CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>      <html lang='en' class='no-js'>  <head> <meta charset='utf-8'> <meta content='text/html; charset=UTF-8' http-equiv='Content-Type'> <meta content='The Journal of Clinical Investigation' name='AUTHOR'>  <meta content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0' name='viewport'> <link href='/rss' rel='alternate' title='JCI New Article RSS' type='application/rss+xml'> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="hSmgoevaCBTU+Lb6EDj1AjVv6D3sW8GyW42sl1u+4gBrT8NtaXhzVGK2pGGMTa8uwbZxOkD8Eb2TY9gSRY3FDA==" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/assets/jci-favicon-378ea4dd43f03bc78136c6a261d9b28f6811fe59d12db426eae78cf0691b0008.ico" /> <title> JCI - Connect with the Journal </title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/assets/application-4e3473ed7442aa1dc35d11f58ed4edfbd690fa57a3eb3a1daca0cd68dc7fb1e0.css" />  <style> @font-face { font-family: "klavika-bold"; src: url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/klavika/eot/KlavikaWebBasicBold.eot"); src: url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/klavika/eot/KlavikaWebBasicBold.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/klavika/woff/KlavikaWebBasicBold.woff") format("woff"); } @font-face { font-family: "klavika-regular"; src: url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/klavika/eot/KlavikaWebBasicRegular.eot"); src: url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/klavika/eot/KlavikaWebBasicRegular.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/klavika/woff/KlavikaWebBasicRegular.woff") format("woff"); } @font-face { font-family: "foundation-icons"; src: url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/foundation-icons-3/foundation-icons.eot"); src: url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/foundation-icons-3/foundation-icons.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/foundation-icons-3/foundation-icons.woff") format("woff"), url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/foundation-icons-3/foundation-icons.ttf") format("truetype"), url("//dm5migu4zj3pb.cloudfront.net/fonts/foundation-icons-3/foundation-icons.svg#fontcustom") format("svg"); font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } </style> <script> //Google Tag Manager Data Layer //Values must be set before GTM tags are triggered window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'siteName': 'content-jci', 'ipAddress': '8.222.208.146', 'environment': 'production', }); </script> <script src="/assets/vendor/modernizr-2f68aa04c7424c280c5bc9db8b68f7f6ff70bcd38254c5b89383eac8e89b1781.js"></script> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function () { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); googletag.cmd.push(function () { // NOTE: This script manages google ads, more info at doc/GoogleAds.md var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([800, 600], [300, 250]).addSize([640, 480], [260, 217]).build(); var mapping2 = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1920, 1080], [728, 90])//All desktop like resolutions are set to 728x90 .addSize([800, 600], [728, 90]) .addSize([640, 480], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]) //Smaller than 640x480 screens .build(); googletag.defineSlot('/82117132/jci-homepage-med-rectangle-left-col-top', [[300, 250],[260, 217]], 'jci-homepage-med-rectangle-left-col-top').defineSizeMapping(mapping).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/82117132/jci-article-interior-leaderboard-top', [[728, 90],[320, 50]], 'jci-article-interior-leaderboard-top').defineSizeMapping(mapping2).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/82117132/jci-article-interior-leaderboard-bottom', [728, 90], 'jci-article-interior-leaderboard-bottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/82117132/jci-article-interior-skyscraper-right-col', [160, 600], 'jci-article-interior-skyscraper-right-col').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/82117132/jci-interior-skyscraper-right-col', [160, 600], 'jci-interior-skyscraper-right-col').addService(googletag.pubads()); // collapseEmptyDivs requires all slots be defined above. googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(true); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> </head> <body class='' id='kiosks_controller'> <div class='off-canvas-wrap' data-offcanvas=''> <div class='inner-wrap'> <div class='fixed show-for-large-up'> <div class='row menu-align' id='logo-bar'> <div class='small-12 columns'> <div class='cross-journal-container'> Go to <a href='http://insight.jci.org'>JCI Insight</a> </div> <a href="/"><img src="/assets/common/jci-spelled-out-white-on-transparent.20160208-958617d51a205b239bcef41eae5703962aee0ae2fcc9fbda0237e635a09ac7f3.png" /></a> </div> </div> <div class='row menu-align' id='journal-bar'> <div class='small-12 columns'> <ul class='inline-list'> <li><a href="/kiosks/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/editorial-board">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/about/consulting-editors">Consulting Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/authors">For authors</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/ethics">Publication ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/connect">Publication alerts by email</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/advertise">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="https://the-asci.org/controllers/asci/JobBoard.php">Job board</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id='content-bar'> <nav class='top-bar' data-topbar=''> <section class='top-bar-section'> <ul class='left'> <li class='not-click'> <a href="/tags/141">Clinical Research and Public Health</a> </li> <li class='not-click'> <a id="topmenu_current_issue" href="/current">Current issue</a> </li> <li class='not-click'> <a href="/archive">Past issues</a> </li> <li class='has-dropdown not-click'> <a>By specialty</a> <ul class='dropdown'> <li><a href="/tags/118">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/15">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/21">Gastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/25">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/28">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/31">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/32">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/33">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/36">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/42">Vascular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/specialties">All ...</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class='has-dropdown not-click'> <a href="/videos">Videos</a> <ul class='dropdown'> <li><a href="/videos/cgms">Conversations with Giants in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/videos/video_abstracts">Video Abstracts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class='has-dropdown not-click'> <a href="/tags/reviews">Reviews</a> <ul class='dropdown'> <li> <label>Reviews</label> </li> <li><a href="/tags/reviews">View all reviews ...</a></li> <li class='divider'></li> <li> <label>Review Series</label> </li> <li><a href="/review_series/131">Evolving insights into MASLD and MASH pathogenesis and treatment (Apr 2025)</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series/130">Microbiome in Health and Disease (Feb 2025)</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series/127">Substance Use Disorders (Oct 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series/128">Clonal Hematopoiesis (Oct 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series/129">Sex Differences in Medicine (Sep 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series/126">Vascular Malformations (Apr 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series/125">Lung inflammatory injury and tissue repair (Jul 2023)</a></li> <li> <a href="/review_series">View all review series ...</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='not-click'> <a href="/tags/111">Viewpoint</a> </li> <li class='has-dropdown not-click'> <a>Collections</a> <ul class='dropdown'> <li><a href="/in-press-preview">In-Press Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/141">Clinical Research and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/127">Research Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/75">Letters to the Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/56">Editorials</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/44">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/123">Editor's notes</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/2">Reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/111">Viewpoints</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/topic/jci-100th-anniversary">100th anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/top_articles">Top read articles</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='right'> <li class='has-form'> <div id='search-area'> <form action="/search/results" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" id="q" value="" placeholder="Search the JCI" /> <input type="image" src="/assets/search-black-ba9b554d6f74b1c93d6e6ab71d1c9830c18a20fc6b7e72393f136f5d875141ac.png" value="" /> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </div> <nav class='tab-bar hide-for-large-up fixed' id='small-navbar'> <section class='left-small'> <a class='left-off-canvas-toggle menu-icon'> <span></span> </a> </section> <section class='middle tab-bar-section'> <h1 class='title'><a href="/"><img width="40" src="/assets/common/jci-only-white-6c989e8f9744a714482158b82319d50aa8437aa4c8524c4f3dcf8450299cd4b7.png" /></a></h1> </section> </nav> <aside class='left-off-canvas-menu'> <ul class='off-canvas-list'> <li> <label>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</label> </li> <li><form action="/search/results" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <div class='row collapse' id='search-div-offcanvas'> <div class='small-8 columns'> <input name='q' placeholder='Search the JCI' type='text'> </div> <div class='small-4 columns'> <input type="image" src="/assets/common/search-white-530f3f95b9080d73eba51eaeffdf1a3922af42ccc277a2d1d987b8aa24423c96.png" id="search-icon-offcanvas" /> </div> </div> </form> </li> <li><a id="offcanvas_current_issue" href="/current">Current issue</a></li> <li><a href="/archive">Past issues</a></li> <li><a href="/specialties">Specialties</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/reviews">Reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/review_series">Review series</a></li> <li> <label>Videos</label> </li> <li><a href="/videos/cgms">Conversations with Giants in Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/videos/video_abstracts">Video Abstracts</a></li> <li> <label>Collections</label> </li> <li><a href="/in-press-preview">In-Press Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/141">Clinical Research and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/127">Research Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/75">Letters to the Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/56">Editorials</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/44">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/123">Editor's notes</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/2">Reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/tags/111">Viewpoints</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/topic/jci-100th-anniversary">100th anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/top_articles">Top read articles</a></li> <li> <label>Journal Details</label> </li> <li><a href="/kiosks/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/editorial-board">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/about/consulting-editors">Consulting Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/authors">For authors</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/ethics">Publication ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/connect">Publication alerts by email</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/advertise">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="https://the-asci.org/controllers/asci/JobBoard.php">Job board</a></li> <li><a href="/kiosks/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </aside> <a class='exit-off-canvas'></a>  <div class='row content-wrapper'> <div class='small-12 columns'> <div class='menu-align'> <div class='row'> <div class='large-10 medium-9 small-12 columns'> <h2>Publication alerts by email</h2> <p>The JCI sends emails when each new issue is published:</p> <form action="https://notices.jci.org/subscribers/new" method="get"><input name="utm_source" type="hidden" value="jci" /> <input name="utm_medium" type="hidden" value="web" /> <input name="utm_campaign" type="hidden" value="email_signup" /> <input name="utm_content" type="hidden" value="kiosk" /> <div class="row"> <div class="small-9 columns"><input name="email_address" placeholder="Enter your email address" style="max-width:275px;" type="email" required /> <input class="button tiny" type="submit" value="Sign up" /></div> </div> </form> <h2>Social networks</h2> <p>The Journal makes regular updates to <a href="https://www.facebook.com/jclininvest">Facebook</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/jclinicalinvest">Twitter</a>.</p> <h2>RSS feeds</h2> <p>The <a href="http://www.jci.org/just-published">most recent articles published in the JCI</a> are available through our <a href="http://www.jci.org/rss">RSS feed</a>. RSS is an acronym for Rich Site Summary, RDF Site Summary, or Really Simple Syndication. You can access these feeds if you have RSS reader software installed (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_feed_aggregators">this list of available readers</a>) or if you subscribe to to RSS feeds through an aggregator of RSS feeds.</p> <h2>Comments</h2> <p>Readers can submit comments on articles that the editors will consider for posting. When viewing an article, click the "Submit a comment" link to the right of the article display. See <a href="/eletters/view/69666">this published comment as an example</a>.</p> <h2>Feedback</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.jci.org/kiosk/contact">View the Journal's contact information</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.jci.org/feedback">Use the feedback form</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class='large-2 medium-3 hide-for-small columns' style='padding: 12px 9px 12px 9px;'> <div style='width:100%; text-align: center;'> <div id='jci-interior-skyscraper-right-col'> <span class='secondary label'>Advertisement</span> <script> try { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('jci-interior-skyscraper-right-col'); }); } catch(e){} </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id='footer'> <div class='row panel-padding'> <div class='small-6 columns'> <div id='social-links'> <a onclick="trackOutboundLink('/twitter?ref=footer');" href="/twitter"><img title="Twitter" src="/assets/social/twitter-round-blue-78025a92064e3594e44e4ccf5446aefeafba696cd3c8e4a7be1850c7c9f62aba.png" /></a> <a onclick="trackOutboundLink('/facebook?ref=footer');" href="/facebook"><img title="Facebook" src="/assets/social/facebook-round-blue-2787910d46dcbdbee4bd34030fee044e5a77cfda2221af9191d437b2f5fadeb1.png" /></a> <a href="/rss"><img title="RSS" src="/assets/social/rss-round-color-6f5fa8e93dc066ee4923a36ba6a7cb97d53c5b77de78a2c7b2a721adc603f342.png" /></a> </div> <br> Copyright © 2025 <a href="http://www.the-asci.org">American Society for Clinical Investigation</a> <br> ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online) </div> <div class='small-6 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='small-12 columns'> <h4 class='notices-signup'>Sign up for email alerts</h4> <form action='https://notices.jci.org/subscribers/new' method='get'> <input name='utm_source' type='hidden' value='jci'> <input name='utm_medium' type='hidden' value='web'> <input name='utm_campaign' type='hidden' value='email_signup'> <input name='utm_content' type='hidden' value='footer'> <div class='row'> <div class='small-12 medium-9 columns'> <input name='email_address' placeholder='Your email address' required type='text'> </div> <div class='small-12 medium-3 columns'> <input class='button tiny orange' type='submit' value='Sign up'> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/assets/application-27f18b5fe3b7302e5b3e3c6d7cf9bb3f54759fad32679209f5aef429b89f3aef.js"></script>  <script src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-4d8389db4b0bb592" async="async"></script> <script src="//d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js" async="async"></script>  </body> </html>