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Pfaender","additional_info":{"[JsonBookInfo]":{"BuyLinks":[{"Seller":"Springer Shop","Url":"http://www.springer.com/978-94-011-0517-0?utm_medium=referral\u0026utm_source=google_books\u0026utm_campaign=3_pier05_buy_print\u0026utm_content=en_08082017","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026q=http://www.springer.com/978-94-011-0517-0%3Futm_medium%3Dreferral%26utm_source%3Dgoogle_books%26utm_campaign%3D3_pier05_buy_print%26utm_content%3Den_08082017\u0026usg=AOvVaw1REa2p8xU0J5A-HHGzA404","IsPublisher":true},{"Seller":"Amazon.com","Url":"http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books\u0026linkCode=qs\u0026keywords=9789401105170","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026q=http://www.amazon.com/gp/search%3Findex%3Dbooks%26linkCode%3Dqs%26keywords%3D9789401105170\u0026usg=AOvVaw0yUnGZ2IDCilroCwFN5dvW"},{"Seller":"MPH","Url":"http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do=detail\u0026pcode=9789401105170","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026q=http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx%3Fdo%3Ddetail%26pcode%3D9789401105170\u0026usg=AOvVaw0qdyR1f36k6iaTHjU4Tdb0"},{"Seller":"Popular","Url":"https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q=9789401105170","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-google-print\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026q=https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/%3Fq%3D9789401105170\u0026usg=AOvVaw0fyszEcU-iO380yXPULvGS"}],"AboutUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ","PreviewUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ","allowed_syndication_flags":{"allow_disabling_chrome":true},"online_access":{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026rdid=book--bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026rdot=1","price":"SGD 151.80","list_price":"SGD 216.85"},"TocLine":[{"Title":"Table of Contents ","Pid":"PT6","PgNum":"","Order":6},{"Title":"Glass the material ","Pid":"PT27","PgNum":"","Order":27},{"Title":"The glassmelt ","Pid":"PT49","PgNum":"","Order":49}]}},"table_of_contents_page_id":"PT3","max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1941,"num_toc_pages":1,"quality_info":"We have no quality information about this book.","volume_id":"-bx9CAAAQBAJ","permission_info":"Pages displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PT98\u0026q=http://www.springer.com/shop\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw39sG_slrckMXTdcBnwKT5o\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eSpringer Science \u0026amp; Business Media\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":true,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"Springer Science \u0026 Business Media","publication_date":"2012.12.06","subject":"Technology \u0026 Engineering","num_pages":224,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=-bx9CAAAQBAJ\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"Accessible and generously illustrated in full colour, this reference spans the history of glass, the raw materials and the manufacturing process, as well as its many products. 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In 1879 , Otto Schott contacted Ernst Abbe ( 1840-1905 ) , who was a professor at the University of Jena and co - owner of the Carl Zeiss firm ( Figs 1.7\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT24","snippet_text":"... and electronics; optics and \u003cb\u003echemistry\u003c/b\u003e and pharmacy; information processing and data transmission; traffic technology; consumer products; and architecture. instrumentation; 1.10 GLASSMAKING IN THE USA (ROUGH OUTLINE) Mixed traditions of."},{"page_id":"PT27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e materials possess the capability for forming a vitreous structure. The most important among the inorganic materials are the oxides of silicon (Si), boron (B), germanium (Ge), phosphorus (P), and arsenic (As). When cooled\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e characteristics of the glasses. The glassy state is not limited to oxides however; it also appears when various sulfur and selenium compounds are rapidly cooled. Under some extreme circumstances, glass can be made from certain\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT34","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e bonding in the glass network and the energies required to break them are known , it is possible to derive theoretical tensile strengths . This results in values of the order of 104 N / mm2 . However , the technical strength is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e composition , use in the manufacture of glass products , or processing behavior . The most widely used classification is by \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e composition which leads to three chief groups : soda - lime glass , lead glass and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT37","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and physical properties of soda - lime glass are the basis for its wide use . Among the most important is its light transmission which makes it suitable for use as flat glass in windows . An additional advantage is its smooth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT38","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e corrosion and temperature change. For this reason, they are used in process plants in the \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e industry, in laboratories, as ampoules and vials in the pharmaceutical industry, and as bulbs for high-power lamps. But\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e purification , using suitable acids at high temperatures . The grain size of sand ideally measures between 0.1 and 0.4 mm . In order to lower the melting temperature of sand ( over 1700 ° C ) and to be able to use appropriate\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e properties that are important for its usability . Some substances can reinforce the structural network resulting in improved \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e resistance and mechanical properties . To this effect , the oxides of calcium ( CaO )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e resistance and increased viscosity in lower temperature ranges . 2.4.6 Lead oxides The oxides , Pbo ( yellow lead ) and Pb304 ( red lead ) are used to introduce lead into the glass . However , it is always present in glass as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT59","snippet_text":"... a newly added batch is so slow that there is time for different physical and \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e processes and reactions to occur between the various components of the batch. Some of the raw materials decompose under the effect of."},{"page_id":"PT61","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eChemical\u003c/b\u003e refining agents are most frequently used to accomplish this based on the fact that the added compound sets free gas (for example, arsenic pentoxide (As2O5 ) decomposes into arsenic trioxide (As2O3 ) and oxygen at approximately\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT95","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eChemical\u003c/b\u003e reduction processes are suitable only for back-side mirror coatings as the layers are insufficiently durable without a good protective coating. Optical mirrors are either front- surface-coated with stable vapor deposits to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eChemical\u003c/b\u003e prestressing processes are based on ion exchange. The ions of the individual \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e elements have different radii and are arranged at different distances from one another. For example, if a sodium-containing glass is slowly\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and physical properties. This results in such classifications as bottle glass, semi-white hollowware, crystal glass, lead crystal and so on. Usually hollowware is classified according to its use. This is how worldwide\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT114","snippet_text":"... the glass is removed. An example of a spun article is the borosilicate glass column section used in \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e processing plants. Such column sections can be. Fig. 5.8 Automated glass bowl pressing. Fig. 5.10 Glassblower with lamp."},{"page_id":"PT115","snippet_text":"H.G. Pfaender. used in \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e processing plants. Such column sections can be made with diameters of up to 1 meter. Other non-rotationally symmetrical items, such as funnels for television tubes or other items for household and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT117","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e industry. 5.4. FINISHING. OF. HOLLOWWARE. The processing and finishing of hollowware includes all stages necessary to produce a new item from preformed glass. This is usually done by reshaping the glass under the influence of heat\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT122","snippet_text":"... and transportation of beverages and other liquids, foods, \u003cb\u003echemicals\u003c/b\u003e, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Container glass is always manufactured in the glassworks from molten glass as opposed to vials and ampoules which are."},{"page_id":"PT124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e resistance , however , special glasses must be used ( Pharmaceutical glass , Section 6.3 ) . The most frequently used colored glass containers are green or brown . Green glass , which transmits ultraviolet light , is obtained\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemicals\u003c/b\u003e are stored and transported in them. In order to be competitive with lighter container materials, such ... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e resistance of such glass is very important. The resistance to aqueous solutions corresponds to hydrolytic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e behavior of this glass is covered in the previous section. The second group includes the crystal and lead crystal glasses, in which most of the calcium is replaced by barium, zinc or lead, while sodium is in part replaced by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e durability and low thermal expansion, they are discussed in more detail under \u0026#39;Special glasses\u0026#39; in Chapter 6. White opaque glass ( translucent glass , opal glass ). Fig. 5.16 Borosilicate glass kitchenware. Fig . 5.17 Pressed\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e process plants. A large and still growing portion is made from special glasses, covered in Chapter 6. 5.8. FINISHING. OF. HOLLOWWARE. Strictly speaking, the finishing of hollowware relates to the further processing of the outer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and thermal durability and with a variety of optical, electrochemical or special application-tailored properties. These glasses are used in many different fields, such as \u003cb\u003echemistry\u003c/b\u003e, pharmacy, electrotechnology, electronics\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT150","snippet_text":"... tight seals in all cases. 6.2.2. Glass. process. plant. This is a large scale extension of laboratory equipment; the. Fig. 6.2 Centrifugal pumps for \u003cb\u003echemicals\u003c/b\u003e. Table 6.3 Examples of special glasses used in electrotechnology and."},{"page_id":"PT152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e process systems (Fig. 6.4). They are used for extraction and heat exchange between rising vapors and descending liquids. They usually also contain small rings of glass tubing (Raschig rings) which serve to increase both the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT153","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemicals\u003c/b\u003e from the electroplating baths. The dimensions of plant and pipeline components are extensively standardized (e.g., ISO and DIN) and these standards are constantly revised and updated. Components of different manufacture\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT154","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e durability (see Table 6.2). In addition, they possess good glass processing characteristics and are highly suited for automatic machinery processing of glass tubing into containers with the close dimensional tolerances required by."},{"page_id":"PT156","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e durability, but it must not be used for injectable substances because it is a class 2 glass in regard to hydrolytic resistance. It is used rather for drinking vials, containers for sensitive reagents, tubes for pills which are\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT159","snippet_text":"... seal, and hence provide \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and mechanical protection for the components, precut sleeves of precision tubing are slid over the contact wire/semiconductor chip assembly and then sealed in a protective gas atmosphere using heating coils."},{"page_id":"PT164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e resistance , they usually also contain SiO2 and Al2O3 . Crystallizing solders These generally maintain their glassy character until they reach the soldering temperature . If the soldering temperature is sustained , they\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT165","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and mechanical protection of semiconductor surfaces , especially silicon components . They are applied by powder - paste technology ( grain size approx . 10– 20 μm ) and melted directly onto the circuitry as a 10-50 μm thick\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT178","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e elements ( Fig . 6.15 ) . The most frequently used spectral lines are the yellow helium line d at 587.6 nm , the green mercury line e at 546.1 nm , and the blue and red hydrogen lines F and C at 486.1 and 656.3 nm\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT181","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e components which are important in determining their optical positions (for example, barium heavy flint (BaSF) or phosphorous heavy crown (PSK), see Fig. 6.16). Barium crown glasses contain a large proportion of boron oxide and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT188","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e strengthening processes to the point where some special glasses have eight times the strength of normal ophthalmic lenses. The tinted absorption glasses are categorized into lightly tinted comfort glasses and sunglasses. Both\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT203","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemicals\u003c/b\u003e, so that it can be used to make acid containers, plating troughs, piping, fodder silos, and even beverage and food containers. Textile glass fiber When impregnated by polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), this has. Fig. 6.31\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT204","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemicals\u003c/b\u003e and heat, is nearly inflammable and has a high mechanical resistance and electrical insulating properties. Glass fiber reinforced concrete Adding up to 5 % glass fibers to the concrete mix results in an increased flexural and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT216","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e composition. Crystallization (devitrification) does not occur because crystal growth, which is controlled by the diffusion of the components, is either much too slow, as a result of the rapidly increasing viscosity of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT221","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and mechanical durability , it provides the possibility of storing and transporting hazardous fluids safely . Sodium borosilicate glass with a 20-70 % SiO2 content is particularly suitable for the production of microporous\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PT225","snippet_text":"... this well - proven technique . Several \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e reduction techniques have been tested to eliminate the nitrogen oxides . According to the reaction process : the addition of ammonia or other amine compounds generates nitrogen."},{"page_id":"PT228","snippet_text":"... include households, catering, the automobile industry, the electrical industry, plastics and textiles, \u003cb\u003echemical\u003c/b\u003e and pharmaceutical industry, medicine and research, furniture industry and the optical industry. Historically,"}],"search_query_escaped":"chemical"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>