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class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassikaline_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassikaline_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klassikaline optika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klassikaline_optika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Klassikaline optika"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klassikaline_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Füüsikaline_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Füüsikaline_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Füüsikaline optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Füüsikaline_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geomeetriline_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geomeetriline_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Geomeetriline optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geomeetriline_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sisukord" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 112 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوپتیکا – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپتیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འོད་རིག་པ་ – tiibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tiibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptica" title="Òptica – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteg" title="Opteg – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οπτική – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورشناسی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique" title="Optique – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiche" title="Otiche – friuuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Otiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optaic" title="Optaic – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Optaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օպտիկա – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकाशिकी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezomkhanyizo" title="Ezomkhanyizo – suulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezomkhanyizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="suulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ljósfræði – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottica" title="Ottica – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אופטיקה – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოპტიკა – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptik" title="Òptik – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òptik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C3%AEk" title="Optîk – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Optîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Оптик – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оптик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="အလင်းဗေဒ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अप्तिक्स – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अप्तिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د نور فزیک – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نور فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92tica" title="Òtica – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyka" title="Optyka – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптіка – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оптіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ttica" title="Òttica – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òttica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_(odbor)" title="Optika (odbor) – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optika (odbor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araga" title="Araga – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Araga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆپتیک – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiikka" title="Optiikka – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasni%E1%BA%93%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Tasniẓṛi – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasniẓṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியியல் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทัศนศาสตร์ – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Quang học – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus%C3%B5oppus" title="Valgusõoppus – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgusõoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiste" title="Ngiste – volofi" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ngiste" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volofi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אפטיק – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C4%97ka" title="Optėka – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Optėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%89" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ – tamasikti (Maroko)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamasikti (Maroko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Lingid_siia/Optika" title="Kõik viki leheküljed, mis siia viitavad [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lingid siia</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Seotud_muudatused/Optika" rel="nofollow" title="Viimased muudatused lehekülgedel, millele on siit viidatud [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seotud muudatused</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&oldid=6693310" title="Püsilink lehekülje sellele redaktsioonile"><span>Püsilink</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=info" title="Lisateave selle lehekülje kohta"><span>Lehekülje teave</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sellele_lehek%C3%BCljele_viitamine&page=Optika&id=6693310&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Teave sellele leheküljele viitamise kohta"><span>Viita leheküljele</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOptika"><span>Hangi lühendatud URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOptika"><span>Laadi alla QR-kood</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Teistes projektides </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Optics" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620" title="Link andmehoidla seonduva üksuse juurde [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ilme</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">peida</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></span></span> </td> <td> <i>See artikkel räägib teadusharust; Newtoni teose kohta vaata artiklit <a href="/wiki/Optika_(Newton)" title="Optika (Newton)">Optika (Newton)</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <p><b>Optika</b> ehk <b>valgusõpetus</b> on <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Füüsika">füüsika</a> haru, mis kirjeldab <a href="/wiki/Valgus" title="Valgus">valguse</a> käitumist ja omadusi, sealjuures ka <a href="/wiki/Aine_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Aine (füüsika)">aine</a> ja valguse vastastikmõju. Samuti iseloomustab see valgust avastavate või seda kasutavate instrumentide ehitust ja põhimõtteid. Enamasti käsitleb optika nii <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4htav_valgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nähtav valgus">nähtava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolettkiirgus" title="Ultraviolettkiirgus">ultraviolett</a>- kui ka <a href="/wiki/Infrapunavalgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrapunavalgus">infrapunavalguse</a> omadusi. Kuna valgus on <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetlaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetlaine">elektromagnetlaine</a>, on tal sarnased omadused teiste elektromagnetlainetega, näiteks <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus" title="Röntgenikiirgus">röntgenikiirguse</a> ning <a href="/wiki/Mikrolaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrolaine">mikro</a>- ja <a href="/wiki/Raadiolaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raadiolaine">raadiolainetega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrawHill_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrawHill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suurt osa optilisi nähtusi saab seletada klassikalise käsitlusega, kuigi täpset teooriat on tihti raske praktikas rakendada. Praktilisi katseid tehes kasutatakse üldjuhul <a href="/wiki/Mudel" title="Mudel">mudeleid</a>. Üks kõige levinum neist, <a href="/wiki/Geomeetriline_optika" title="Geomeetriline optika">geomeetriline optika</a>, käsitleb valgust kiirtekimbuna, milles kiired levivad <a href="/wiki/Sirgjoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirgjoon">sirgjooneliselt</a> ja muudavad suunda ainelt peegeldudes või seda läbides. <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaline_optika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Füüsikaline optika (pole veel kirjutatud)">Füüsikaline optika</a> on keerulisem mudel, mis suudab kirjeldada (erinevalt geomeetrilisest) <a href="/wiki/Difraktsioon" title="Difraktsioon">difraktsiooni</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Interferents" title="Interferents">interferentsi</a>, võttes arvesse valguse <a href="/wiki/Laine" title="Laine">lainelisi</a> omadusi. Ajalooliselt eelnes geomeetriline käsitlus füüsikalisele olles vanimaks optika osaks. <a href="/wiki/19._sajand" title="19. sajand">19. sajandi</a> areng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnetteooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnetteooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">elektromagnetteoorias</a> viis arusaamani, et valgus on tegelikult elektromagnetkiirgus. </p><p>Mõned nähtused vajavad aga kirjeldamiseks mõlema teooria olemasolu, arvestades nii valguse lainelisi kui ka <a href="/wiki/Osake" title="Osake">osakeselisi</a> omadusi. Selliste nähtuste seletamiseks on vaja rakendada <a href="/wiki/Kvantmehaanika" title="Kvantmehaanika">kvantmehaanikat</a>, kus näiteks valgusvoogu saab kirjeldada ka osakeste, mida nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Footon" title="Footon">footoniteks</a>, voona. <a href="/wiki/Kvantoptika" title="Kvantoptika">Kvantoptika</a> tegeleb kvantmehaanika kaudu optiliste süsteemide seletamisega. </p><p>Optikast on kasu väga paljudes valdkondades, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Astronoomia" title="Astronoomia">astronoomias</a>, inseneriteadustes, <a href="/wiki/Fotograafia" title="Fotograafia">fotograafias</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin">meditsiinis</a> (näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optomeetria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optomeetria (pole veel kirjutatud)">optomeetria</a>). Praktiliselt kasutatakse optikat igal sammul: <a href="/wiki/Peegel" title="Peegel">peegleid</a> ja <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ts" title="Lääts">läätsi</a> kasutatakse näiteks <a href="/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop">teleskoopides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikroskoop" title="Mikroskoop">mikroskoopides</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Fotoaparaat" title="Fotoaparaat">fotoaparaatides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optiline_kaabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Optiline kaabel">optilisi kaableid</a> näiteks <a href="/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin">meditsiinis</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Andmeside" title="Andmeside">andmesides</a>. Tänu optikale on vaegnägijatel võimalus kasutada <a href="/wiki/Prillid" title="Prillid">prille</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontaktl%C3%A4%C3%A4ts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontaktlääts (pole veel kirjutatud)">kontaktläätsi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optika sai alguse <a href="/wiki/Vana-Egiptus" title="Vana-Egiptus">Vana-Egiptusest</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Mesopotaamia" title="Mesopotaamia">Mesopotaamiast</a>, kus valmistati esimesed läätsed. Kõige varasem teadaolev lääts on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrodi_l%C3%A4%C3%A4ts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimrodi lääts (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nimrodi lääts</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Qgjow_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qgjow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mis valmistati umbes 700 eKr poleeritud <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvartsist</a>. Muistsed roomlased ja kreeklased täitsid klaas<a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">kerasid</a> veega ja kasutasid neid samal eesmärgil. Sõna "optika" tuleneb <a href="/wiki/Vanakreeka_keel" title="Vanakreeka keel">vanakreeka</a> sõnast <span lang="grc" class="description grc">ὀπτική</span>, mis tähendab välimust, väljanägemist.<sup id="cite_ref-ctYvo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctYvo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kreeka <a href="/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia">filosoofia</a> jagunes optika seisukohalt kaheks. Üks koolkond väitis, et visuaalne taju toimub siis, kui keha pinnalt „voolab“ tema projektsioon ehk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eidola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eidola (pole veel kirjutatud)">eidola</a> vaatleja silma. Selle teooria toetajate seas olid näiteks <a href="/wiki/Demokritos" title="Demokritos">Demokritos</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hP7da_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hP7da-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teise poole üks rajajaid oli <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>, kes kirjeldas nägemist hoopis selle kaudu, et vaatleja silmad väljastavad kiiri, millega siis ümbritsevat tajutakse. Sadu aastaid hiljem kirjutas <a href="/wiki/Eukleides" title="Eukleides">Eukleides</a> teose "Optika", milles ta ühendas nägemismeele geomeetriaga, pannes nii aluse geomeetrilisele optikale. Tema töö põhines Platoni teoorial, iseloomustades nägemise matemaatilisi reegleid ja isegi valguse murdumist.<sup id="cite_ref-WxhLo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WxhLo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keskajal arendasid neid ideid edasi moslemid. Üks kõige varajasematest oli <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> (801–873), toetudes Aristotelese ja Eukleidese seisukohtadele <sup id="cite_ref-KP2TH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP2TH-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aastal <a href="/wiki/984" title="984">984</a> kirjeldas pärsia matemaatik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Sahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Sahl (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ibn Sahl</a> valguse murdumise seaduspärasusi sarnaselt praegu kasutatava <a href="/wiki/Snelli_seadus" title="Snelli seadus">Snelli seadusega</a> <sup id="cite_ref-j1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/11._sajand" title="11. sajand">11. sajandi</a> alguses kirjutas <a href="/wiki/Alhazen" title="Alhazen">Alhazen</a> (Ibn al-Haytham) raamatu, milles ta uuris nii valguse peegeldumist kui ka murdumist ja pakkus välja uue süsteemi, selgitamaks inimese visuaalset taju.<sup id="cite_ref-C5Bzb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C5Bzb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFFlm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFFlm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6NUNd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6NUNd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d3EOD_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d3EOD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J3T8J_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J3T8J-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tema teooria kohaselt tabavad vaatleja silma sirgjoonelised valguskiired, mis on peegeldunud vaadeldava objekti kõigilt punktidelt. Täpsemat viisi, kuidas silm neid kiiri püüab, ei osanud ta aga selgitada.<sup id="cite_ref-LyxS0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LyxS0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esimesed kantavad prillid leiutas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvino_D%E2%80%99Armate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvino D’Armate (pole veel kirjutatud)">Salvino D’Armate</a> <a href="/wiki/Itaalia" title="Itaalia">Itaalias</a> aastal <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p6PTX_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p6PTX-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Läbimurde tegi <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, kes seletas hulga optilisi fenomene, eeldades, et valgus kiirgab objektidelt, mis seda tekitavad.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabra_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabra-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Järgmisena viis optikat põhjapanevalt edasi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, tõestades, et valge valgus koosneb tegelikult spektrivärvidest. Aastal <a href="/wiki/1690" title="1690">1690</a> avaldas <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> valguse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laineteooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laineteooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">laineteooria</a>, pannes aluse füüsikalisele optikale. Sellest hoolimata aktsepteeriti Newtoni optikat 19. sajandi alguseni, mil <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young">Thomas Young</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a> demonstreerisid kuulsat <a href="/wiki/Youngi_katse" title="Youngi katse">Youngi katset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6SAeo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6SAeo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1860._aastad" title="1860. aastad">1860. aastatel</a> ühendas <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> ka valguse oma elektromagnetteooriaga ning algas laineoptika võidukäik.<sup id="cite_ref-7jJi7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7jJi7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassikaline_optika">Klassikaline optika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Klassikaline optika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Klassikaline optika" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klassikaline_optika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klassikaline optika (pole veel kirjutatud)">Klassikaline optika</a> on üldjoontes jagatud kaheks: geomeetriliseks ja füüsikaliseks optikaks. Geomeetrilises ehk kiirteoptikas käsitletakse valgust sirgjooneliste kiirte levimisena, aga füüsikalises optikas loetakse valgust <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnet" title="Elektromagnet">elektromagnetiliseks</a> kiirguseks, teda käsitletakse elektromagnetlainena. </p><p>Geomeetriline optika on füüsikalise optika lähendus, kus uuritava valguse <a href="/wiki/Lainepikkus" title="Lainepikkus">lainepikkus</a> on kasutatavate optiliste elementide mõõtmetega võrreldes palju kordi väiksem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Füüsikaline_optika"><span id="F.C3.BC.C3.BCsikaline_optika"></span>Füüsikaline optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Füüsikaline optika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Füüsikaline optika" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaline_optika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Füüsikaline optika (pole veel kirjutatud)">Füüsikaline optika</a> käsitleb valgust elektromagnetlaine levimisena. Selline mudel selgitab näiteks interferentsi ja difraktsiooni, mida geomeetriline optika ei selgita. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valguslaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valguslaine (pole veel kirjutatud)">Valguslaine</a> kiirus <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk">õhus</a> on umbes 3,0×10<sup>8</sup> m/s (vaakumis 299 792 458 m/s). </p><p>Nähtava valguse lainepikkus varieerub 400–700 nanomeetrini, kuid terminit „valgus“ kasutatakse tihti ka infrapunase (0,7–300 μm) ja ultravioletse (10–400 nm) <a href="/wiki/Kiirgus" title="Kiirgus">kiirguse</a> kirjeldamiseks. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lainemudel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lainemudel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lainemudelit</a> saab kasutada optilise süsteemi käitumise ennustamiseks. </p><p>Kuni 19. sajandi keskpaigani arvas enamik füüsikuid, et eksisteerib müstiline keskkond „<a href="/wiki/Eeter_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Eeter (füüsika)">eeter</a>“, milles valgus liigub. Elektromagnetlainete olemasolu tehti kindlaks <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a>. aastal <a href="/wiki/Maxwelli_v%C3%B5rrandid" title="Maxwelli võrrandid">Maxwelli võrranditega</a>. Sellised lained levivad <a href="/wiki/Valguse_kiirus" title="Valguse kiirus">valguse kiirusel</a> ning neil on muutuvad <a href="/wiki/Elektriv%C3%A4li" title="Elektriväli">elektriväli</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Magnetv%C3%A4li" title="Magnetväli">magnetväli</a>, mis on üksteise ja levimissuuna suhtes risti. Valguslaineid käsitletakse nüüd elektromagnetlainetena, välja arvatud siis, kui tuleb rakendada kvantmehaanikat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geomeetriline_optika">Geomeetriline optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Geomeetriline optika"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Geomeetriline optika" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Reflection_and_refraction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Reflection_and_refraction.svg/220px-Reflection_and_refraction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Reflection_and_refraction.svg/330px-Reflection_and_refraction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Reflection_and_refraction.svg/440px-Reflection_and_refraction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Peegelduva ja murduva kiire geomeetria</figcaption></figure> <p>Geomeetriline ehk kiirteoptika kirjeldab valguse levikut kiirtena, mis liiguvad homogeenses keskkonnas sirgjooneliselt ja mille <a href="/wiki/Trajektoor" title="Trajektoor">trajektoor</a> erinevate keskkondade vahel on määratud <a href="/wiki/Peegeldumine" title="Peegeldumine">peegeldumis</a>- ja <a href="/wiki/Valguse_murdumine" title="Valguse murdumine">murdumisseadustega</a>. </p><p>Need seaduspärasused määrati kindlaks juba aastal 984 ja neid kasutatakse tänapäevani optiliste instrumentide konstrueerimisel: </p> <ul><li>Kui valguskiir läbib kahe keskkonna piirpinda, jaguneb see peegeldunud ja murdunud kiireks.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peegeldumisseadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peegeldumisseadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Peegeldumisseadus</a> ütleb, et peegeldunud kiir on samas tasandis pinna normaali ja langenud kiirega ning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langemisnurk_(optika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langemisnurk (optika) (pole veel kirjutatud)">langemisnurk</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peegeldumisnurk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peegeldumisnurk (pole veel kirjutatud)">peegeldumisnurk</a> on võrdsed.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murdumisseadus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murdumisseadus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Murdumisseadus</a> ütleb, et murdunud kiir on samas tasandis pinna normaali ja langenud kiirega ning murdumisnurga ja langemisnurga <a href="/wiki/Siinus" title="Siinus">siinuste</a> suhe n on konstantne. See on tuntud ka kui kahe aine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhteline_murdumisn%C3%A4itaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhteline murdumisnäitaja (pole veel kirjutatud)">suhteline murdumisnäitaja</a> :</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\theta _{1}}}{\sin {\theta _{2}}}}=n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\theta _{1}}}{\sin {\theta _{2}}}}=n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7250588a7d37e64d4efae6e0f4b33634ce767f8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.717ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin {\theta _{1}}}{\sin {\theta _{2}}}}=n}" /></span>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Peegeldumis- ja murdumisseadused saab tuletada <a href="/wiki/Fermat%E2%80%99_printsiip" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermat’ printsiip">Fermat’ printsiibist</a>, mis väidab, et valgus levib mööda sellist teed, mille läbimiseks kulub kõige vähem aega.<sup id="cite_ref-Eqzt5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eqzt5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskoopiline_ellipsomeetria" title="Spektroskoopiline ellipsomeetria">Spektroskoopiline ellipsomeetria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McGrawHill-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrawHill_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i> (5th ed.). 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Vaadatud 3.01.2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+telescope%3F&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F380186.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctYvo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ctYvo_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFT._F._Hoad1996" class="citation book cs1">T. F. Hoad (1996). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0-19-283098-8" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0-19-283098-8"><bdi>0-19-283098-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-283098-8&rft.au=T.+F.+Hoad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hP7da-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hP7da_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/body/eyespages/eye.html">A History Of The Eye</a>. stanford.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WxhLo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WxhLo_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Uttal1983" class="citation book cs1">William R. Uttal (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rhVOVKp0-5wC&pg=PA25"><i>Visual Form Detection in 3-Dimensional Space</i></a>. Psychology Press. Lk 25–. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/978-0-89859-289-4" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/978-0-89859-289-4"><bdi>978-0-89859-289-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Form+Detection+in+3-Dimensional+Space&rft.pages=25-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-89859-289-4&rft.au=William+R.+Uttal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhVOVKp0-5wC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (jaanuar 2023)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KP2TH-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KP2TH_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Adamson. "Al-Kindi and the reception of Greek philosophy". In Peter Adamson, R. Taylor. "<i>The Cambridge companion to Arabic philosophy</i>". Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 45. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9780521520690" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-52069-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-j1_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFRashed1990" class="citation journal cs1">Rashed, Roshdi (1990). "A pioneer in anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses". <i>Isis</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 464–491. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F355456">10.1086/355456</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_jadav%C3%A4ljaande_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline jadaväljaande standardnumber">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/233423">233423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=A+pioneer+in+anaclastics%3A+Ibn+Sahl+on+burning+mirrors+and+lenses&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=464-491&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F233423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F355456&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Roshdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C5Bzb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-C5Bzb_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFA._I._Sabra_and_J._P._Hogendijk2003" class="citation book cs1">A. I. Sabra and J. P. Hogendijk (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enterpriseofscie0000unse"><i>The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives</i></a>. MIT Press. Lk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enterpriseofscie0000unse/page/85">85</a>–118. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0-262-19482-1" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0-262-19482-1"><bdi>0-262-19482-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (pole veel kirjutatud)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237875424%2050252039">237875424 50252039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enterprise+of+Science+in+Islam%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=85-118&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-262-19482-1&rft.au=A.+I.+Sabra+and+J.+P.+Hogendijk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenterpriseofscie0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_book" title="Mall:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">kontrolli parameetri <code class="cs1-code">|oclc=</code> väärtust (<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Viitamismallide_vead#bad_oclc" title="Juhend:Viitamismallide vead">juhend</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFFlm-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CFFlm_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFG._Hatfield1996" class="citation book cs1">G. Hatfield (1996). "Was the Scientific Revolution Really a Revolution in Science?". F. J. Ragep, P. Sally, S. J. Livesey (toim). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Kl1COWj9ubAC&pg=PA489"><i>Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma</i></a>. Brill Publishers. Lk 500. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9004101195" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9004101195"><bdi>9004101195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Was+the+Scientific+Revolution+Really+a+Revolution+in+Science%3F&rft.btitle=Tradition%2C+Transmission%2C+Transformation%3A+Proceedings+of+Two+Conferences+on+Pre-modern+Science+held+at+the+University+of+Oklahoma&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9004101195&rft.au=G.+Hatfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl1COWj9ubAC%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_book" title="Mall:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: toimetajate loend (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_toimetajate_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: toimetajate loend">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6NUNd-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6NUNd_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFNader_El-Bizri2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nader El-Bizri (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_arabic-sciences-and-philosophy_2005-09_15_2/page/189">"A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's Optics"</a>. <i>Arabic Sciences and Philosophy</i>. <b>15</b>: 189–218. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423905000172">10.1017/S0957423905000172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=A+Philosophical+Perspective+on+Alhazen%27s+Optics&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=189-218&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0957423905000172&rft.au=Nader+El-Bizri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_arabic-sciences-and-philosophy_2005-09_15_2%2Fpage%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d3EOD-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-d3EOD_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFNader_El-Bizri2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nader El-Bizri (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_arabic-sciences-and-philosophy_2007-03_17_1/page/57">"In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place"</a>. <i>Arabic Sciences and Philosophy</i>. <b>17</b>: 57–80. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423907000367">10.1017/S0957423907000367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+the+Sovereignty+of+Philosophy%3A+al-Baghdadi%27s+Critique+of+Ibn+al-Haytham%27s+Geometrisation+of+Place&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=57-80&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0957423907000367&rft.au=Nader+El-Bizri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_arabic-sciences-and-philosophy_2007-03_17_1%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J3T8J-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-J3T8J_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFG._Simon2006" class="citation journal cs1">G. Simon (2006). "The Gaze in Ibn al-Haytham". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>9</b>: 89. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097194580500900105">10.1177/097194580500900105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Gaze+in+Ibn+al-Haytham&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097194580500900105&rft.au=G.+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LyxS0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LyxS0_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFIan_P._HowardBrian_J._Rogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Ian P. Howard; Brian J. Rogers (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I8vqITdETe0C&pg=PA7"><i>Binocular Vision and Stereopsis</i></a>. Oxford University Press. Lk 7. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/978-0-19-508476-4" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/978-0-19-508476-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508476-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Binocular+Vision+and+Stereopsis&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508476-4&rft.au=Ian+P.+Howard&rft.au=Brian+J.+Rogers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8vqITdETe0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p6PTX-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-p6PTX_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Bellis" class="citation web cs1">M. Bellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/glass_3.htm">"The History of Eye Glasses or Spectacles"</a>. <i>About.com:Inventors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 1.09.2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com%3AInventors&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Eye+Glasses+or+Spectacles&rft.au=M.+Bellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Fod%2Fgstartinventions%2Fa%2Fglass_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (jaanuar 2023)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabra-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sabra_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFA._I._Sabra1981" class="citation book cs1">A. I. Sabra (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoriesoflightf0000sabr"><i>Theories of light, from Descartes to Newton</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_raamatu_standardnumber" title="Rahvusvaheline raamatu standardnumber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0-521-28436-8" title="Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0-521-28436-8"><bdi>0-521-28436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+light%2C+from+Descartes+to+Newton&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-521-28436-8&rft.au=A.+I.+Sabra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoriesoflightf0000sabr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6SAeo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6SAeo_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFW._F._Magie1935" class="citation book cs1">W. F. Magie (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.449479"><i>A Source Book in Physics</i></a>. Harvard University Press. Lk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.449479/page/n323">309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Physics&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.au=W.+F.+Magie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.449479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7jJi7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7jJi7_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._Maxwell1865" class="citation journal cs1">J. C. Maxwell (1865). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field (pole veel kirjutatud)">A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field</a>". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>155</b>: 459. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1865RSPT..155..459C">1865RSPT..155..459C</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1865.0008">10.1098/rstl.1865.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=A+Dynamical+Theory+of+the+Electromagnetic+Field&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=459&rft.date=1865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1865.0008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1865RSPT..155..459C&rft.au=J.+C.+Maxwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eqzt5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eqzt5_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_Arthur_Schuster1904" class="citation book cs1">Sir Arthur Schuster (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=X0AcBd-bcCwC&pg=PA41"><i>An Introduction to the Theory of Optics</i></a>. E. Arnold. Lk 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Optics&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Sir+Arthur+Schuster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0AcBd-bcCwC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AOptika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optika&oldid=6693310">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optika&oldid=6693310</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Optika" title="Kategooria:Optika">Optika</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:K%C3%B5dulinkidega_artiklid" title="Kategooria:Kõdulinkidega artiklid">Kõdulinkidega artiklid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Alaliste_k%C3%B5dulinkidega_artiklid" title="Kategooria:Alaliste kõdulinkidega artiklid">Alaliste kõdulinkidega artiklid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_vead:_OCLC" title="Kategooria:CS1 vead: OCLC">CS1 vead: OCLC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_mitu_nime:_toimetajate_loend" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: toimetajate loend">CS1 hooldus: mitu nime: toimetajate loend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:ISBN-v%C3%B5lulingiga_lehek%C3%BCljed" title="Kategooria:ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed">ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 19:52, 30. juuli 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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