to_Early_Muslim_period">Hellenistic to Early Muslim period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hellenistic to Early Muslim period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Period</a>, Al-Karak became an important town, taking its name from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> word for town, <b>Kharkha</b> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">כרכא</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> stronghold. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered it in 105 AD. The city was known in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> as <b>Harreketh</b>. </p><p>Al-Karak is home to some of the oldest Christian communities in the world, dating to the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <b>Charach</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Χαραχ</span>, <i>Kharkh</i>) or <b>Charach of the Moabites</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαραχμωβα</span></span>, <i>Kharakhmōba</i>) was the seat of the Church of Nazareth, and remained predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> under <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> rule following the 629 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Battle of Mu'tah</a>. Its bishop Demetrius took part in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem_(536)" title="Council of Jerusalem (536)">council of the three provinces of Palaestina</a> held in Jerusalem in 536. Another bishop, by the name of John, is said to have lived there in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader,_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods"><span id="Crusader.2C_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_periods"></span>Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Karak_(1183)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Al-Karak (1183)">Siege of Al-Karak (1183)</a></div> <p>Al-Karak fell within the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader</a> lordship of <a href="/wiki/Oultrejourdain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejourdain">Oultrejourdain</a>, the lands east of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. In 1132, <a href="/wiki/King_Fulk" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fulk">King Fulk</a> of Jerusalem made <a href="/wiki/Pagan_the_Butler" title="Pagan the Butler">Pagan the Butler</a> <i>Lord of Montreal and Oultrejourdain</i>. Pagan made his headquarters at al-Karak, where he built a castle on a hill called by the Crusaders <i>Petra Deserti</i> - The Stone of the Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His castle, much modified, dominates the town to this day. </p><p>The castle was in Crusader hands for only 46 years. It had been threatened by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s armies several times, but finally surrendered in 1188, after the crushing Crusader defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> and a siege that lasted more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Adil">Al-Adil</a>, was governor of the district until becoming ruler of Egypt and Syria in 1199.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut</a> (1179–1229) noted that "Al Karak is a very strongly fortified castle on the borders of Syria, towards Balka province, and in the mountains. It stands on a rock surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadis</a>, except on the side towards the suburb."<sup id="cite_ref-Strange479_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange479-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a> (1256–1327) noted that Karak: "is an impregnable fortress, standing high on the summit of a mountain. Its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fossa#Latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fossa">fosses</a> are the valleys around it, which are very deep. They say it was originally, in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman days</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a>, and was turned into a fortress. It is now a treasure house of the Turks."<sup id="cite_ref-Strange479_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange479-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a> (1273−1331) noted that Al Karak "is a celebrated town with a very high fortress, one of the most unassailable of the fortresses of Syria. About a day's march from it is <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tah" title="Mu'tah">Mutah</a>, where are the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27afar_at_Tayyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'afar at Tayyar">Ja'afar at Tayyar</a> and his companions. Below Al Karak is a valley, in which is a thermal bath (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammam</a>), and many gardens with excellent fruits, such as <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, and others."<sup id="cite_ref-Strange479_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strange479-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Karak was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Quff" title="Ibn al-Quff">Ibn al-Quff</a> (1233–1286), an <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a>, author of the earliest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons. </p><p>In 1355, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> wrote: "Al Karak is one of the strongest and most celebrated fortresses of Syria. It is called also <i>Hisn al Ghurab</i> (the Crow's Fortress), and is surrounded on every side by ravines. There is only one gateway, and that enters by a passage tunnelled in the live rock, which tunnel forms a sort of hall. We stayed four days outside Karak, at a place called <i>Ath Thaniyyah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castle served as a place of exile and power base during the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk sultanate</a>. Its significance lay in its control over the caravan route between Damascus and Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage route</a> between Damascus and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. In the thirteenth century, the Mamluk ruler <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> used it during his ascent to power. In 1389 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Barquq" title="Barquq">Barquq</a> was exiled to al-Karak, where he gathered his supporters before returning to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Karak_(1834)" title="Siege of Al-Karak (1834)">Siege of Al-Karak (1834)</a></div> <p>In 1596 Al-Karak appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">tax registers</a>, situated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiya</a></i> (subdistrict) of Karak, part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjak</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ajlun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajlun">Ajlun</a>. It had 78 households and 2 bachelors who were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, and 103 households and 8 bachelors who were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees/vineyards/fruit trees, a special product (<i>bayt al–mal</i>), goats and bee-hives; in addition to occasional revenues, for a water mill, and a market toll. Their total tax was 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akçe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Karak was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Majali" title="Majali">Majali</a> tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Tarawneh tribe and the Maaitah tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844 <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> sent an expedition west of the Dead Sea. His troops occupied the castle at al-Karak but they were starved out with much loss of life. </p><p>Mohammed Al-Majali who had control of Al-Karak in 1868, was involved in the events that led to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Moabite Stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893 the Sublime Porte <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> established the sub-province of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a>, with a resident governor (<i>mutasarif</i>) in Al-Karak, under the <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Syria">Syria</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first governors, 1895, was Hussein Helmy Bey Effendi (see also <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha">Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha</a>), aged 40, formerly the General Secretary at Damascus. He ruled with a garrison of 1,200 troops, in 3 regiments, mostly conscripts from West of the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a> doing their three years of military service. There were also 200 <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowling329_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling329-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his achievements was the disarming of the local population. He also established a Military Hospital with a Jewish doctor; enforced the regulation of coinage and weights and measures; introduced a weekly postal service to Jerusalem, Damascus and Ma'an; and set up agricultural projects such as the planting of 5,000 grape vines at <a href="/wiki/Madeba" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeba">Madeba</a>. </p><p>One estimate of the population of the town and the surrounding area at this time gives a total of 10,000. Of these, 8000 were <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and 2,000 were <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Orthodox Christians</a> whose Church, St George, had been built in 1849. The Latin Mission was established in 1874 and in 1886 Al Majali gave permission to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">English Mission</a> to work in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town's Orthodox school had 120 boys and 60 girls. The same source notes that the town's <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> had been educated in Hebron and <a href="/wiki/Al_Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azhar">al Azhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and that there was a newly built mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling329_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling329-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchants from Damascus came to the town twice each year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karak_revolt_and_Arab_Revolt">Karak revolt and Arab Revolt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Karak revolt and Arab Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Karak_revolt" title="Karak revolt">Karak revolt</a> erupted on 4 December 1910<sup id="cite_ref-ssl_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Damascus">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascus Vilayet">Damascus</a> attempted to apply the same measures of conscription, taxation, and disarmament to the inhabitants of Al-Karak that previously provoked the <a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising ended with an indiscriminate massacre perpetrated by the governor's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918), the Turkish Army abandoned al-Karak after Sherif Abdullah ibn Hamza led a 70 horsemen attack on Mezraa. This Ottoman naval base was rendered useless, after the destruction of the flotilla used to transport grain across the Dead Sea, on 28 January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-TE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neil_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neil-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate,_Emirate_of_Transjordan"><span id="British_Mandate.2C_Emirate_of_Transjordan"></span>British Mandate, Emirate of Transjordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Mandate, Emirate of Transjordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a>, 1920, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> was given a mandate to govern the area. The newly appointed High Commissioner in Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a>, sent several officials east of the River Jordan to create a local administration. Major <a href="/wiki/Alec_Kirkbride" title="Alec Kirkbride">Alec Kirkbride</a> was based in Al-Karak with a small detachment of policemen. He established what he named <i>The National Government of Moab</i> with himself as president. In January 1921 Emir <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah Hussein</a> began assembling an army in <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a> and announced his intention to attack the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. After a brief consultation with his superiors Kirkbride's government welcomed the arrival of the Emir. At the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1921)" title="Cairo Conference (1921)">Cairo conference</a>, March 1921, Abdullah was recognised by the British as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, Al-Karak had a population of 8,000 and had the third largest urban population (after <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt,_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt, Jordan">Salt</a> with 20,000 each) in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Jordan">Kingdom of Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, the population of Karak town was 7,422 persons,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom 1,622 were Orthodox Christian while the remaining were Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1996, there were <a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">food riots</a> in the town after the government increased the price of bread.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town and castle were the scene of <a href="/wiki/2016_Al-Karak_attack" title="2016 Al-Karak attack">an attack</a> by gunmen on 18 December 2016 in which at least 19 people were killed; 13 Jordanian civilians and security forces, a Canadian tourist, and all 5 attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Karak has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Csa</i>). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Al-Karak is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). About 359 mm (14.13 in) of precipitation falls annually. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Al-Karak (<a href="/wiki/Rabba" title="Rabba">Rabba</a>) (1989–2018 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.9<br />(3.58) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.3<br />(3.08) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.3<br />(1.82) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(0.62) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(0.22) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(0.34) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.7<br />(2.11) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">323.7<br />(12.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.1 </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.5 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.7 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.9 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.0 </td> <td style="background: #2525FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.8 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.5 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.6 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Jordan Meteorological Department<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Karak's metropolitan population was estimated to be 68,800 in 2013, making up 31.5% of the total population of the Karak Governorate. Most of the population of the city is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> (75%) and there is also a significant Orthodox Christian population (25%). In general, the percentage of Christians in al-Karak is among the highest in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Karak is famous for its traditional Jordanian lamb dish called <a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">mansaf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerak_BW_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Karak is known for its crusader castle, one of the largest castles in the region"><img alt="Karak is known for its crusader castle, one of the largest castles in the region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kerak_BW_1.JPG/120px-Kerak_BW_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kerak_BW_1.JPG/180px-Kerak_BW_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kerak_BW_1.JPG/240px-Kerak_BW_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karak is known for its crusader castle, one of the largest castles in the region</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20100924_kerak01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A street in al-Karak"><img alt="A street in al-Karak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/20100924_kerak01.JPG/120px-20100924_kerak01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/20100924_kerak01.JPG/250px-20100924_kerak01.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A street in al-Karak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An al-Karak city police vehicle"><img alt="An al-Karak city police vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg/120px-Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg/180px-Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg/240px-Jordanian_Police_Car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An al-Karak city police vehicle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosque"><img alt="Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg/120px-Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg/180px-Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg/240px-Z_Karak_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A statue of Saladin and mosque behind in the city center"><img alt="A statue of Saladin and mosque behind in the city center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG/120px-Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG/180px-Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG/240px-Z_Karak_JO_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A statue of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> and mosque behind in the city center </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20100924_kerak12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20100924_kerak12.JPG/120px-20100924_kerak12.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/20100924_kerak12.JPG/250px-20100924_kerak12.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Person">Notable Person</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable Person"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muath_al-Kasasbeh" title="Muath al-Kasasbeh">Muath al-Kasasbeh</a>, Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot captured, held hostage, and burned alive in Syria in January 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qutaibah_al_Majali" title="Abu Qutaibah al Majali">Abu Qutaibah al Majali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Afghan Arab</a> and Al Qaeda recruiter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/Jordan-Cities.html">"Jordan: Governorates, Major Cities & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+Governorates%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Urban+Localities+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FJordan-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/Jordan-Cities.html--">> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/Jordan-Cities.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Khuri Hitti">Hitti</a>, 1970, p. 641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoujaes" class="citation web cs1">Moujaes, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924072503/http://www.ucc.org/news_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015">"Four refugee families living in Jordan share their stories with Mid-East delegation"</a>. <i>United Church of Christ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.org/news_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015">the original</a> on 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Church+of+Christ&rft.atitle=Four+refugee+families+living+in+Jordan+share+their+stories+with+Mid-East+delegation&rft.aulast=Moujaes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.org%2Fnews_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Lequien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5319060892;view=1up;seq=375"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a>, Paris 1740, Vol. III, coll. 729-734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius Bonifacius Gams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1"><i>Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae</i></a>, Leipzig 1931, p. 454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, 1951, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, 1951, p. 468. "after the last horse had been eaten."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitti, 1970, p. 652</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strange479-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange479_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange479_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange479_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/479/mode/1up">479</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Strange, 1890, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/479/mode/1up">479</a>−<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/480/mode/1up">480</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 1986, pp. 86, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Bliss" title="Frederick J. Bliss">Bliss</a>, 1895, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/n254/mode/1up">217</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Edward_Dowling" title="Theodore Edward Dowling">Dowling</a> and the Al Mdanat tribe the first Christian Tribe in the region, 1896, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/328/mode/1up">328</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/329/mode/1up">329</a>. Records the Mujely being "unreasonable in their treatment" of visitors in 1817 (Irby and Mangles), 1851 (De Saulcy), 1872 (Canon Tristram) and 1893 (<a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray_Hill" title="John Edward Gray Hill">John Edward Gray Hill</a> and his wife Caroline).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu_Doughty" title="Charles Montagu Doughty">Doughtey</a>, 1921, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsinarabiad01doug/page/26/mode/1up">26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bliss, 1895, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/n240/mode/1up">203</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bliss, 1895, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/n257/mode/1up">220</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowling329-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling329_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling329_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dowling, 1896, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/329/mode/1up">329</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, 1896, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/24/mode/1up">24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, 1896, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/24/mode/1up">24</a>. Who also notes that in 1896 there were three Jews living in the town.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssl-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssl_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischbach2000" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Michael R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WAgDMWsyb8C"><i>State, Society, and Land in Jordan</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004119124" title="Special:BookSources/9004119124"><bdi>9004119124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Society%2C+and+Land+in+Jordan&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004119124&rft.aulast=Fischbach&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WAgDMWsyb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisc-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wisc_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeydemannJoint_Committee_on_the_Near_and_Middle_East2000" class="citation book cs1">Heydemann, Steven; Joint Committee on the Near and Middle East (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tczy5YtB4PEC"><i>War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520224223" title="Special:BookSources/9780520224223"><bdi>9780520224223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Social+Change+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520224223&rft.aulast=Heydemann&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Joint+Committee+on+the+Near+and+Middle+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtczy5YtB4PEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salibi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salibi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1998" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zdi2sCuIh8C&pg=PA40"><i>The Modern History of Jordan</i></a>. IB.Tauris. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860643316" title="Special:BookSources/9781860643316"><bdi>9781860643316</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Jordan&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=IB.Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781860643316&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zdi2sCuIh8C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TE-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TE_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1935" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, T.E. (1935). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr"><i>Seven Pillars of Wisdom</i></a></span>. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr/page/484">484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Pillars+of+Wisdom&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=T.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenpillarsofwi00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neil-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neil_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2016" class="citation book cs1">Faulkner, Neil (2016). <i>Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300226393" title="Special:BookSources/9780300226393"><bdi>9780300226393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrence+of+Arabia%27s+War%3A+The+Arabs%2C+the+British+and+the+Remaking+of+the+Middle+East+in+WWI&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300226393&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sykes, 1965/1967, pp. 52,53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica (1929), Volume 22. Page 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p06.pdf">6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-pp115-116.pdf">115-116</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mannheim, Ivan (2000) <i> Jordan Handbook.</i> Footprint Handbooks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900949-69-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-900949-69-5">1-900949-69-5</a>. Page 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38358309">"Jordan attack: Canadian among seven dead in Karak shooting"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jordan+attack%3A+Canadian+among+seven+dead+in+Karak+shooting&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38358309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9">"دائرة الأرصاد الجوية > معلومات مناخية وزراعية > المعدلات العامة"</a> (in Arabic). Jordan Meteorological Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221154009/http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/المعدلات-العامة">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9+%26gt%3B+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3E+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9&rft.pub=Jordan+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjometeo.gov.jo%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBliss,_F.J.1895" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Bliss" title="Frederick J. Bliss">Bliss, F.J.</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale">"Narrative of an Expedition to Moab and Gilead in March, 1895"</a>. <i>Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund</i>. <b>27</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/203">203</a>–235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Narrative+of+an+Expedition+to+Moab+and+Gilead+in+March%2C+1895&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=203-235&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Bliss%2C+F.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme27pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoughtey,_C.M.1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu_Doughty" title="Charles Montagu Doughty">Doughtey, C.M.</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsinarabiad01doug/page/26/mode/1up"><i>Travels in Arabia Deserta</i></a>. London: P.L. Warner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Arabia+Deserta&rft.place=London&rft.pub=P.L.+Warner&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Doughtey%2C+C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsinarabiad01doug%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowling,_T.E.1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Edward_Dowling" title="Theodore Edward Dowling">Dowling, T.E.</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale">"Kerak in 1896"</a>. <i>Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund</i>. <b>28</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/327">327</a>–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=Kerak+in+1896&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=327-332&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Dowling%2C+T.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme27pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Jordan,_Department_of_Statistics1964" class="citation book cs1">Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf"><i>First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Census+of+Population+and+Housing.+Volume+I%3A+Final+Tables%3B+General+Characteristics+of+the+Population&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Government+of+Jordan%2C+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.anu.edu.au%2F~bdm%2Fyabber%2Fcensus%2FJordanCensus1961bits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGubser1973" class="citation book cs1">Gubser, Peter (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicschangein00pete"><i>Politics & Change in Al-Karak, Jordan, A Study of a Small Arab Town & Its District</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-215805-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-215805-8"><bdi>0-19-215805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+%26+Change+in+Al-Karak%2C+Jordan%2C+A+Study+of+a+Small+Arab+Town+%26+Its+District&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-19-215805-8&rft.aulast=Gubser&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticschangein00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill,_G.1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray_Hill" title="John Edward Gray Hill">Hill, G.</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale">"A journey east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, 1895"</a>. <i>Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund</i>. <b>28</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme27pale/page/24">24</a>–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+-+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=A+journey+east+of+the+Jordan+and+the+Dead+Sea%2C+1895&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=24-47&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Hill%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquarterlystateme27pale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitti1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Khuri Hitti">Hitti, P.K.</a> (1970). <i>History of the Arabs</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-09871-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-09871-4"><bdi>0-333-09871-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-333-09871-4&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt1986" class="citation book cs1">Holt, P.M. (1986). <i>The Age of the Crusades. The Near East from the Eleventh century to 1517</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49302-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49302-1"><bdi>0-582-49302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Crusades.+The+Near+East+from+the+Eleventh+century+to+1517&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-582-49302-1&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHütterothAbdulfattah1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Dieter_H%C3%BCtteroth" title="Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth">Hütteroth, W.-D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Abdulfattah" title="Kamal Abdulfattah">Abdulfattah, K.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century</i></a>. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2"><bdi>3-920405-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Palestine%2C+Transjordan+and+Southern+Syria+in+the+Late+16th+Century&rft.pub=Erlanger+Geographische+Arbeiten%2C+Sonderband+5.+Erlangen%2C+Germany%3A+Vorstand+der+Fr%C3%A4nkischen+Geographischen+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=3-920405-41-2&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCtteroth&rft.aufirst=W.-D.&rft.au=Abdulfattah%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqULAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrbyMangles1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Irby" title="Charles Leonard Irby">Irby, C.L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Mangles_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Mangles (Royal Navy officer)">Mangles, J.</a> (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsinegypta01barkgoog"><i>Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor; during the years 1817 & 1818</i></a>. London: Printed for Private Distribution by T. White & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Egypt+and+Nubia%2C+Syria%2C+and+Asia+Minor%3B+during+the+years+1817+%26+1818&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+Private+Distribution+by+T.+White+%26+Co.&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Irby&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft.au=Mangles%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsinegypta01barkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinegypta01barkgoog#page/n411/mode/1up">361</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinegypta01barkgoog#page/n494/mode/1up">444</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinegypta01barkgoog#page/n508/mode/1up">456</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem)</i></a>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39036-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39036-2"><bdi>0-521-39036-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+A-K+%28excluding+Acre+and+Jerusalem%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-39036-2&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgQ6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA286">286</a>−<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA295">295</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPringle1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC"><i>Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetteer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521-46010-7" title="Special:BookSources/0521-46010-7"><bdi>0521-46010-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+buildings+in+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+an+archaeological+Gazetteer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521-46010-7&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_NbE5obqRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA59">59</a>− <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA60">60</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, S.</a> (1951). <i>A history of the Crusades. Volume II. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. 1100-1187</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06162-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06162-8"><bdi>0-521-06162-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Crusades.+Volume+II.+The+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Frankish+East.+1100-1187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-521-06162-8&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaulcy1854" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9licien_de_Saulcy" title="Louis Félicien de Saulcy">Saulcy, L.F. de</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn00warrgoog"><i>Narrative of a journey round the Dead Sea, and in the Bible lands, in 1850 and 1851</i></a>. Vol. 1, new edition. London: R. Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+journey+round+the+Dead+Sea%2C+and+in+the+Bible+lands%2C+in+1850+and+1851&rft.place=London&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Saulcy&rft.aufirst=L.F.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeajourn00warrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn00warrgoog/page/n388/mode/1up">368</a> ff)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSykes1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sykes_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Sykes (author)">Sykes, C.</a> (1965). <i>Cross Roads to Israel: Palestine from Balfour to Bevin</i>. New English Library Edition (pb) 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+Roads+to+Israel%3A+Palestine+from+Balfour+to+Bevin&rft.pub=New+English+Library+Edition+%28pb%29+1967&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTristram1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baker_Tristram" title="Henry Baker Tristram">Tristram, H.B.</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landofmoabtravel00tris/page/n7"><i>The land of Moab; travels and discoveries on the east side of the Dead sea and the Jordan</i></a>. New York: Harper and brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+of+Moab%3B+travels+and+discoveries+on+the+east+side+of+the+Dead+sea+and+the+Jordan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+brothers&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Tristram&rft.aufirst=H.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandofmoabtravel00tris%2Fpage%2Fn7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Karak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Karak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kerak#Q31572" class="extiw" title="voy:Kerak">Kerak</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkarak.net">Al Karak.net, A website dedicated to Karak</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jordan-travel.com/al-karak-splendid-crusader-fortress,">Al-Karak and Crusader castle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Karak%20(Jordan)">Photos of Al-Karak from the American Center of Research</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Karak&params=31_11_N_35_42_E_type:landmark_region:JO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°42′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.183°N 35.700°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.183; 35.700</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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