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<ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.8 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.9 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.10 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.11 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.12 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.13 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.14 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.15 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Solar_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Solar_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In Solar system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Solar_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Density_and_bulk_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Density_and_bulk_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Density and bulk composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Density_and_bulk_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Geologic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Temperatures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Magnetic field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Habitability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Super-Earth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superaarde" title="Superaarde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Superaarde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D8%A9" title="أرض فائقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرض فائقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertierra" title="Supertierra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Supertierra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Свръхземя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свръхземя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzemlja" title="Superzemlja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Superzemlja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superterra" title="Superterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Superterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzem%C4%9B" title="Superzemě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Superzemě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superjordkloder" title="Superjordkloder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Superjordkloder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supererde" title="Supererde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Supererde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Maa" title="Super-Maa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Super-Maa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υπεργαία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπεργαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertierra" title="Supertierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Supertierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertero" title="Supertero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supertero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ابرزمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابرزمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Terre" title="Super-Terre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Super-Terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="슈퍼지구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슈퍼지구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="महापृथ्वी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महापृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi_super" title="Bumi super – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bumi super" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Terra" title="Super Terra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Super Terra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%C3%A4erd" title="Superäerd – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Superäerd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuperf%C3%B6ld" title="Szuperföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuperföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superaarde" title="Superaarde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Superaarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="スーパーアース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーパーアース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-jord" title="Super-jord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Super-jord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superjord" title="Superjord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Superjord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superziemia" title="Superziemia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Superziemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superterra" title="Superterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Superterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-p%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Super-pământ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Super-pământ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Суперземля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суперземля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92-%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A" title="උපරි-ප්‍රථිවි ග්‍රහලෝක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උපරි-ප්‍රථිවි ග්‍රහලෝක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Super-Earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzemlja" title="Superzemlja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Superzemlja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superziymia" title="Superziymia – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Superziymia" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Суперземља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суперземља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermaapallo" title="Supermaapallo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Supermaapallo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superjord" title="Superjord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Superjord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%98" title="ซูเปอร์เอิร์ธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูเปอร์เอิร์ธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_D%C3%BCnya" title="Dev Dünya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dev Dünya" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the planet type. For the fictional polity, see <a href="/wiki/Helldivers" title="Helldivers">Helldivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helldivers_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Helldivers II">Helldivers II</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png/390px-Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png/585px-Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png/780px-Exoplanet_Comparison_CoRoT-7_b.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the inferred size of the super-Earth <a href="/wiki/CoRoT-7b" title="CoRoT-7b">CoRoT-7b</a> (center) in comparison with <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></figcaption></figure> A Super-Earth or super-terran is a type of <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> with a mass higher than <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s, but substantially below those of the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, which are 14.5 and 17 times Earth's, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Valencia-1">[1]</a> The term "super-Earth" refers only to the mass of the planet, and so does not imply anything about the surface conditions or <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a>. The alternative term "gas dwarfs" may be more accurate for those at the higher end of the mass scale, although "<a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">mini-Neptunes</a>" is a more common term. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_super-Earth_exoplanet_LHS_1140b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of the super-Earth exoplanet <a href="/wiki/LHS_1140b" class="mw-redirect" title="LHS 1140b">LHS 1140b</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> In general, super-Earths are defined by their <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a>. The term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments. While sources generally agree on an upper bound of 10 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a><a href="#cite_note-Valencia-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortney-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charbonneau-GJ1214b-4">[4]</a> (~69% of the mass of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, which is the Solar System's giant planet with the least mass), the lower bound varies from 1<a href="#cite_note-Valencia-1">[1]</a> or 1.9<a href="#cite_note-Charbonneau-GJ1214b-4">[4]</a> to 5,<a href="#cite_note-Fortney-3">[3]</a> with various other definitions appearing in the popular media.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The term "super-Earth" is also used by astronomers to refer to planets bigger than Earth-like planets (from 0.8 to 1.2 Earth-radius), but smaller than <a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">mini-Neptunes</a> (from 2 to 4 Earth-radii).<a href="#cite_note-Fressin_et_al.-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-9">[9]</a> This definition was made by the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> personnel.<a href="#cite_note-borucki-10">[10]</a> Some authors further suggest that the term Super-Earth might be limited to rocky planets without a significant atmosphere, or planets that have not just atmospheres but also solid surfaces or oceans with a sharp boundary between liquid and atmosphere, which the four giant planets in the Solar System do not have.<a href="#cite_note-planetmodels-11">[11]</a> Planets above 10 Earth masses are termed <a href="/wiki/Massive_solid_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive solid planet">massive solid planets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mass/radius_sold-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">mega-Earths</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-t6x29ntnQb0-14">[14]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant planets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> depending on whether they are mostly made of rock and ice or mostly gas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_discoveries">History and discoveries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and discoveries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png/220px-Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png/330px-Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png/440px-Exoplanet_Comparison_Kepler-10_b.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the inferred size of the super-Earth <a href="/wiki/Kepler-10b" title="Kepler-10b">Kepler-10b</a> (right) in comparison with Earth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First">First</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Size_of_Kepler_Planet_Candidates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Size_of_Kepler_Planet_Candidates.jpg/330px-Size_of_Kepler_Planet_Candidates.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Size_of_Kepler_Planet_Candidates.jpg/495px-Size_of_Kepler_Planet_Candidates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Size_of_Kepler_Planet_Candidates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Sizes of <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler Planet Candidates</a> – based on 2,740 candidates orbiting 2,036 stars as of November 4, 2013 (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>)</figcaption></figure> The first super-Earths were discovered by Aleksander Wolszczan and <a href="/wiki/Dale_Frail" title="Dale Frail">Dale Frail</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a> in 1992. The two outer planets (<a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_B" title="PSR B1257+12 B">Poltergeist</a> and <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_C" title="PSR B1257+12 C">Phobetor</a>) of the system have masses approximately four times Earth—too small to be gas giants. The first super-Earth around a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> star was discovered by a team under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenio_Rivera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenio Rivera (page does not exist)">Eugenio Rivera</a> in 2005. It orbits <a href="/wiki/Gliese_876" title="Gliese 876">Gliese 876</a> and received the designation <a href="/wiki/Gliese_876_d" title="Gliese 876 d">Gliese 876 d</a> (two Jupiter-sized gas giants had previously been discovered in that system). It has an estimated mass of 7.5 Earth masses and a very short orbital period of about 2 days. Due to the proximity of Gliese 876 d to its host star (a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red dwarf star">red dwarf</a>), it may have a surface temperature of 430–650 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and be too hot to support liquid water.<a href="#cite_note-zhou2005-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_in_habitable_zone">First in habitable zone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First in habitable zone">edit</a>]</div> In April 2007, a team headed by <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Udry" title="Stéphane Udry">Stéphane Udry</a> based in Switzerland announced the discovery of two new super-Earths within the <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581_planetary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 581 planetary system">Gliese 581 planetary system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-udry-18">[18]</a> both on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> around the star where liquid water may be possible on the surface. With <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581c" title="Gliese 581c">Gliese 581c</a> having a mass of at least 5 Earth masses and a distance from <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581" title="Gliese 581">Gliese 581</a> of 0.073 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (6.8 million mi, 11 million km), it is on the "warm" edge of the habitable zone around Gliese 581 with an estimated mean temperature (without considering effects from an atmosphere) of −3 degrees Celsius with an <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> comparable to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and 40 degrees Celsius with an albedo comparable to Earth. Subsequent research suggested Gliese 581c had likely suffered a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> like Venus. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png/330px-Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png/495px-Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png/660px-Exoplanet_Mass-Radius_Scatter_Super-Earth.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Mass and radius values for transiting super-Earths in context of other detected exoplanets and selected composition models. The "Fe" line defines planets made purely of iron, and "H2O" for those made of water. Those between the two lines, and closer to the Fe line, are most likely solid rocky planets, while those near or above the water line are more likely gas and/or liquid. Planets in the Solar System are on the chart, labeled with their <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">astronomical symbols</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_by_year">Others by year</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Others by year">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006">2006</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2006">edit</a>]</div> Two further possible super-Earths were discovered in 2006: <a href="/wiki/OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb" title="OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb">OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb</a> with a mass of 5.5 Earth masses, which was found by <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">gravitational microlensing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HD_69830_b" title="HD 69830 b">HD 69830 b</a> with a mass of 10 Earth masses.<a href="#cite_note-Valencia-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008">2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2008">edit</a>]</div> The smallest super-Earth found as of 2008 was <a href="/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb" title="MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb">MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb</a>. The planet was announced by astrophysicist David P. Bennett for the international <a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">MOA</a> collaboration on June 2, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This planet has approximately 3.3 Earth masses and orbits a <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</a>. It was detected by gravitational microlensing. In June 2008, European researchers announced the discovery of three super-Earths around the star <a href="/wiki/HD_40307" title="HD 40307">HD 40307</a>, a star that is only slightly less massive than the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Planets have at least the following minimum masses: 4.2, 6.7, and 9.4 times Earth's. The planets were detected by the <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocity</a> method by the <a href="/wiki/HARPS" class="mw-redirect" title="HARPS">HARPS</a> (High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher) in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In addition, the same European research team announced a planet 7.5 times the mass of Earth orbiting the star <a href="/wiki/HD_181433" title="HD 181433">HD 181433</a>. This star also has a Jupiter-like planet that orbits it every three years.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009">2009</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2009">edit</a>]</div> Planet <a href="/wiki/COROT-7b" class="mw-redirect" title="COROT-7b">COROT-7b</a>, with a mass estimated at 4.8 Earth masses and an orbital period of only 0.853 days, was announced on 3 February 2009. The density estimate obtained for COROT-7b points to a composition including rocky silicate minerals similar to that of the Solar System's four inner planets, a new and significant discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Queloz2009-23">[23]</a> COROT-7b, discovered right after <a href="/wiki/HD_7924_b" title="HD 7924 b">HD 7924 b</a>, is the first super-Earth discovered that orbits a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> star that is <a href="/wiki/G-type_main_sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type main sequence star">G class</a> or larger.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2009-24">[24]</a> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581e" title="Gliese 581e">Gliese 581e</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_mass" title="Minimum mass">minimum mass</a> of 1.9 Earth masses was announced on 21 April 2009. It was at the time the smallest extrasolar planet discovered around a normal star and the closest in mass to Earth. Being at an orbital distance of just 0.03 AU and orbiting its star in just 3.15 days, it is not in the habitable zone,<a href="#cite_note-ESO0904-25">[25]</a> and may have 100 times more tidal heating than Jupiter's volcanic satellite <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2009-26">[26]</a> A planet found in December 2009, <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a>, is 2.7 times as large as Earth and orbits a star much smaller and less luminous than the Sun. "This planet probably does have liquid water," said David Charbonneau, a Harvard professor of astronomy and lead author of an article on the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, interior models of this planet suggest that under most conditions it does not have liquid water.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers2010-28">[28]</a> By November 2009, a total of 30 super-Earths had been discovered, 24 of which were first observed by HARPS.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010">2010</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a>]</div> Discovered on 5 January 2010, a planet <a href="/wiki/HD_156668_b" title="HD 156668 b">HD 156668 b</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_mass" title="Minimum mass">minimum mass</a> of 4.15 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a>, is the least massive planet detected by the <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial velocity method">radial velocity method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The only confirmed radial velocity planet smaller than this planet is Gliese 581e at 1.9 Earth masses (see above). On 24 August, astronomers using ESO's HARPS instrument announced the discovery of a planetary system with up to seven planets orbiting a Sun-like star, <a href="/wiki/HD_10180" title="HD 10180">HD 10180</a>, one of which, although not yet confirmed, has an estimated minimum mass of 1.35 ± 0.23 times that of Earth, which would be the lowest mass of any exoplanet found to date orbiting a main-sequence star.<a href="#cite_note-eso2010a-31">[31]</a> Although unconfirmed, there is a 98.6% probability that this planet does exist.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> announced on 29 September the discovery of a fourth super-Earth (<a href="/wiki/Gliese_581g" title="Gliese 581g">Gliese 581g</a>) orbiting within the Gliese 581 planetary system. The planet has a minimum mass 3.1 times that of Earth and a nearly circular orbit at 0.146 AU with a period of 36.6 days, placing it in the middle of the habitable zone where liquid water could exist and midway between the planets c and d. It was discovered using the radial velocity method by scientists at the University of California at Santa Cruz and the Carnegie Institution of Washington.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, the existence of Gliese 581 g has been questioned by another team of astronomers, and it is currently listed as unconfirmed at <a href="/wiki/The_Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011">2011</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> On 2 February, the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler Space Observatory mission team</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Kepler_object_of_interest" title="Kepler object of interest">list of 1235 extrasolar planet candidates</a>, including 68 candidates of approximately "Earth-size" (Rp < 1.25 Re) and 288 candidates of "super-Earth-size" (1.25 Re < Rp < 2 Re).<a href="#cite_note-borucki-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In addition, 54 planet candidates were detected in the "<a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>." Six candidates in this zone were less than twice the size of the Earth [namely: KOI 326.01 (Rp=0.85), KOI 701.03 (Rp=1.73), KOI 268.01 (Rp=1.75), KOI 1026.01 (Rp=1.77), KOI 854.01 (Rp=1.91), KOI 70.03 (Rp=1.96) – Table 6]<a href="#cite_note-borucki-10">[10]</a> A more recent study found that one of these candidates (KOI 326.01) is in fact much larger and hotter than first reported.<a href="#cite_note-Grant-38">[38]</a> Based on the latest Kepler findings, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Seth_Shostak" title="Seth Shostak">Seth Shostak</a> estimates "within a thousand light-years of Earth" there are "at least 30,000 of these habitable worlds."<a href="#cite_note-Shostak-39">[39]</a> Also based on the findings, the Kepler Team has estimated "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way" of which "at least 500 million" are in the habitable zone.<a href="#cite_note-BorensteinS-40">[40]</a> On 17 August, a potentially habitable super-Earth <a href="/wiki/HD_85512_b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 85512 b">HD 85512 b</a> was found using the HARPS as well as a three super-Earth system <a href="/wiki/82_G._Eridani" title="82 G. Eridani">82 G. Eridani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pepe-41">[41]</a> On HD 85512 b, it would be habitable if it exhibits more than 50% cloud cover.<a href="#cite_note-Kaltenegger-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Then less than a month later, a flood of 41 new exoplanets, including 10 super-Earths, were announced.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On 5 December 2011, the Kepler space telescope discovered its first planet within the habitable zone or "Goldilocks region" of its Sun-like star. <a href="/wiki/Kepler-22b" title="Kepler-22b">Kepler-22b</a> is 2.4 times the radius of the Earth and occupies an orbit 15% closer to its star than the Earth to the Sun. This is compensated for, however, as the star, with a spectral type <a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G5V</a>, is slightly dimmer than the Sun (G2V). Thus, surface temperatures would still allow liquid water on its surface. On 5 December 2011, the Kepler team announced that they had discovered 2,326 planetary candidates, of which 207 are similar in size to Earth, 680 are super-Earth-size, 1,181 are Neptune-size, 203 are Jupiter-size and 55 are larger than Jupiter. Compared to the February 2011 figures, the number of Earth-size and super-Earth-size planets increased by 200% and 140% respectively. Moreover, 48 planet candidates were found in the habitable zones of surveyed stars, marking a decrease from the February figure; this was due to the more stringent criteria in use in the December data. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_55_Cancri_e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="6800" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a> in front of its parent star<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2011, a density of <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a> was calculated which turned out to be similar to Earth's. At the size of about 2 Earth radii, it was the largest planet until 2014, which was determined to lack a significant hydrogen atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-winn11-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-SP-20120120-47">[47]</a> On 20 December 2011, the Kepler team announced the discovery of the first Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-20" title="Kepler-20">Kepler-20</a>. Planet <a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cb" title="Gliese 667 Cb">Gliese 667 Cb</a> (GJ 667 Cb) was announced by HARPS on 19 October 2009, together with 29 other planets, while <a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cc" title="Gliese 667 Cc">Gliese 667 Cc</a> (GJ 667 Cc) was included in a paper published on 21 November 2011. More detailed data on Gliese 667 Cc were published in early February 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> In September 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting <a href="/wiki/Gliese_163" title="Gliese 163">Gliese 163</a><a href="#cite_note-Simbad-20120920-48">[48]</a> was announced.<a href="#cite_note-PHL-20120829-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120920-50">[50]</a> One of the planets, <a href="/wiki/Gliese_163_c" title="Gliese 163 c">Gliese 163 c</a>, about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter, was considered to be within the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PHL-20120829-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120920-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013">2013</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2013">edit</a>]</div> On 7 January 2013, astronomers from the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler space observatory">Kepler space observatory</a> announced the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Kepler-69c" title="Kepler-69c">Kepler-69c</a> (formerly KOI-172.02), an <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> candidate (1.5 times the radius of Earth) orbiting a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> and possibly a "prime candidate to host <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">alien life</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Space-20130109-51">[51]</a> In April 2013, using observations by NASA's Kepler mission team led by <a href="/wiki/William_Borucki" class="mw-redirect" title="William Borucki">William Borucki</a>, of the agency's Ames Research Center, found five planets orbiting in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-62" title="Kepler-62">Kepler-62</a>, 1,200 light years from Earth. These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth. Theoretical modelling of two of these super-Earths, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-62e" title="Kepler-62e">Kepler-62e</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepler-62f" title="Kepler-62f">Kepler-62f</a>, suggests both could be solid, either rocky or rocky with frozen water.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On 25 June 2013, three "super Earth" planets have been found orbiting a nearby star at a distance where life in theory could exist, according to a record-breaking tally announced on Tuesday by the European Southern Observatory. They are part of a cluster of as many as seven planets that circle <a href="/wiki/Gliese_667C" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667C">Gliese 667C</a>, one of three stars located a relatively close 22 light years from Earth in the constellation of Scorpio, it said. The planets orbit Gliese 667C in the so-called Goldilocks Zone — a distance from the star at which the temperature is just right for water to exist in liquid form rather than being stripped away by stellar radiation or locked permanently in ice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014">2014</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> In May 2014, previously discovered <a href="/wiki/Kepler-10c" title="Kepler-10c">Kepler-10c</a> was determined to have the mass comparable to Neptune (17 Earth masses). With the radius of 2.35 <var>R</var>🜨, it is currently the largest known planet likely to have a predominantly rocky composition.<a href="#cite_note-damusque_etal_2014-53">[53]</a> At 17 Earth masses, it is well above the 10 Earth mass upper limit that is commonly used for the term 'super-Earth' so the term <a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">mega-Earth</a> has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-t6x29ntnQb0-14">[14]</a> However, in July 2017, more careful analysis of HARPS-N and HIRES data showed that Kepler-10c was much less massive than originally thought, instead around 7.37 (6.18 to 8.69) <var>M</var>E with a mean density of 3.14 g/cm3. Instead of a primarily rocky composition, the more accurately determined mass of Kepler-10c suggests a world made almost entirely of volatiles, mainly water.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015">2015</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> On 6 January 2015, NASA announced the 1000th confirmed <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> discovered by the Kepler space telescope. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zones</a> of their related <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>: two of the three, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-438b" title="Kepler-438b">Kepler-438b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepler-442b" title="Kepler-442b">Kepler-442b</a>, are near-Earth-size and likely rocky; the third, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-440b" title="Kepler-440b">Kepler-440b</a>, is a super-Earth.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150106-55">[55]</a> On 30 July 2015, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a> said they found a planetary system with three super-Earths orbiting a bright, dwarf star. The four-planet system, dubbed <a href="/wiki/HR_8832" class="mw-redirect" title="HR 8832">HD 219134</a>, had been found 21 light years from Earth in the M-shaped northern hemisphere of <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">constellation Cassiopeia</a>, but it is not in the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of its star. The planet with the shortest orbit is <a href="/wiki/HD_219134_b" title="HD 219134 b">HD 219134 b</a>, and is Earth's closest known rocky, and transiting, exoplanet.<a href="#cite_note-Astronomers_find_star_with_three_super-Earths-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150730-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150730-fc-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016">2016</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> In February 2016, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> had detected <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> (and suggestions of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>), but no <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> of <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a>, the first time the atmosphere of a super-Earth <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> was analyzed successfully.<a href="#cite_note-Phys-20160216-59">[59]</a> In August 2016, astronomers announced the detection of <a href="/wiki/Proxima_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxima b">Proxima b</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Earth-sized</a> <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> that is in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, the closest star to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160824-60">[60]</a> Due to its closeness to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, Proxima b may be a flyby destination for a fleet of interstellar <a href="/wiki/StarChip_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="StarChip (spacecraft)">StarChip</a> spacecraft currently being developed by the <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160824-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> In February 2018, K2-141b, a rocky <a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">ultra-short period planet</a> (USP) Super-Earth, with a period of 0.28 days orbiting the host star K2-141 (EPIC 246393474) was reported.<a href="#cite_note-AJ-20180209-61">[61]</a> Another Super-Earth, <a href="/wiki/K2-155d" title="K2-155d">K2-155d</a>, is discovered.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In July 2018, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/HD_26965" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 26965">40 Eridani</a> b was announced.<a href="#cite_note-Dharma-63">[63]</a> At 16 light-years it is the closest super-Earth known, and its star is the second-brightest hosting a super-Earth.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dharma-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019">2019</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> In July 2019, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/GJ_357_d" class="mw-redirect" title="GJ 357 d">GJ 357 d</a> was announced. Thirty-one light-years from the Solar System, the planet is at least 6.1 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass"><var>M</var>E</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021">2021</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, the exoplanet <a href="/wiki/G_9-40_b" title="G 9-40 b">G 9-40 b</a> was discovered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022">2022</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, the discovery of a super-Earth around the red dwarf star <a href="/wiki/Ross_508" title="Ross 508">Ross 508</a> was reported. Part of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical orbit">elliptical orbit</a> takes it within the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024">2024</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2024">edit</a>]</div> On 31 January 2024 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> reported the discovery of a super-Earth called TOI-715 b located in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of a red dwarf star about 137 light-years away.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Solar_system">In Solar system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Solar system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> contains no known super-Earths, because Earth is the largest <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a> in the Solar System, and all larger planets have both at least 14 times the mass of Earth and thick gaseous envelopes without well-defined rocky or watery surfaces; that is, they are either <a href="/wiki/Gas_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas giants">gas giants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ice_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice giants">ice giants</a>, not terrestrial planets. In January 2016, the existence of a hypothetical super-Earth ninth planet in the Solar System, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a>, was proposed as an explanation for the orbital behavior of six <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a>, but it is speculated to also be an ice giant like Uranus or Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A refined model in 2019 constrains it to around five Earth masses;<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> planets of this mass are probably mini-Neptunes.<a href="#cite_note-ChenKipping-71">[71]</a> The fact that there are barely any <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Planetesimals" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetesimals">planetesimals</a> inside the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> led some astronomers believing that a super-Earth might have formed in proximity to the Sun, cleared its neighborhood and rapidly get disrupted by the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Density_and_bulk_composition">Density and bulk composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Density and bulk composition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planet_sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Planet_sizes.svg/220px-Planet_sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Planet_sizes.svg/330px-Planet_sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Planet_sizes.svg/440px-Planet_sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of sizes of planets with different compositions<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Due to the larger mass of super-Earths, their physical characteristics may differ from Earth's; theoretical models for super-Earths provide four possible main compositions according to their density: low-density super-Earths are inferred to be composed mainly of hydrogen and helium (<a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">mini-Neptunes</a>); super-Earths of intermediate density are inferred to either have water as a major constituent (<a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">ocean planets</a>), or have a denser core enshrouded with an extended gaseous envelope (<a href="/wiki/Gas_dwarf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas dwarf">gas dwarf</a> or sub-Neptune). A super-Earth of high density is believed to be rocky and/or metallic, like Earth and the other terrestrial planets of the Solar System. A super-Earth's interior could be undifferentiated, partially differentiated, or completely differentiated into layers of different composition. Researchers at Harvard Astronomy Department have developed user-friendly online tools to characterize the bulk composition of the super-Earths.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A study on <a href="/wiki/Gliese_876_d" title="Gliese 876 d">Gliese 876 d</a> by a team around <a href="/wiki/Diana_Valencia" title="Diana Valencia">Diana Valencia</a><a href="#cite_note-Valencia-1">[1]</a> revealed that it would be possible to infer from a radius measured by the <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit method</a> of detecting planets and the mass of the relevant planet what the structural composition is. For Gliese 876 d, calculations range from 9,200 km (1.4 Earth radii) for a rocky planet and very large iron core to 12,500 km (2.0 Earth radii) for a watery and icy planet. Within this range of radii the super-Earth Gliese 876 d would have a surface <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> between 1.9<a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">g</a> and 3.3g (19 and 32 m/s2). However, this planet is not known to transit its host star. The limit between rocky planets and planets with a thick gaseous envelope is calculated with theoretical models. Calculating the effect of the active XUV saturation phase of G-type stars over the loss of the primitive nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes in extrasolar planets, it's obtained that planets with a core mass of more than 1.5 Earth-mass (1.15 Earth-radius max.), most likely cannot get rid of their nebula captured hydrogen envelopes during their whole lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Other calculations point out that the limit between envelope-free rocky super-Earths and sub-Neptunes is around 1.75 Earth-radii, as 2 Earth-radii would be the upper limit to be rocky (a planet with 2 Earth-radii and 5 Earth-masses with a mean Earth-like core composition would imply that 1/200 of its mass would be in a H/He envelope, with an atmospheric pressure near to 2.0 GPa or 20,000 bar).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Whether or not the primitive nebula-captured H/He envelope of a super-Earth is entirely lost after formation also depends on the orbital distance. For example, formation and evolution calculations of the <a href="/wiki/Kepler-11" title="Kepler-11">Kepler-11</a> planetary system show that the two innermost planets Kepler-11b and c, whose calculated mass is ≈2 <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">M🜨</a> and between ≈5 and 6 M🜨 respectively (which are within measurement errors), are extremely vulnerable to envelope loss.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2016-78">[78]</a> In particular, the complete removal of the primordial H/He envelope by energetic stellar photons appears almost inevitable in the case of Kepler-11b, regardless of its formation hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2016-78">[78]</a> If a super-Earth is detectable by both the radial-velocity and the transit methods, then both its mass and its radius can be determined; thus its average bulk density can be calculated. The actual empirical observations are giving similar results as theoretical models, as it's found that planets larger than approximately 1.6 Earth-radius (more massive than approximately 6 Earth-masses) contain significant fractions of volatiles or H/He gas (such planets appear to have a diversity of compositions that is not well-explained by a single mass-radius relation as that found in rocky planets).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> After measuring 65 super-Earths smaller than 4 Earth-radii, the empirical data points out that Gas Dwarves would be the most usual composition: there is a trend where planets with radii up to 1.5 Earth-radii increase in density with increasing radius, but above 1.5 radii the average planet density rapidly decreases with increasing radius, indicating that these planets have a large fraction of volatiles by volume overlying a rocky core.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Another discovery about exoplanets' composition is that about the <a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">gap or rarity observed for planets between 1.5 and 2.0 Earth-radii</a>, which is explained by a bimodal formation of planets (rocky Super-Earths below 1.75 and sub-Neptunes with thick gas envelopes being above such radii).<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-9">[9]</a> Additional studies, conducted with lasers at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Laser_Energetics" title="Laboratory for Laser Energetics">OMEGA</a> laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a>, show that the magnesium-silicate internal regions of the planet would undergo phase changes under the immense pressures and temperatures of a super-Earth planet, and that the different phases of this liquid magnesium silicate would separate into layers.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologic_activity">Geologic activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Geologic activity">edit</a>]</div> Further theoretical work by Valencia and others suggests that super-Earths would be more geologically active than Earth, with more vigorous <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> due to thinner plates under more stress. In fact, their models suggested that Earth was itself a "borderline" case, just barely large enough to sustain plate tectonics.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> These findings were corroborated by van Heck et al., who determined that plate tectonics may be more likely on super-Earths than on Earth itself, assuming similar composition.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However, other studies determined that strong <a href="/wiki/Convection_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Convection currents">convection currents</a> in the mantle acting on strong gravity would make the crust stronger and thus inhibit plate tectonics. The planet's surface would be too strong for the forces of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> to break the crust into plates.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> New research suggests that the rocky centres of super-Earths are unlikely to evolve into terrestrial rocky planets like the inner planets of the Solar System because they appear to hold on to their large atmospheres. Rather than evolving into a planet composed mainly of rock with a thin atmosphere, the small rocky core remains engulfed by its large hydrogen-rich envelope.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Theoretical models show that Hot Jupiters and Hot Neptunes can evolve by hydrodynamic loss of their atmospheres to Mini-Neptunes (as it could be the Super-Earth <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a>),<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> or even to rocky planets known as <a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">chthonian planets</a> (after migrating towards the proximity of their parent star). The amount of the outermost layers that is lost depends on the size and the material of the planet and the distance from the star.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2016-78">[78]</a> In a typical system, a gas giant orbiting 0.02 AU around its parent star loses 5–7% of its mass during its lifetime, but orbiting closer than 0.015 AU can mean evaporation of the whole planet except for its core.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The low densities inferred from observations imply that a fraction of the super-Earth population has substantial H/He envelopes, which may have been even more massive soon after formation.<a href="#cite_note-dl2018-93">[93]</a> Therefore, contrary to the terrestrial planets of the solar system, these super-Earths must have formed during the gas-phase of their progenitor <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2013-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperatures">Temperatures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Temperatures">edit</a>]</div> Since the atmospheres, <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effects</a> of super-Earths are unknown, the surface temperatures are unknown and generally only an equilibrium temperature is given. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Black_body#Temperature_relation_between_a_planet_and_its_star" title="Black body">black-body temperature</a> of the Earth is 255.3 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−18 °C or 0 °F ).<a href="#cite_note-venus_fact_sheet-95">[95]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> that keep the Earth warmer. Venus has a black-body temperature of only 184.2 K (−89 °C or −128 °F ) even though Venus has a true temperature of 737 K (464 °C or 867 °F ).<a href="#cite_note-venus_fact_sheet-95">[95]</a> Though the atmosphere of Venus traps more heat than Earth's, NASA lists the black-body temperature of Venus based on the fact that Venus has an extremely high albedo (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond albedo</a> 0.90, <a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">Visual geometric albedo</a> 0.67),<a href="#cite_note-venus_fact_sheet-95">[95]</a> giving it a lower black body temperature than the more absorbent (lower <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>) Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_field">Magnetic field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Magnetic field">edit</a>]</div> Earth's magnetic field results from its flowing liquid metallic core, but in super-Earths the mass can produce high pressures with large viscosities and high melting temperatures, which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Magnesium oxide, which is rocky on Earth, can be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> That said, super-Earth magnetic fields are yet to be detected observationally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitability">Habitability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Habitability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a></div> According to one hypothesis,<a href="#cite_note-Heller_2015-97">[97]</a> super-Earths of about two Earth masses may be <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">conducive to life</a>. The higher surface gravity would lead to a thicker atmosphere, increased surface erosion and hence a flatter topography. The result could be an "archipelago planet" of shallow oceans dotted with island chains ideally suited for <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. A more massive planet of two Earth masses would also retain more heat within its interior from its initial formation much longer, sustaining <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> (which is vital for regulating the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> and hence the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>) for longer. The thicker atmosphere and stronger magnetic field would also shield life on the surface against harmful <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heller_2015-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a> – Planet with environment similar to Earth's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> – Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a> – Planet with a mass similar to Uranus or Neptune orbiting close to its star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a> – Planet larger than Neptune but smaller than Saturn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a> – Planet smaller than Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-1452_b" title="TOI-1452 b">TOI-1452 b</a> – Super-Earth orbiting TOI-1452</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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"Planets More Habitable Than Earth May Be Common in Our Galaxy". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 312 (1): 32–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0115-32">10.1038/scientificamerican0115-32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25597107">25597107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Planets+More+Habitable+Than+Earth+May+Be+Common+in+Our+Galaxy&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-39&rft.date=2015-01&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25597107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0115-32&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper-Earth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Super-Earth&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet" title="Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet" title="Template talk:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Exoplanets</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting stars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/100px-PDS_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/150px-PDS_70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/200px-PDS_70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Sizes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_planet_types" title="List of planet types">types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreless_planet" title="Coreless planet">Coreless planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">Desert planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">Ice planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_planet" title="Iron planet">Iron planet</a> (Super-Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">Mega-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Super-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gaseous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">Mini-Neptune</a> (Gas dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-puff" title="Super-puff">Super-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Jupiter">Ultra-hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Neptune">Ultra-hot Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">Chthonian planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">Circumbinary planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumtriple_planet" title="Circumtriple planet">Circumtriple planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeball_planet" title="Eyeball planet">Eyeball planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">Planemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets" title="Brown dwarf">Planet/Brown dwarf boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">Protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Neptune" title="Sub-Neptune">Sub-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_planet" title="Toroidal planet">Toroidal planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">Ultra-cool dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">Ultra-short period planet (USP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors" title="Exoplanet interiors">Internal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary space">Interplanetary space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">Interstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Planet formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar comet">Interstellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon" title="Tidally detached exomoon">Tidally detached</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li>Orbits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets" title="Orbital resonance">Mean-motion resonances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system#Planet-hosting_stars" title="Planetary system">Host stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Planets" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="F-type main-sequence star">F/Yellow-white dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="G-type main-sequence star">G/Yellow dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="K-type main-sequence star">K/Orange dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets" title="Red dwarf">M/Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant#Planets" title="Red giant">Red giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant#Planets" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow giants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Direct imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlensing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing" title="List of exoplanets detected by timing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Radial velocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity" title="List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets" title="List of transiting exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">Transit-timing variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrooceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrooceanography">Astrooceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Catalogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database" title="NASA Star and Exoplanet Database">NASA Star and Exoplanet Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue" title="Open Exoplanet Catalogue">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Exoplanetary systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanetary host stars">Host stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">Multiplanetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds" title="List of stars with proplyds">Stars with proto-planetary discs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes" title="List of exoplanet extremes">Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets" title="List of largest exoplanets">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most massive exoplanets">Heaviest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">Terrestrial candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500">1–500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000">501–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500">1001–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000">1501–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission" title="List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">Proper names</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Discovered exoplanets by year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000" title="List of exoplanets discovered before 2000">before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">Exoplanet phase curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets" title="Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets">Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunian_desert" title="Neptunian desert">Neptunian desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Planets in globular clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">Small planet radius gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Search projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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