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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Roman</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roman subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Roman_Britannia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Roman_Britannia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In Roman Britannia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Roman_Britannia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastery_villas_of_Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastery_villas_of_Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Monastery villas of Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastery_villas_of_Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Post-Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Italian Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Italian_Renaissance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Italian Renaissance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Italian_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuscany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuscany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tuscany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuscany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuscan_villa_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuscan_villa_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Tuscan villa gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuscan_villa_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Venice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villas_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villas_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Villas elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Villas_elsewhere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Villas elsewhere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Villas_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_–_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_–_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>20th – 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_–_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_villas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_villas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Modern villas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_villas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Villa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84)" title="فيلا (منزل) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلا (منزل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia%CC%8Dt-chong" title="Pia̍t-chong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pia̍t-chong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Віла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Вила (сграда) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вила (сграда)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villas" title="Villas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Villas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C2%B7la_(resid%C3%A8ncia)" title="Vil·la (residència) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vil·la (residència)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila" title="Vila – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vila" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_(residencia)" title="Villa (residencia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Villa (residencia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilao" title="Vilao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ویلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filla" title="Filla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9D%BC" title="빌라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_(gra%C4%91evina)" title="Vila (građevina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vila (građevina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_(bangunan)" title="Vila (bangunan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vila (bangunan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="וילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ვილა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вилла – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вилла" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вилла – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вилла" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_(%C3%A9p%C3%BClet)" title="Villa (épület) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villa (épület)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Вила (градба) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вила (градба)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဗီလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗီလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_(bouwkunde)" title="Villa (bouwkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Villa (bouwkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laandhoes" title="Laandhoes – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Laandhoes" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9" title="ヴィラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa" title="Willa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Willa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вилла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вилла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_bi%E2%80%99su_(%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85%EF%BC%89hananay_a_ni_aenengan" title="u bi’su (別墅）hananay a ni aenengan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="u bi’su (別墅）hananay a ni aenengan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila" title="Vila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Вила (грађевина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вила (грађевина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_(gra%C4%91evina)" title="Vila (građevina) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vila (građevina)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvila" title="Huvila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huvila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вилла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вилла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" title="Villa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Villa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вілла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вілла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ولا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila" title="Vila – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vila" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%87t_th%E1%BB%B1" title="Biệt thự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biệt thự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5jhon_rominne" title="Måjhon rominne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Måjhon rominne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E5%A2%85" title="别墅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="别墅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="別墅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="別墅" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of house</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Villa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Villa (disambiguation)">Villa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Villa" title="Special:EditPage/Villa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Villa%22">"Villa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Villa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Villa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Villa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Villa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Villa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg/300px-Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg/450px-Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg/600px-Villa_Medici_a_Fiesole_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Medici in Fiesole">Villa Medici in Fiesole</a> with early terraced hillside <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG/220px-TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG/330px-TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG/440px-TamminiemenhuvilavillaEkudden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tamminiemi" title="Tamminiemi">Villa Tamminiemi</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> styled villa and <a href="/wiki/Historic_house_museum" title="Historic house museum">house museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>villa</b> is a type of house that was originally an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> country house that originally provided an escape from urban life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a>, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. Then they gradually re-evolved through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> into elegant upper-class country homes. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, any comfortable detached house with a garden near a city or town was likely to be described as a villa; most survivals have now been engulfed by <a href="/wiki/Suburbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbia">suburbia</a>. In modern parlance, "villa" can refer to various types and sizes of residences, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a> double villa to, in some countries, especially around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, residences of above average size in the countryside. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman">Roman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Villa##" title="Talk:Villa">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Villa%22">"Villa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Villa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Villa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Villa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Villa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Villa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villas</a> included: </p> <ul><li>the <i>villa urbana</i>, a suburban or country seat that could easily be reached from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> or another city for a night or two. They often featured decorated rooms and porticoes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_rustica" title="Villa rustica">villa rustica</a></i>, the farm-house estate that was permanently occupied by the servants who had charge generally of the estate, which would centre on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman <i>villae rusticae</i> at the heart of <i><a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundia</a></i> were the earliest versions of what later and elsewhere became called <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>.</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">otium</a> villa</i>, for rural retirement or pleasure.</li></ul> <p>In terms of design, there was often little difference in the main residence between these types at any particular level of size, but the presence or absence of farm outbuildings reflected the size and function of the estate. </p><p>Not included as <i>villae</i> were the <i><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i>, city houses for the élite and privileged classes, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Insula_(building)" title="Insula (building)">insulae</a></i>, blocks of <a href="/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">apartment buildings</a> for the rest of the population. In <i><a href="/wiki/Satyricon" title="Satyricon">Satyricon</a></i> (1st century CE), <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a> described the wide range of Roman dwellings. Another type of villae is the "villa maritima", a seaside villa, located on the coast. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg/330px-Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg/440px-Villa_of_the_Mysteries_in_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a> in Pompeii seen from above</figcaption></figure> <p>A concentration of Imperial villas existed on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a>, on the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Monte Circeo</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">Villa of the Vettii</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. </p><p>There was an important villa maritima in <a href="/wiki/Barcola" title="Barcola">Barcola</a> near Trieste. This villa was located directly on the coast and was divided into terraces in a representation area in which luxury and power was displayed, a separate living area, a garden, some facilities open to the sea and a thermal bath. Not far from this noble place, which was already popular with the Romans because of its favorable microclimate, one of the most important Villa Maritima of its time, the <a href="/wiki/Miramare_Castle" title="Miramare Castle">Miramare Castle</a>, was built in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wealthy Romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Tibur (<a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>), such as at <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of which was near <a href="/wiki/Arpino" title="Arpino">Arpinum</a>, which he inherited. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions. </p><p>Roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self-sufficiency of their <i>latifundium</i> villas, where they drank their own <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">wine</a> and pressed their own <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil#History" title="Olive oil">oil</a>. This was an affectation of urban aristocrats playing at being old-fashioned virtuous Roman farmers, it has been said that the economic independence of later rural villas was a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Roman_Britannia">In Roman Britannia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Roman Britannia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologists have meticulously examined numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England" title="List of Roman villas in England">Roman villas in England</a>. Like their Italian counterparts, they were complete working agrarian societies of fields and <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>, perhaps even <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tileworks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a>, ranged round a high-status power centre with its baths and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grand villa at <a href="/wiki/Woodchester" title="Woodchester">Woodchester</a> preserved its <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> floors when the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> parish church was built (not by chance) upon its site. Grave-diggers preparing for burials in the churchyard as late as the 18th century had to punch through the intact mosaic floors. The even more palatial <i>villa rustica</i> at <a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a> near <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> was built (uncharacteristically) as a large open rectangle, with <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticos</a> enclosing gardens entered through a portico. Towards the end of the 3rd century, Roman towns in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> ceased to expand: like patricians near the centre of the empire, Roman Britons withdrew from the cities to their villas, which entered on a palatial building phase, a "golden age" of villa life. <i>Villae rusticae</i> are essential in the Empire's economy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishbourne_model.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/220px-Fishbourne_model.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/330px-Fishbourne_model.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fishbourne_model.JPG/440px-Fishbourne_model.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne Roman Palace</a>, a governor's villa on the grandest scale</figcaption></figure> <p>Two kinds of villa-plan in Roman Britain may be characteristic of Roman villas in general. The more usual plan extended wings of rooms all opening onto a linking portico, which might be extended at right angles, even to enclose a <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyard</a>. The other kind featured an aisled central hall like a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, suggesting the villa owner's magisterial role. The villa buildings were often independent structures linked by their enclosed courtyards. <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber-framed</a> construction, carefully fitted with <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortises and tenons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowelled</a> together, set on stone footings, were the rule, replaced by stone buildings for the important ceremonial rooms. Traces of window <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">glass</a> have been found, as well as ironwork window <a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">grilles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastery_villas_of_Late_Antiquity"><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony" title="Monastery of Saint Anthony">Monastery</a> villas of Late Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monastery villas of Late Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline and collapse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in the fourth and fifth centuries, the villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls. In England the villas were abandoned, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looted</a>, and burned by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> invaders in the fifth century, but the concept of an isolated, self-sufficient agrarian working community, housed close together, survived into Anglo-Saxon culture as the <i><a href="/wiki/Vill" title="Vill">vill</a></i>, with its inhabitants – if formally bound to the land – as <i><a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villeins</a></i>. </p><p>In regions on the Continent, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrats</a> and territorial magnates donated large working villas and overgrown abandoned ones to individual <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>; these might become the nuclei of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. In this way, the Italian villa system of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late Antiquity</a> survived into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">early Medieval</a> period in the form of monasteries that withstood the disruptions of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War (535–554)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. About 529 <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> established his influential monastery of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> in the ruins of a villa at <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiaco, Italy">Subiaco</a> that had belonged to <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. </p><p>From the sixth to the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> villas in the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> royal <a href="/wiki/Fisc" title="Fisc">fisc</a> were repeatedly donated as sites for monasteries under royal patronage in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a> provide examples. In Germany a famous example is <a href="/wiki/Echternach" title="Echternach">Echternach</a>; as late as 698, <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a> established an abbey at a Roman villa of Echternach near <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, presented to him by <a href="/wiki/Adela_and_Irmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Adela and Irmina">Irmina</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_II" title="Dagobert II">Dagobert II</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kintzheim" title="Kintzheim">Kintzheim</a> was <i>Villa Regis</i>, the "villa of the king". Around 590, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eligius" title="Saint Eligius">Saint Eligius</a> was born in a highly placed <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> (now France). The <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stavelot" title="Stavelot">Stavelot</a> was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and the abbey of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay" title="Vézelay">Vézelay</a> had a similar founding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Roman_era">Post-Roman era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Villa" title="Special:EditPage/Villa">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Villa%22">"Villa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Villa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Villa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Villa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Villa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Villa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As Europe's influence spread to other cultures, the form, and use of the villa would also spread as well.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-Roman times a <i>villa</i> referred to a self-sufficient, usually fortified Italian or <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> farmstead. It was economically as self-sufficient as a <i><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a></i> and its inhabitants, who might be legally tied to it as <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a> were <i><a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villeins</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> inherited the concept, followed by the Carolingian French but the later French term was <i>basti</i> or <i>bastide.</i> </p><p><i>Villa</i>/<i>Vila</i> (or its cognates) is part of many Spanish and Portuguese placenames, like <a href="/wiki/Vila_Real_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vila Real (disambiguation)">Vila Real</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villadiego" title="Villadiego">Villadiego</a>: a <i>villa</i>/<i>vila</i> is a town with a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fuero</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Foral" title="Foral">foral</a></i>) of lesser importance than a <i>ciudad</i>/<i>cidade</i> ("city"). When it is associated with a personal name, <i>villa</i> was probably used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town. Later evolution has made the Hispanic distinction between <i>villas</i> and <i>ciudades</i> a purely honorific one. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> is the <i>Villa y <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Corte</a></i>, the villa considered to be separate from the formerly mobile <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">royal court</a>, but the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a> was declared <i>ciudad</i> by the Spanish crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italian Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano,1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano%2C1.JPG/220px-Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano%2C1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano%2C1.JPG/330px-Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano%2C1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano%2C1.JPG/440px-Villa_di_Poggio_a_Caiano%2C1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>The Villa di Medici by <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a> (1470), <a href="/wiki/Poggio_a_Caiano" title="Poggio a Caiano">Poggio a Caiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> ,modernvillaco</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuscany">Tuscany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tuscany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></div> <p>In 14th and 15th century Italy, a <i>villa</i> once more connoted a country house, like the first <a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Trebbio" title="Villa del Trebbio">Villa del Trebbio</a> and that at <a href="/wiki/Cafaggiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafaggiolo">Cafaggiolo</a>, both strong fortified houses built in the 14th century in the <a href="/wiki/Mugello_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugello region">Mugello region</a> near <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. In 1450, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici">Giovanni de' Medici</a> commenced on a hillside the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Medici in Fiesole">Villa Medici in Fiesole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, probably the first villa created under the instructions of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, who theorized the features of the new idea of villa in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratolino_utens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pratolino_utens.jpg/220px-Pratolino_utens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pratolino_utens.jpg/330px-Pratolino_utens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pratolino_utens.jpg/440px-Pratolino_utens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Pratolino" title="Villa di Pratolino">Villa di Pratolino</a> with lower half of the gardens, by <a href="/wiki/Giusto_Utens" title="Giusto Utens">Giusto Utens</a>. Museo Topografico, Florence.</figcaption></figure> <p>These first examples of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> villa predate the age of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, who added the <a href="/wiki/Poggio_a_Caiano#The_Medici_villa" title="Poggio a Caiano">Villa di Poggio a Caiano</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a>, begun in 1470, in <a href="/wiki/Poggio_a_Caiano" title="Poggio a Caiano">Poggio a Caiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prato" title="Province of Prato">Province of Prato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. </p><p>From Tuscany the idea of <i>villa</i> was spread again through <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance Italy</a> and Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuscan_villa_gardens">Tuscan villa gardens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tuscan villa gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian Renaissance garden</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> villa gardens were treated as a fundamental and aesthetic link between a residential building and the outdoors, with views over a humanized agricultural <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a>, at that time the only desirable aspect of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. Later villas and gardens include the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boboli_Gardens" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a> in Florence, and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Pratolino" title="Villa di Pratolino">Villa di Pratolino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vaglia" title="Vaglia">Vaglia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rome had more than its share of villas with easy reach of the small sixteenth-century city: the progenitor, the first <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa suburbana</a></i> built since Antiquity, was the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_(structure)" title="Belvedere (structure)">Belvedere</a> or <i>palazzetto</i>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo" title="Antonio del Pollaiuolo">Antonio del Pollaiuolo</a> and built on the slope above the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Palace">Vatican Palace</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg/220px-Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg/330px-Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg/440px-Doria_Pamphili_6284.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a>, the design of which, attributed to Raphael and carried out by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a> in 1520, was one of the most influential private houses ever built; elements derived from Villa Madama appeared in villas through the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Villa_Albani" title="Villa Albani">Villa Albani</a> was built near the Porta Salaria. Other are the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a> (1650); the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> (1550), designed by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Barozzi_da_Vignola" title="Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola">Vignola</a>. The Roman villas <a href="/wiki/Villa_Ludovisi" title="Villa Ludovisi">Villa Ludovisi</a> and Villa Montalto, were destroyed during the late nineteenth century in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">real estate bubble</a> that took place in Rome after the seat of government of a united Italy was established at Rome. </p><p>The cool hills of <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a> gained the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a> (1592); the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Falconieri" title="Villa Falconieri">Villa Falconieri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Mondragone" title="Villa Mondragone">Villa Mondragone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli</a> is famous for the water play in its terraced <a href="/wiki/History_of_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="History of gardens">gardens</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a> was on the edge of Rome, on the <a href="/wiki/Pincian_Hill" title="Pincian Hill">Pincian Hill</a>, when it was built in 1540. Besides these designed for seasonal pleasure, usually located within easy distance of a city, other Italian villas were remade from a <i><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocca (architecture)">rocca</a></i> or castello, as the family seat of power, such as <a href="/wiki/Villa_Caprarola" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Caprarola">Villa Caprarola</a> for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">Farnese</a>. </p><p>Near <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> in Tuscany, the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Cetinale" title="Villa Cetinale">Villa Cetinale</a> was built by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Flavio_Chigi_(1631-1693)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavio Chigi (1631-1693)">Flavio Chigi</a>. He employed <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Fontana" title="Carlo Fontana">Carlo Fontana</a>, pupil of <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> to transform the villa and dramatic gardens in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baroque" title="Roman Baroque">Roman Baroque</a> style by 1680. The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Lante" title="Villa Lante">Villa Lante</a> garden is one of the most sublime creations of the Italian villa in the landscape, completed in the 17th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venice">Venice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Venice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladian_villas_of_the_Veneto" title="Palladian villas of the Veneto">Palladian villas of the Veneto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg/220px-Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg/330px-Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg/440px-Villa_Rotonda_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Capra "La Rotonda"">Villa Capra "La Rotonda"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, one of Palladio's most influential designs</figcaption></figure> <p>In the later 16th century in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> the <a href="/wiki/Palladian_villas_of_the_Veneto" title="Palladian villas of the Veneto">Palladian villas of the Veneto</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> (1508–1580), were built in <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting. He often unified all the farm buildings into the architecture of his extended villas while focusing on symmetry and perfect proportion.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Emo" title="Villa Emo">Villa Emo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Godi" title="Villa Godi">Villa Godi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Forni_Cerato" title="Villa Forni Cerato">Villa Forni Cerato</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Capra "La Rotonda"">Villa Capra "La Rotonda"</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Foscari" title="Villa Foscari">Villa Foscari</a>. </p><p>The Villas are grouped into an association (Associazione Ville Venete) and offer touristic itineraries and accommodation possibilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Villas_elsewhere">Villas elsewhere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Villas elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> England, following his 1613–1615 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> designed and built the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_House" title="Queen's House">Queen's House</a> between 1615 and 1617 in an early <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a> style adaptation in another country. The Palladian villa style renewed its influence in different countries and eras and remained influential for over four hundred years, with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Palladian">Neo-Palladian</a> a part of the late 17th century and on <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival architecture</a> period. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg/220px-Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg/330px-Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg/440px-Baederarchitektur-Binz_1658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Villa "Sea Greeting" (Meeresgruss) in <a href="/wiki/Binz" title="Binz">Binz</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen Island</a> – a typical villa in 19th-century German <a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">resort architecture</a> style</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 18th century the English took up the term, and applied it to compact houses in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially those accessible from London: <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a> is an example of such a "party villa". Thanks to the revival of interest in Palladio and <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>, soon <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture#Neo-Palladianism" title="Palladian architecture">Neo-Palladian</a> villas dotted the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and English countryside. <a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_House" title="Marble Hill House">Marble Hill House</a> in England was conceived originally as a "villa" in the 18th-century sense.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many ways the late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, United States is a <a href="/wiki/Palladian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladian Revival">Palladian Revival</a> villa. Other examples of the period and style are <a href="/wiki/Hammond-Harwood_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond-Harwood House">Hammond-Harwood House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>; and many pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> or antebellum <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover Plantation</a> and many other <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_River_plantations" title="List of James River plantations">James River plantations</a> as well dozens of <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">Antebellum era plantations</a> in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a> functioned as the Roman <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">Latifundium</a> villas had. A later revival, in the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> and early 20th century, produced <a href="/wiki/The_Breakers" title="The Breakers">The Breakers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filoli" title="Filoli">Filoli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_California" title="Woodside, California">Woodside, California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, Washington, D.C.">Georgetown, Washington, D.C.</a>; by architects-landscape architects such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt" title="Richard Morris Hunt">Richard Morris Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Polk" title="Willis Polk">Willis Polk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Farrand" title="Beatrix Farrand">Beatrix Farrand</a>. </p><p>In the nineteenth century, the term <i>villa</i> was extended to describe any large <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> house that was free-standing in a <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscaped</a> plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and overuse. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg/220px-060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg/330px-060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg/440px-060217-Luftaufnahme-Striesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of giant "villa colonies" (Villenkolonien) in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> quarters of <a href="/wiki/Blasewitz" title="Blasewitz">Blasewitz</a> (incl. Tolkewitz and Striesen), <a href="/wiki/Gruna,_Czech_Republic" title="Gruna, Czech Republic">Gruna</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Johannstadt">Johannstadt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien" in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. Also many large mansions for the wealthy German industrialists were built, such as <a href="/wiki/Villa_H%C3%BCgel" title="Villa Hügel">Villa Hügel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>. The Villenkolonie of <a href="/wiki/Lichterfelde_West" title="Lichterfelde West">Lichterfelde West</a> in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the South of England. Representative <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicist</a> mansions in Germany include the <a href="/wiki/Heiligendamm" title="Heiligendamm">Heiligendamm</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">resort architecture</a> mansions at the Baltic Sea, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Island_(Lake_Starnberg)" title="Rose Island (Lake Starnberg)">Rose Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_House_on_Schachen" title="King's House on Schachen">King's House on Schachen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Alps" title="Bavarian Alps">Bavarian Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Dessauer" title="Villa Dessauer">Villa Dessauer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Villa Wahnfried</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Drachenburg" title="Schloss Drachenburg">Drachenburg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammerschmidt_Villa" title="Hammerschmidt Villa">Hammerschmidt Villa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liebermann_Villa" title="Liebermann Villa">Liebermann Villa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Britz" title="Schloss Britz">Britz House</a> in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Albrechtsberg_Palace_(Dresden)" title="Albrechtsberg Palace (Dresden)">Albrechtsberg</a>, Eckberg, Villa Stockhausen and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_San_Remo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa San Remo (page does not exist)">Villa San Remo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_San_Remo" class="extiw" title="de:Villa San Remo">de</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Waldberta" title="Villa Waldberta">Villa Waldberta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feldafing" title="Feldafing">Feldafing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Kennedy (page does not exist)">Villa Kennedy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Kennedy" class="extiw" title="de:Villa Kennedy">de</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenisch_House" title="Jenisch House">Jenisch House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budge-Palais" class="mw-redirect" title="Budge-Palais">Budge-Palais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Andreae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Andreae (page does not exist)">Villa Andreae</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Andreae" class="extiw" title="de:Villa Andreae">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Rothschild_(K%C3%B6nigstein_im_Taunus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Rothschild (Königstein im Taunus) (page does not exist)">Villa Rothschild</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Rothschild" class="extiw" title="de:Villa Rothschild">de</a>; <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:فيلا روتشيلد كمبينسكي">ar</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Rothschild_(K%C3%B6nigstein_im_Taunus)" class="extiw" title="fr:Villa Rothschild (Königstein im Taunus)">fr</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigstein_im_Taunus" title="Königstein im Taunus">Königstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Stuck" title="Villa Stuck">Villa Stuck</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacelli-Palais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacelli-Palais (page does not exist)">Pacelli-Palais</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacelli-Palais" class="extiw" title="de:Pacelli-Palais">de</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schloss_Klink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Klink (page does not exist)">Schloss Klink</a> at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCritz" title="Müritz">Lake Müritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Ludwigsh%C3%B6he" title="Villa Ludwigshöhe">Villa Ludwigshöhe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Haux" title="Villa Haux">Villa Haux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weinberg_House_(Waren)" title="Weinberg House (Waren)">Weinberg House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waren_(M%C3%BCritz)" title="Waren (Müritz)">Waren</a>. </p><p>In France the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a> is an example of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance">Neo-Renaissance</a> style villa – and in Britain the <a href="/wiki/Mentmore_Towers" title="Mentmore Towers">Mentmore Towers</a>. A representative building of this style in Germany is <a href="/wiki/Villa_Haas" title="Villa Haas">Villa Haas</a> (designed by Ludwig Hofmann) in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg/220px-Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg/330px-Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg/440px-Hakasalmen_huvila-Marit_Henriksson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_Hakasalmi" title="Villa Hakasalmi">Villa Hakasalmi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Villa_Hakasalmi" title="Villa Hakasalmi">Villa Hakasalmi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> (built in 1834–46) represents Empire-era villa architecture. It was the home of <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Karamzin" title="Aurora Karamzin">Aurora Karamzin</a> (1808–1902) at the end of the 19th century and is now the <a href="/wiki/City_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="City museum">city museum</a> of Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_–_21st_centuries"><span id="20th_.E2.80.93_21st_centuries"></span>20th – 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 20th – 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg/220px-Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg/330px-Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg/440px-Villenanlage_OID_69016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Typical villa in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monaco_villas" title="Monaco villas">Monaco villas</a></div> <p>During the 19th and 20th century, the term "villa" became widespread for detached mansions in Europe. Special forms are for instance <a href="/wiki/Spa_architecture" title="Spa architecture">spa villas</a> (<i>Kurvillen</i> in German) and <a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">seaside villas</a> (<i>Bädervillen</i> in German), that became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. The tradition established back then continued throughout the 20th century and even until today. </p><p>Another trend was the erection of rather minimalist mansions in the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style since the 1920s, that also continues until today. </p><p>In Denmark, Norway and Sweden "villa" denotes most forms of <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">single-family detached homes</a>, regardless of size and standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The villa concept lived and lives on in the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a> of Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Estancia" title="Estancia">estancias</a> of Brazil and Argentina. The oldest are original Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial architecture</a>; followed after independences in the Americas from Spain and Portugal, by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a> style with regional variations. In the 20th century <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> villas were designed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marx" title="Roberto Burle Marx">Roberto Burle Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a>, and other architects developing a unique Euro-Latin synthesized aesthetic. </p><p>Villas are particularly well represented in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and the West Coast of the United States, where they were originally commissioned by well travelled "upper-class" patrons moving on from the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a>. Communities such as <a href="/wiki/Montecito,_California" title="Montecito, California">Montecito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles" title="Bel Air, Los Angeles">Bel Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino</a> in Southern California, and <a href="/wiki/Atherton,_California" title="Atherton, California">Atherton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont,_California" title="Piedmont, California">Piedmont</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> are a few examples of villa density. </p><p>The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival architecture</a> in its various iterations over the last century has been consistently used in that region and in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Just a few of the notable early architects were <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Neff" title="Wallace Neff">Wallace Neff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addison_Mizner" title="Addison Mizner">Addison Mizner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_White" title="Stanford White">Stanford White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Smith_(architect)" title="George Washington Smith (architect)">George Washington Smith</a>. A few examples are the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd_Estate" title="Harold Lloyd Estate">Harold Lloyd Estate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, Medici scale <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast of California">Central Coast of California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Montalvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Montalvo">Villa Montalvo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Vizcaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Vizcaya">Villa Vizcaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Grove,_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut Grove, Miami">Coconut Grove, Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Craftsman" title="American Craftsman">American Craftsman</a> versions are the <a href="/wiki/Gamble_House_(Pasadena,_California)" title="Gamble House (Pasadena, California)">Gamble House</a> and the villas by <a href="/wiki/Greene_and_Greene" title="Greene and Greene">Greene and Greene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_villas">Modern villas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern villas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa-Italy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Villa-Italy.JPG/220px-Villa-Italy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Villa-Italy.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a> villa in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg/220px-060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg/330px-060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg/440px-060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Getty_Villa" title="Getty Villa">Getty Villa</a>, an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles" title="Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles">Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a> has produced some important examples of buildings known as villas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Noailles" title="Villa Noailles">Villa Noailles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallet-Stevens" title="Robert Mallet-Stevens">Robert Mallet-Stevens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mairea" title="Villa Mairea">Villa Mairea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noormarkku" title="Noormarkku">Noormarkku</a>, Finland<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Lewaro" title="Villa Lewaro">Villa Lewaro</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vertner_Tandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertner Tandy">Vertner Tandy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_York" title="Irvington, New York">Irvington, New York</a></li></ul> <p>Country-villa examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollyhock_House" title="Hollyhock House">Hollyhock House</a> (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gropius_House" title="Gropius House">Gropius House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> (1937) in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Massachusetts" title="Lincoln, Massachusetts">Lincoln, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> by Frank Lloyd Wright (1939) in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnsworth_House" title="Farnsworth House">Farnsworth House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Illinois" title="Plano, Illinois">Plano, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Desert_House" title="Kaufmann Desert House">Kaufmann Desert House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Richard Neutra</a> (1946) in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auldbrass_Plantation" title="Auldbrass Plantation">Auldbrass Plantation</a> by Frank Lloyd Wright (1940–1951) in <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_County,_South_Carolina" title="Beaufort County, South Carolina">Beaufort County, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada" title="Palácio da Alvorada">Palácio da Alvorada</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> (1958) in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getty_Villa" title="Getty Villa">Getty Villa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles" title="Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles">Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the term "villa" is often applied to <a href="/wiki/Vacation_rental" title="Vacation rental">vacation rental</a> properties. In the United Kingdom the term is used for high quality detached homes in warm destinations, particularly <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the Mediterranean. The term is also used in Pakistan, and in some of the Caribbean islands such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>, and others. It is similar for the coastal resort areas of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a> and mainland Mexico, and for <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality industry</a> <a href="/wiki/Destination_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Destination resort">destination resort</a> "luxury <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalows</a>" in various locations worldwide. </p><p>In Indonesia, the term "villa" is applied to Dutch colonial country houses (<i>landhuis</i>). Nowadays, the term is more popularly applied to vacation rental usually located in countryside area. </p><p>In Australia, "villas" or "villa units" are terms used to describe a type of <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouse</a> complex which contains, possibly smaller attached or detached houses of up to 3–4 bedrooms that were built since the early 1980s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_New_Zealand" title="Housing in New Zealand">In New Zealand</a>, "villa" refers almost exclusively to <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> wooden <a href="/wiki/Weatherboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Weatherboard">weatherboard</a> houses mainly built between 1880 and 1914, characterised by high ceilings (often 3.7 m or 12 ft), <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash windows</a>, and a long entrance hall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Korea, the term "villa" refers to <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">small multi-household house with 4 floors or less</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cambodia, "villa" is used as a loanword in the local language of Khmer, and is generally used to describe any type of detached townhouse that features yard space. The term does not apply to any particular architectural style or size, the only features that distinguish a Khmer villa from another building are the yard space and being fully detached. The terms "twin-villa" and "mini-villa" have been coined meaning semi-detached and smaller versions respectively. Generally, these would be more luxurious and spacious houses than the more common row houses. The yard space would also typically feature some form of garden, trees or greenery. Generally, these would be properties in major cities, where there is more wealth and hence more luxurious houses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">Dacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_bungalow" title="Ultimate bungalow">Ultimate bungalow</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.org/the-villa/">"Smarthistory – Roman domestic architecture: the villa"</a>. <i>smarthistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smarthistory.org&rft.atitle=Smarthistory+%E2%80%93+Roman+domestic+architecture%3A+the+villa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.org%2Fthe-villa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pompeiisites.org/en/pompeii-map/analysis/roman-housing/">"Roman Housing (Houses and Villas)"</a>. <i>Pompeii Sites</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pompeii+Sites&rft.atitle=Roman+Housing+%28Houses+and+Villas%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpompeiisites.org%2Fen%2Fpompeii-map%2Fanalysis%2Froman-housing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/country-estates/">"Country Estates in Roman Britain"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Country+Estates+in+Roman+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Flearn%2Fstory-of-england%2Fromans%2Fcountry-estates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeno Saracino: "Pompei in miniatura": la storia di "Vallicula" o Barcola. In: Trieste All News. 29 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Authors: Vanessa Bezemer Sellers, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/villa/hd_villa.htm">"The Idea and Invention of the Villa | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. <i>The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met%E2%80%99s+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=The+Idea+and+Invention+of+the+Villa+%7C+Essay+%7C+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%7C+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Authors%3A+Vanessa+Bezemer+Sellers%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fvilla%2Fhd_villa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/712/">"City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=City+of+Vicenza+and+the+Palladian+Villas+of+the+Veneto&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F712%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country houses</a>, which were centres of political and cultural power and show surrounded by the estates that supported them, such as <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Hall" title="Holkham Hall">Holkham Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnwick_Castle" title="Alnwick Castle">Alnwick Castle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a>; in Ireland <a href="/wiki/Castletown_House" title="Castletown House">Castletown House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russborough_House" title="Russborough House">Russborough House</a> are comparable examples.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a>, <i>Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830</i>: ch. 22 "Palladian permeation: the villa" provides a standard overview of the building type.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus F. Müller: Park und Villa Haas – Historismus, Kunst und Lebensstil. Verlag Edition Winterwork, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86468-160-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86468-160-8">978-3-86468-160-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museot.fi/searchmuseums/index.php?museo_id=21100">"Museokortti-kohde: Hakasalmi Villa"</a>. <i>www.museot.fi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museot.fi&rft.atitle=Museokortti-kohde%3A+Hakasalmi+Villa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseot.fi%2Fsearchmuseums%2Findex.php%3Fmuseo_id%3D21100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brassahomes.com/blog/new-housing-law-in-spain-2024/">"New Housing law in Spain 2024"</a>. <i>www.brassahomes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brassahomes.com&rft.atitle=New+Housing+law+in+Spain+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brassahomes.com%2Fblog%2Fnew-housing-law-in-spain-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villa-savoye.fr/en">"Bienvenue à la villa Savoye à Poissy"</a>. <i>www.villa-savoye.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.villa-savoye.fr&rft.atitle=Bienvenue+%C3%A0+la+villa+Savoye+%C3%A0+Poissy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villa-savoye.fr%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2016" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Eleanor (31 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/31/villa-savoye-le-corbusier-poissy-france-modernist-style-unesco-world-heritage/">"dezeen.com, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye encapsulates the Modernist style"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dezeen.com%2C+Le+Corbusier%27s+Villa+Savoye+encapsulates+the+Modernist+style&rft.date=2016-07-31&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2016%2F07%2F31%2Fvilla-savoye-le-corbusier-poissy-france-modernist-style-unesco-world-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://villamairea.fi/en/">"Villa Mairea – Villa Mairea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villa+Mairea+%E2%80%93+Villa+Mairea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvillamairea.fi%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Villa_Mairea.html">"Villa Mairea by Alvar Aalto at GreatBuildings"</a>. <i>GreatBuildings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GreatBuildings&rft.atitle=Villa+Mairea+by+Alvar+Aalto+at+GreatBuildings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatbuildings.com%2Fbuildings%2FVilla_Mairea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renovate.org.nz/villa/">"Villa | BRANZ Renovate"</a>. <i>BRANZ Renovate</i>. 2010-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BRANZ+Renovate&rft.atitle=Villa+%7C+BRANZ+Renovate&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renovate.org.nz%2Fvilla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villacasamia.com">"Villa Casa Mia | Villa Renovate"</a>. <i>Villa Casa Mia Renovate</i>. 2014-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Villa+Casa+Mia+Renovate&rft.atitle=Villa+Casa+Mia+%7C+Villa+Renovate&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villacasamia.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230418000537">"[Survive & Thrive] Korean 'villas' are not what you expect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5BSurvive+%26+Thrive%5D+Korean+%27villas%27+are+not+what+you+expect&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20230418000537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3950#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063532-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Suburban homes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129567">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Villas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12472895s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Villas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12472895s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vily"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543733405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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