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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Higher studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading_Room_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_Room_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reading Room Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_Room_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Muslim Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Electoral politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>National Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quit_Kashmir_agitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quit_Kashmir_agitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Quit Kashmir agitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quit_Kashmir_agitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Head of Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Head_of_Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Head of Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Head_of_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_emergency_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_emergency_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Head of emergency administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_emergency_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Return to activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arrest and release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Indo-Pakistan_war_and_creation_of_Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Indo-Pakistan_war_and_creation_of_Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>After Indo-Pakistan war and creation of Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Indo-Pakistan_war_and_creation_of_Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commentaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistani_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistani_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pakistani view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistani_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheikh Abdullah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="شيخ محمد عبد الله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيخ محمد عبد الله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="শেখ আব্দুল্লাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শেখ আব্দুল্লাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah" title="Mohammed Abdullah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohammed Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamad_Abdull%C3%A1h" title="Muhamad Abdulláh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muhamad Abdulláh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah" title="Mohammed Abdullah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohammed Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah" title="Mohammed Abdullah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mohammed Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah" title="Mohammed Abdullah – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mohammed Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah" title="Mohammed Abdullah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mohammed Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheikh_Abdullah" title="Cheikh Abdullah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cheikh Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%95%95%EB%91%98%EB%9D%BC" title="셰이크 압둘라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셰이크 압둘라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sheikh Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शेख़ अब्दुल्ला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शेख़ अब्दुल्ला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syekh_Muhammad_Abdullah" title="Syekh Muhammad Abdullah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syekh Muhammad Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="شيخ عبدالله – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شيخ عبدالله" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2" title="ഷെയ്‌ക്ക് മുഹമ്മദ് അബ്ദുല്ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷെയ്‌ക്ക് മുഹമ്മദ് അബ്ദുല്ല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शेख अब्दुल्ला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शेख अब्दुल्ला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ਼ੇਖ ਅਬਦੁੱਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੇਖ ਅਬਦੁੱਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="شیخ محمد عبد اللہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیخ محمد عبد اللہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abdullah" title="Muhammad Abdullah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="شيخ محمد عبدالله – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شيخ محمد عبدالله" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shejk_Muhammed_Abdullah" title="Shejk Muhammed Abdullah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shejk Muhammed Abdullah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="சேக் அப்துல்லா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேக் அப்துல்லா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="షేక్ అబ్దుల్లా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షేక్ అబ్దుల్లా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1905–1982)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Sheikh Abdullah, see <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sheikh Abdullah (disambiguation)">Sheikh Abdullah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Third-party plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may rely excessively on sources <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">too closely associated with the subject</a></b>, potentially preventing the article from being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit">improve it</a> by replacing them with more appropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">reliable, independent, third-party sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sheikh Abdullah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Abdullah_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sheikh Abdullah on a 1988 stamp of India</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a>(<a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">state</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 February 1975 – 26 March 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 July 1977 – 8 September 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Elected <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 October 1951 – 9 August 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Mohammad" title="Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad">Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent state">Independent state</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 March 1948 – 31 October 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehr_Chand_Mahajan" title="Mehr Chand Mahajan">Mehr Chand Mahajan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 1932 – August 1981</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1905<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Soura,_Srinagar" title="Soura, Srinagar">Soura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1982 (aged 76)<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, India<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Begum_Akbar_Jehan_Abdullah" title="Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah">Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a>, Suraiya Abdullah Ali, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mustafa_Kamal" title="Sheikh Mustafa Kamal">Sheikh Mustafa Kamal</a>, Khalida Shah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamia College Lahore">Islamia College Lahore</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Tikoo2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikoo2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah</b> (5 December 1905 – 8 September 1982) was an Indian politician who played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Politics of Jammu and Kashmir">politics of Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdullah was the founding leader of the <a href="/wiki/All_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Muslim_Conference" title="All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference">All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference</a> (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir National Conference">Jammu and Kashmir National Conference</a>) and the 1st elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir">Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a> after its accession to India. He agitated against the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a> and urged <a href="/wiki/Self-rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-rule">self-rule</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known as Sher-e-Kashmir ("Lion of Kashmir"). </p><p>He served as the 1st elected Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_State_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir">Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jammu & Kashmir as a State and was later jailed by Indian government citing his support to Insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> He was dismissed from the position of Prime Ministership on 8 August 1953 and <a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Mohammad" title="Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad">Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad</a> was appointed the new prime minister. The expressions 'Sadr-i-Riyasat' and 'Prime Minister' were replaced with the terms 'Governor' and 'Chief Minister' in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Abdullah again became the Chief Minister of the state following the <a href="/wiki/Indira%E2%80%93Sheikh_Accord" title="Indira–Sheikh Accord">accord with Indira in 1974</a> and remained in the top slot till his death on 8 September 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheikh Abdullah was born on 5 December 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Soura,_Srinagar" title="Soura, Srinagar">Soura</a>, a suburb on the outskirts of Srinagar, two weeks after the death of his father Sheikh Mohammed Ibrahim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19854_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19854-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As claimed by him in his autobiography Aatish-e-Chinar,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his great-grandfather was a <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Hindu Brahmin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sapru" title="Sapru">Sapru</a> clan, who converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> after getting influenced by a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> preacher.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussain2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharjea2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharjea2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had been a middle class manufacturer and trader of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_shawl" title="Kashmir shawl">Kashmiri shawls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdullah was the youngest of six siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was first admitted to a traditional school or <a href="/wiki/Maktab_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maktab (education)">maktab</a> in 1909, when he was four, where he learnt the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and some basic <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> texts like <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Gulistan of Sa'di</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bustan_(book)" title="Bustan (book)">Bustan</a> and Padshanama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19855_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19855-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a primary school run by the Anjuman Nusrat-ul-Islam, however the low standards of education resulted in Abdullah shifting to the district school at Visrarnaag. After five grades here he shifted to Government High School, Dilawar Bagh. He had to walk the distance of ten miles to school and back on foot, but in his own words, the joy of being allowed to obtain a school education made it seem a light work. He passed his <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> (standard 12) examination from <a href="/wiki/Panjab_University" title="Panjab University">Punjab University</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19851–14_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19851–14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Higher_studies">Higher studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Higher studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After matriculation he obtained admission in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Pratap_College" title="Sri Pratap College">Shri Pratap (S. P.) College</a>, a leading college of Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His aim was to go into the medical profession at the time. However, circumstances not permitting, he decided to try to study general science at <a href="/wiki/Govt._Gandhi_Memorial_Science_College" title="Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College">Prince of Wales College in Jammu</a>. He was denied admission.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19858–9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19858–9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he took admission in <a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamia College Lahore">Islamia College, Lahore</a> and graduated from there. In 1930, he obtained an M.Sc. in Chemistry from <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political exposure in Lahore and Aligarh would inspire his later life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molviabdullah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Molviabdullah2.jpg/200px-Molviabdullah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Molviabdullah2.jpg/300px-Molviabdullah2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Molviabdullah2.jpg/400px-Molviabdullah2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Kashmiri polymath and lawyer Molvi Abdullah. His lectures motivated Abdullah Sheikh and other educated Muslim youth to struggle for justice and fundamental rights</figcaption></figure> <p>As a student at <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tikoo2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikoo2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he came in contact with and was influenced by persons with liberal and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> ideas. He became convinced that the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a> was responsible for the miseries of the Kashmiris and like all progressive nations of the world Kashmir too should have a democratically elected government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_Room_Party">Reading Room Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reading Room Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s there were a couple of 'reading rooms' in Srinagar which consisted of the educated youth of the area and could only be formed after acquiring the permission of the government. Forming political associations at that time was banned. In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmad_Ashai" title="Ghulam Ahmad Ashai">G. A. Ashai</a> set up the Islamia School Old Boys Association (a reading room) with 20 members as part of the leadership, including Sheikh Abdullah. At this time Abdullah was still in college.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permission to open the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fateh_Kadal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fateh Kadal (page does not exist)">Fateh Kadal</a> Reading Room Party was given in 1930 and Sheikh Abdullah became the Secretary of the party. During Abdullah's time the reading room party was located in the house of Mufti Ziauddin. For Abdullah, "the establishment of reading room(s) was an excuse"; rather it was an opportunity to get together to discuss different issues.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first incidents which led Abdullah's Reading Room Party to gain wider recognition was after writing a letter to the government related to government recruitment policies. Subsequently they were called to present their views in front of the Regency Council<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headed by <a href="/wiki/G._E._C._Wakefield" title="G. E. C. Wakefield">G. E. C. Wakefield</a> in October 1930. This was one of the first interactions of Sheikh Abdullah with the government and the favourable impression that Abdullah had left on Wakefield helped push his name into the public limelight.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Conference">Muslim Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Muslim Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheikh Abdullah and his colleagues were greatly influenced by the lectures of a Kashmiri <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and lawyer Molvi Abdullah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198567_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198567-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molvi Abdullah's son Molvi Abdul Rahim, Sheikh Abdullah and Ghulam Nabi Gilkar were the first three educated Kashmiri youth to be arrested during the public agitation of 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198594_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198594-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG/200px-Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG/300px-Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG/400px-Sheikh_Abdullah_with_other_leaders_of_1931_agitation.1931Photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Abdullah with other leaders of 1931 agitation. Sitting R to L: Sardar Gohar Rehman, Mistri Yaqoob Ali, Sheikh Abdullah, Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas. Standing R: Molvi Abdul Rahim, L:Ghulam Nabi Gilkar</figcaption></figure> <p>Kashmir's first political party the <a href="/wiki/All_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Muslim_Conference" title="All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference">Kashmir Muslim Conference</a> with Sheikh Abdullah as president, Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas as general secretary, and Molvi Abdul Rahim as Secretary was formed on 16 October 1932. In his presidential address Sheikh Abdullah categorically stated that the Muslim Conference had come into existence to <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">struggle</a> for the rights of all oppressed sections of the society and not Muslims alone. It was not a communal party and would struggle for the rights of the oppressed, whether Hindu, Muslim or Sikh, with the same fervor. He reasserted that the struggle of Kashmiris was not a communal struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985156–160_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985156–160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1933 the Muslim Conference constituted a committee which included Molvi Abdullah and nine other members for the purpose of establishing contacts with non-Muslim parties and exploring the possibility of forming a joint organisation. Those nine members were Khwaja Saad-ud-din Shawl, Khwaja Hassan Shah Naqshbandi, Mirwaiz Kashmir, Molvi Ahmad-Ullah, Mirwaiz Hamadani, Agha Syed Hussain Shah Jalali, Mufti Sharif-ud-din, Molvi Atiq-Ullah and Haji Jafar Khan. According to Abdullah Sheikh this effort was not successful because of the unfavourable reception of the idea by the non-Muslim parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985163_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985163-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Abdullah campaigned to change the name of the Muslim Conference to National Conference, under the influence of among others <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. After a prolonged and vigorous campaign a special session of the Muslim Conference held in June 1939 voted to change the name of the party to National Conference. Of the 176 members attending the session, 172 members voted in favour of the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985239_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985239-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sheikh Abdullah the support of <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas</a> of Jammu was very important in motivating the members to vote for this change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985238_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985238-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_politics">Electoral politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electoral politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the 1931 agitation, the Maharajah appointed a Grievances Commission with an Englishman B.J. Glancy as president who submitted its report in March 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, a Constitutional Reforms Conference also presided over by B.J. Glancy recommended the setting up of an elected Legislative Assembly (<a href="/wiki/Praja_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Praja Sabha">Praja Sabha</a>). Consequently, a Praja Sabha with 33 elected and 42 nominated members elected on the basis of separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims was established in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and illiterate men without sufficient property, or title, or annual income of less than 400 <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupees</a> did not have the right to vote. Roughly less than 10% (according to Justice Anand only 3%) of the population were enfranchised.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after the formation of Praja Sabha in 1934 as recommended by the Commission real power continued to remain in the hands of the Maharajah.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seventeen years later in 1951, the government of Kashmir with Sheikh Abdullah as prime minister held elections to a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> on the basis of universal adult suffrage. Sheikh Abdullah's Government had been accused of rigging in these elections to the constituent assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh,_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sheikh%2C_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg/200px-Sheikh%2C_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sheikh%2C_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg/300px-Sheikh%2C_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sheikh%2C_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg/400px-Sheikh%2C_Nehru_and_Badshah_Khan_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Abdullah with Nehru and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Badshah Khan</a> (centre) at Shalimar Garden in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Sheikh Abdullah was introduced to Jawaharlal Nehru in 1937 and as he too was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> was demanding similar rights for people of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985226–227_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985226–227-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had formed The <a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">All India States Peoples' Conference</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985228_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985228-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for supporting the people of <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> in their struggle for a <a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representative government</a> the two became friends and political allies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Conference">National Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He introduced a resolution in the working committee of the Muslim Conference for changing its name to National Conference on 24 June 1938 to allow people from all communities to join the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> rule of the Maharaja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985232_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985232-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, he along with his liberal progressive friends, many of whom were not Muslim like Kashyap Bandhu, Jia Lal Kilam, Pandit Sudama Sidha, <a href="/wiki/Prem_Nath_Bazaz" title="Prem Nath Bazaz">Prem Nath Bazaz</a> and Sardar Budh Singh drafted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Demands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Demands (page does not exist)">National Demands</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the forerunner of the famous <a href="/wiki/Naya_Kashmir" title="Naya Kashmir">Naya Kashmir</a> (New Kashmir) Manifesto (which was a charter of demands for granting a democratic constitution committed to the welfare of the common people of Kashmir).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He presented these demands to the Maharajah in a speech on 28 August 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maharajah was not willing to accept these demands and so he along with many of his companions was arrested for defying prohibitory orders and sentenced to six months imprisonment and a fine. His arrest provoked a public agitation in which volunteers called Dictators (so called because they had the authority to defy laws that was forbidden for normal law-abiding party members) courted arrest. This agitation was called off on the appeal of <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas K. Gandhi">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a>. He was released after serving his sentence on 24 February 1939 and accorded a grand reception by the people of Srinagar on his return. Speeches were made at the reception stressing the importance of unity among Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently the resolution for changing the name of Muslim Conference to National Conference was ratified with an overwhelming majority by the General Council of the Muslim Conference on 11 June 1939 and from that date Muslim Conference became National Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985237_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985237-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quit_Kashmir_agitation">Quit Kashmir agitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quit Kashmir agitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1946 Sheikh Abdullah launched the Quit Kashmir agitation against Maharajah Hari Singh and was arrested and sentenced to three years imprisonment but was released only sixteen months later on 29 September 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985327–389_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985327–389-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Head_of_Government">Head of Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Head of Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_emergency_administration">Head of emergency administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Head of emergency administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg/220px-Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg/330px-Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg/440px-Sheik_Mohammed_Abdullah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah (right), chosen to head interim government in Kashmir, confers with Sardar Patel, deputy premier of India</figcaption></figure> <p>Maharaja Hari Singh appealed to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> for Indian military aid. In his accession offer dated 26 October 1947 which accompanied The <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instrument of Accession</a> duly signed by him on 26 October 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh wrote "<i>I may also inform your Excellency's Government that it is my intention at once to set up an interim Government and ask Sheikh Abdullah to carry the responsibilities in this emergency with my Prime Minister.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord Mountbatten accepted the accession after a meeting of the Defence Committee on 26 October 1947. In accepting the accession unconditionally he wrote, "<i>I do hereby accept this Instrument of Accession. Dated this twenty seventh day of October, nineteen hundred and forty seven.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the covering letter to Hari Singh, he wrote "I<i>n consistence with their policy that in the case of any State where the issue of accession has been the subject of dispute, the question of accession should be decided in accordance with the wishes of the people of the State, it is my Government's wish that, as soon as law and order have been restored in Kashmir and its soil cleared of the invader, the question of the State's accession should be settled by a reference to the people.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in his letter to the Maharaja, Lord Mountbatten wrote "<i>My Government and I note with satisfaction that your Highness has decided to invite Sheikh Abdullah to form an Interim Government to work with your Prime Minister</i>." The support of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, was a key factor in getting Sheikh Abdullah appointed as Head of the emergency administration by the Maharaja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985462–464_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985462–464-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed head of an emergency administration by an <a href="/wiki/General_order" title="General order">order</a> issued by the Maharaja which was undated except for the mention of October 1947 in place of the date. He took charge as Head of the Emergency Administration on 30 October 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985431_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985431-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He raised a force of local Kashmiri volunteers to patrol Srinagar and take control of administration after the flight of the Maharaja along with his family and Prime Minister Meher Chand Mahajan to <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> even before the Indian troops had landed. This group of volunteers would serve as the nucleus for the subsequent formation of Jammu and Kashmir Militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985413–414_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985413–414-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, Sheikh Abdullah hoped, would take over the defence of Kashmir after the Indian army was withdrawn. This was articulated in his letter to Sardar Patel dated 7 October 1948 in which he wrote, "With the taking over of the State forces by the Indian Government, it was agreed that steps would be taken to reorganise and rebuild our army so that when the present emergency is over and the Indian forces are withdrawn the State will be left with a proper organised army of its own to fall back upon."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Sheikh Abdullah has alleged that most of the Muslim soldiers of the Militia were either discharged or imprisoned before his arrest in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985567_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985567-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Militia (dubbed as Dagan Brigade) was converted from a State Militia to a regular unit of the Indian Army on 2 December 1972 and redesignated the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Light_Infantry" title="Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry">Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheikh Abdullah spoke at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> on 5 February 1948 thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While the [tribal] raiders came to our land, massacred thousands of people — mostly Hindus and Sikhs, but Muslims too — abducted thousands of girls, Hindu, Sikhs and Muslims alike, looted our property and almost reached the gates of our summer capital, Srinagar, the result was that the civil, military and police administration failed. The Maharaja, in the dead of the night, left the capital along with his courtiers, and the result was absolute panic. There was no one to take over control. In that hour of crisis, the National Conference came forward with 10,000 volunteers and took over the administration of [Kashmir].<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir">Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_activism">Return to activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_release">Arrest and release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arrest and release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 August 1953 he was dismissed as prime minister by the then <a href="/wiki/Sadr-i-Riyasat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadr-i-Riyasat">Sadr-i-Riyasat</a> (Constitutional <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>) Dr. <a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a>, son of the erstwhile Maharajah Hari Singh, on the charge that he had lost the confidence of his cabinet (not the house).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985593–594_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985593–594-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was denied the opportunity to prove his majority on the <a href="/wiki/Floor_of_the_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor of the house">floor of the house</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985607_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985607-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his dissident cabinet minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed was appointed as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985600_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985600-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Abdullah was immediately arrested and later jailed for eleven years, accused of conspiracy against the state in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Conspiracy_Case" title="Kashmir Conspiracy Case">Kashmir Conspiracy Case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985711–717_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985711–717-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sheikh Abdullah his dismissal and arrest were engineered by the central government headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Abdullah_1985_p566-567_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Abdullah_1985_p566-567-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has quoted B. N. Mullicks' statements in his book <i>My Years with Nehru</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in support of his statement.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_Abdullah_1985_p566-567_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh_Abdullah_1985_p566-567-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. G. Noorani writing in Frontline supports this view, as according to him Nehru himself ordered the arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 April 1964, the state government dropped all charges in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Conspiracy_Case" title="Kashmir Conspiracy Case">Kashmir Conspiracy Case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985752_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985752-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Abdullah was released and returned to Srinagar where he was accorded an unprecedented welcome by the people of the valley."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985755–757_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985755–757-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his release he was reconciled with Nehru. Nehru requested Sheikh Abdullah to act as a bridge between India and Pakistan and make President Ayub to agree to come to New Delhi for talks for a final solution of the Kashmir problem. President <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a> also sent telegrams to Nehru and Sheikh Abdullah with the message that as Pakistan too was a party to the Kashmir dispute any resolution of the conflict without its participation would not be acceptable to Pakistan. This paved the way for Sheikh Abdullah's visit to Pakistan to help broker a solution to the Kashmir problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985774–778_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985774–778-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheikh Abdullah went to Pakistan in spring of 1964. President Ayub Khan of Pakistan held extensive talks with him to explore various avenues for solving the Kashmir problem and agreed to come to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> in mid June for talks with Nehru as suggested by him. Even the date of his proposed visit was fixed and communicated to New Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985782_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985782-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before Ayub Khan could make his visit, Nehru died on 27 May 1964. The Sheikh was en route to <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad" title="Muzaffarabad">Muzaffarabad</a> in Pakistan-administered Kashmir when he received the news. He addressed a public rally at Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and returned to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985786_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985786-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his suggestion, President Ayub Khan sent a high level Pakistani delegation led by his Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> along with him to take part in the last rites of Jawaharlal Nehru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985787_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985787-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nehru's death in 1964, Sheikh Abdullah was again interned from 1965 to 1968. The internment was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> and continued by <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite Front">Plebiscite Front</a> was also banned. This was allegedly done to prevent him and the Plebiscite Front which was supported by him from taking part in elections in Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985817–825_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985817–825-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, he was exiled from Kashmir in 1971-72 for 18 months, during which period the Indo-Pak war of 1971 came to be waged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Indo-Pakistan_war_and_creation_of_Bangladesh">After Indo-Pakistan war and creation of Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After Indo-Pakistan war and creation of Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Abdullah_addressing_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Abdullah addressing a gathering at Lal Chowk Srinagar in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> broke out in erstwhile <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> between Pakistan and Bangladesh joined later by India, and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">war</a> broke out on the western border of India between India and Pakistan, both of which culminated in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. </p><p>Over the years, especially after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the subsequent Simla Agreement of 1972, the focus on the plebiscite diminished. The political realities shifted towards maintaining the status quo, with India and Pakistan managing their respective parts of Kashmir. The political climate in J&K had also evolved, with new leaders and parties emerging, and the National Conference (NC) losing its dominant position. Also, evident from the fact that his party who won 70 out of 75 seats in state election in 1962 won only 8 seats in 1967 while 0 seats in 1972 election.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indira–Sheikh Accord of 1975 was a result of prolonged negotiations where Sheikh Abdullah agreed to accept the position of Chief Minister under the Indian Constitution, effectively dropping the demand for a plebiscite. He became CM with support of INC which had 61 out of 75 seats in assembly while JKNC had none.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_power">Return to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Return to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg/200px-Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg/300px-Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg/400px-Mourners_at_Sheikh_Abdullahs_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Abdullah's funeral procession</figcaption></figure><p>He assumed the position of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Central Government and the ruling Congress Party withdrew its support so that the State Assembly had to be dissolved and mid term elections called.<sup id="cite_ref-Noorani2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Conference won an overwhelming majority in the subsequent elections and re-elected Sheikh Abdullah as Chief Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985860–882_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985860–882-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained as Chief Minister till his death in 1982. </p><p>Abdullah, described as a six feet four inches (1.93 m)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorbel196617_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorbel196617-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to six feet six inches (1.98 m) tall man,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was fluent in both <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. His biography in Urdu entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Atish-e-Chinar" title="Atish-e-Chinar">Atish-e-Chinar</a></i> was written by the noted Kashmiri author M.Y. Taing and published after Sheikh Abdullah's death. It is often referred to as his autobiography as Taing claimed that he only acted as an amanuensis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985Preface_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985Preface-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on extensive interviews that Taing had with Sheikh Abdullah and provides valuable information on Sheikh Abdullah's family background, early life, ringside glimpses of happenings in Kashmir at a crucial juncture in its history, and his viewpoint about the political events in Kashmir in which he himself played a central role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain20132_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain20132-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death his eldest son Dr. <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a> was elected as the Chief Minister of the State. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933 he married <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Jahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Jahan">Akbar Jahan</a>, the daughter of Michael Harry Nedou, of <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a> and British descent, and his Muslim <a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a> wife Mirjan.<sup id="cite_ref-AW_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AW-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Harry Nedou was himself the proprietor of hotels at the tourist resort of <a href="/wiki/Gulmarg" title="Gulmarg">Gulmarg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985193_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985193-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Srinagar.<sup id="cite_ref-AW_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AW-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> claims that Abdullah was Akbar Jehan's second husband.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistani_view">Pakistani view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pakistani view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of Pakistan in 1947 viewed Abdullah and his party as agents of Nehru and did not recognise his leadership of Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke against Pakistani government in United Nations by comparing it with Hitler's rule, and he also endorsed Indian stand on Jammu and Kashmir. However, there was a change in Pakistan's viewpoint with the passage of time. When he visited Pakistan in 1964 he was awarded a tumultuous welcome by the people of Pakistan. Among the persons who received him was <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas</a> his once colleague and later political enemy who earlier in his book <i>Kashmakash</i> had denounced Sheikh Abdullah as a turncoat and traitor. Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas embraced him and in his speech described him as one of the greatest leaders of the subcontinent and a great benefactor of the Muslims of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985783_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985783-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Ayub Khan and his then Foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> discussed the Kashmir problem with him. The government of Pakistan treated him as a state guest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985779_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985779-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Abdullah had the rare distinction of having poems in his praise written by three major Pakistani Urdu poets namely <a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jullundhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafeez Jullundhri">Hafeez Jullundhri</a>, Josh and <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiz Ahmed Faiz">Faiz Ahmed Faiz</a> who admired his lifelong struggle against injustice and for democratic rights of the common man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985265–268_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985265–268-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Mohammad" title="Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad">Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed</a>, <bdi>Sheikh Abdullah has been called the "Architect of Modern Kashmir".</bdi><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The birth anniversary of Abdullah was a public holiday in the state until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sher-e-Kashmir" has been dropped from a number of places, including a conference hall, the state award and police medal.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of institutions and buildings named after him, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Kashmir_University_of_Agricultural_Sciences_and_Technology_of_Kashmir" title="Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir">Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir</a> in Kashmir and Jammu, the <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Kashmir_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences">Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sher-e-Kashmir_Stadium" title="Sher-e-Kashmir Stadium">Sher-e-Kashmir Stadium</a>. A name change for the stadium has also been aired however not implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Flame of the Chinar</i>, a 1998 Indian <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> directed by Zul Vellani covers his life and works. It was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Film Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anang_Desai" title="Anang Desai">Anang Desai</a> portrayed Abdullah in the 2013 Indian docudrama television series <i><a href="/wiki/Pradhanmantri" title="Pradhanmantri">Pradhanmantri</a></i>, which covered the tenures of Indian PMs.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kashmiri_people" title="List of Kashmiri people">List of Kashmiri people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">History of Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiriyat</a> – a socio-cultural ethos of religious harmony and Kashmiri consciousness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Outline of Jammu and Kashmir">Outline of Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Conspiracy_Case" title="Kashmir Conspiracy Case">Kashmir Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List of political families</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Regency Council represented the state in the absence of the king.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali claims she was married in 1928 to an Arab Karam Shah who disappeared after a <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> newspaper <i>Liberty</i> reported that he was actually <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> (Lawrence of Arabia),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/British_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Intelligence">British Intelligence</a> officer. He claims that Akbar Jehan was divorced by her first husband in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) p 22-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/09/obituaries/mohammad-abdullah-dies-led-india-s-state-of-kashmir.html">"MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH DIES; LED INDIA'S STATE OF KASHMIR (Published 1982)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 September 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MOHAMMAD+ABDULLAH+DIES%3B+LED+INDIA%27S+STATE+OF+KASHMIR+%28Published+1982%29&rft.date=1982-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F09%2F09%2Fobituaries%2Fmohammad-abdullah-dies-led-india-s-state-of-kashmir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tikoo2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tikoo2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tikoo2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_K._Tikoo2012" class="citation book cs1">Tej K. Tikoo (19 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRFvWyqGNzEC&pg=PA185"><i>Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. pp. 185–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-34-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-34-3"><bdi>978-1-935501-34-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+Its+Aborigines+and+Their+Exodus&rft.pages=185-&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-935501-34-3&rft.au=Tej+K.+Tikoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRFvWyqGNzEC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58676/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf">"Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>eparlib.nic.in</i>. Eminent Parliamentarians Monograph Series. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128152903/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58676/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eparlib.nic.in&rft.atitle=Sheikh+Mohammad+Abdullah&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feparlib.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F58676%2F1%2FEminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guha, Ramachandra. "Opening a window in Kashmir." Economic and Political Weekly (2004): 3905-3913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Lamb" title="Alastair Lamb">Lamb, Alastair</a>. <i>The Myth of Indian Claim to Jammu and Kashmir: A Reappraisal</i>. World Kashmir Freedom Movement.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Indian+Claim+to+Jammu+and+Kashmir%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.pub=World+Kashmir+Freedom+Movement&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ganguly, Šumit (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539071">"Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay"</a>. <i>International Security</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 76–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539071">10.2307/2539071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539071">2539071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Kashmir+Insurgency%3A+Political+Mobilization+and+Institutional+Decay&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-107&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539071&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0umit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">Noorani, A. G.</a> (7 July 2011). <i>Article 370 : a constitutional history of Jammu and Kashmir</i> (1. publ. ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198074083" title="Special:BookSources/9780198074083"><bdi>9780198074083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Article+370+%3A+a+constitutional+history+of+Jammu+and+Kashmir&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.isbn=9780198074083&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakesh Ankit, "Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah of Kashmir, 1965–1975: From Externment to Enthronement." <i>Studies in Indian Politics</i> 6.1 (2018): 88-102 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/33679/3/Accepted%20draft%20SIP%20%281%29.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat19901_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat1990">Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: A Profile, Lok Sabha Secretariat (1990)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19854-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19854_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Abdullah_(Sheikh)1993" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad Abdullah (Sheikh) (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dC1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Flames of the Chinar: An Autobiography</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85318-2"><bdi>978-0-670-85318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flames+of+the+Chinar%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85318-2&rft.au=Mohammad+Abdullah+%28Sheikh%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdC1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Taffazull_Hussain2019" class="citation book cs1">Syed Taffazull Hussain (13 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RwFAQAAQBAJ"><i>Sheikh Abdullah-A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939. 2019 Edition</i></a>. Syed Taffazull Hussain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-603-7"><bdi>978-1-60481-603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Abdullah-A+Biography%3A+The+Crucial+Period+1905-1939.+2019+Edition&rft.pub=Syed+Taffazull+Hussain&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft.isbn=978-1-60481-603-7&rft.au=Syed+Taffazull+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RwFAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharjea2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharjea2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjit_Bhattacharjea2008" class="citation book cs1">Ajit Bhattacharjea (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKlCPgAACAAJ"><i>Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: Tragic Hero of Kashmir</i></a>. Lotus collection/Roli Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174366719" title="Special:BookSources/9788174366719"><bdi>9788174366719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Mohammad+Abdullah%3A+Tragic+Hero+of+Kashmir&rft.pub=Lotus+collection%2FRoli+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788174366719&rft.au=Ajit+Bhattacharjea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKlCPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumar" title="Radha Kumar">Kumar, Radha</a> (2018). <i>Paradise at War: A Political History of Kashmir</i>. New Delhi: Aleph. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789388292122" title="Special:BookSources/9789388292122"><bdi>9789388292122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+at+War%3A+A+Political+History+of+Kashmir&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Aleph&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789388292122&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Radha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19855-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19855_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19851–14-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19851–14_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 1–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19858–9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing19858–9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2019" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Syed Taffazull (13 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RwFAQAAQBAJ&q=Abdullah+Reading+Room+Party&pg=PA49">"6"</a>. <i>Sheikh Abdullah-A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939. 2019 Edition</i>. Syed Taffazull Hussain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-603-7"><bdi>978-1-60481-603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Abdullah-A+Biography%3A+The+Crucial+Period+1905-1939.+2019+Edition&rft.pub=Syed+Taffazull+Hussain&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft.isbn=978-1-60481-603-7&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed+Taffazull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RwFAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DAbdullah%2BReading%2BRoom%2BParty%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPara2018" class="citation book cs1">Para, Altaf Hussain (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQB-DwAAQBAJ&q=reading+room+party+kashmir+sheikh+abdullah+%22regency+council%22&pg=PT47">"3"</a>. <i>The Making of Modern Kashmir: Sheikh Abdullah and the Politics of the State</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-65734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-65734-4"><bdi>978-0-429-65734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Kashmir%3A+Sheikh+Abdullah+and+the+Politics+of+the+State&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0-429-65734-4&rft.aulast=Para&rft.aufirst=Altaf+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQB-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dreading%2Broom%2Bparty%2Bkashmir%2Bsheikh%2Babdullah%2B%2522regency%2Bcouncil%2522%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanai" class="citation book cs1">Ganai, Muhammad Yousuf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.amu.ac.in/2266/1/T%205238.pdf"><i>Emergence and Role of Muslim Conference in Kashmir (1932-1939)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of History, University of Kashmir. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+and+Role+of+Muslim+Conference+in+Kashmir+%281932-1939%29&rft.place=Department+of+History%2C+University+of+Kashmir&rft.pages=147&rft.aulast=Ganai&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Yousuf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.amu.ac.in%2F2266%2F1%2FT%25205238.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198567-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198567_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198594-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing198594_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985156–160-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985156–160_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 156–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985163-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985163_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985239-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985239_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985238-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985238_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice A.S. Anand (2006), p28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regulation No1. of Samvat1991 (22 April 1934)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice A.S. Anand (2006), p30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice A.S. Anand (2006), p36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">APHC: White Paper on Elections In Kashmir</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985226–227-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985226–227_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985228-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985228_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985232-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985232_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasheed Taseer (1973) vol2, p29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasheed Taseer (1973) vol2, p314-383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasheed Taseer (1973) vol2, p25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasheed Taseer (1973) vol2, p25-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985237-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985237_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985327–389-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985327–389_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 327–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/papers/maharaja_hari_singh%27s_letter_requesting_indian_assistance.htm">Maharaja Hari Singh's letter requesting Indian Assistance against tribal raids</a>. Satp.org (26 October 1947). Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020223223731/http://www.jammu-kashmir-facts.com:80/accession_of_jammu_and_kashmir.htm">Accession Of Jammu And Kashmir State To India</a>. Text Of Letter Dated 26 October 1947 From Hari Singh, The Maharaja Of Jammu & Kashmir to Lord Mountbatten, The then Governor General of India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/instrument_of_accession.html">Acceptance Of Accession By The Governor General Of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317231006/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/instrument_of_accession.html">Archived</a> 17 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jammu-kashmir.com (26 October 1947). Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jun/02jk.htm">Rediff On The NeT Special: The Real Kashmir Story</a>. Rediff.com (2 June 1999). Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985462–464-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985462–464_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 462–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985431-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985431_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985413–414-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985413–414_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandeep Bamzai (2006), p73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985567-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdullahTaing1985567_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985">Abdullah & Taing 1985</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PIB Press release Press Information Bureau Govt of India 16 September 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/papers/excerpts_of_sheikh_abdullah's_february_5_1948_speech.htm">"Excerpts of Sheikh Abdullah's February 5, 1948, speech in the UN Security Council"</a>. <i>www.satp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Opening a window in Kashmir." <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i> (2004): 3905-3913. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4415473">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullahTaing1985" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abdullah, Sheikh; Taing, M. Y. (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204090837/https://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1993%20Flames%20of%20the%20Chinar--an%20autobiography%20by%20Abdullah%20s.pdf"><i>Atish-e-Chinar</i></a> [<i>Flames of the Chinar</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Urdu), Srinagar: Shaukat Publications, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1993%20Flames%20of%20the%20Chinar--an%20autobiography%20by%20Abdullah%20s.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atish-e-Chinar&rft.place=Srinagar&rft.pub=Shaukat+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Sheikh&rft.au=Taing%2C+M.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpahar.in%2Fmountains%2FBooks%2520and%2520Articles%2FIndian%2520Subcontinent%2F1993%2520Flames%2520of%2520the%2520Chinar--an%2520autobiography%2520by%2520Abdullah%2520s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span> Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah's autobiography. It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah's wishes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2013" class="citation cs2">Hussain, Syed Taffazull (23 November 2013) [first published in 2009], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RwFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905–1939</i></a>, Indianapolis: WordClay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-309-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-309-8"><bdi>978-1-60481-309-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Abdullah+%E2%80%93+A+Biography%3A+The+Crucial+Period+1905%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=WordClay&rft.date=2013-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-60481-309-8&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Syed+Taffazull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RwFAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorbel1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Korbel" title="Josef Korbel">Korbel, Josef</a> (1966), <i>Danger in Kashmir</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danger+in+Kashmir&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Korbel&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58676/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf">"Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eminent Parliamentarians Monograph Series. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Mohammad+Abdullah&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feparlib.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F58676%2F1%2FEminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah:_A_Profile,_Lok_Sabha_Secretariat1990" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58676/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf">"Part 1. His Life. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah: A Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eminent Parliamentarians Monograph Series. Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+1.+His+Life.+Sheikh+Mohammad+Abdullah%3A+A+Profile.&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feparlib.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F58676%2F1%2FEminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Sheikh_Mohammad_Abdullah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A.G. Noorani (2000), "Article370: Law and Politics". <i>Frontline</i> Volume 17 – Issue 19, 16–29 September, (Discusses illegality of Central Govt and Parliament's Actions in amending Article 370 without concurrence of Constituent Assembly of Kashmir)</li> <li>A.G. Noorani (2006), "Nehru's legacy in foreign affairs". <i>Frontline</i> Volume 23 – Issue 15 :: 29 July 11 August 2006 (Discusses Nehru's role in arrest of Sheikh Abdullah and erosion of Article 370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Mullik" title="Bhola Nath Mullik">B.N. Mullick</a> (1972): <i>My Years with Nehru</i> (Provides evidence of Nehru's role in dismissal and arrest of Sheikh Abdullah. B.N. Mullick was head of Indian Intelligence Bureau at the time of his arrest)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg" title="Dale Hoiberg">Hoiberg, Dale H.</a>, ed. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/22">"Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/22">22–23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdullah%2C+Sheikh+Muhammad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=22-23&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Justice A.S. Anand</a> (2006) <i>The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir</i>. Universal Law Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7534-520-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7534-520-9">81-7534-520-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubashir_Hassan2008" class="citation cs2">Mubashir Hassan (18 July 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/18-Jul-2008/the-nedous-and-lawrence-of-arabia">"The Nedous and Lawrence of Arabia"</a>, <i>The Nation (Pakistan)</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109025004/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/18-Jul-2008/The-Nedous-and-Lawrence-of-Arabia">archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=The+Nedous+and+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft.au=Mubashir+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F18-Jul-2008%2Fthe-nedous-and-lawrence-of-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheikh+Abdullah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rasheed Taseer (1973): <i>Tareekh e Hurriyat e Kashmir</i> (URDU). Muhafiz Publications Srinagar Volume 2 gives an account of events in Kashmir from 1932 to 1946 as seen by a local journalist.</li> <li>Sandeep Bamzai (2006): <i>Bonfire of Kashmiryat</i> Rupa & Co. New Delhi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-291-1060-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-291-1060-1">81-291-1060-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> (2003): <i>The Clash of Fundamentalism</i>. Verso Books. London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B85984%2B457%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+85984+457+1">978 1 85984 457 1</a></li> <li>Syed Taffazull Hussain (2009): <i>Sheikh Abdullah – A biography:The Crucial Period 1905–1939</i>. Wordclay. Indianapolis.IN. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-309-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60481-309-8">978-1-60481-309-8</a> (Annotated 2015 edition with 38 References and 650 footnotes is available at http:// books.google.co.in.It has chapters on The Kashmir Committee, Jinnah's first visit to Kashmir, and describes errors of omission and commission in Atish e Chinar all for the first time.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103012929/http://www.kashmiri-cc.ca/misc/whitepaper.htm">APHC: White Paper On Elections in Kashmir</a> (undated): (retrieved on 5 November 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Hussain Haqqani</a> (2005): <i>Pakistan Between Mosque and Military</i>. Vanguard Books. Lahore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-402-498-6" title="Special:BookSources/969-402-498-6">969-402-498-6</a></li> <li>Baba Pyare Lal Bedi, <a href="/wiki/Freda_Bedi" title="Freda Bedi">Freda Marie (Houlston) Bedi</a> (1949): <i>Sheikh Abdullah: his life and ideals</i></li> <li>Ravinderjit Kaur (1998): "Political Awakening In Kashmir<i>. South Asia Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17024-709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17024-709-8">978-8-17024-709-8</a></i></li> <li>Brenda M King (2005): "Silk and empire" Manchester University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07190-6701-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-07190-6701-3">978-07190-6701-3</a>. Describes Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wardle_(industrialist)" title="Thomas Wardle (industrialist)">Thomas Wardle</a>'s role in establishing modern filatures in Kashmir and his dream of making Kashmir a competitor for China and Japan in the international silk market.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheikh_Abdullah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012370">Newspaper clippings about Sheikh Abdullah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mehr_Chand_Mahajan" title="Mehr Chand Mahajan">Mehr Chand Mahajan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a> </b><br />1948–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Mohammad" title="Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad">Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mir_Qasim" title="Syed Mir Qasim">Syed Mir Qasim</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a> </b><br />1975–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir</a> </b><br />1977–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mir_Qasim" title="Syed Mir Qasim">Syed Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheikh Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammad_Shah" title="Ghulam Mohammad Shah">Ghulam Mohammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeed" title="Mufti Mohammad Sayeed">Mufti Mohammad Sayeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehbooba_Mufti" title="Mehbooba Mufti">Mehbooba Mufti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983328#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983328#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q983328#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114734142">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60324552">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1726848/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8yG6M98rWyBwxhXYMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119226812">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50035376">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12447797s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12447797s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35000268">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p172038588">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812406379005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007397756805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/784453">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/09031400X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&oldid=1255035723">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Abdullah&oldid=1255035723</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1905_births" title="Category:1905 births">1905 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1982_deaths" title="Category:1982 deaths">1982 deaths</a></li><li><a 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