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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sastav_nafte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastav_nafte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sastav nafte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sastav_nafte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priprema_nafte_za_preradu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priprema_nafte_za_preradu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Priprema nafte za preradu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priprema_nafte_za_preradu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procesi_koji_se_odvijaju_u_rafineriji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procesi_koji_se_odvijaju_u_rafineriji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procesi koji se odvijaju u rafineriji</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procesi_koji_se_odvijaju_u_rafineriji-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Procesi koji se odvijaju u rafineriji</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procesi_koji_se_odvijaju_u_rafineriji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destilacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destilacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Destilacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destilacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alkilacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkilacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alkilacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkilacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrodesulfurizacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrodesulfurizacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hidrodesulfurizacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrodesulfurizacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izomerizacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izomerizacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Izomerizacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izomerizacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katalitički_reforming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalitički_reforming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Katalitički reforming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalitički_reforming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proces_Blending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proces_Blending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Proces Blending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proces_Blending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naftni_derivati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naftni_derivati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naftni derivati</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naftni_derivati-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Naftni derivati</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naftni_derivati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tekući_plin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tekući_plin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tekući plin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tekući_plin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Benzin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dizelsko_gorivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dizelsko_gorivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dizelsko gorivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dizelsko_gorivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mlazno_gorivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mlazno_gorivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mlazno gorivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mlazno_gorivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorna_ulja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorna_ulja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Motorna ulja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorna_ulja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bitumen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bitumen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bitumen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bitumen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parafin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parafin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Parafin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parafin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loživo_ulje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loživo_ulje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Loživo ulje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loživo_ulje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podjela_rafinerija_prema_tipovima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podjela_rafinerija_prema_tipovima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Podjela rafinerija prema tipovima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podjela_rafinerija_prema_tipovima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomija_rafiniranja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomija_rafiniranja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ekonomija rafiniranja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomija_rafiniranja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaštita_okoliša_i_sigurnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaštita_okoliša_i_sigurnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zaštita okoliša i sigurnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaštita_okoliša_i_sigurnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rafinerija nafte</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 48 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olieraffinadery" title="Olieraffinadery – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Olieraffinadery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7" title="مصفاة النفط – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصفاة النفط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refiner%C3%ADa_de_petroleu" title="Refinería de petroleu – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Refinería de petroleu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нефть эшкәртеү заводы – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нефть эшкәртеү заводы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Петролна рафинерия – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петролна рафинерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="তেল শোধনাগার – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেল শোধনাগার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_petroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Planta petroquímica – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Planta petroquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropn%C3%A1_rafinerie" title="Ropná rafinerie – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ropná rafinerie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olieraffinaderi" title="Olieraffinaderi – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Olieraffinaderi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%B6lraffinerie" title="Erdölraffinerie – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdölraffinerie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διυλιστήριο πετρελαίου – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διυλιστήριο πετρελαίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oil refinery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta_rafinejo" title="Nafta rafinejo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nafta rafinejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refiner%C3%ADa_de_petr%C3%B3leo" title="Refinería de petróleo – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refinería de petróleo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolio_findegi" title="Petrolio findegi – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petrolio findegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA" title="پالایشگاه نفت – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالایشگاه نفت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinerie_de_p%C3%A9trole" title="Raffinerie de pétrole – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raffinerie de pétrole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinar%C3%ADa_de_petr%C3%B3leo" title="Refinaría de petróleo – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refinaría de petróleo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%98" title="בית זיקוק לנפט – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית זיקוק לנפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तेल शोधनागार – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेल शोधनागार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilang_minyak" title="Kilang minyak – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kilang minyak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%ADuhreinsist%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Olíuhreinsistöð – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Olíuhreinsistöð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffineria_di_petrolio" title="Raffineria di petrolio – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raffineria di petrolio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilang_lenga" title="Kilang lenga – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kilang lenga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinaderij" title="Raffinaderij – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Raffinaderij" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Газрын тос боловсруулах үйлдвэр – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын тос боловсруулах үйлдвэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="तेल शुद्धीकरण प्रकल्प – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तेल शुद्धीकरण प्रकल्प" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loji_penapis_minyak" title="Loji penapis minyak – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loji penapis minyak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljeraffineri" title="Oljeraffineri – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oljeraffineri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljeraffineri" title="Oljeraffineri – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oljeraffineri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafinari%C3%A1_de_petr%C3%B2li" title="Rafinariá de petròli – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rafinariá de petròli" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refineria_di_zeta" title="Refineria di zeta – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Refineria di zeta" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafineria_ropy_naftowej" title="Rafineria ropy naftowej – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rafineria ropy naftowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinaria_de_petr%C3%B3leo" title="Refinaria de petróleo – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refinaria de petróleo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нефтеперерабатывающий завод – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефтеперерабатывающий завод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafinerija_nafte" title="Rafinerija nafte – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rafinerija nafte" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oil refinery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafineria_e_naft%C3%ABs" title="Rafineria e naftës – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rafineria e naftës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafinerija_nafte" title="Rafinerija nafte – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rafinerija nafte" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljeraffinaderi" title="Oljeraffinaderi – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oljeraffinaderi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwanda_cha_kusafisha_mafuta" title="Kiwanda cha kusafisha mafuta – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiwanda cha kusafisha mafuta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பாறை எண்ணெய் சுத்திகரிப்பு ஆலை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாறை எண்ணெய் சுத்திகரிப்பு ஆலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_rafinerisi" title="Petrol rafinerisi – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Petrol rafinerisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нафтопереробний завод – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нафтопереробний завод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_l%E1%BB%8Dc_d%E1%BA%A7u" title="Nhà máy lọc dầu – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà máy lọc dầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="煉油廠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C4%81n-i%C3%BB-chhi%C3%BA%E2%81%BF" title="Liān-iû-chhiúⁿ – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liān-iû-chhiúⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="煉油廠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12353044#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rafinerija_nafte" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica 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title="Rafinerija">Rafinerija</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Urinj_251208.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Urinj_251208.jpg/250px-Urinj_251208.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Urinj_251208.jpg/375px-Urinj_251208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Urinj_251208.jpg/500px-Urinj_251208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Rafinerija na Urinju kod <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeke</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG/250px-Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG/375px-Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG/500px-Anacortes_Refinery_31904.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Rafinerija u <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a>-u, Anacortes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rafinerije nafte</b> su velika procesna <a href="/wiki/Industrija" title="Industrija">industrijska</a> postrojenja u kojima se iz sirove <a href="/wiki/Nafta" title="Nafta">nafte</a> različitim procesima izdvajaju naftni derivati (kao što su npr. tekući <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plin</a>, dizelsko gorivo, <a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">benzin</a>, mlazno gorivo, motorna ulja...) potrebni krajnjim korisnicima. </p><p>Nafta pravo značenje dobiva u 19. st. kad je <a href="/wiki/1859." title="1859.">1859.</a> godine. Amerikanac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Laurentine_Drake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Laurentine Drake (stranica ne postoji)">E. L. Drake</a> u <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvanji</a> izbušio prvu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naftne_bu%C5%A1otine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naftne bušotine (stranica ne postoji)">bušotinu</a>, što se uzima kao početak industrijske proizvodnje. Prva velika rafinerija otvorena je u <a href="/wiki/Rumunjska" title="Rumunjska">Rumunjskoj</a>, točnije u Ploiesti <a href="/wiki/1856." title="1856.">1856.</a> U to se doba upotrebljavala isključivo za dobivanje <a href="/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej">petroleja</a> i kao mast za podmazivanje (kolomast). Najveći svjetski kompleks rafinerija je <i>"Centro de Refinación de Paraguaná"</i> u Venezueli čiji kapacitet iznosi 956,000 <a href="/wiki/Barel" title="Barel">barela</a> na dan. Tek naglim razvitkom automobilske industrije i sve većom potražnjom za naftom, počinju se razvijati tehnologije dobivanja goriva iz nafte, odnoso tehnologije rafiniranja. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sastav_nafte">Sastav nafte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Sastav nafte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sastav nafte"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nafta je po svom sastavu veoma složena smjesa različitih <a href="/wiki/Ugljikovodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljikovodik">ugljikovodika</a>, pa se njezin sastav najbolje prikazuje približnim masenim udjelima elemenata koji ju sačinjavaju: <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljik</a> (83-87%), <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> (11-15%), <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a> (0-5.5%), <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a> (0-2%), <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisik</a> (0-2%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priprema_nafte_za_preradu">Priprema nafte za preradu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Priprema nafte za preradu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Priprema nafte za preradu"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nafta je nastala iz ostataka <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljaka</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinja</a> koje su postojale prije nekoliko stotina milijuna godina u vodi. Sam taj proces se odvijao u nekoliko faza: taloženju ostataka na dnu oceana koje je tijekom vremena prekrio pijesak i mulj, nastanak plina i sirove nafte zbog djelovanja ogromnih pritisaka i visokih temperatura. </p><p>Sam proces prerade nafte počinje istraživanjem <a href="/wiki/Geologija" title="Geologija">geološkim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Geofizika" title="Geofizika">geofizičkim</a> metodama. Nafta i plin se nalaze zbijeni u sitnim porama između stijena pod vrlo velikim pritiskom. U područjima potencijalno bogatim naftom buši se eksploatacijska bušotina kroz debele slojeve <a href="/wiki/Pijesak" title="Pijesak">pijeska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulj" title="Mulj">mulja</a> i <a href="/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena">stijena</a> iz koje se vrši crpljenje nafte te transport do rafinerije za preradu. Transport se može izvršiti na različite načine: <a href="/wiki/Tanker" title="Tanker">tankerima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisterna" title="Cisterna">cisternama</a>, željezničkim putem, odnosno cestovnim te naftovodima što je ujedno i najjeftinija opcija. Velik problem prilikom bušenja i transporta je mogućnost istjecanja nafte u okoliš. Nove <a href="/wiki/Tehnologija" title="Tehnologija">tehnologije</a> su doprinijele povećanju preciznosti kod pronalaženja, a to je rezultiralo manjim brojem bušotina. </p><p>Nafta transportirana u rafinerijama sadržava <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol">soli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumporne</a> spojeve, <a href="/wiki/Kiseline" title="Kiseline">kiseline</a> i neke nečistoće. Kako ovi elementi izazivaju koroziju i ostale negativne efekte na postrojenje, nastoje se ukloniti. Voda se uklanja na način da se s dna spremnika u kojem se nalazi nafta, ispušta voda, jer se nafta, pošto je lakša od vode, nataložila na površini. Drugi način je dodavanja emulgatora. Soli se uklanjaju dodavanjem visoko zagrijane vode u tok nafte. Zagrijana voda otapa soli koji se talože na dnu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procesi_koji_se_odvijaju_u_rafineriji">Procesi koji se odvijaju u rafineriji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Procesi koji se odvijaju u rafineriji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Procesi koji se odvijaju u rafineriji"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destilacija">Destilacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Destilacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Destilacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Destilacija" title="Destilacija">Destilacija</a> je prvi korak u postupku prerade nafte. Svrha procesa je izlučivanje (separacija) ugljikovodika iz sirove nafte u frakcije nafte koje se baziraju na njihovoj točki vrelišta. Separacija se odvija u velikim tornjevima pod djelovanjem atmosferskog pritiska, ti tornjevi sadrže velik broj plitkih posuda gdje se ugljikovodični plinovi i tekućine miješaju i poslije toga tekućina iscuri iz tornja, a plinovi ostaju. Lakše tvari poput <a href="/wiki/Butan_(plin)" title="Butan (plin)">butana</a> i nafte se uklanjaju u gornjem dijelu tornja, a teže tvari kao ostaci tekućina se ispuštaju iz donjeg dijela tornja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkilacija">Alkilacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Alkilacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Alkilacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkilacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkilacija (stranica ne postoji)">Alkilacija</a> je sekundarni proces prerade nafte kojim se dobiva najkvalitetniji benzin. Proces se zasniva na katalitičkoj reakciji <a href="/wiki/Izobutan" title="Izobutan">izobutana</a> s laganima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olefin (stranica ne postoji)">olefinima</a> (propanom, butanom). Alkilat je najkvalitetnija komponenta koja se upotrebljava za proizvodnju benzina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrodesulfurizacija">Hidrodesulfurizacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Hidrodesulfurizacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Hidrodesulfurizacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najzastupljeniji proces u preradi nafte. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrodesulfurizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrodesulfurizacija (stranica ne postoji)">Hidrodesulfurizacijom</a> se povećava kemijska stabilnost kreking benzina. Vodik za ovaj proces dobiva se s postrojenja katalitičkog reforminga. Faktori koji utječu na kvalitetu procesa: temperatura, tlak, udio vodika i prostorna brzina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izomerizacija">Izomerizacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Izomerizacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izomerizacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izomerizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izomerizacija (stranica ne postoji)">Izomerizacija</a> je proces koji se primjenjuje ako se mora povećati <a href="/wiki/Oktanski_broj" title="Oktanski broj">oktanski broj</a> benzina. Osim za spomenutu namjenu rabi se i za pripremu sirovine za proces alkilacije. Postupak se zasniva na promjeni strukture molekula ugljika, a da pri tome <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularna_masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularna masa (stranica ne postoji)">molekularna masa</a> ostaje konstantna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katalitički_reforming"><span id="Kataliti.C4.8Dki_reforming"></span>Katalitički reforming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Katalitički reforming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Katalitički reforming"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ako se želi povećati oktanski broj grupi benzina dobivenih procesom atmosferske destilacije primjenjuje se katalitički reforming. No prije toga potrebno je ukloniti sumporne spojeve i <a href="/wiki/Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal">metale</a>, iz postojeće grupe, jer su štetni, postupkom hidrodesulfurizacijom. Tlak, tempertaura, udio vodika su utjecajni parametri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proces_Blending">Proces Blending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Proces Blending" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Proces Blending"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upotrebljava se u postupcima rafinacije: petroleja, benzina i dizelskog goriva, na način da se različite frakcije nafte kombiniraju u svrhu dobivanja završnih navedenih proizvoda. Ovaj proces se još i naziva slađenje jer se korozivni merkaptanski sumpor prevodi u nekorozivne disulfide. Proces zahtjeva znanje o svim komponentama koji su uključeni u postupku koji su razvijeni računalnim modelima i simulacijama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naftni_derivati">Naftni derivati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Naftni derivati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Naftni derivati"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nafta je izvor tvari za više od pola organske kemije.<br /> Naftni derivati su proizvodi rafinerijske preradbe nafte, u prvome redu proizvodi atmosferske i vakuumske frakcijske destilacije koji se mogu izravno upotrijebiti kao gorivo ili kao sirovine za dobivanje niza organskih spojeva. Najvažnije su skupine naftnih derivata naftni plin, petroleter (ligroin), motorni benzin, dizelsko gorivo, mlazno gorivo, odnosno kerozin i <a href="/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej">petrolej</a> (za mlazne motore), <a href="/wiki/Lo%C5%BEivo_ulje" class="mw-redirect" title="Loživo ulje">loživo ulje</a> (lako i teško /<a href="/wiki/Mazut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazut">mazut</a>/), bazno mazivo ulje, <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> i naftni koks, <a href="/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin">parafin</a> (vosak) te olefinski i aromatski ugljikovodici kao petrokemijske sirovine, posebice etilen, propilen, benzen, toluen i ksileni. </p><p>Pogonska goriva za motore s unutarnjim izgaranjem (benzin, dizel, lož ulje) su obojani različitim bojama zbog razaznavanja i prepoznatljivosti, jer bi ih ljudsko oko i njuh teško moglo razlikovati. Također, vrše se i zakonske kontrole u vozilima na carinama i preventivnim kontrolama. Takve boje imaju i svoj karakterističan miris, a ne štetu motoru.<br /> Benzin ima intenzivan i prepoznatljiv miris upravo zbog boja i svog hlapljenja, dok dizel znatno manje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tekući_plin"><span id="Teku.C4.87i_plin"></span>Tekući plin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Tekući plin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Tekući plin"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ukapljeni_naftni_plin" title="Ukapljeni naftni plin">Tekući plin</a> je najlakši derivat nafte, sastoji se od smjese <a href="/wiki/Propan" title="Propan">propana</a> i <a href="/wiki/Butan_(plin)" title="Butan (plin)">butana</a>. Kao takav mora se rafinirati da bi se uklonili korozivni sumporni spojevi, gdje tako prerađen može ići na tržište. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benzin">Benzin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Benzin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Benzin"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">Benzin</a> se upotrebljava kao pogonsko gorivo u većini <a href="/wiki/Motorna_vozila" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorna vozila">motornih vozila</a>. Proizvodi se u dvije gradacije: normal benzin koji ima od 86-88 oktana i super s 95-100 oktana. Oktanski broj je mjera za antidetonatorsko svojstvo benzina. Za povećanje oktanskog spoja dodaju se <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olovni</a> spojevi, TEO, TMO, odnosno tetraetil olovo i tetrametil olovo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dizelsko_gorivo">Dizelsko gorivo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Dizelsko gorivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dizelsko gorivo"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Za proizvodnju <a href="/wiki/Dizel" title="Dizel">dizelskog goriva</a> upotrebljava se <a href="/wiki/Petrolej" title="Petrolej">petrolej</a> i dijelovi lakog plinskog ulja, ti elementi destiliraju na 170º do 360 °C. Osim temperaturne filtrabilnosti važan je i maseni udio ukupnog sumpora koji ne smije biti veći od 1,0 % zbog korozivnog djelovanja. <a href="/wiki/Cetanski_broj" title="Cetanski broj">cetanski broj</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetanski_indeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetanski indeks (stranica ne postoji)">dizel indeks</a> su mjere za sposobnost paljenja dizelskog goriva. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mlazno_gorivo">Mlazno gorivo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Mlazno gorivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mlazno gorivo"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mlazno_gorivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlazno gorivo">Mlazno gorivo</a> je smjesa teškog benzina i petroleja, odnosno spojevi nafte koji destiliraju na 145º do 225 °C. Kako tu vrstu goriva troše <a href="/wiki/Mlazni_motor" title="Mlazni motor">mlažnjaci</a> koji lete na velikim visinama gdje vladaju izrazito niske temperature, potrebno je osigurati <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a> zamrzavanja ispod -55 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorna_ulja">Motorna ulja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Motorna ulja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Motorna ulja"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ulja" title="Ulja">Ulja</a> se upotrebljavaju u različite svrhe, osnovna im je funkcija podmazivanje <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motora</a>, štednja goriva, hlađenje i brtvljenje motora, sprečavanje korozije. Indeks viskoznost im je vrlo visok zbog specifičnih uvjeta rada, ujedno indeks viskoznosti je i mjera po kojoj se ulja klasificiraju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bitumen">Bitumen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak: Bitumen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bitumen"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a> je derivat nafte koji se dobiva <a href="/wiki/Oksidacija" title="Oksidacija">oksidacijom</a> vakuum ostataka nafte. Važna svojstva su elastičnost, penetracija, temperatura mekšanja, rastezljivost. Svojstva bitumena ovise o stupnju disperzije asfaltina u maltenima. Svoju uporabu pronašao je u cestogradnji i industriji. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parafin">Parafin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odlomak: Parafin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Parafin"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parafin" title="Parafin">Parafin</a> se dobiva iz uljnih destilata, što je sadržaj ulja manji to je parafin kvalitetniji. Primjenjuje se u prehrambenoj industriji, proizvodnji šibica, svijeća, itd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loživo_ulje"><span id="Lo.C5.BEivo_ulje"></span>Loživo ulje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odlomak: Loživo ulje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Loživo ulje"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Za proizvodnju <a href="/wiki/Lo%C5%BEivo_ulje" class="mw-redirect" title="Loživo ulje">loživog ulja</a> iskorištavaju se nusprodukti pri preradi nafte. Uvjete koji moraju zadovoljiti su viskoznost i količina sumpora. Upotrebljava se kao gorivo u <a href="/wiki/Energetika" title="Energetika">energetici</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podjela_rafinerija_prema_tipovima">Podjela rafinerija prema tipovima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odlomak: Podjela rafinerija prema tipovima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podjela rafinerija prema tipovima"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Najjednostavniji tip rafinerije -rafinerije koje imaju samo atmosfersku destilaciju, katalitički reforming i proces rafimacije</li> <li>Složeni tip rafinerije -osim postrojenja iz grupe 1. i postrojenja za vakuum-destilaciju katalitički kreking</li> <li>Kompleksne rafinerije -uključuje i proizvodnju mazivih ulja</li> <li>Petrokemijske rafinerije -obuhvaća i petrokemijska postrojenja</li></ol> <p><i>Heinrich također dijeli na četiri grupe</i>: </p> <ol><li>Hydroskiming rafinerije:</li></ol> <ul><li>najjednostaviji tip rafinerije</li> <li>benzin se dobije miješanjem primarnog benzina, butana</li></ul> <ol><li>Rafinerije s katalitičkim krekingom</li></ol> <ul><li>ovaj tip se gradi kada se želi proizvesti veća količina benzina</li></ul> <ol><li>Rafinerije za duboku konverziju</li></ol> <ul><li>tip rafinerije koji omogućava veliku fleksibilnost prerade bez obzira na vrstu nafte, međutim troškovi investicija i prerade su vrlo visoki - proces iziskuje velike količine vodika</li></ul> <ol><li>Rafinerije za duboku konverziju (hidrokreking-koking)</li></ol> <ul><li>koks dobivem kokingom može se iskoristiti kao gorivo u industriji, ili se spaljuje u niskokalrični plin</li> <li>troškovi proizvodnje niži nego u ostalim tipovima</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomija_rafiniranja">Ekonomija rafiniranja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odlomak: Ekonomija rafiniranja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekonomija rafiniranja"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekonomija" class="mw-disambig" title="Ekonomija">Ekonomska</a> računica, financiranja u sferi rafiniranja uvelike ovisi o ponudi i potražnji. Cijena produkta rafiniranja ovisi o niz faktora kao što su: ekonomija (globalna, lokalna), vremenskim uvjetima, vrijednostima (rastu, padu) dionica naftnih kompanija i drugih kompanija u naftnoj branši. Cijena dionica ovisi o potražnji, određenim odlukama vlasti i akcijama OPEC-a. </p><p><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> (<i>Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</i>) je udruženje država izvoznika nafte koje kontrolira cijenu i količinu nafte koja će se proizvesti. Države članice OPEC-a su: <a href="/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir">Alžir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonezija" title="Indonezija">Indonezija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt">Kuvajt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libija" title="Libija">Libija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerija" title="Nigerija">Nigerija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katar" title="Katar">Katar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija" title="Saudijska Arabija">Saudijska Arabija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujedinjeni_Arapski_Emirati" title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati">Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati</a> i <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. Budući da je izvoz nafte najznačajniji dio gospodarstva tih država, održavaju se minimalno dva sastanka godišnje na kojima se određuje optimalna količina proizvodnje. 11 članica OPEC-a proizvodi oko 40% ukupne svjetske proizvodnje nafte, a u potvrđenim zalihama ima tri četvrtine ukupno potvrđenih zaliha u svijetu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zaštita_okoliša_i_sigurnost"><span id="Za.C5.A1tita_okoli.C5.A1a_i_sigurnost"></span>Zaštita okoliša i sigurnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odlomak: Zaštita okoliša i sigurnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zaštita okoliša i sigurnost"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rafinerije su u dosta slučajeva smještene u blizini naseljenih područja, gdje uzrokuju povećanje zdravstveno rizične populacije i mogućnosti od <a href="/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija">ekoloških</a> incidenata. Uzrok tome je priroda rada rafinerije koja u svom procesu ispušta velik broj različitih kemikalija i kemijskih spojeva u <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferu</a> što dovodi do zagađenja zraka, osim toga dovodi u pitanje i zdravstvenu ispravnost vode. Tu su još opasnosti od mogućih eksplozija i požara, velikih buka, itd. </p><p>U mnogim zemljama javnost je "prisilila" vlade da tome stanu na kraj i posebnim restrikcijama, odnosno osnivanjem agencija koje će obvezati rafinerije na instalaciju opreme potrebnu za <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%A1tita_okoli%C5%A1a" title="Zaštita okoliša">zaštitu okoliša</a> i zaštitu od ostalih štetnih utjecaja. One rafinerije koje nisu u mogućnosti zadovoljiti te kriterije mogu biti zatvorene, što u nekim slučajevima dovodi i do porasta cijena goriva. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tehnika.lzmk.hr/rafinerija-nafte-rijeka/">Rafinerija nafte Rijeka</a> Hrvatska tehnička enciklopedija, portal hrvatske tehničke baštine. <a href="/wiki/LZMK" class="mw-redirect" title="LZMK">LZMK</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&oldid=6599423">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafinerija_nafte&oldid=6599423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Energetika" title="Kategorija:Energetika">Energetika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Nafta" title="Kategorija:Nafta">Nafta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Rudarstvo" title="Kategorija:Rudarstvo">Rudarstvo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Gra%C4%91evine" title="Kategorija:Građevine">Građevine</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 3. ožujka 2023. u 19:23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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