German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory

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href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/">Telescopes & Instruments<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-244" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-245" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-246" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/"> VLT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-247" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/"> 4LGSF </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires/"> CRIRES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/"> ESPRESSO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/eris/"> ERIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/"> FLAMES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/"> FORS1 and FORS2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/hawk-i/"> HAWK-I </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/moons/"> MOONS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-275" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-281" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-282" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-288" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-295" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-296" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-298" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-305" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-319" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-326" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-330" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-340" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-345" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-349" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-352" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-355" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-358" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-361" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-373" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> MPI_1.1THz </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-388" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> 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class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/instruments/"> Instruments </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/science/">Discoveries<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-402" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/science/top10/"> ESO Top 10 Astronomical Discoveries </a></li><li 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href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/organisers/"> For Exhibitors </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/iya2009/"> IYA 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/100ha/"> 100 Hours of Astronomy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/theeye/"> The Eye 3D </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/imax-hidden-universe/"> IMAX® 3D Film Hidden Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse11/"> Open House Day 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse09/"> Open House Day 2009 (German) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/bond/"> Bond at Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/lndw-2007eng/"> Long Night of Science 2007 </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/"> Open House Day 2006 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-461" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/ohd06-winnerslist/"> List of Prize Winners </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06/"> Deutsche Fassung </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06-gewinnerliste/"> Liste der Preisgewinner </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/pt-011203/"> Public Talks 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eso40years/"> ESO 40 Years (1962 - 2002) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/"> Exhibitions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-467" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/perma_exhibitions/"> ESO Permanent Exhibitions </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.esof.eu/"> EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://eas.unige.ch/EWASS2016/"> EWASS 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/https://aas.org/meetings/aas227"> AAS Winter 2016 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/"> Astronomical Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-472" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/solareclipse2019/"> Total Solar Eclipse 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/mcnaught2007/"> The Comet McNaught 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/deepimpact/"> Deep Impact - 04.07.2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.vt-2004.org/"> The Venus Transit - 08.11.2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids99/"> The Leonids - 17.11.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/eclipse99/"> Solar Eclipse at ESO HQ - 11.08.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids98/"> The Leonids - 11.1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/pathfinder/"> Mars Pathfinder - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/"> Comet Hyakutake - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/sl9/"> SL-9 and Jupiter - 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/"> Comet Hale Bopp - 1994 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/events/seminars/"> Astronomy Communication Seminars </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/">Outreach<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-485" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/"> Education <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-486" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/products/education/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.scienceinschool.org/" target="_blank"> Science in School </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2017/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/https://web.archive.org/web/20190722044743/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2016/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/https://web.archive.org/web/20190810160701/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2015/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/https://web.archive.org/web/20190321214717/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2014/"> ESO Astronomy Camp 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/teacherschools/"> Teacher Schools </a></li><li class="submenu"><a 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this site </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="content" class=""> <div id="eso-side-logo"> <a href="/web/20210128233700/https://www.eso.org/public/"> <div data-spy="affix" class="affix"> <div class="sprites-esologo"></div> <span>European<br>Southern<br>Observatory</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="container " id="body"> <div class="row no-page"> <div class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row page"> <div class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class="page-content"> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory</h1> <p>Germany was a founding member of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and signed the ESO Convention in Leiden on 5 October 1962.<br></p> <p>Contracts totalling more than 175 million euros have been awarded to German industry in the seven year period 2005-2011 inclusive. Note: this includes expenditure related to the ESO Headquarters.</p> <h2>Current use of ESO Facilities by German Astronomers</h2> <p>The statistics over the last ten years shows that German astronomers have applied for almost 6000 observing nights at the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT). This represents 18.0% of all requested observations. Over the same period German astronomers have been awarded 2100 nights, representing a share of 18.8%. Thus, Germany is by far the biggest user of ESO facilities (the next country is France with 14.0%). German astronomers have 35.0% of their applications for telescope time approved and are thus above the average of all applications (33.7%). German astronomers are therefore slightly more successful than other ESO Member States. (Not including about 5% of the observing time allocated to non-member countries).</p> <h2>German involvement with Science Instruments on the VLT</h2> <p>Many of the instruments of the VLT were built by German institutions. The most used instrument, FORS (Focal Reducer and Spectrograph), was built by the Heidelberg State Observatory, the University of Göttingen and observatories in Munich. Other German contributions were made to SINFONI, NACO, MIDI, OmegaCAM and the development of interferometry. Thus German institutes were involved in approximately a third of all instruments. German astronomers were also involved in the development of PRIMA, KMOS, SPHERE, MUSE, GRAVITY and MATISSE. So Germany is involved in six of the seven planned future VLT instruments.</p> <h2>Discoveries by astronomers at German institutes using ESO telescopes</h2> <p>Of the top 10 ESO science results (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/science/top10.html">http://www.eso.org/public/science/top10.html</a>) half have involved astronomers at German institutes and the highest ranked of all, studies of the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, was led by a German group at MPE, Garching.</p> <p><strong>Stars orbiting the Milky Way black hole</strong><br>Several of ESO's flagship telescopes were used in a 16-year long study to obtain the most detailed view ever of the surroundings of the monster lurking at the heart of our galaxy — a supermassive black hole. This study was led by MPE, Garching.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.419..694S">Schödel et al. 2003</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://archive.eso.org/wdb/wdb/eso/publications/query?bibcode=2002Natur.419..694S">Telbib</a>),<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...692.1075G">Gillessen et al. 2009</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://archive.eso.org/wdb/wdb/eso/publications/query?bibcode=2009ApJ...692.1075G">Telbib</a>)<br>Read more in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0226/">ESO Press Release eso0226</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0846/">eso0846</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1151/">eso1151</a>. The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.crafoordprize.se/press/arkivpressreleases/thecrafoordprizeinmathematics2012andthecrafoordprizeinastronomy2012.5.6018c17913483dc064280001363.html">Crafoord Prize in Astronomy 2012</a> was awarded for this result.</p> <p><strong>Gamma-ray bursts –  the connections with supernovae and merging neutron stars</strong><br>ESO telescopes have provided definitive proof that long gamma-ray bursts are linked with the ultimate explosion of massive stars, solving a long-time puzzle. In addition a telescope at La Silla was able for the first time to observe the visible light from a short gamma-ray burst, showing that this family of objects most likely originate from the violent collision of two merging neutron stars.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.395..670G">Galama T.J., et al., 1998, Nature</a><br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..847H">Hjort et al., 2003</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://archive.eso.org/wdb/wdb/eso/publications/query?bibcode=2003Natur.423..847H">Telbib</a>)<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437..859H">Hjorth, J., et al., 2005, Nature</a><br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:astro-ph/0603530">Pian, E., et al., 2006, Nature</a><br>Read more in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0318/">ESO Press Release eso0318</a> and in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0533/">ESO Press Release eso0533</a></p> <p><strong>Flares from the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way</strong><br>The VLT and APEX team up to study the violent flares from the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way, revealing material being stretched out as it orbits in the intense gravity close to the central black hole. In addition exquisite VLT observations revealed powerful infrared flares coming from the black hole, strongly suggesting that it rotates very rapidly.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...492..337E">Eckart, A. et al, 2008, A&A</a><br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...628..246E">Eisenhauer, F. et al, 2005, ApJ</a><br>Read more in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0841/">ESO Press Release eso0841</a></p> <p><strong>Direct measurements of the spectra of exoplanets and their atmospheres</strong><br>The atmosphere around a super-Earth exoplanet has been analysed for the first time using the VLT. The planet, which is known as GJ 1214b, was studied as it passed in front of its parent star and some of the starlight passed through the planet’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is either mostly water in the form of steam or is dominated by thick clouds or hazes. This follows from the earlier first direct spectrum of an exoplanet.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1047/eso1047.pdf">Bean, J. et al, 2010, Nature</a><br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1002/eso1002.pdf">Janson, M. et al, 2010, ApJ</a><br>Read more in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1047/">ESO Press Release eso1047</a> and in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1002/">ESO Press Release eso1002</a></p> <p><strong>Richest planetary system</strong><br>Astronomers using ESO’s HARPS have discovered a planetary system containing at least five planets, orbiting the Sun-like star HD 10180. Also evidence that two other planets may be present, one of which would have the lowest mass ever found. Furthermore, the team also found evidence that the distances of the planets from their star follow a regular pattern, as also seen in our Solar System.<br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1035/eso1035.pdf">Lovis, C. et al, 2010, A&A</a><br>Read more in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1035/">ESO Press Release eso1035</a></p> <p>ESO science press releases from 2011/12 that have involved astronomers working at German institutes (excluding ESO itself) are listed here. These all represent important refereed papers in the recent scientific literature:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1234/">Sweet Result from ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1230/">The Brightest Stars Don't Live Alone</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1206/">The Wild Early Lives of Today's Most Massive Galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1204/">Planet Population is Plentiful </a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1151/">A Black Hole's Dinner is Fast Approaching</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1147/">VLT Finds Fastest Rotating Star</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1143/">VLT Observations of Gamma-ray Burst Reveal Surprising Ingredients of Early Galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1142/">Faraway Eris is Pluto's Twin</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1138/">Distant Galaxies Reveal The Clearing of the Cosmic Fog</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1134/">Fifty New Exoplanets Discovered by HARPS</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1132/">The Star That Should Not Exist</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1124/">What Activates a Supermassive Black Hole?</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1123/">Hydrogen Peroxide Found in Space</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1120/">A Galactic Crash Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1117/">ESO's VLT Finds a Brilliant but Solitary Superstar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1108/">The Most Distant Mature Galaxy Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233700/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1106/">Planet Formation in Action?</a></li> </ul> <h2>Number of German astronomers and staff working at ESO</h2> <p><span><span>As of June 2017 there are 152 German nationals employed at ESO as staff and students, 131 in Garching and 21 in Chile.</span></span></p> <h2>German contributions to ALMA</h2> <p>During the seven years 2005-2011 inclusive ALMA contracts totalling more than 52 million euros were placed with German industry.</p> <h2>German contributions to the VLT</h2> <p>During the seven years 2005-2011 inclusive VLT contracts totalling nearly seven million euros were placed with German industry.</p> <h2>German contributions to the ELT</h2> <p>During the seven years 2005-2011 inclusive ELT contracts totalling more than five million euros were placed with German industry.</p> <h2>Other German Contracts with ESO</h2> <p>During the seven years 2005-2011 inclusive other contracts totalling more than 105 million euros were placed with German industry. 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