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An Overview of Liquid: Shopify's Templating Language - Shopify

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data-component-name="115244038-an-overview-of-liquid-shopifys-templatin" data-viewable-component="true" data-mode="light"><div class="relative overflow-hidden bg-partners-conversionBg bg-partners-article-converion bg-no-repeat bg-bottom"><picture data-component-name="image"><img alt="" class="absolute right-[-380px] h-full w-auto min-w-[950px]" src=""/></picture><div class="container relative flex flex-col items-center text-center py-[60px] px-[40px] tablet-xl:px-[130px] desktop:px-[210px]"><p class="richtext font-extralight font-sans text-white text-t2">Become a Shopify Partner.</p><p class="richtext font-extralight mb-4 font-sans text-white text-t2">Unlock business growth.</p><a href="https://partners.shopify.com/signup" class="inline-block self-center overflow-hidden max-w-full px-button-px py-button-py ring-inset rounded-button tracking-button-tracking transition-all duration-150 focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-offset-2 focus-visible:outline-state-focus 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content="/partners/blog/115244038-an-overview-of-liquid-shopifys-templating-language"/><meta itemProp="dateModified" content="2020-01-30T03:00:00.000Z"/><div class="relative"><div class="py-10 tablet:text-center desktop:pt-16 desktop:pb-16" data-mode="light"><div class="container desktop:w-9/12 desktop:mx-auto"><div class="uppercase text-shade-100 font-aktivgroteskextended text-[12px] leading-[14px] tracking-[0.01em] font-semibold tablet-xl:font-shopifysans tablet-xl:text-[11px] tablet-xl:leading-[13px] tablet:tracking-[0.5px] tablet:font-bold pb-2"><a href="/partners/blog" class="no-underline hover:text-link-light-hover topic-link">blog</a><span class="richtext px-2.5 text-xs">|</span><a href="/partners/blog/topics/shopify-theme-development" class="no-underline hover:text-link-light-hover topic-link">Shopify Theme Development</a></div><h1 class="richtext font-medium tracking-[-0.02em] text-[28px] leading-9 tablet-xl:text-[40px] tablet-xl:leading-[48px]" itemProp="headline">An Overview of Liquid: Shopify's Templating Language</h1><p class="richtext font-normal tracking-[-0.02em] text-[18px] leading-[26px] tablet-xl:text-[20px] tablet-xl:leading-7 desktop:text-[22px] desktop:leading-8 mt-4 desktop:mt-4">Liquid is Shopify’s templating language. In this article, learn how to get started with Liquid, including how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will enable you to start building powerful and immersive ecommerce templates.</p><div class="lg:hidden mt-4 tablet-xl:mt-12"><div class="gap-x-1 flex flex-wrap font-bold sm:justify-center !text-lg text-legacy-gray-90"> <!-- -->by <span itemProp="author" itemscope="" itemType="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="/partners/blog/authors/keir-whitaker" class="no-underline" itemProp="url"><span itemProp="name">Keir Whitaker</span></a></span></div><div class="text-body-sm text-shade-50">Last updated<!-- --> <time>Jan 30, 2020</time></div></div></div></div><div class="tablet:container desktop:w-9/12 desktop:mx-auto overflow-hidden flex justify-center"><img class="" src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782" alt="Shopify liquid" loading="eager" decoding="async" width="1848" height="782" srcSet="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=200 200w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=400 400w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=600 600w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=800 800w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=1000 1000w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=1200 1200w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=1400 1400w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=1600 1600w, https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154&amp;originalWidth=1848&amp;originalHeight=782&amp;width=1800 1800w"/></div></div><div class="container grid-cols-4 sm:grid-cols-8 md:grid-cols-12 block tablet-xl:grid gap-y-0 gap-x-12"><div class="col-span-4 xs:col-span-12 md:col-span-4 lg:col-span-3 col-start-1 nav-drawer md:pb-20 pt-10 desktop:pt-16" data-component-name="blog-left-sidebar"><nav class="md:top-[calc(var(--header-height)*2)] md:max-h-[calc(100vh-var(--header-height))] md:overflow-auto md:sticky md:pb-6 pr-2"><div class="bg-[#EAE8FF] hidden md:block"><div class="p-6"><p class="richtext text-2xl font-aktivgroteskextended text-[#390278] font-bold mb-4">Earn more revenue as a Shopify Partner</p><p class="richtext font-aktivgroteskextended text-[#212326] text-base mb-4">Grow your Shopify expertise and unlock new ways to earn revenue for your own business with the Shopify Partner Program.</p><a href="https://partners.shopify.com/signup" class="inline-block self-center overflow-hidden max-w-full px-button-px py-button-py ring-inset rounded-button font-button-font font-button-weight tracking-button-tracking transition-all duration-150 focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-offset-2 focus-visible:outline-state-focus focus-visible:outline border-2 text-button-light-primary-text border-button-light-primary-border ring-button-light-primary-border hover:text-button-light-primary-text-hover hover:border-button-light-primary-border-hover hover:ring-button-light-primary-border-hover focus:text-button-light-primary-text-focus focus:border-button-light-primary-border-focus focus:ring-button-light-primary-border-focus active:text-button-light-primary-text-active active:border-button-light-primary-border-active active:ring disabled:text-button-light-primary-text-disabled disabled:bg-button-light-primary-bg-disabled disabled:border-button-light-primary-border-disabled disabled:ring-button-light-primary-border-disabled text-base bg-[#390278] hover:bg-[#390278] active:bg-[#390278] focus:bg-[#390278]" data-component-name="button" target="">Become a Partner</a></div></div></nav></div><div class="col-span-4 xs:col-span-12 md:col-span-8 lg:col-span-6 col-start-1"><div id="article-content" class="text-body-base text-shade-70 md:pt-10 desktop:pt-16 [&amp;_h2]:text-t4 [&amp;_h2]:mt-12 [&amp;_h2]:mb-6 [&amp;_h2]:text-black [&amp;_h2]:font-medium [&amp;_.heading--2]:text-t5 [&amp;_.heading--2]:text-black [&amp;_.heading--2]:font-aktivgroteskextended [&amp;_.heading--2]:mb-6 [&amp;_.heading--2]:font-medium [&amp;_h3]:text-t5 [&amp;_h3]:mt-12 [&amp;_h3]:mb-4 [&amp;_h3]:text-black [&amp;_h4]:text-t6 [&amp;_h4]:mt-12 [&amp;_h4]:mb-4 [&amp;_h4]:text-black [&amp;_h5]:text-t7 [&amp;_p]:mb-6 [&amp;_hr]:mb-6 [&amp;_a]:text-black [&amp;_a]:font-medium [&amp;_a]:underline [&amp;_a:hover]:no-underline [&amp;_sup_a]:no-underline [&amp;_sup_a:hover]:underline [&amp;_.marketing-button]:text-white [&amp;_.marketing-button]:no-underline [&amp;_a&gt;img]:mt-3 [&amp;_a&gt;img]:mb-8 [&amp;_a&gt;img]:h-[revert-layer] [&amp;_img]:my-12 [&amp;_a&gt;img]:inline-block [&amp;_figure&gt;img]:mb-0 [&amp;_figure]:mb-12 [&amp;_img]:inline-block [&amp;_ul]:list-disc [&amp;_ul]:space-y-3 [&amp;_ul]:pl-6 [&amp;_ul]:mb-6 [&amp;_ul_li]:pl-4 [&amp;_ol]:list-decimal [&amp;_ol]:space-y-3 [&amp;_ol]:pl-6 [&amp;_ol]:mb-6 [&amp;_ol_li]:pl-4 [&amp;_ol_li::marker]:font-bold [&amp;_iframe]:max-w-full [&amp;_figcaption]:mb-12 [&amp;_figcaption]:text-center [&amp;_figcaption]:text-xs [&amp;_figcaption]:sm:text-sm [&amp;_figcaption]:mt-1 [&amp;_strong]:font-medium [&amp;_strong]:text-black [&amp;_.heading--4]:font-aktivgroteskextended [&amp;_.heading--4]:text-2xl [&amp;_.heading--4]:text-black [&amp;_.heading--4]:font-medium [&amp;_.heading--4]:tracking-[-.02em] [&amp;_iframe]:mt-3 [&amp;_iframe]:mb-9 [&amp;_.container]:m-0 [&amp;_.container]:flex [&amp;_.container]:gap-5 [&amp;_.container]:flex-wrap [&amp;_.green]:text-[green] [&amp;_.red]:text-[red] [&amp;_.pros]:bg-[#eafaea] [&amp;_.pros]:rounded-[10px] [&amp;_.pros]:p-5 [&amp;_.pros_h3]:mt-2 [&amp;_.cons]:bg-[#ffebe6] [&amp;_.cons]:rounded-[10px] [&amp;_.cons]:p-5 [&amp;_.cons_h3]:mt-2 [&amp;_.pros]:tablet:flex-[1_0_calc(50%-10px)] [&amp;_.pros]:flex-[1_0_100%] [&amp;_.cons]:tablet:flex-[1_0_calc(50%-10px)] [&amp;_.cons]:flex-[1_0_100%] [&amp;_.pros_.grid-container]:grid [&amp;_.cons_.grid-container]:grid [&amp;_.grid-container]:gap-[5px] [&amp;_.grid-container]:grid-cols-[15px_auto] [&amp;_.pros_.grid-container]:p-[5px] [&amp;_.cons_.grid-container]:p-[5px] [&amp;_.aspect-video_iframe]:mt-0 article-content [&amp;_.truncated-text]:relative [&amp;_.truncated-text]:max-h-[300px] [&amp;_.truncated-text]:overflow-hidden [&amp;_.truncated-text]:mb-6 [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:absolute [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:content-[&quot;&quot;] [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:bottom-0 [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:w-full [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:h-[150px] [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:bg-gradient-to-t [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:from-white [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:from-50% [&amp;_.truncated-text::before]:to-transparent [&amp;_.truncated-text\_\_toggle]:absolute [&amp;_.truncated-text\_\_toggle]:bottom-0 [&amp;_.truncated-text\_\_toggle]:w-full [&amp;_.truncated-text\_\_toggle]:text-center [&amp;_.marketing-code]:bg-[#f0f1f2] [&amp;_.marketing-code]:font-bold [&amp;_.marketing-code]:p-1 [&amp;_.marketing-code.marketing-code--block]:p-4 [&amp;_.marketing-code--block]:block [&amp;_.marketing-code--block]:max-w-full [&amp;_.marketing-code--block]:overflow-x-scroll [&amp;_.marketing-code--block]:mb-5 [&amp;_.partners-signup]:mt-6 [&amp;_.partners-signup]:mb-12 [&amp;_.partners-signup]:bg-gray-200 [&amp;_.partners-signup]:p-3 [&amp;_.partners-signup]:md:p-6 [&amp;_.table]:block [&amp;_.table]:overflow-x-scroll [&amp;_.table]:max-w-full" itemProp="articleBody"><div class="hidden leadpage-container leadpage__image leadpage__content marketing-button hide--mobile block--bordered"></div><div><img src="//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/Shopify-liquid.jpg?v=1585598279" alt="Shopify liquid" href="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/Shopify-liquid.jpg?v=1585598279"> <p>If you are new to the Shopify platform and read through our content, you might be wondering what all the references to Liquid actually refer to. In this article, we'll explain all you need to know about Liquid, how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will enable you to start building powerful and immersive ecommerce templates. Let's begin with a little history.</p> <p>Liquid was developed by Shopify co-founder and CEO Tobias Lütke and is now available as an <a href="https://github.com/Shopify/liquid" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">open source project on GitHub</a>. Today, it's used in many different software projects, from content management systems to static site generators—and of course, Shopify.</p> <h2>Liquid: language or engine?</h2> <p>Some refer to Liquid as a template language, while others may call it a template engine. It doesn't really matter which label you apply—in many ways both are right. Personally, I like to call it a template language. It has a syntax (like traditional programming languages), has concepts such as output, logic, and loops, and it interacts with variables (data), just as you would with a web-centric language such as PHP.</p> <p>However, that's really where the similarities end. There's a lot you can't do with Liquid—by design. For example, it has no concept of "state," it doesn't let you get deep under the covers of the platform, and can occasionally seem counter intuitive for seasoned coders. However, it has been very well thought out and what might at first seem like a limitation is usually intended, and for good reason.</p> <div class="marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded border-t-2 px-8 py-10 my-12 [&amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h2]:mb-6 [&amp;_h2]:text-t5 [&amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h3]:mb-6 [&amp;_h3]:text-t7 [&amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h4]:mb-6 [&amp;_h4]:text-t8 [&amp;_img]:my-auto [&amp;_p]:!mt-0 [&amp;_p]:mb-6 [&amp;_p]:text-body-sm [&amp;_.heading--4]:text-t6 [&amp;_.marketing-button]:text-white [&amp;_.marketing-button]:no-underline border-partners-highlight" data-component-name="blog-cta-marketing"> <p class="heading--4">Explore Shopify Liquid Code Examples</p> <p>Visit our searchable library of Liquid code examples based around theme components. Learn how various Liquid objects, properties, and filters work together as part of components within a theme. Add them directly into themes to build and customize themes faster and more reliably.</p> <a class="marketing-button marketing-button--small" target="_blank" href="https://shopify.github.io/liquid-code-examples" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Visit Shopify Liquid Code Examples</a> </div> <h2>Liquid's function</h2> <p>Liquid, like any template language, creates a bridge between an HTML file and a data store—in our context, the data is of course a Shopify store. It does this by allowing us to access variables from within a template, or Liquid file, with a simple to use and readable syntax.</p> <p>In Shopify, each Liquid file allows us to access certain variables without having to do any heavy lifting. For example, the <code class="marketing-code">product.liquid</code> template allows us access to all the details relating to the currently viewed product. Liquid, in turn, allows us to output this data without having to know anything about the actual product itself. These variables are known as template variables. You can also use Liquid to retrieve data that isn't made available to us. For example, you can ask Shopify to populate a variable you create with all the products in a particular collection.</p> <p>Once we know the names of the variables we have access to or create, we can use Liquid constructs such as "output" and "loops" to display the data in our Liquid files.</p> <p>The Shopify platform understands what data to retrieve, and how to display it depending on the Liquid code you have in your theme. It might be a simple case of displaying the name of a product or something slightly more complex, such as showcasing a series of product images.</p> <p>The great benefit of a template language such as Liquid is that you, as the designer, don't need to know anything about the store data itself. As such, your themes are 100 percent agnostic and can be applied to multiple stores without any knowledge of the stores content.</p> <p class="marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded my-12 border-l-2 pl-4 [&amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h2]:mb-6 [&amp;_h2]:text-t5 [&amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h3]:mb-6 [&amp;_h3]:text-t7 [&amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h4]:mb-6 [&amp;_h4]:text-t8 [&amp;_ul]:!mt-0 [&amp;_ul]:mb-6 [&amp;_ul:last-child]:mb-0 [&amp;_ol]:!mt-0 [&amp;_ol]:mb-6 [&amp;_ol:last-child]:mb-0 [&amp;_p]:!mt-0 [&amp;_p]:mb-6 [&amp;_p:last-child]:mb-0 border-partners-highlight"><strong>You might also like:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="/partners/blog/front-end-development-tools">The 8 Best Free Shopify Resources and Tools for Front-End Developers</a>.</p> <h2>Liquid's file extension and delimiters</h2> <p>Liquid files have the extension of <code class="marketing-code">.liquid</code>. A liquid file is a mix of standard HTML code and Liquid constructs. It's an easy to read syntax, and is easy to distinguish from HTML when working with a Liquid file. This is made even easier thanks to the use of two sets of delimiters.</p> <p>The double curly brace delimiters <code class="marketing-code">{{ }}</code> denote output, and the curly brace percentage delimiters <code class="marketing-code">{% %}</code> denote logic. You'll become very familiar with these as every Liquid construct begins with one or the other.</p> <p>Another way of thinking of delimiters is as "placeholders." A placeholder can be viewed as a piece of code that will ultimately be replaced by data when the compiled theme is sent to the browser. This data is determined entirely by the theme designer as a result of the Liquid code in the Liquid file. As such, Liquid themes, much like templates that inter splice PHP and HTML, serve as representations of what will be rendered.</p> <h3>Output</h3> <p>Let's examine the syntax for "output." As the name suggests, output in Liquid will literally output a piece of data from our store onto a page.</p> <p>Here's a quick example of an output placeholder that you will typically find in the <code class="marketing-code">product.liquid</code> file:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;h2&gt;{{ product.title }}&lt;/h2&gt; </code></pre> <p>When rendered, this would output the name of the currently viewed product in place of the <code class="marketing-code">{{ }}</code>, for example:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;h2&gt;American Diner Mug&lt;/h2&gt; </code></pre> <p>Output, unless manipulated with a filter (which we will look at shortly) is simply a case of replacing the entire placeholder with a text string from your store.</p> <div data-partners-signup="service_partner"></div> <h2>Objects and properties</h2> <p>This example also introduces us to the Liquid dot syntax. This is common in many template and server side languages. Taking our <code class="marketing-code">shop.name</code> example we can break it up into two parts.</p> <p>The first element preceding the <code class="marketing-code">.</code> is the object—in this case, it is the <code class="marketing-code">shop</code> object. This is a variable that represents all the data relating to the shop that we have defined in the Shopify admin. These data items include:</p> <ul> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.city</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.country</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.country_upper</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.province</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.province_code</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.street</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.summary</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.address.zip</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.collections_count</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.currency</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.description</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.domain</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.email</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.enabled_currencies</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.enabled_payment_types</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.metafields</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.money_format</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.money_with_currency_format</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.name</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.password_message</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.permanent_domain</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.phone</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.policies</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.privacy_policy</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.products_count</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.published_locales</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.refund_policy</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.shipping_policy</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.terms_of_service</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.secure_url</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.taxes_included</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.types</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.url</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.vendors</code></li> </ul> <p>The items following the <code class="marketing-code">.</code> represent properties of the shop object. A property could be as simple as the name of the store (as per our example above) or it could be a list of items, such as the kinds of payment types enabled in the store.</p> <p class="marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded my-12 border-l-2 pl-4 [&amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h2]:mb-6 [&amp;_h2]:text-t5 [&amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h3]:mb-6 [&amp;_h3]:text-t7 [&amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h4]:mb-6 [&amp;_h4]:text-t8 [&amp;_ul]:!mt-0 [&amp;_ul]:mb-6 [&amp;_ul:last-child]:mb-0 [&amp;_ol]:!mt-0 [&amp;_ol]:mb-6 [&amp;_ol:last-child]:mb-0 [&amp;_p]:!mt-0 [&amp;_p]:mb-6 [&amp;_p:last-child]:mb-0 border-partners-highlight"><strong>You might also like:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="/partners/blog/the-ultimate-list-of-resources-for-shopify-theme-developers">The Essential List of Resources for Shopify Theme Development</a>.</p> <h2>Collection properties</h2> <p>You will notice from the list above that a number of the properties are plural, e.g:</p> <ul> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.enabled_payment_types</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.metafields</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">shop.types</code></li> </ul> <p>These properties represent Liquid collections. Instead of returning a string of data such as the name of the shop they will return an array of data — in other words, a list of items we can access via a Liquid loop.</p> <p>When first using Shopify and Liquid, it's easy to get confused by collections—I certainly did. I will therefore refer to "product collections" and "Liquid collections." The former being a logical grouping of products defined in the Shopify Admin, and the latter being a list of items we can access in Liquid code.</p> <p>Finally, it's worth saying that each one of the list items in our Liquid collection can also have properties. A good example of this is <code class="marketing-code">product.images</code>. This represents a list of all the images that have been added to a particular product.</p> <p>Each of the images in the list has multiple properties associated with it:</p> <ul> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.alt</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.aspect_ratio</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.attached_to_variant?</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.height</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.id</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.media_type</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.position</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.preview_image</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.product_id</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.src</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.variants</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">image.width</code></li> </ul> <p>In order to access these properties, we have to use a Liquid loop.</p> <h2>Liquid loops</h2> <p>Loops are used extensively in Shopify themes, and are thankfully very easy to understand. If you have done any form of basic programming, the concept of loops will likely be very familiar to you.</p> <p>Using a loop, often known as a <code class="marketing-code">for loop</code>, allows us to output the same piece of code a known number of times in our Liquid file. As mentioned above, a typical example would be to output all the images associated with a product.</p> <p>Let's have a look at an example using the <code class="marketing-code">product.images</code> Liquid collection I discussed earlier.</p> <p>Our aim with this loop is to output all of the images for a particular product. Here's a very simplistic loop that will output each image inline:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% for image in product.images %}<br> &lt;img src="{{ image | img_url: '300x300' }}"&gt;<br>{% endfor %}</code></pre> <p>Let's break it down into steps to fully understand it.</p> <h3>Step 1</h3> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% for image in product.images %} </code></pre> <p>The first line introduces us to the second style of delimiter, the curly brace percentage syntax <code class="marketing-code">{% %}</code>. Here, we are using a Liquid <code class="marketing-code">for</code> loop. Loops work with Liquid collections, and allow us to iterate over each item in our list in turn. If the product we are currently viewing had six images associated with it, our <code class="marketing-code">for</code> loop would loop six times, if it had 10 then it would loop 10 times, and so on. Only once every list item has been looked at (or unless we instruct it otherwise), will the next part of the page be considered.</p> <p>It's worth noting that unless we specifically ask how big our loop will be, we don't know how many loops will occur—only that Liquid will go through every item in our list, in turn. The loop will finish after the last iteration, and it's at this point that the page will carry on with its processing.</p> <p>In order to access the properties of each list item, we designate a variable to represent the current item in the loop. In our example above it is <code class="marketing-code">image</code>. While this is an obvious choice, and will help other designers understand your logic in the future, it can literally be anything. For example, we could use <code class="marketing-code">alltheimagesintheworld</code>, in which case it would look as follows:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% for alltheimagesintheworld in product.images %} </code></pre> <p>This is of course a silly example to make a point—image makes much more sense, but I just wanted to emphasize the fact that this variable has no relation to the Liquid collection.</p> <h3>Step 2</h3> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;img src="{{ image | img_url: '300x300' }}" /&gt;</code></pre> <p>The second line of our code example consists of part HTML and part Liquid. You'll also notice that the <code class="marketing-code">src</code> attribute is populated with a Liquid output tag.</p> <p>This introduces us to the concept of filters which are denoted by the <code class="marketing-code">|</code> (pipe) character—we'll look at these in more detail shortly. In our example, the filter is taking the image variable (the current item in our loop) and is specifying the dimensions, in pixels, the image should be displayed.&nbsp;</p> <p>We'll look at filters, denoted by the | character, next, but suffice to say that the parameters we define will populate the <code class="marketing-code">src</code> attribute with a fully qualified URL to the current image in our list. The filter does all the work of creating the <code class="marketing-code">src</code> attribute for us.</p> <h3>Step 3</h3> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% endfor %} </code></pre> <p>The final line of our example is our closing <code class="marketing-code">endfor</code> statement. This tells the template to carry on after all the loops have been executed.</p> <p>If we had three images in our <code class="marketing-code">product.images</code> object, the final output would look something like this:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;img src="//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-clay-pot_300x300.jpg" alt="plant-in-clay-pot" /&gt;<br>&lt;img src="//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-green-pot_300x300.jpg" alt="plant-in-green-pot" /&gt;<br>&lt;img src="//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-white-pot_300x300.jpg" alt="plant-in-white-pot" /&gt; </code></pre> <p>Loops are really useful and something you will encounter daily in your theme development. Outputting images and product variants are two commonly found examples.</p> <p class="marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded my-12 border-l-2 pl-4 [&amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h2]:mb-6 [&amp;_h2]:text-t5 [&amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h3]:mb-6 [&amp;_h3]:text-t7 [&amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [&amp;_h4]:mb-6 [&amp;_h4]:text-t8 [&amp;_ul]:!mt-0 [&amp;_ul]:mb-6 [&amp;_ul:last-child]:mb-0 [&amp;_ol]:!mt-0 [&amp;_ol]:mb-6 [&amp;_ol:last-child]:mb-0 [&amp;_p]:!mt-0 [&amp;_p]:mb-6 [&amp;_p:last-child]:mb-0 border-partners-highlight"><strong>You might also like:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="/partners/blog/shopify-mobile-logos">How to Use Shopify Theme Settings to Create Mobile-Specific Logos</a>.</p> <h3>Liquid filters</h3> <p>Another very powerful feature of Liquid are output filters, which I used in the code example above. Filters serve three main purposes:</p> <ul> <li>They manipulate output data in some way</li> <li>They allow our themes to be agnostic</li> <li>They save theme designers time by reducing the amount of code we need to write</li> </ul> <p>Filters are always used in conjunction with a Liquid output. Let's have a look at some filters starting with the <code class="marketing-code">date</code> filter.</p> <p>When outputting a blog post, you'll likely want to let the reader know when it was published:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;p class="date-time"&gt;{{ article.published_at | date: '%d %B %Y' }}&lt;/p&gt; </code></pre> <p>As before you'll notice the <code class="marketing-code">|</code> character (often referred to as a pipe) in the middle of the output tag. On the left side of the pipe, we have the <code class="marketing-code">article</code> object with its associated <code class="marketing-code">published_at</code> property, and on the right we have the <code class="marketing-code">date</code> filter with an argument to denote the date format—in this case <code class="marketing-code">'%d %B %Y'</code>.</p> <p>Without the filter, Shopify would simply output the date the blog article was published at in the format it is stored in the database—which may not be humanly readable. However, by adding in the <code class="marketing-code">|</code> and including the <code class="marketing-code">date</code> filter, we can manipulate the format so it outputs in a format we want.</p> <p>Put simply, filters allow us to take a piece of data from our store and change it. What we start with on the left hand side gets "piped" through our filter and emerges on the right hand sized changed. It's this final manipulated data that is then output on the front end of the theme.</p> <p>Here's another example:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{{ 'style.css' | asset_url | stylesheet_tag }} </code></pre> <p>Here we are using two filters with the ultimate aim of creating a fully formed style element in a layout file.</p> <p>We start on the left with the name of the our CSS file, which resides in the assets folder. Next we apply our first filter—in this case the <code class="marketing-code">asset_url</code> filter. This is an incredibly useful filter and one you'll use a lot.&nbsp;</p> <p>I mentioned before how Shopify themes, thanks to Liquid, are agnostic. They don't need to have any knowledge of the store they are working against and the same theme can be applied to multiple stores. However, this can cause issues when trying to reference assets as we need a way of knowing where a certain asset (image, JS file, CSS file) is on the network.</p> <p>Thankfully the <code class="marketing-code">asset_url</code> comes to our rescue. By using this filter, Shopify will return the fully qualified path to the assets folder for the theme and append the name of our asset at the end. Just remember it won't actually check that the file exists—it's up to us to ensure that the first part of the tag, in our case <code class="marketing-code">style.css</code> is in the assets folder.</p> <p>Here's how that might look when output:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0222/9076/assets/style.css </code></pre> <p>The final filter in the chain, <code class="marketing-code">stylesheet_tag</code>, takes the URL and wraps it in a style element which is then output in our layout file. Here's the final result:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;link href= "//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0222/9076/t/10/assets/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /&gt; </code></pre> <p>There are many really useful filters, here are just a few you'll find yourself using:</p> <ul> <li><code class="marketing-code">asset_url</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">stylesheet_tag</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">script_tag</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">date</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">pluralize</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">replace</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">handle</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">money</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">money_with_currency</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">img_url</code></li> <li><code class="marketing-code">link_to</code></li> </ul> <h2>Liquid logic</h2> <p>The final aspect of Liquid we need to look at is logic. Here's an example:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% if product.available %}<br> &lt;h2&gt;Price: £99.99&lt;/h2&gt;<br>{% else %}<br> &lt;h2 class="sold-out"&gt;Sorry - sold out&lt;/h2&gt;<br>{% endif %} </code></pre> <p>In this snippet, we are controlling the output to our liquid file using a simple <code class="marketing-code">if</code>, <code class="marketing-code">else</code>, <code class="marketing-code">endif</code> statement. In many ways, <code class="marketing-code">if</code> statements are like questions. Depending on the answer to the question a different piece of markup will be output—or in some cases no markup at all.</p> <p>In the above example, if the answer to our <code class="marketing-code">if</code> statement question is true (<code class="marketing-code">product.available</code> returns true or false), we render the words "This product is available." If it's false, our Liquid file carries on and outputs the text following our <code class="marketing-code">{% else %}</code> clause—in this case "Sorry, this product is sold out."</p> <p>Another way of looking at logic is that it allows us to control the flow of a page and ultimately make decisions on which data is displayed. It's worth noting that unlike output tags, the inclusion of logic tags in your Liquid files does not result in anything being directly rendered—rather they allow us to control exactly what is rendered.</p> <p>You will find yourself using <code class="marketing-code">if</code> statements a lot in Shopify theme development. Here's another example:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% if cart.item_count &gt; 0 %}<br> &lt;p&gt;You have {{ cart.item_count }} item(s) in your cart&lt;/p&gt;<br>{% else %}<br> &lt;p&gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a &lt;a href= "/products"&gt; look at our product range&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br>{% endif %} </code></pre> <p>This snippet demonstrates how you can either display the number of items in a visitor’s cart or output a link to your products.</p> <h2>Operators</h2> <p>You'll notice in this example we are using the greater than <code class="marketing-code">&gt;</code> operator. As the <code class="marketing-code">cart.item_count</code> variable returns the number of items in the current users cart, we can check to see if it is greater than zero, i.e. it has items in it.</p> <p>If this returns <code class="marketing-code">true</code> we can output the message with the current item count, if not we can output:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">&lt;p&gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a &lt;a href= "/products"&gt;look at our product range&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; instead. </code></pre> <p>We could actually refactor our example with a filter. By using the pluralize filter we can output "item" or "items" depending on the number of items in the cart. The bonus here is that we don't have to know the count in order for Shopify to output the right designation:</p> <pre><code class="marketing-code marketing-code--block">{% if cart.item_count &gt; 0 %}<br> &lt;p&gt;You have {{ cart.item_count }} {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'item', 'items' }} in your cart&lt;/p&gt;<br>{% else %}<br> &lt;p&gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a &lt;a href= "/products"&gt;look at our product range&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br>{% endif %} </code></pre> <p>You'll notice that the refactored example now includes the <code class="marketing-code">pluralize</code> filter which takes two parameters. The first is the singular word and the second the plural.</p> <p>While we have used the <code class="marketing-code">&gt;</code> operator in the above example, there are a wide range of <a href="https://help.shopify.com/en/themes/liquid/basics/operators">comparison operators</a> in Liquid including:</p> <ul> <li> <code class="marketing-code">==</code> equal to</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">!=</code> not equal to</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">&gt;</code> greater than</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">&lt;</code> less than</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">&gt;=</code> bigger or equal</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">&lt;=</code> less or equal</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">or</code> this or that</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">and</code> must be this and that</li> <li> <code class="marketing-code">contains</code> includes the substring if used on a string, or element if used on an array</li> </ul> <p>By default, even if your Liquid code doesn’t have output, Liquid in a template will still render an empty line in the final HTML. Whitespace control in Liquid enables you to remove this. By using a hyphen in your tag syntax, <code class="marketing-code">{{-</code> , <code class="marketing-code">-}}</code> , <code class="marketing-code">{%-</code> , and <code class="marketing-code">-%}</code>, you can strip whitespace from the left or right side of a rendered tag.</p> <h2>Liquid cheat sheet</h2> <p>If you are anything like me, you'll have a hard time committing all these Liquid filters, operators, and structures to memory. Thankfully, the <a href="/partners/shopify-cheat-sheet">Shopify Liquid Cheat Sheet</a> is available to search all the Liquid objects, tags, and filters, view simple examples, and visit the reference documentation. It's an indispensable resource, which I strongly encourage you to bookmark and become familiar with.</p> <h2>Liquid code examples</h2> <p>Very often we learn through example, so seeing how to implement popular theme components is a great way to learn about how Shopify themes work. The <a href="https://shopify.github.io/liquid-code-examples" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shopify Liquid Code Examples</a> is a library of theme components that help to inform how various Liquid objects, properties, and filters work together as part of elements within a store.</p> <h2>Summary</h2> <p>We've covered a lot of ground in this article, but hopefully it has given you a solid introduction to Liquid. Here's a reminder of what we covered:</p> <ul> <li>Liquid is a template language that allows us to display data in a template</li> <li>Liquid has constructs such as output, logic, loops and deals with variables</li> <li>Liquid files are a mixture of HTML and Liquid code, and have the <code class="marketing-code">.liquid</code> file extension</li> <li>Liquid files used in a Shopify theme are agnostic and have no concept of the store they are currently being used in</li> <li>The two types of delimiters used in Liquid</li> <li>How to output data from a store in a Liquid file</li> <li>How to manipulate data with filters</li> <li>How to loop over a Liquid collection to output multiple items</li> <li>The use of logic in a Liquid file</li> <li>The different types of operators used for comparison</li> <li>How to control whitespace in Liquid</li> </ul> <p>Want to learn more about building themes for Shopify or your clients? You can learn more about Liquid concepts and how to use it in your own theme development in the <a href="https://help.shopify.com/themes/liquid">Shopify docs</a>.&nbsp;</p> <div data-partners-signup="service_partner"></div> <p>&nbsp;</p><div id=":R0:" data-component-name="blog-read-more" class="marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded text-body-sm text-left my-8 tablet:my-16 p-8 bg-marketingBg border-t-2 [&amp;_h2]:text-t5 border-partners-highlight"><h2 class="!mt-0 mb-6 font-aktivgroteskextended">Read more</h2><ul class="!mt-0 !mb-0"><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/how-to-build-a-shopify-app">How to Build a Shopify App: The Complete Guide</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/shopify-online-store">Introducing Online Store 2.0: What it Means For Developers</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/landing-page">How to Use Liquid to Create Custom Landing Page Templates</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/front-end-app">How to Build a Shopify App as a Front End Developer</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/28500611-using-javascript-to-super-power-your-clients-shopify-site">Using JavaScript To Super Power Your Client's Shopify Site</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/introduction-to-shopify-theming-for-wordpress-theme-developers">Introduction to Shopify Theming for WordPress Theme Developers</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/best-free-themes">Top Tips for Building Themes That Are Fully Featured, Like Customizing Shopify’s Best Free Themes</a></li><li class="mt-2"><a href="/partners/blog/liquid-objects">How the Routes and Page_Image Liquid Objects Can Help You Build More Robust Themes</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="border-t tablet-xl:border-[#d4d4d8] my-16 py-6 flex tablet-xl:flex-row justify-between flex-col"><div class="flex items-center tablet-xl:justify-start tablet-xl:flex-row flex-row-reverse justify-between"><div class="self-center flex flex-col"><div 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releases","columnSpan":3,"icon":"newsroom"}]}]}]},"pages/shopify.com/($locale)/partners/blog/$article":{"article":{"__typename":"Article","authorV2":{"__typename":"ArticleAuthor","name":"Keir Whitaker","avatarUrl":"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?s=200\u0026d=404","isDisabledAuthor":true},"id":"gid://shopify/Article/115244038","handle":"115244038-an-overview-of-liquid-shopifys-templating-language","title":"An Overview of Liquid: Shopify's Templating Language","publishedAt":"2020-01-30T03:00:00Z","image":null,"tags":["Shopify Theme Development"],"contentHtml":"\u003cimg src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/Shopify-liquid.jpg?v=1585598279\" alt=\"Shopify liquid\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are new to the Shopify platform and read through our content, you might be wondering what all the references to Liquid actually refer to. In this article, we'll explain all you need to know about Liquid, how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will enable you to start building powerful and immersive ecommerce templates. Let's begin with a little history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid was developed by Shopify co-founder and CEO Tobias Lütke and is now available as an \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/Shopify/liquid\"\u003eopen source project on GitHub\u003c/a\u003e. Today, it's used in many different software projects, from content management systems to static site generators—and of course, Shopify.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded grid-container leadpage-container gutter-bottom\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"leadpage__image\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"hide--mobile gutter-bottom--reset\" alt=\"Template Icon\" src=\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0070/7032/files/oie_25213653uBHZT6fw.gif\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"js-subscribe subscribe \"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"subscribe__content-wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"subscribe__content\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"heading--4\"\u003eLearning Liquid: Getting Started with Shopify Theming\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGet this free guide and learn practical tips, tricks, and techniques to start modifying, developing, and building Shopify themes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cform class=\"subscribe__form marketing-form marketing-form--inline\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" method=\"post\" action=\"/content-services/subscribers\"\u003e\n\u003cinput name=\"utf8\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"✓\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"authenticity_token\" value=\"Bjwq3S+ZU2sBAegLlXZF7me0EiLRtu8oiVng/wyX/F/ZTWHRe80Vhi+iJ0lJy+NzykhNiDVfmzljVSGzmaeVkg==\"\u003e \u003clabel class=\"marketing-input-wrapper marketing-input-button-pair\"\u003e\u003clabel class=\"marketing-input-wrapper marketing-input-button-pair\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"marketing-label marketing-label--hidden visuallyhidden\"\u003eEmail\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/label\u003e\u003c/label\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"marketing-input-button__field-wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003cinput name=\"email\" placeholder=\"Enter your email address\" class=\"marketing-input-button-pair__input marketing-input subscribe__email\" type=\"email\" id=\"subscribe_email\"\u003e\u003cbutton name=\"button\" type=\"submit\" class=\"marketing-button marketing-form__button marketing-input-button-pair__button subscribe__submit \" data-ga-event=\"content_upgrades\" data-ga-action=\"learning_liquid\" data-ga-label=\"email_signup\"\u003eGet free copy\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"data_extension_key\" id=\"data_extension_key\" value=\"3A3467BB-6C76-4BFC-857E-E1371284F954\"\u003e \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_source\" id=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_source\" value=\"CU-LIQUID\"\u003e \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_channel\" id=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_channel\" value=\"Blog\"\u003e \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"source_url\" id=\"source_url\" value=\"partners/blog/115244038-an-overview-of-liquid-shopifys-templating-language\"\u003e\n\u003c/form\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan size=\"1\" style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBy entering your email - we’ll also send you marketing emails related to Shopify. You can unsubscribe anytime. Note: the guide won't be delivered to role-based emails, like info@, developer@, etc.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-center subscribe__success\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"subscribe__success__heading \"\u003eOur virtual cogs are turning. \u003cbr\u003ePlease note that it can take up\u003cbr\u003eto 15 minutes for our email\u003cbr\u003e to reach your inbox.\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid: language or engine?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome refer to Liquid as a template language, while others may call it a template engine. It doesn't really matter which label you apply—in many ways both are right. Personally, I like to call it a template language. It has a syntax (like traditional programming languages), has concepts such as output, logic, and loops, and it interacts with variables (data), just as you would with a web-centric language such as PHP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, that's really where the similarities end. There's a lot you can't do with Liquid—by design. For example, it has no concept of \"state,\" it doesn't let you get deep under the covers of the platform, and can occasionally seem counter intuitive for seasoned coders. However, it has been very well thought out and what might at first seem like a limitation is usually intended, and for good reason.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"heading--4\"\u003eExplore Shopify Liquid Code Examples\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisit our searchable library of Liquid code examples based around theme components. Learn how various Liquid objects, properties, and filters work together as part of components within a theme. Add them directly into themes to build and customize themes faster and more reliably.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"marketing-button marketing-button--small\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://shopify.github.io/liquid-code-examples/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eVisit Shopify Liquid Code Examples\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid's function\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid, like any template language, creates a bridge between an HTML file and a data store—in our context, the data is of course a Shopify store. It does this by allowing us to access variables from within a template, or Liquid file, with a simple to use and readable syntax.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Shopify, each Liquid file allows us to access certain variables without having to do any heavy lifting. For example, the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.liquid\u003c/code\u003e template allows us access to all the details relating to the currently viewed product. Liquid, in turn, allows us to output this data without having to know anything about the actual product itself. These variables are known as template variables. You can also use Liquid to retrieve data that isn't made available to us. For example, you can ask Shopify to populate a variable you create with all the products in a particular collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce we know the names of the variables we have access to or create, we can use Liquid constructs such as \"output\" and \"loops\" to display the data in our Liquid files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Shopify platform understands what data to retrieve, and how to display it depending on the Liquid code you have in your theme. It might be a simple case of displaying the name of a product or something slightly more complex, such as showcasing a series of product images.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe great benefit of a template language such as Liquid is that you, as the designer, don't need to know anything about the store data itself. As such, your themes are 100 percent agnostic and can be applied to multiple stores without any knowledge of the stores content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou might also like:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.shopify.com/partners/blog/front-end-development-tools\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eThe 8 Best Free Shopify Resources and Tools for Front-End Developers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid's file extension and delimiters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid files have the extension of \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.liquid\u003c/code\u003e. A liquid file is a mix of standard HTML code and Liquid constructs. It's an easy to read syntax, and is easy to distinguish from HTML when working with a Liquid file. This is made even easier thanks to the use of two sets of delimiters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe double curly brace delimiters \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{{ }}\u003c/code\u003e denote output, and the curly brace percentage delimiters \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{% %}\u003c/code\u003e denote logic. You'll become very familiar with these as every Liquid construct begins with one or the other.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way of thinking of delimiters is as \"placeholders.\" A placeholder can be viewed as a piece of code that will ultimately be replaced by data when the compiled theme is sent to the browser. This data is determined entirely by the theme designer as a result of the Liquid code in the Liquid file. As such, Liquid themes, much like templates that inter splice PHP and HTML, serve as representations of what will be rendered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOutput\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLet's examine the syntax for \"output.\" As the name suggests, output in Liquid will literally output a piece of data from our store onto a page.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's a quick example of an output placeholder that you will typically find in the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.liquid\u003c/code\u003e file:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;{{ product.title }}\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen rendered, this would output the name of the currently viewed product in place of the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{{ }}\u003c/code\u003e, for example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;American Diner Mug\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutput, unless manipulated with a filter (which we will look at shortly) is simply a case of replacing the entire placeholder with a text string from your store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-partners-signup=\"service_partner\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObjects and properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis example also introduces us to the Liquid dot syntax. This is common in many template and server side languages. Taking our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.name\u003c/code\u003e example we can break it up into two parts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first element preceding the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.\u003c/code\u003e is the object—in this case, it is the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop\u003c/code\u003e object. This is a variable that represents all the data relating to the shop that we have defined in the Shopify admin. These data items include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.city\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.country\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.country_upper\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.province\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.province_code\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.street\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.summary\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.zip\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.collections_count\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.currency\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.description\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.domain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.email\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.enabled_currencies\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.enabled_payment_types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.metafields\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.money_format\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.money_with_currency_format\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.name\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.password_message\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.permanent_domain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.phone\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.policies\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.privacy_policy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.products_count\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.published_locales\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.refund_policy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.shipping_policy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.terms_of_service\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.secure_url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.taxes_included\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.vendors\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe items following the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.\u003c/code\u003e represent properties of the shop object. A property could be as simple as the name of the store (as per our example above) or it could be a list of items, such as the kinds of payment types enabled in the store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou might also like:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.shopify.com/partners/blog/the-ultimate-list-of-resources-for-shopify-theme-developers\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eThe Essential List of Resources for Shopify Theme Development\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCollection properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou will notice from the list above that a number of the properties are plural, e.g:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.enabled_payment_types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.metafields\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese properties represent Liquid collections. Instead of returning a string of data such as the name of the shop they will return an array of data — in other words, a list of items we can access via a Liquid loop.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen first using Shopify and Liquid, it's easy to get confused by collections—I certainly did. I will therefore refer to \"product collections\" and \"Liquid collections.\" The former being a logical grouping of products defined in the Shopify Admin, and the latter being a list of items we can access in Liquid code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, it's worth saying that each one of the list items in our Liquid collection can also have properties. A good example of this is \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.images\u003c/code\u003e. This represents a list of all the images that have been added to a particular product.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of the images in the list has multiple properties associated with it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.alt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.aspect_ratio\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.attached_to_variant?\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.height\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.id\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.media_type\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.position\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.preview_image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.product_id\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.src\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.variants\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.width\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to access these properties, we have to use a Liquid loop.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid loops\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLoops are used extensively in Shopify themes, and are thankfully very easy to understand. If you have done any form of basic programming, the concept of loops will likely be very familiar to you.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing a loop, often known as a \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003efor loop\u003c/code\u003e, allows us to output the same piece of code a known number of times in our Liquid file. As mentioned above, a typical example would be to output all the images associated with a product.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLet's have a look at an example using the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.images\u003c/code\u003e Liquid collection I discussed earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur aim with this loop is to output all of the images for a particular product. Here's a very simplistic loop that will output each image inline:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% for image in product.images %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;img src=\"{{ image | img_url: '300x300' }}\"\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endfor %}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLet's break it down into steps to fully understand it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded grid-container leadpage-container gutter-bottom\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"leadpage__image\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"hide--mobile gutter-bottom--reset\" alt=\"Template Icon\" src=\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0070/7032/files/oie_25213653uBHZT6fw.gif\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"js-subscribe subscribe \"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"subscribe__content-wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"subscribe__content\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"heading--4\"\u003eLearning Liquid: Getting Started with Shopify Theming\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGet this free guide and learn practical tips, tricks, and techniques to start modifying, developing, and building Shopify themes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cform class=\"subscribe__form marketing-form marketing-form--inline\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" method=\"post\" action=\"/content-services/subscribers\"\u003e\n\u003cinput name=\"utf8\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"✓\"\u003e\u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"authenticity_token\" value=\"Bjwq3S+ZU2sBAegLlXZF7me0EiLRtu8oiVng/wyX/F/ZTWHRe80Vhi+iJ0lJy+NzykhNiDVfmzljVSGzmaeVkg==\"\u003e \u003clabel class=\"marketing-input-wrapper marketing-input-button-pair\"\u003e\u003clabel class=\"marketing-input-wrapper marketing-input-button-pair\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"marketing-label marketing-label--hidden visuallyhidden\"\u003eEmail\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/label\u003e\u003c/label\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"marketing-input-button__field-wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003cinput name=\"email\" placeholder=\"Enter your email address\" class=\"marketing-input-button-pair__input marketing-input subscribe__email\" type=\"email\" id=\"subscribe_email\"\u003e\u003cbutton name=\"button\" type=\"submit\" class=\"marketing-button marketing-form__button marketing-input-button-pair__button subscribe__submit \" data-ga-event=\"content_upgrades\" data-ga-action=\"learning_liquid\" data-ga-label=\"email_signup\"\u003eGet free copy\u003c/button\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"data_extension_key\" id=\"data_extension_key\" value=\"3A3467BB-6C76-4BFC-857E-E1371284F954\"\u003e \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_source\" id=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_source\" value=\"CU-LIQUID\"\u003e \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_channel\" id=\"partner_lead_recent_activity_channel\" value=\"Blog\"\u003e \u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"source_url\" id=\"source_url\" value=\"partners/blog/115244038-an-overview-of-liquid-shopifys-templating-language\"\u003e\n\u003c/form\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan size=\"1\" style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eBy entering your email - we’ll also send you marketing emails related to Shopify. You can unsubscribe anytime. Note: the guide won't be delivered to role-based emails, like info@, developer@, etc.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-center subscribe__success\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"subscribe__success__heading \"\u003eOur virtual cogs are turning. \u003cbr\u003ePlease note that it can take up\u003cbr\u003eto 15 minutes for our email\u003cbr\u003e to reach your inbox.\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStep 1\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% for image in product.images %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first line introduces us to the second style of delimiter, the curly brace percentage syntax \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{% %}\u003c/code\u003e. Here, we are using a Liquid \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003efor\u003c/code\u003e loop. Loops work with Liquid collections, and allow us to iterate over each item in our list in turn. If the product we are currently viewing had six images associated with it, our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003efor\u003c/code\u003e loop would loop six times, if it had 10 then it would loop 10 times, and so on. Only once every list item has been looked at (or unless we instruct it otherwise), will the next part of the page be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt's worth noting that unless we specifically ask how big our loop will be, we don't know how many loops will occur—only that Liquid will go through every item in our list, in turn. The loop will finish after the last iteration, and it's at this point that the page will carry on with its processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to access the properties of each list item, we designate a variable to represent the current item in the loop. In our example above it is \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage\u003c/code\u003e. While this is an obvious choice, and will help other designers understand your logic in the future, it can literally be anything. For example, we could use \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ealltheimagesintheworld\u003c/code\u003e, in which case it would look as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% for alltheimagesintheworld in product.images %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is of course a silly example to make a point—image makes much more sense, but I just wanted to emphasize the fact that this variable has no relation to the Liquid collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStep 2\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"{{ image | img_url: '300x300' }}\" /\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second line of our code example consists of part HTML and part Liquid. You'll also notice that the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003esrc\u003c/code\u003e attribute is populated with a Liquid output tag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis introduces us to the concept of filters which are denoted by the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e (pipe) character—we'll look at these in more detail shortly. In our example, the filter is taking the image variable (the current item in our loop) and is specifying the dimensions, in pixels, the image should be displayed. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe'll look at filters, denoted by the | character, next, but suffice to say that the parameters we define will populate the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003esrc\u003c/code\u003e attribute with a fully qualified URL to the current image in our list. The filter does all the work of creating the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003esrc\u003c/code\u003e attribute for us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStep 3\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% endfor %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final line of our example is our closing \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eendfor\u003c/code\u003e statement. This tells the template to carry on after all the loops have been executed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf we had three images in our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.images\u003c/code\u003e object, the final output would look something like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-clay-pot_300x300.jpg\" alt=\"plant-in-clay-pot\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-green-pot_300x300.jpg\" alt=\"plant-in-green-pot\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-white-pot_300x300.jpg\" alt=\"plant-in-white-pot\" /\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLoops are really useful and something you will encounter daily in your theme development. Outputting images and product variants are two commonly found examples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou might also like:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.shopify.com/partners/blog/shopify-mobile-logos\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eHow to Use Shopify Theme Settings to Create Mobile-Specific Logos\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLiquid filters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother very powerful feature of Liquid are output filters, which I used in the code example above. Filters serve three main purposes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey manipulate output data in some way\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey allow our themes to be agnostic\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey save theme designers time by reducing the amount of code we need to write\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFilters are always used in conjunction with a Liquid output. Let's have a look at some filters starting with the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e filter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen outputting a blog post, you'll likely want to let the reader know when it was published:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;p class=\"date-time\"\u0026gt;{{ article.published_at | date: '%d %B %Y' }}\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs before you'll notice the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e character (often referred to as a pipe) in the middle of the output tag. On the left side of the pipe, we have the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003earticle\u003c/code\u003e object with its associated \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003epublished_at\u003c/code\u003e property, and on the right we have the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e filter with an argument to denote the date format—in this case \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e'%d %B %Y'\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithout the filter, Shopify would simply output the date the blog article was published at in the format it is stored in the database—which may not be humanly readable. However, by adding in the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e and including the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e filter, we can manipulate the format so it outputs in a format we want.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePut simply, filters allow us to take a piece of data from our store and change it. What we start with on the left hand side gets \"piped\" through our filter and emerges on the right hand sized changed. It's this final manipulated data that is then output on the front end of the theme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's another example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{{ 'style.css' | asset_url | stylesheet_tag }}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere we are using two filters with the ultimate aim of creating a fully formed style element in a layout file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe start on the left with the name of the our CSS file, which resides in the assets folder. Next we apply our first filter—in this case the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003easset_url\u003c/code\u003e filter. This is an incredibly useful filter and one you'll use a lot. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI mentioned before how Shopify themes, thanks to Liquid, are agnostic. They don't need to have any knowledge of the store they are working against and the same theme can be applied to multiple stores. However, this can cause issues when trying to reference assets as we need a way of knowing where a certain asset (image, JS file, CSS file) is on the network.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThankfully the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003easset_url\u003c/code\u003e comes to our rescue. By using this filter, Shopify will return the fully qualified path to the assets folder for the theme and append the name of our asset at the end. Just remember it won't actually check that the file exists—it's up to us to ensure that the first part of the tag, in our case \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003estyle.css\u003c/code\u003e is in the assets folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's how that might look when output:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0222/9076/assets/style.css\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final filter in the chain, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003estylesheet_tag\u003c/code\u003e, takes the URL and wraps it in a style element which is then output in our layout file. Here's the final result:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;link href= \"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0222/9076/t/10/assets/style.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" media=\"all\" /\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are many really useful filters, here are just a few you'll find yourself using:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003easset_url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003estylesheet_tag\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003escript_tag\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003epluralize\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ereplace\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ehandle\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003emoney\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003emoney_with_currency\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimg_url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003elink_to\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid logic\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final aspect of Liquid we need to look at is logic. Here's an example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% if product.available %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;Price: £99.99\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% else %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;h2 class=\"sold-out\"\u0026gt;Sorry - sold out\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endif %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this snippet, we are controlling the output to our liquid file using a simple \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eelse\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eendif\u003c/code\u003e statement. In many ways, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statements are like questions. Depending on the answer to the question a different piece of markup will be output—or in some cases no markup at all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the above example, if the answer to our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statement question is true (\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.available\u003c/code\u003e returns true or false), we render the words \"This product is available.\" If it's false, our Liquid file carries on and outputs the text following our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{% else %}\u003c/code\u003e clause—in this case \"Sorry, this product is sold out.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way of looking at logic is that it allows us to control the flow of a page and ultimately make decisions on which data is displayed. It's worth noting that unlike output tags, the inclusion of logic tags in your Liquid files does not result in anything being directly rendered—rather they allow us to control exactly what is rendered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou will find yourself using \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statements a lot in Shopify theme development. Here's another example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% if cart.item_count \u0026gt; 0 %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;You have {{ cart.item_count }} item(s) in your cart\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% else %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a \u0026lt;a href= \"/products\"\u0026gt; look at our product range\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endif %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis snippet demonstrates how you can either display the number of items in a visitor’s cart or output a link to your products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOperators\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou'll notice in this example we are using the greater than \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e operator. As the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ecart.item_count\u003c/code\u003e variable returns the number of items in the current users cart, we can check to see if it is greater than zero, i.e. it has items in it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf this returns \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e we can output the message with the current item count, if not we can output:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;p\u0026gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a \u0026lt;a href= \"/products\"\u0026gt;look at our product range\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt; instead.\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe could actually refactor our example with a filter. By using the pluralize filter we can output \"item\" or \"items\" depending on the number of items in the cart. The bonus here is that we don't have to know the count in order for Shopify to output the right designation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% if cart.item_count \u0026gt; 0 %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;You have {{ cart.item_count }} {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'item', 'items' }} in your cart\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% else %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a \u0026lt;a href= \"/products\"\u0026gt;look at our product range\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endif %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou'll notice that the refactored example now includes the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003epluralize\u003c/code\u003e filter which takes two parameters. The first is the singular word and the second the plural.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile we have used the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e operator in the above example, there are a wide range of \u003ca href=\"https://help.shopify.com/en/themes/liquid/basics/operators\"\u003ecomparison operators\u003c/a\u003e in Liquid including:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e==\u003c/code\u003e equal to\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e!=\u003c/code\u003e not equal to\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e greater than\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/code\u003e less than\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;=\u003c/code\u003e bigger or equal\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026lt;=\u003c/code\u003e less or equal\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eor\u003c/code\u003e this or that\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eand\u003c/code\u003e must be this and that\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003econtains\u003c/code\u003e includes the substring if used on a string, or element if used on an array\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy default, even if your Liquid code doesn’t have output, Liquid in a template will still render an empty line in the final HTML. Whitespace control in Liquid enables you to remove this. By using a hyphen in your tag syntax, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{{-\u003c/code\u003e , \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e-}}\u003c/code\u003e , \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{%-\u003c/code\u003e , and \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e-%}\u003c/code\u003e, you can strip whitespace from the left or right side of a rendered tag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid cheat sheet\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are anything like me, you'll have a hard time committing all these Liquid filters, operators, and structures to memory. Thankfully, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.shopify.com/partners/shopify-cheat-sheet\"\u003eShopify Liquid Cheat Sheet\u003c/a\u003e is available to search all the Liquid objects, tags, and filters, view simple examples, and visit the reference documentation. It's an indispensable resource, which I strongly encourage you to bookmark and become familiar with.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid code examples\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery often we learn through example, so seeing how to implement popular theme components is a great way to learn about how Shopify themes work. The \u003ca href=\"https://shopify.github.io/liquid-code-examples/\"\u003eShopify Liquid Code Examples\u003c/a\u003e is a library of theme components that help to inform how various Liquid objects, properties, and filters work together as part of elements within a store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSummary\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe've covered a lot of ground in this article, but hopefully it has given you a solid introduction to Liquid. Here's a reminder of what we covered:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid is a template language that allows us to display data in a template\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid has constructs such as output, logic, loops and deals with variables\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid files are a mixture of HTML and Liquid code, and have the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.liquid\u003c/code\u003e file extension\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid files used in a Shopify theme are agnostic and have no concept of the store they are currently being used in\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe two types of delimiters used in Liquid\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to output data from a store in a Liquid file\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to manipulate data with filters\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to loop over a Liquid collection to output multiple items\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe use of logic in a Liquid file\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe different types of operators used for comparison\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to control whitespace in Liquid\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWant to learn more about building themes for Shopify or your clients? You can learn more about Liquid concepts and how to use it in your own theme development in the \u003ca href=\"https://help.shopify.com/themes/liquid\"\u003eShopify docs\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-partners-signup=\"service_partner\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","excerpt":"Liquid is Shopify’s templating language. In this article, learn how to get started with Liquid, including how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will enable you to start building powerful and immersive ecommerce templates.","excerptHtml":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.shopify.com/partners/blog/115244038-an-overview-of-liquid-shopifys-templating-language?utm_source=exacttarget\u0026amp;utm_medium=email\u0026amp;utm_campaign=blog\u0026amp;utm_content=partner_blog-2020-01-29\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154\" alt=\"Shopify liquid\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid is Shopify’s templating language. In this article, learn how to get started with Liquid, including how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will enable you to start building powerful and immersive ecommerce templates.\u003c/p\u003e","seo":{"__typename":"SEO","title":null,"description":"Liquid is Shopify's templating language. Learn how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will help you build ecommerce templates.\n"},"metafields":[null,null,null,null,{"__typename":"Metafield","value":"[{\"title\":\"How to Build a Shopify App: The Complete Guide\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/how-to-build-a-shopify-app\"},{\"title\":\"Introducing Online Store 2.0: What it Means For Developers\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/shopify-online-store\"},{\"title\":\"How to Use Liquid to Create Custom Landing Page Templates\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/landing-page\"},{\"title\":\"How to Build a Shopify App as a Front End Developer\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/front-end-app\"},{\"title\":\"Using JavaScript To Super Power Your Client's Shopify Site\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/28500611-using-javascript-to-super-power-your-clients-shopify-site\"},{\"title\":\"Introduction to Shopify Theming for WordPress Theme Developers\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/introduction-to-shopify-theming-for-wordpress-theme-developers\"},{\"title\":\"Top Tips for Building Themes That Are Fully Featured, Like Customizing Shopify’s Best Free Themes\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/best-free-themes\"},{\"title\":\"How the Routes and Page_Image Liquid Objects Can Help You Build More Robust Themes\",\"url\":\"partners/blog/liquid-objects\"}]","key":"interlinkings_json"},null,{"__typename":"Metafield","value":"[{\"title\":\"10 Beautiful Ecommerce Website Color Schemes\",\"tags\":[\"Web Design Tools and Resources\"],\"handle\":\"93130630-10-beautiful-ecommerce-website-color-schemes\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/website-color-schemes_aa512fdf-91cb-4a30-8fa2-3d2c88d28cf1.jpg?v=1566309308\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"website color schemes\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2019-08-20\"},{\"title\":\"How to Build a Shopify App: The Complete Guide\\n\",\"tags\":[\"Shopify App Development\"],\"handle\":\"how-to-build-a-shopify-app\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/how-to-build-a-shopify-app.jpg?v=1614173396\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"How to build a Shopify app\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2021-02-24\"},{\"title\":\"15 Funny Lorem Ipsum Generators to Shake Up Your Design Mockups\",\"tags\":[\"Web Design Tools and Resources\"],\"handle\":\"79940998-15-funny-lorem-ipsum-generators-to-shake-up-your-design-mockups\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/lorem-ipsum-generator.jpg?v=1555505887\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"lorem ipsum generator\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2019-04-17\"},{\"title\":\"20 Memorable Web Design Portfolio Examples to Inspire Your Own Website\",\"tags\":[\"Inspiration \u0026 Creativity\"],\"handle\":\"web-design-portfolio-inspiration\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/web-design-portfolio-inspiration.jpg?v=1503509907\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"Web design portfolio inspiration\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2019-05-01\"},{\"title\":\"Inclusive Design: 12 Ways to Design for Everyone\",\"tags\":[\"Web Design\"],\"handle\":\"inclusive-design\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/inclusive-design.jpg?v=1521725383\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"inclusive design\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2018-03-23\"},{\"title\":\"How to Manipulate Images with the img_url Filter\",\"tags\":[\"Learning Liquid\"],\"handle\":\"img-url-filter\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/img-url-filter.jpg?v=1515074624\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"img url filter\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2018-01-04\"},{\"title\":\"Create a Marketplace in Less than 8 Minutes with Shopify’s Marketplace Kit\",\"tags\":[\"Shopify News\"],\"handle\":\"shopify-marketplace-kit\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/Partner_blog_hero_image.png?format=webp\u0026v=1655890916\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"Shopify Marketplace Kit hero image\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2022-05-13\"},{\"title\":\"Introducing Online Store 2.0: What it Means For Developers\",\"tags\":[\"Shopify News\"],\"handle\":\"shopify-online-store\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/shopify-online-store.jpg?v=1624557750\u0026width=1024\",\"imageAltText\":\"shopify online store\",\"modifiedAt\":\"2021-01-29\"}]","key":"popular_blog_post_json"}],"imageUrl":"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154","imageAltText":"Shopify liquid","modifiedAt":"Jan 30, 2020","modifiedAtRaw":"2020-01-30T03:00:00Z"},"metaDescription":"Liquid is Shopify's templating language. Learn how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will help you build ecommerce templates.\n","contentHtml":"\u003cimg src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/Shopify-liquid.jpg?v=1585598279\" alt=\"Shopify liquid\" href=\"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/Shopify-liquid.jpg?v=1585598279\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are new to the Shopify platform and read through our content, you might be wondering what all the references to Liquid actually refer to. In this article, we'll explain all you need to know about Liquid, how it fits into Shopify theme building, and the core concepts that will enable you to start building powerful and immersive ecommerce templates. Let's begin with a little history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid was developed by Shopify co-founder and CEO Tobias Lütke and is now available as an \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/Shopify/liquid\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eopen source project on GitHub\u003c/a\u003e. Today, it's used in many different software projects, from content management systems to static site generators—and of course, Shopify.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid: language or engine?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome refer to Liquid as a template language, while others may call it a template engine. It doesn't really matter which label you apply—in many ways both are right. Personally, I like to call it a template language. It has a syntax (like traditional programming languages), has concepts such as output, logic, and loops, and it interacts with variables (data), just as you would with a web-centric language such as PHP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, that's really where the similarities end. There's a lot you can't do with Liquid—by design. For example, it has no concept of \"state,\" it doesn't let you get deep under the covers of the platform, and can occasionally seem counter intuitive for seasoned coders. However, it has been very well thought out and what might at first seem like a limitation is usually intended, and for good reason.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded border-t-2 px-8 py-10 my-12 [\u0026amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h2]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h2]:text-t5 [\u0026amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h3]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h3]:text-t7 [\u0026amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h4]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h4]:text-t8 [\u0026amp;_img]:my-auto [\u0026amp;_p]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_p]:text-body-sm [\u0026amp;_.heading--4]:text-t6 [\u0026amp;_.marketing-button]:text-white [\u0026amp;_.marketing-button]:no-underline border-partners-highlight\" data-component-name=\"blog-cta-marketing\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"heading--4\"\u003eExplore Shopify Liquid Code Examples\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisit our searchable library of Liquid code examples based around theme components. Learn how various Liquid objects, properties, and filters work together as part of components within a theme. Add them directly into themes to build and customize themes faster and more reliably.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"marketing-button marketing-button--small\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://shopify.github.io/liquid-code-examples\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"\u003eVisit Shopify Liquid Code Examples\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid's function\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid, like any template language, creates a bridge between an HTML file and a data store—in our context, the data is of course a Shopify store. It does this by allowing us to access variables from within a template, or Liquid file, with a simple to use and readable syntax.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Shopify, each Liquid file allows us to access certain variables without having to do any heavy lifting. For example, the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.liquid\u003c/code\u003e template allows us access to all the details relating to the currently viewed product. Liquid, in turn, allows us to output this data without having to know anything about the actual product itself. These variables are known as template variables. You can also use Liquid to retrieve data that isn't made available to us. For example, you can ask Shopify to populate a variable you create with all the products in a particular collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce we know the names of the variables we have access to or create, we can use Liquid constructs such as \"output\" and \"loops\" to display the data in our Liquid files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Shopify platform understands what data to retrieve, and how to display it depending on the Liquid code you have in your theme. It might be a simple case of displaying the name of a product or something slightly more complex, such as showcasing a series of product images.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe great benefit of a template language such as Liquid is that you, as the designer, don't need to know anything about the store data itself. As such, your themes are 100 percent agnostic and can be applied to multiple stores without any knowledge of the stores content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded my-12 border-l-2 pl-4 [\u0026amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h2]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h2]:text-t5 [\u0026amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h3]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h3]:text-t7 [\u0026amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h4]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h4]:text-t8 [\u0026amp;_ul]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_ul]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_ul:last-child]:mb-0 [\u0026amp;_ol]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_ol]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_ol:last-child]:mb-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_p:last-child]:mb-0 border-partners-highlight\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou might also like:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"/partners/blog/front-end-development-tools\"\u003eThe 8 Best Free Shopify Resources and Tools for Front-End Developers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid's file extension and delimiters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiquid files have the extension of \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.liquid\u003c/code\u003e. A liquid file is a mix of standard HTML code and Liquid constructs. It's an easy to read syntax, and is easy to distinguish from HTML when working with a Liquid file. This is made even easier thanks to the use of two sets of delimiters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe double curly brace delimiters \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{{ }}\u003c/code\u003e denote output, and the curly brace percentage delimiters \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{% %}\u003c/code\u003e denote logic. You'll become very familiar with these as every Liquid construct begins with one or the other.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way of thinking of delimiters is as \"placeholders.\" A placeholder can be viewed as a piece of code that will ultimately be replaced by data when the compiled theme is sent to the browser. This data is determined entirely by the theme designer as a result of the Liquid code in the Liquid file. As such, Liquid themes, much like templates that inter splice PHP and HTML, serve as representations of what will be rendered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOutput\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLet's examine the syntax for \"output.\" As the name suggests, output in Liquid will literally output a piece of data from our store onto a page.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's a quick example of an output placeholder that you will typically find in the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.liquid\u003c/code\u003e file:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;{{ product.title }}\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen rendered, this would output the name of the currently viewed product in place of the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{{ }}\u003c/code\u003e, for example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;American Diner Mug\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutput, unless manipulated with a filter (which we will look at shortly) is simply a case of replacing the entire placeholder with a text string from your store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-partners-signup=\"service_partner\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObjects and properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis example also introduces us to the Liquid dot syntax. This is common in many template and server side languages. Taking our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.name\u003c/code\u003e example we can break it up into two parts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first element preceding the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.\u003c/code\u003e is the object—in this case, it is the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop\u003c/code\u003e object. This is a variable that represents all the data relating to the shop that we have defined in the Shopify admin. These data items include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.city\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.country\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.country_upper\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.province\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.province_code\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.street\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.summary\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.address.zip\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.collections_count\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.currency\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.description\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.domain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.email\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.enabled_currencies\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.enabled_payment_types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.metafields\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.money_format\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.money_with_currency_format\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.name\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.password_message\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.permanent_domain\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.phone\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.policies\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.privacy_policy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.products_count\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.published_locales\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.refund_policy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.shipping_policy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.terms_of_service\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.secure_url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.taxes_included\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.vendors\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe items following the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.\u003c/code\u003e represent properties of the shop object. A property could be as simple as the name of the store (as per our example above) or it could be a list of items, such as the kinds of payment types enabled in the store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded my-12 border-l-2 pl-4 [\u0026amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h2]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h2]:text-t5 [\u0026amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h3]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h3]:text-t7 [\u0026amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h4]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h4]:text-t8 [\u0026amp;_ul]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_ul]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_ul:last-child]:mb-0 [\u0026amp;_ol]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_ol]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_ol:last-child]:mb-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_p:last-child]:mb-0 border-partners-highlight\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou might also like:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"/partners/blog/the-ultimate-list-of-resources-for-shopify-theme-developers\"\u003eThe Essential List of Resources for Shopify Theme Development\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCollection properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou will notice from the list above that a number of the properties are plural, e.g:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.enabled_payment_types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.metafields\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eshop.types\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese properties represent Liquid collections. Instead of returning a string of data such as the name of the shop they will return an array of data — in other words, a list of items we can access via a Liquid loop.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen first using Shopify and Liquid, it's easy to get confused by collections—I certainly did. I will therefore refer to \"product collections\" and \"Liquid collections.\" The former being a logical grouping of products defined in the Shopify Admin, and the latter being a list of items we can access in Liquid code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, it's worth saying that each one of the list items in our Liquid collection can also have properties. A good example of this is \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.images\u003c/code\u003e. This represents a list of all the images that have been added to a particular product.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of the images in the list has multiple properties associated with it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.alt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.aspect_ratio\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.attached_to_variant?\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.height\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.id\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.media_type\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.position\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.preview_image\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.product_id\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.src\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.variants\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage.width\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to access these properties, we have to use a Liquid loop.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid loops\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLoops are used extensively in Shopify themes, and are thankfully very easy to understand. If you have done any form of basic programming, the concept of loops will likely be very familiar to you.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing a loop, often known as a \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003efor loop\u003c/code\u003e, allows us to output the same piece of code a known number of times in our Liquid file. As mentioned above, a typical example would be to output all the images associated with a product.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLet's have a look at an example using the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.images\u003c/code\u003e Liquid collection I discussed earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur aim with this loop is to output all of the images for a particular product. Here's a very simplistic loop that will output each image inline:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% for image in product.images %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;img src=\"{{ image | img_url: '300x300' }}\"\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endfor %}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLet's break it down into steps to fully understand it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eStep 1\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% for image in product.images %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first line introduces us to the second style of delimiter, the curly brace percentage syntax \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{% %}\u003c/code\u003e. Here, we are using a Liquid \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003efor\u003c/code\u003e loop. Loops work with Liquid collections, and allow us to iterate over each item in our list in turn. If the product we are currently viewing had six images associated with it, our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003efor\u003c/code\u003e loop would loop six times, if it had 10 then it would loop 10 times, and so on. Only once every list item has been looked at (or unless we instruct it otherwise), will the next part of the page be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt's worth noting that unless we specifically ask how big our loop will be, we don't know how many loops will occur—only that Liquid will go through every item in our list, in turn. The loop will finish after the last iteration, and it's at this point that the page will carry on with its processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to access the properties of each list item, we designate a variable to represent the current item in the loop. In our example above it is \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimage\u003c/code\u003e. While this is an obvious choice, and will help other designers understand your logic in the future, it can literally be anything. For example, we could use \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ealltheimagesintheworld\u003c/code\u003e, in which case it would look as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% for alltheimagesintheworld in product.images %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is of course a silly example to make a point—image makes much more sense, but I just wanted to emphasize the fact that this variable has no relation to the Liquid collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStep 2\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"{{ image | img_url: '300x300' }}\" /\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second line of our code example consists of part HTML and part Liquid. You'll also notice that the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003esrc\u003c/code\u003e attribute is populated with a Liquid output tag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis introduces us to the concept of filters which are denoted by the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e (pipe) character—we'll look at these in more detail shortly. In our example, the filter is taking the image variable (the current item in our loop) and is specifying the dimensions, in pixels, the image should be displayed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe'll look at filters, denoted by the | character, next, but suffice to say that the parameters we define will populate the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003esrc\u003c/code\u003e attribute with a fully qualified URL to the current image in our list. The filter does all the work of creating the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003esrc\u003c/code\u003e attribute for us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStep 3\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% endfor %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final line of our example is our closing \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eendfor\u003c/code\u003e statement. This tells the template to carry on after all the loops have been executed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf we had three images in our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.images\u003c/code\u003e object, the final output would look something like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-clay-pot_300x300.jpg\" alt=\"plant-in-clay-pot\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-green-pot_300x300.jpg\" alt=\"plant-in-green-pot\" /\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026lt;img src=\"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0311/1623/0794/products/plant-in-white-pot_300x300.jpg\" alt=\"plant-in-white-pot\" /\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLoops are really useful and something you will encounter daily in your theme development. Outputting images and product variants are two commonly found examples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded my-12 border-l-2 pl-4 [\u0026amp;_h2]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h2]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h2]:text-t5 [\u0026amp;_h3]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h3]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h3]:text-t7 [\u0026amp;_h4]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_h4]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_h4]:text-t8 [\u0026amp;_ul]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_ul]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_ul:last-child]:mb-0 [\u0026amp;_ol]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_ol]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_ol:last-child]:mb-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:!mt-0 [\u0026amp;_p]:mb-6 [\u0026amp;_p:last-child]:mb-0 border-partners-highlight\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou might also like:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"/partners/blog/shopify-mobile-logos\"\u003eHow to Use Shopify Theme Settings to Create Mobile-Specific Logos\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLiquid filters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother very powerful feature of Liquid are output filters, which I used in the code example above. Filters serve three main purposes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey manipulate output data in some way\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey allow our themes to be agnostic\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey save theme designers time by reducing the amount of code we need to write\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFilters are always used in conjunction with a Liquid output. Let's have a look at some filters starting with the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e filter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen outputting a blog post, you'll likely want to let the reader know when it was published:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;p class=\"date-time\"\u0026gt;{{ article.published_at | date: '%d %B %Y' }}\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs before you'll notice the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e character (often referred to as a pipe) in the middle of the output tag. On the left side of the pipe, we have the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003earticle\u003c/code\u003e object with its associated \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003epublished_at\u003c/code\u003e property, and on the right we have the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e filter with an argument to denote the date format—in this case \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e'%d %B %Y'\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithout the filter, Shopify would simply output the date the blog article was published at in the format it is stored in the database—which may not be humanly readable. However, by adding in the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e and including the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e filter, we can manipulate the format so it outputs in a format we want.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePut simply, filters allow us to take a piece of data from our store and change it. What we start with on the left hand side gets \"piped\" through our filter and emerges on the right hand sized changed. It's this final manipulated data that is then output on the front end of the theme.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's another example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{{ 'style.css' | asset_url | stylesheet_tag }}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere we are using two filters with the ultimate aim of creating a fully formed style element in a layout file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe start on the left with the name of the our CSS file, which resides in the assets folder. Next we apply our first filter—in this case the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003easset_url\u003c/code\u003e filter. This is an incredibly useful filter and one you'll use a lot.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI mentioned before how Shopify themes, thanks to Liquid, are agnostic. They don't need to have any knowledge of the store they are working against and the same theme can be applied to multiple stores. However, this can cause issues when trying to reference assets as we need a way of knowing where a certain asset (image, JS file, CSS file) is on the network.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThankfully the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003easset_url\u003c/code\u003e comes to our rescue. By using this filter, Shopify will return the fully qualified path to the assets folder for the theme and append the name of our asset at the end. Just remember it won't actually check that the file exists—it's up to us to ensure that the first part of the tag, in our case \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003estyle.css\u003c/code\u003e is in the assets folder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's how that might look when output:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0222/9076/assets/style.css\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final filter in the chain, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003estylesheet_tag\u003c/code\u003e, takes the URL and wraps it in a style element which is then output in our layout file. Here's the final result:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;link href= \"//cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0222/9076/t/10/assets/style.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" media=\"all\" /\u0026gt;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are many really useful filters, here are just a few you'll find yourself using:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003easset_url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003estylesheet_tag\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003escript_tag\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003epluralize\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ereplace\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ehandle\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003emoney\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003emoney_with_currency\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eimg_url\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003elink_to\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid logic\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final aspect of Liquid we need to look at is logic. Here's an example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% if product.available %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;Price: £99.99\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% else %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;h2 class=\"sold-out\"\u0026gt;Sorry - sold out\u0026lt;/h2\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endif %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this snippet, we are controlling the output to our liquid file using a simple \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eelse\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eendif\u003c/code\u003e statement. In many ways, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statements are like questions. Depending on the answer to the question a different piece of markup will be output—or in some cases no markup at all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the above example, if the answer to our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statement question is true (\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eproduct.available\u003c/code\u003e returns true or false), we render the words \"This product is available.\" If it's false, our Liquid file carries on and outputs the text following our \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{% else %}\u003c/code\u003e clause—in this case \"Sorry, this product is sold out.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way of looking at logic is that it allows us to control the flow of a page and ultimately make decisions on which data is displayed. It's worth noting that unlike output tags, the inclusion of logic tags in your Liquid files does not result in anything being directly rendered—rather they allow us to control exactly what is rendered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou will find yourself using \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statements a lot in Shopify theme development. Here's another example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% if cart.item_count \u0026gt; 0 %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;You have {{ cart.item_count }} item(s) in your cart\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% else %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a \u0026lt;a href= \"/products\"\u0026gt; look at our product range\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endif %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis snippet demonstrates how you can either display the number of items in a visitor’s cart or output a link to your products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOperators\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou'll notice in this example we are using the greater than \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e operator. As the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003ecart.item_count\u003c/code\u003e variable returns the number of items in the current users cart, we can check to see if it is greater than zero, i.e. it has items in it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf this returns \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e we can output the message with the current item count, if not we can output:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e\u0026lt;p\u0026gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a \u0026lt;a href= \"/products\"\u0026gt;look at our product range\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt; instead.\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe could actually refactor our example with a filter. By using the pluralize filter we can output \"item\" or \"items\" depending on the number of items in the cart. The bonus here is that we don't have to know the count in order for Shopify to output the right designation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code marketing-code--block\"\u003e{% if cart.item_count \u0026gt; 0 %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;You have {{ cart.item_count }} {{ cart.item_count | pluralize: 'item', 'items' }} in your cart\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% else %}\u003cbr\u003e \u0026lt;p\u0026gt;There's nothing in your cart :( Why not have a \u0026lt;a href= \"/products\"\u0026gt;look at our product range\u0026lt;/a\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003cbr\u003e{% endif %}\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou'll notice that the refactored example now includes the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003epluralize\u003c/code\u003e filter which takes two parameters. The first is the singular word and the second the plural.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile we have used the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e operator in the above example, there are a wide range of \u003ca href=\"https://help.shopify.com/en/themes/liquid/basics/operators\"\u003ecomparison operators\u003c/a\u003e in Liquid including:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e==\u003c/code\u003e equal to\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e!=\u003c/code\u003e not equal to\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e greater than\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/code\u003e less than\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026gt;=\u003c/code\u003e bigger or equal\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e\u0026lt;=\u003c/code\u003e less or equal\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eor\u003c/code\u003e this or that\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003eand\u003c/code\u003e must be this and that\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003econtains\u003c/code\u003e includes the substring if used on a string, or element if used on an array\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy default, even if your Liquid code doesn’t have output, Liquid in a template will still render an empty line in the final HTML. Whitespace control in Liquid enables you to remove this. By using a hyphen in your tag syntax, \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{{-\u003c/code\u003e , \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e-}}\u003c/code\u003e , \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e{%-\u003c/code\u003e , and \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e-%}\u003c/code\u003e, you can strip whitespace from the left or right side of a rendered tag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid cheat sheet\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are anything like me, you'll have a hard time committing all these Liquid filters, operators, and structures to memory. Thankfully, the \u003ca href=\"/partners/shopify-cheat-sheet\"\u003eShopify Liquid Cheat Sheet\u003c/a\u003e is available to search all the Liquid objects, tags, and filters, view simple examples, and visit the reference documentation. It's an indispensable resource, which I strongly encourage you to bookmark and become familiar with.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLiquid code examples\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery often we learn through example, so seeing how to implement popular theme components is a great way to learn about how Shopify themes work. The \u003ca href=\"https://shopify.github.io/liquid-code-examples\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eShopify Liquid Code Examples\u003c/a\u003e is a library of theme components that help to inform how various Liquid objects, properties, and filters work together as part of elements within a store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSummary\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe've covered a lot of ground in this article, but hopefully it has given you a solid introduction to Liquid. Here's a reminder of what we covered:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid is a template language that allows us to display data in a template\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid has constructs such as output, logic, loops and deals with variables\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid files are a mixture of HTML and Liquid code, and have the \u003ccode class=\"marketing-code\"\u003e.liquid\u003c/code\u003e file extension\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiquid files used in a Shopify theme are agnostic and have no concept of the store they are currently being used in\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe two types of delimiters used in Liquid\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to output data from a store in a Liquid file\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to manipulate data with filters\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to loop over a Liquid collection to output multiple items\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe use of logic in a Liquid file\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe different types of operators used for comparison\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to control whitespace in Liquid\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWant to learn more about building themes for Shopify or your clients? You can learn more about Liquid concepts and how to use it in your own theme development in the \u003ca href=\"https://help.shopify.com/themes/liquid\"\u003eShopify docs\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-partners-signup=\"service_partner\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\":R0:\" data-component-name=\"blog-read-more\" class=\"marketing-block marketing-block--light marketing-block--padded text-body-sm text-left my-8 tablet:my-16 p-8 bg-marketingBg border-t-2 [\u0026amp;_h2]:text-t5 border-partners-highlight\"\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"!mt-0 mb-6 font-aktivgroteskextended\"\u003eRead more\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cul class=\"!mt-0 !mb-0\"\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/how-to-build-a-shopify-app\"\u003eHow to Build a Shopify App: The Complete Guide\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/shopify-online-store\"\u003eIntroducing Online Store 2.0: What it Means For Developers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/landing-page\"\u003eHow to Use Liquid to Create Custom Landing Page Templates\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/front-end-app\"\u003eHow to Build a Shopify App as a Front End Developer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/28500611-using-javascript-to-super-power-your-clients-shopify-site\"\u003eUsing JavaScript To Super Power Your Client's Shopify Site\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/introduction-to-shopify-theming-for-wordpress-theme-developers\"\u003eIntroduction to Shopify Theming for WordPress Theme Developers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/best-free-themes\"\u003eTop Tips for Building Themes That Are Fully Featured, Like Customizing Shopify’s Best Free Themes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli class=\"mt-2\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/partners/blog/liquid-objects\"\u003eHow the Routes and Page_Image Liquid Objects Can Help You Build More Robust Themes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","latestArticles":[],"contentNavigationLinks":[],"blogHandle":"partners","settings":{"topSectionImages":[{"src":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/2ecdaa09da44408d3c2a2b9cba3a2c07.png?originalWidth=1005\u0026originalHeight=1288"},{"src":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/8262a99b5702f964162106b94a23ad2d.png?originalWidth=1005\u0026originalHeight=1288"},{"src":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/16db235a9390238e6f9b8fd2a5c29680.png?originalWidth=1005\u0026originalHeight=1288"}],"images":{"guides-modal-default":"https://cdn.shopify.com/shopifycloud/brochure/assets/content-marketing/blog/guides/default-popup-small-507879111d55acdd759b202ab869ea0b8bd0f4af9f9aaa7c540efe59b8e046db.jpg","guides-modal-photography":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/1bd4b072dc187a774c9af650d0f16d0b.jpg","guides-modal-seo":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/63781344c2932de6e553a54b02291692.jpg","subscription":{"image":{"en":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/c46f986d892538f4b0a15f25692330f7.png?originalWidth=1420\u0026originalHeight=1040"}},"rightColSideBannerImg":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/c8790c0f3c1fa91ccc845e45ce067bbe.png","articleNavigation":{"banner":{"en":"https://cdn.shopify.com/b/shopify-brochure2-assets/e570727d45209fec56c410f802faa0fe.png"}}},"subscription":{"settings":{"subscriptionId":"DE84EF61-2A02-4778-8807-F01B108DE974"}}},"shareImage":"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0533/2089/files/header.jpg?v=1580305154","availableRegions":["en","en-ca","en-gb","en-au","en-id","en-nz","en-za","en-ng","en-ph","en-sg","en-hk","en-ie","en-my"],"popularArticles":[{"title":"10 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