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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Script</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Script-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Script subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inscriptional_Parthian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptional_Parthian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inscriptional Parthian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptional_Parthian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptional_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptional_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inscriptional Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptional_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psalter_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psalter_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Psalter Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psalter_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Book Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logograms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logograms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Logograms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logograms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_in_reading_Book_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_in_reading_Book_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Problems in reading Book Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_in_reading_Book_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arsacid_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsacid_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Arsacid Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsacid_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sasanian_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasanian_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sasanian Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasanian_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-conquest_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-conquest_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-conquest Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-conquest_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Language and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pahlavi scripts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlewi-skrif" title="Pahlewi-skrif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pahlewi-skrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="خط بهلوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط بهلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_pahlav%C3%AD" title="Escritura pahlaví – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escritura pahlaví" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99hl%C9%99vi_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Pəhləvi əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəhləvi əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlav%C3%AD_(p%C3%ADsmo)" title="Pahlaví (písmo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pahlaví (písmo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_pelvi" title="Escritura pelvi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escritura pelvi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pahlavi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C" title="خط پهلوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط پهلوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89criture_pehlevi" title="Écriture pehlevi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture pehlevi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_pahlavi" title="Alfabeto pahlavi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto pahlavi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="팔라비 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔라비 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Պահլավական գիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պահլավական գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="पहलवी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पहलवी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Pahlavi" title="Abjad Pahlavi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Pahlavi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittura_pahlavi" title="Scrittura pahlavi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scrittura pahlavi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ფეჰლავური დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეჰლავური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="പാഹ്ലവി ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാഹ്ലവി ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="پهلوی خط – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پهلوی خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="パフラヴィー文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パフラヴィー文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlaviskrift" title="Pahlaviskrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pahlaviskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="پہلوی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلوی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_pahlawi" title="Pismo pahlawi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo pahlawi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="อักษรเปอร์เซียกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรเปอร์เซียกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Хати паҳлавӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хати паҳлавӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehlevi_alfabesi" title="Pehlevi alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pehlevi alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE)" title="Пахлаві (письмо) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пахлаві (письмо)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پہلوی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلوی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Pahlavi" title="Chữ Pahlavi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Pahlavi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Pehlewki" title="Alfabey Pehlewki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Pehlewki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%B5%E7%BD%97%E5%A9%86%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="钵罗婆文字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钵罗婆文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Script of various Middle Iranian languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pahlavi (disambiguation)">Pahlavi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Pahlavi scripts<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eranshahr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eranshahr.svg/300px-Eranshahr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eranshahr.svg/450px-Eranshahr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eranshahr.svg/600px-Eranshahr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">The word <a href="/wiki/%C4%92r%C4%81n%C5%A1ahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ērānšahr">Ērānšahr</a> in Book Pahlavi</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div> with <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd century</span> BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7th century</span> AD<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Mixed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Pahlavi scripts</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li>Book Pahlavi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>Prti, 130</code><br /> (Inscriptional Parthian)<br /> <p><code>Phli, 131</code><br /> (Inscriptional Pahlavi)<br /> <code>Phlp, 132</code><br /> (Psalter Pahlavi)<br /> </p> <code>Phlv, 133</code><br /> (Book Pahlavi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B60.pdf">U+10B60–U+10B7F</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Inscriptional Pahlavi</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B40.pdf">U+10B40–U+10B5F</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Inscriptional Parthian</span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B80.pdf">U+10B80–U+10BAF</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Psalter Pahlavi</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pahlavi</b> is a particular, exclusively written form of various <a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a>. The essential characteristics of Pahlavi are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeigerKuhn2002249ff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeigerKuhn2002249ff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the use of a specific <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic-derived script</a>;</li> <li>the incidence of Aramaic words used as <a href="/wiki/Heterogram_(linguistics)" title="Heterogram (linguistics)">heterograms</a> (called <i><a href="/wiki/Frahang-i_Pahlavig" title="Frahang-i Pahlavig">uzwārišn</a></i>, "archaisms").</li></ul> <p>Pahlavi compositions have been found for the <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolects</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Persis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1953_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1953-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent of the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variant</a> for which the Pahlavi system was used, the written form of that language only qualifies as Pahlavi when it has the characteristics noted above. </p><p>Pahlavi is then an admixture of: </p> <ul><li>written <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a>, from which Pahlavi derives its script, logograms, and some of its vocabulary.</li> <li>spoken Middle Iranian, from which Pahlavi derives its terminations, symbol rules, and most of its vocabulary.</li></ul> <p>Pahlavi may thus be defined as a system of writing applied to (but not unique for) a specific language group, but with critical features alien to that language group. It has the characteristics of a distinct language, but is not one. It is an exclusively written system, but much Pahlavi literature remains essentially an oral literature committed to writing and so retains many of the characteristics of oral composition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term Pahlavi is said<sup id="cite_ref-Mirza_2002_162_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirza_2002_162-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be derived from the Old Iranian word <i>Parθava</i>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, a region just east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, with the <i>-i</i> suffix denoting the language and people of that region. If this etymology is correct, <i>Parθava</i> presumably became <i>Pahlav</i> through a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel glide</a> <i>rt</i> (or in other cases <i>rd</i>) change to <i>l</i>, a common occurrence in language evolution (e.g. sāl < sard, zāl < zard, gul < vard<i>,</i> sālār < sardar, mīlād < mihrdāt, etc.). The term has also been traced back<sup id="cite_ref-Mirza_2002_162_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirza_2002_162-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>pərəthu-</i> "broad [as the earth]", also evident in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>pṛthvi-</i> "earth" and <i>parthivi</i> "[lord] of the earth". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest documented use of the Pahlavi language (dialect) dates back to reign of <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arsaces I of Parthia</a> (250 BCE) written in greek alphabet .<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest evidence of Pahlavi script is from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> (<i>r.</i> 171–138 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_2002_106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cellars of the treasury at Mithradatkird near <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa, Turkmenistan</a> revealed thousands of pottery sherds with brief records; several <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a> that are fully dated bear references to members of the immediate family of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such fragments, as well as the rock <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sasanian_inscriptions" title="List of Sasanian inscriptions">inscriptions of Sasanian emperors</a>, which are datable to the 3rd and 4th centuries, do not qualify as a significant literary corpus. Although in theory Pahlavi could have been used to render any Middle Iranian language and hence may have been in use as early as 300 BC, no manuscripts that can be dated to before the 6th century have yet been found. Thus, when used for the name of a literary genre, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a>, the term refers to Middle Iranian, mostly <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, texts dated near or after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and (with exceptions) extending to about 900, after which Iranian languages enter the "modern" stage. </p><p>The oldest surviving example of the Pahlavi literature is from fragments of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Psalter" title="Pahlavi Psalter">Pahlavi Psalter</a>", a 6th- or 7th-century translation of a Syriac Psalter found at <a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> in north-west China. It is in a more archaic script than <a href="#Book_Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_1992_32_33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_1992_32_33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, the Pahlavi script was gradually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> except in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Zoroastrian sacred literature</a>. </p><p>The replacement of the Pahlavi script by the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> to write Persian was done in the ninth-century by the <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a>, the governors of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the present day, "Pahlavi" is frequently identified with the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige dialect</a> of southwest Iran, formerly and properly called <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Fārsi</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a>. This practice can be dated to the period immediately following the Islamic conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_2002_106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Script">Script</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pahlavi script is one of the two essential characteristics of the Pahlavi system (see above). Its origin and development occurred independently of the various <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a> for which it was used. The Pahlavi script is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic script</a> as it was used under the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sasanians</a>, with modifications to support the phonology of the Iranian languages. It is essentially a typical <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, where, in general, only long vowels are marked with <a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a> (although short /i/ and /u/ are sometimes expressed so as well), and vowel-initial words are marked with an <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>. However, because of the high incidence of <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> derived from Aramaic words, the Pahlavi script is far from always phonetic; and even when it is phonetic, it may have more than one transliterational symbol per sign, because certain originally different Aramaic letters have merged into identical graphic forms – especially in the Book Pahlavi variety. (For a review of the transliteration problems of Pahlavi, see <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Henning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1958126–29_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1958126–29-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In addition to this, during much of its later history, Pahlavi orthography was characterized by historical or archaizing spellings. Most notably, it continued to reflect the pronunciation that preceded the widespread Iranian <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenition</a> processes, whereby postvocalic voiceless <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> had become voiced, and voiced stops had become <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a>. Similarly, certain words continued to be spelt with postvocalic <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> even after the consonants had been <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalized</a> to <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> in the living language. </p><p>The Pahlavi script consisted of two widely used forms: Inscriptional Pahlavi and Book Pahlavi. A third form, Psalter Pahlavi, is not widely attested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptional_Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inscriptional Parthian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> generally wrote in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>, some of the coins and seals of the Arsacid period (mid-3rd-century BCE to early 3rd century CE) also include inscriptions in the Parthian language. The script of these inscriptions is called inscriptional Parthian. Numerous clay fragments from Arsacid-era Parthia proper, in particular a large collection of fragments from Nisa that date to the reign of Mithridates I (<i>r.</i> 171–138 BEC), are likewise inscribed in inscriptional Parthian. The bilingual and trilingual inscriptions of the 3rd-century Sasanian Empire include Parthian texts, which were then also rendered in inscriptional Parthian. The Parthian language was a Middle Iranian language of Parthia proper, a region in the north-western segment of the Iranian plateau where the Arsacids had their power base. </p><p>Inscriptional Parthian script had 22 letters for sounds and 8 letters for numerals. The letters were not joined. Inscriptional Parthian has <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian_(Unicode_block)" title="Inscriptional Parthian (Unicode block)">its own Unicode block</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht_Pahlavi_scripts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Parthian version of Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht"><img alt="Parthian version of Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht_Pahlavi_scripts.png/120px-Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht_Pahlavi_scripts.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht_Pahlavi_scripts.png/250px-Shapur_Kabe_Zartosht_Pahlavi_scripts.png 1.5x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parthian version of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parthian (above), along with Greek (below) and Middle Persian was being used in inscriptions of early Sasanian emperors. Shapur inscription in Naqsh-e Rajab"><img alt="Parthian (above), along with Greek (below) and Middle Persian was being used in inscriptions of early Sasanian emperors. Shapur inscription in Naqsh-e Rajab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg/120px-Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg/180px-Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg/240px-Naqsh-e_Rajab_-_Shapur_parade_-_detail_of_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parthian (above), along with Greek (below) and Middle Persian was being used in inscriptions of early <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian emperors</a>. Shapur inscription in <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rajab" title="Naqsh-e Rajab">Naqsh-e Rajab</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptional_Pahlavi">Inscriptional Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inscriptional Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></div> <p>Inscriptional Pahlavi is the name given to a variant of the Pahlavi script as used to render the 3rd–6th-century <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian language</a> inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian emperors</a> and other notables. Genuine Middle Persian, as it appears in these inscriptions, was the Middle Iranian language of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau where the Sasanians had their power base. </p><p>Inscriptional Pahlavi script had 19 characters which were not joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold-M%C3%BCnze_Ardaschir_I_Sassaniden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I (r. 224–242) with Inscriptional Pahlavi writings."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I (r. 224–242) with Inscriptional Pahlavi writings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gold-M%C3%BCnze_Ardaschir_I_Sassaniden.jpg/120px-Gold-M%C3%BCnze_Ardaschir_I_Sassaniden.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gold-M%C3%BCnze_Ardaschir_I_Sassaniden.jpg/250px-Gold-M%C3%BCnze_Ardaschir_I_Sassaniden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (r. 224–242) with Inscriptional Pahlavi writings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi text from Shapur III at Taq-e Bostan, 4th century"><img alt="Inscriptional Pahlavi text from Shapur III at Taq-e Bostan, 4th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg/120px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg/250px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Pahlavi_writing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inscriptional Pahlavi text from <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a>, 4th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kartir's inscription at Naqsh-e Rajab"><img alt="Kartir's inscription at Naqsh-e Rajab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%281%29.jpg/120px-Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%281%29.jpg/180px-Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%281%29.jpg/240px-Naqshe_Rajab_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>'s inscription at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rajab" title="Naqsh-e Rajab">Naqsh-e Rajab</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MIK_-_Sassaniden_Pahlavi-Monogramm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sasanian relief with Inscriptional Pahlavi monogram."><img alt="Sasanian relief with Inscriptional Pahlavi monogram." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Pahlavi-Monogramm.jpg/120px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Pahlavi-Monogramm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Pahlavi-Monogramm.jpg/250px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Pahlavi-Monogramm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sasanian relief with Inscriptional Pahlavi <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psalter_Pahlavi">Psalter Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Psalter Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter Pahlavi</a></div> <p>Psalter Pahlavi derives its name from the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Psalter" title="Pahlavi Psalter">Pahlavi Psalter</a>", a 6th- or 7th-century translation of a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> book of psalms. This text, which was found at Bulayiq near <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> in northwest China, is the earliest evidence of literary composition in Pahlavi, dating to the 6th or 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGignoux2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGignoux2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extant manuscript dates no earlier than the mid-6th century since the translation reflects liturgical additions to the Syriac original by <a href="/wiki/Mar_Aba_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Aba I">Mar Aba I</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East">Patriarch of the Church of the East</a> <i>c.</i> 540–552.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreas1910869–872_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreas1910869–872-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use is peculiar to Christians in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, given its use in a fragmentary manuscript of the Psalms of David.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The script of the psalms has altogether 18 graphemes, 5 more than Book Pahlavi and one less than Inscriptional Pahlavi. As in Book Pahlavi, letters are connected to each other. The only other surviving source of Psalter Pahlavi are the inscriptions on a bronze processional cross found at <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, in present-day Afghanistan. Due to the dearth of comparable material, some words and phrases in both sources remain undeciphered. </p><p>Of the 18 characters, 9 connect in all four traditional abjad positions, while 9 connect only on their right or are isolated. Numbers are built from units of 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20, and 100. The numbers 10 and 20 join on both sides, but the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 only join on the right, and if they are followed by an additional digit, they lose their tail, which is visually evident in their isolated forms. There are 12 encoded punctuation characters, and many are similar to those found in Syriac. The section marks are written in half-red and half-black, and several documents have entire sections in both black and red, as a means of distinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in German): <a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi<sup><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>(redirect)</sup></a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch-Pahlavi" class="extiw" title="de:Buch-Pahlavi">de</a>]</sup></div> <p>Book Pahlavi is a smoother script in which letters are joined to each other and often form complicated <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>. Book Pahlavi was the most common form of the script, with only 13 <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> representing 24 <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a>. The formal coalescence of originally different letters caused ambiguity, and the letters became even less distinct when they formed part of a ligature.<sup id="cite_ref-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its later forms, attempts were made to improve the consonantary and reduce ambiguity through <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> marks. </p><p>Book Pahlavi continued to be in common use until about AD 900. After that date, Pahlavi was preserved only by the Zoroastrian clergy. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eranshahr.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The word Ērān-šahr, spelled ʾylʾnštr', in Book Pahlavi."><img alt="The word Ērān-šahr, spelled ʾylʾnštr', in Book Pahlavi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eranshahr.svg/120px-Eranshahr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eranshahr.svg/180px-Eranshahr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Eranshahr.svg/240px-Eranshahr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The word <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%92r%C4%81n-%C5%A1ahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ērān-šahr">Ērān-šahr</a></i>, spelled ʾylʾnštr', in Book Pahlavi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ispahbod_Xurshid%27s_coin-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ispahbod Khurshid (r. 740–760) with Book Pahlavi writings. Book Pahlavi, instead of Inscriptional Pahlavi, was used in late Middle Persian inscriptions."><img alt="Coin of Ispahbod Khurshid (r. 740–760) with Book Pahlavi writings. Book Pahlavi, instead of Inscriptional Pahlavi, was used in late Middle Persian inscriptions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ispahbod_Xurshid%27s_coin-1.jpg/120px-Ispahbod_Xurshid%27s_coin-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ispahbod_Xurshid%27s_coin-1.jpg/250px-Ispahbod_Xurshid%27s_coin-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Khurshid_of_Tabaristan" title="Khurshid of Tabaristan">Ispahbod Khurshid</a> (r. 740–760) with Book Pahlavi writings. Book Pahlavi, instead of Inscriptional Pahlavi, was used in late Middle Persian inscriptions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone cross with Book Pahlavi writings. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala, India."><img alt="Stone cross with Book Pahlavi writings. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg/93px-Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg/140px-Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg/186px-Stone_cross_with_Pahlavi_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone cross with Book Pahlavi writings. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala, India.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logograms">Logograms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Logograms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heterogram_(linguistics)" title="Heterogram (linguistics)">Heterogram (linguistics)</a></div> <p>In both Inscriptional and Book Pahlavi, many common words, including even pronouns, particles, numerals, and auxiliaries, were spelled according to their <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Aramaic</a> equivalents, which were used as logograms. For example, the word for "dog" was written as <span class="nowrap">⟨KLBʼ⟩</span> (Aramaic <i>kalbā</i>) but pronounced <i>sag</i>; and the word for "bread" would be written as Aramaic <span class="nowrap">⟨LḤMʼ⟩</span> (<i>laḥmā</i>) but understood as the sign for Iranian <i>nān</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyberg1974_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyberg1974-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words were known as <i>uzwārišn</i>. Such a logogram could also be followed by letters expressing parts of the Persian word phonetically, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼB-tr⟩</span> for <i>pidar</i> "father". The grammatical endings were usually written phonetically. A logogram did not necessarily originate from the lexical form of the word in Aramaic, it could also come from a <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> Aramaic form. For example, <i>tō</i> "you" (singular) was spelt <span class="nowrap">⟨LK⟩</span> (Aramaic "to you", including the preposition <i>l-</i>). A word could be written phonetically even when a logogram for it existed (<i>pidar</i> could be <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼB-tr⟩</span> <i>or</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨pytr⟩</span>), but logograms were nevertheless used very frequently in texts. </p><p>Many <i>uzwārišn</i> are listed in the lexicon <i><a href="/wiki/Frahang-i_Pahlavig" title="Frahang-i Pahlavig">Frahang ī Pahlavīg</a></i>. The practice of using these logograms appears to have originated from the use of Aramaic in the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancelleries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly similar phenomena are found in the use of <a href="/wiki/Sumerogram" title="Sumerogram">Sumerograms and Akkadograms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite empire">Hittite empire</a>, and in the adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese writing">Chinese writing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese orthography">Japanese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_in_reading_Book_Pahlavi">Problems in reading Book Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Problems in reading Book Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As pointed out above, the convergence in form of many of the characters of Book Pahlavi causes a high degree of ambiguity in most Pahlavi writing and it needs to be resolved by the context. Some mergers are restricted to particular groups of words or individual spellings. Further ambiguity is added by the fact that even outside of ligatures, the boundaries between letters are not clear, and many letters look identical to combinations of other letters. As an example, one may take the fact that the name of God, <i><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ohrmazd</a></i>, could equally be read (and, by <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a>, often was read) <i>Anhoma</i>. Historically speaking, it was spelt <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼwhrmzd⟩</span>, a fairly straightforward spelling for an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>. However, <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> had coalesced with <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>; <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> had coalesced, in the spelling of certain words, with both <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>; and <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> had been reduced, in the spelling of certain words, to a form whose combination with <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> was indistinguishable from a <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span>, which in turn had coalesced with <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>. This meant that the same orthographic form that stood for <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼwhrmzd⟩</span> could also be interpreted as <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼnhwmh⟩</span> (among many other possible readings). The logograms could also pose problems. For this reason, important religious texts were sometimes transcribed into the phonetically unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan alphabet</a>. This latter system is called <a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_dialects">Literary dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a formal historical and linguistic point of view, the Pahlavi script does not have a one-to-one correspondence with any Middle Iranian language: none was written in Pahlavi exclusively, and inversely, the Pahlavi script was used for more than one language. Still, the vast majority of surviving Pahlavi texts are in Middle Persian, hence the occasional use of the term "Pahlavi" to refer to that language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsacid_Pahlavi">Arsacid Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arsacid Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a></div> <p>Following the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacids</a>—who considered themselves the legitimate heirs of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenids</a>—adopted the manner, customs and government of the Persian court of two centuries previously. Among the many practices so adopted was the use of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic language</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language#Imperial_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>") that together with <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic script</a> served as the language of the chancellery. By the end of the Arsacid era, the written Aramaic words had come to be understood as <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>, as explained above. </p><p>The use of Pahlavi gained popularity following its adoption as the language/script of the commentaries (<i>Zand</i>) on the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mirza_2002_162_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirza_2002_162-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1922_269_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1922_269-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propagated by the priesthood, who were not only considered to be transmitters of all knowledge but were also instrumental in government, the use of Pahlavi eventually reached all corners of the Parthian Arsacid empire. </p><p>Arsacid Pahlavi is also called Parthian Pahlavi (or just Parthian), Chaldeo-Pahlavi, or Northwest Pahlavi, the latter reflecting its apparent development from a dialect that was almost identical to that of the Medes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1953_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1953-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_Pahlavi">Sasanian Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sasanian Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></div> <p>Following the defeat of the Parthian Arsacids by the Persian Sasanians (<a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanids</a>), the latter inherited the empire and its institutions, and with it the use of the Aramaic-derived language and script. Like the Parthians before him, <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardeshir I">Ardašēr</a>, the founder of the Sasanian empire, projected himself as a successor to the regnal traditions of the first, in particular those of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>, whose throne name the new emperor adopted. </p><p>From a linguistic point of view, there was probably only little disruption. Since the Sasanian had inherited the bureaucracy, in the beginning the affairs of government went on as before, with the use of dictionaries such as the <a href="/wiki/Frahang-i_Pahlavig" title="Frahang-i Pahlavig">Frahang ī Pahlavīg</a> assisting the transition. More importantly, being both Western Middle <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, Parthian was closely related to the dialect of the southwest (which was more properly called <i>Pārsīg</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_2002_106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, the language of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Pārsā</a>, Persia proper). </p><p>Arsacid Pahlavi did not die out with the Arsacids. It is represented in some bilingual inscriptions alongside the Sasanian Pahlavi; by the parchment manuscripts of Auroman; and by certain <a href="/wiki/Manichaeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeanism">Manichaean</a> texts from <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>. Furthermore, the archaic orthography of Sasanian Pahlavi continued to reflect, in many respects, pronunciations that had been used in Arsacid times (in Parthia as well as Fars) and not its contemporary pronunciation. </p><p>Sasanian Pahlavi is also called Sassanid Pahlavi, Persian Pahlavi, or Southwest Pahlavi. </p><p>It is between 1787 and 1791 that <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Isaac_Silvestre_de_Sacy" title="Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy">Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy</a> deciphered the Pahlavi inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid</a> kings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-conquest_Pahlavi">Post-conquest Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-conquest Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Islamic conquest of the Sassanids, the term <i>Pahlavi</i> came to refer to the (written) "language" of the southwest (i.e. Pārsi). How this came to pass remains unclear, but it has been assumed<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_2002_106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this was simply because it was the dialect that the conquerors would have been most familiar with. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian"></span>As the language and script of religious and semi-religious commentaries, Pahlavi remained in use long after that language had been superseded (in general use) by Modern Persian and Arabic script had been adopted as the means to render it. As late as the 17th century, Zoroastrian priests in Iran admonished their Indian co-religionists to learn it.<sup id="cite_ref-Rivayat_382_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivayat_382-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-conquest Pahlavi (or just Pahlavi) is also called <b>Zoroastrian Pahlavi</b> or <b>Zoroastrian Middle Persian</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi_(Unicode_block)" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi (Unicode block)">Inscriptional Pahlavi (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian_(Unicode_block)" title="Inscriptional Parthian (Unicode block)">Inscriptional Parthian (Unicode block)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi_(Unicode_block)" title="Psalter Pahlavi (Unicode block)">Psalter Pahlavi (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Tables showing the letters and their names or pronunciations are available online.<sup id="cite_ref-tables_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tables-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inscriptional Pahlavi and Inscriptional Parthian were added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. Psalter Pahlavi was added in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. There have been three main proposals for encoding Book Pahlavi,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of October 2024 it remains unsupported by Unicode.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Unicode block for Inscriptional Pahlavi is U+10B60–U+10B7F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" lang="pal" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi_(Unicode_block)" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi (Unicode block)">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10B60_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10B60_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10B60_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10B60_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B60.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10B6x </td> <td title="U+10B60: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER ALEPH">𐭠 </td> <td title="U+10B61: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER BETH">𐭡 </td> <td title="U+10B62: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER GIMEL">𐭢 </td> <td title="U+10B63: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER DALETH">𐭣 </td> <td title="U+10B64: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER HE">𐭤 </td> <td title="U+10B65: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER WAW-AYIN-RESH">𐭥 </td> <td title="U+10B66: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER ZAYIN">𐭦 </td> <td title="U+10B67: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER HETH">𐭧 </td> <td title="U+10B68: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER TETH">𐭨 </td> <td title="U+10B69: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER YODH">𐭩 </td> <td title="U+10B6A: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER KAPH">𐭪 </td> <td title="U+10B6B: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER LAMEDH">𐭫 </td> <td title="U+10B6C: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER MEM-QOPH">𐭬 </td> <td title="U+10B6D: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER NUN">𐭭 </td> <td title="U+10B6E: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER SAMEKH">𐭮 </td> <td title="U+10B6F: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER PE">𐭯 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10B7x </td> <td title="U+10B70: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER SADHE">𐭰 </td> <td title="U+10B71: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER SHIN">𐭱 </td> <td title="U+10B72: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI LETTER TAW">𐭲 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10B78: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER ONE">𐭸 </td> <td title="U+10B79: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER TWO">𐭹 </td> <td title="U+10B7A: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER THREE">𐭺 </td> <td title="U+10B7B: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER FOUR">𐭻 </td> <td title="U+10B7C: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER TEN">𐭼 </td> <td title="U+10B7D: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER TWENTY">𐭽 </td> <td title="U+10B7E: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER ONE HUNDRED">𐭾 </td> <td title="U+10B7F: INSCRIPTIONAL PAHLAVI NUMBER ONE THOUSAND">𐭿 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10B60_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10B60_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10B60_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10B60_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unicode block for Inscriptional Parthian is U+10B40–U+10B5F: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian_(Unicode_block)" title="Inscriptional Parthian (Unicode block)">Inscriptional Parthian</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10B40_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10B40_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10B40_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10B40_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B40.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10B4x </td> <td title="U+10B40: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER ALEPH">𐭀 </td> <td title="U+10B41: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER BETH">𐭁 </td> <td title="U+10B42: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER GIMEL">𐭂 </td> <td title="U+10B43: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER DALETH">𐭃 </td> <td title="U+10B44: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER HE">𐭄 </td> <td title="U+10B45: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER WAW">𐭅 </td> <td title="U+10B46: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER ZAYIN">𐭆 </td> <td title="U+10B47: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER HETH">𐭇 </td> <td title="U+10B48: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER TETH">𐭈 </td> <td title="U+10B49: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER YODH">𐭉 </td> <td title="U+10B4A: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER KAPH">𐭊 </td> <td title="U+10B4B: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER LAMEDH">𐭋 </td> <td title="U+10B4C: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER MEM">𐭌 </td> <td title="U+10B4D: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER NUN">𐭍 </td> <td title="U+10B4E: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER SAMEKH">𐭎 </td> <td title="U+10B4F: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER AYIN">𐭏 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10B5x </td> <td title="U+10B50: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER PE">𐭐 </td> <td title="U+10B51: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER SADHE">𐭑 </td> <td title="U+10B52: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER QOPH">𐭒 </td> <td title="U+10B53: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER RESH">𐭓 </td> <td title="U+10B54: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER SHIN">𐭔 </td> <td title="U+10B55: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN LETTER TAW">𐭕 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10B58: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER ONE">𐭘 </td> <td title="U+10B59: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER TWO">𐭙 </td> <td title="U+10B5A: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER THREE">𐭚 </td> <td title="U+10B5B: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER FOUR">𐭛 </td> <td title="U+10B5C: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER TEN">𐭜 </td> <td title="U+10B5D: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER TWENTY">𐭝 </td> <td title="U+10B5E: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER ONE HUNDRED">𐭞 </td> <td title="U+10B5F: INSCRIPTIONAL PARTHIAN NUMBER ONE THOUSAND">𐭟 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10B40_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10B40_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10B40_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10B40_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unicode block for Psalter Pahlavi is U+10B80–U+10BAF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi_(Unicode_block)" title="Psalter Pahlavi (Unicode block)">Psalter Pahlavi</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10B80_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10B80_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10B80_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10B80_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B80.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10B8x </td> <td title="U+10B80: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER ALEPH"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227573528">.mw-parser-output .script-Phlp{font-family:"Noto Sans Psalter Pahlavi";font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮀</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B81: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER BETH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮁</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B82: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER GIMEL"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮂</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B83: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER DALETH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮃</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B84: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER HE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮄</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B85: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER WAW-AYIN-RESH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮅</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B86: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER ZAYIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮆</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B87: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER HETH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮇</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B88: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER YODH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮈</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B89: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER KAPH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮉</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B8A: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER LAMEDH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮊</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B8B: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER MEM-QOPH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮋</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B8C: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER NUN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮌</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B8D: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER SAMEKH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮍</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B8E: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER PE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮎</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B8F: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER SADHE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮏</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10B9x </td> <td title="U+10B90: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER SHIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮐</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B91: PSALTER PAHLAVI LETTER TAW"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮑</span>‎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10B99: PSALTER PAHLAVI SECTION MARK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮙</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B9A: PSALTER PAHLAVI TURNED SECTION MARK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮚</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B9B: PSALTER PAHLAVI FOUR DOTS WITH CROSS"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮛</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10B9C: PSALTER PAHLAVI FOUR DOTS WITH DOT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮜</span>‎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+10BAx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+10BA9: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮩</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10BAA: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮪</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10BAB: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮫</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10BAC: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮬</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10BAD: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER TEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮭</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10BAE: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER TWENTY"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮮</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10BAF: PSALTER PAHLAVI NUMBER ONE HUNDRED"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227573528" /><span class="script-Phlp" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐮯</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10B80_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10B80_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10B80_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10B80_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language#Imperial_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahlavi-alphabet">Pahlavi alphabet</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. "Pahlavi alphabet, Pahlavi also spelled Pehlevi, writing system of the Persian people that dates from as early as the 2nd century BCE, some scholars believe, and was in use until the advent of Islam (7th century CE). "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeigerKuhn2002249ff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeigerKuhn2002249ff_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeigerKuhn2002">Geiger & Kuhn 2002</a>, pp. 249ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_1953-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1953_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1953_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1953">Kent 1953</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKent1953 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirza_2002_162-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mirza_2002_162_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mirza_2002_162_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mirza_2002_162_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirza2002">Mirza 2002</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirza2002">Mirza 2002</a>, p. 162, no citation, but probably referring to <a href="#CITEREFWest1904">West 1904</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahlavi-alphabet">"Pahlavi alphabet | History, Description, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pahlavi+alphabet+%7C+History%2C+Description%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPahlavi-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_2002_106-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_2002_106_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce2002">Boyce 2002</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_1992-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_1992_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce2002">Boyce 2002</a>, p. 106 <i>cf</i>. <a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber_1992_32_33-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber_1992_32_33_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber 1992</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIra_M._Lapidus2012" class="citation book cs1">Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA256"><i>Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51441-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Societies+to+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51441-5&rft.au=Ira+M.+Lapidus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcPZ1k65pqkC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus2002_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIra_M._Lapidus2002" class="citation book cs1">Ira M. Lapidus (22 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA127"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.au=Ira+M.+Lapidus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3mVUEzm8xMC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenning1958126–29-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenning1958126–29_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenning1958">Henning 1958</a>, pp. 126–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Central_Asia_1999,_P.89_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivinskyGuang-DaSamghabadiMasson1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Livinsky, BA; Guang-Da, Zhang; Samghabadi, R Shabani; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (March 1999), Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.), <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>, Multiple history, vol. 3. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1540-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1540-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Delhi&rft.series=Multiple+history&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999-03&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1540-7&rft.aulast=Livinsky&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Guang-Da%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Samghabadi%2C+R+Shabani&rft.au=Masson%2C+Vadim+Mikha%C4%ADlovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGignoux2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGignoux2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGignoux2002">Gignoux 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreas1910869–872-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreas1910869–872_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndreas1910">Andreas 1910</a>, pp. 869–872.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11147-n4040-psalter-pahlavi.pdf">Proposal for encoding the Psalter Pahlavi script in the SMP of the UCS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyberg1974-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyberg1974_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyberg1974">Nyberg 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Frahang-i Pahlavig", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/frahang-i-pahlawig"><i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frahang-i+Pahlavig&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffrahang-i-pahlawig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1922_269-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1922_269_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhalla1922">Dhalla 1922</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYzJxjg6nmAC&pg=PT84"><i>Sacred Books of the East</i></a>. Library of Alexandria. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1068-6"><bdi>978-1-4655-1068-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-1068-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYzJxjg6nmAC%26pg%3DPT84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1971" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC&pg=PA12"><i>The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45238-8"><bdi>978-0-226-45238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45238-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuxIdug8DBUC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rivayat_382-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rivayat_382_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhabar1932">Dhabar 1932</a> <i>R</i>382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tables-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tables_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204071933/http://www.ancientscripts.com/pahlavi.html"><i>Pahlavi script</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/pahlavi.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pahlavi+script&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Fpahlavi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span> gives pronunciations. The Unicode files give the names: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B60.pdf">U+10B60–U+10B7F</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Inscriptional Pahlavi</span> |<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B40.pdf">U+10B40–U+10B5F</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Inscriptional Parthian</span> |<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10B80.pdf">U+10B80–U+10BAF</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Psalter Pahlavi</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPournader2013" class="citation web cs1">Pournader, Roozbeh (2013-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13141-book-pahlavi.pdf">"Preliminary proposal to encode the Book Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode® Technical Committee Document Registry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+proposal+to+encode+the+Book+Pahlavi+script+in+the+Unicode+Standard&rft.pub=Unicode%C2%AE+Technical+Committee+Document+Registry&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.aulast=Pournader&rft.aufirst=Roozbeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2013%2F13141-book-pahlavi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2014" class="citation web cs1">Meyers, Abe (2014-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14077r-book-pahlavi.pdf">"L2/14-077R: Proposal for Encoding Book Pahlavi (revised)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F14-077R%3A+Proposal+for+Encoding+Book+Pahlavi+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+and+UTC&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Abe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2014%2F14077r-book-pahlavi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandey2018" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (2018-08-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18276-book-pahlavi.pdf">"L2/18-276: Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F18-276%3A+Preliminary+proposal+to+encode+Book+Pahlavi+in+Unicode&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2018%2F18276-book-pahlavi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/standard/unsupported.html">"As Yet Unsupported Scripts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Yet+Unsupported+Scripts&rft.pub=Unicode%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fstandard%2Funsupported.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreas1910" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andreas, Friedrich Carl (1910), "Bruchstücke einer Pehlewi-Übersetzung der Psalmen aus der Sassanidenzeit", <i>Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, Philosophisch-historische Klasse.</i> (in German), <b>XLI</b> (4), Berlin: PAW: <span class="nowrap">869–</span>72</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+K%C3%B6niglich+Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaft%2C+Philosophisch-historische+Klasse.&rft.atitle=Bruchst%C3%BCcke+einer+Pehlewi-%C3%9Cbersetzung+der+Psalmen+aus+der+Sassanidenzeit&rft.volume=XLI&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E869-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Andreas&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2002" class="citation cs2">——— (2002), "The Parthians", in Godrej, Pheroza J. 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(1958), <i>Altiranisch. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Erste Abteilung</i> (in German), vol. Band IV: Iranistik. Erster Abschnitt. Linguistik, Leiden-Köln: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altiranisch.+Handbuch+der+Orientalistik.+Erste+Abteilung&rft.place=Leiden-K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeigerKuhn2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Geiger, Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuhn" title="Ernst Kuhn">Kuhn, Ernst</a>, eds. (2002), <i>Grundriss der iranischen Philologie</i>, vol. I.1, Boston: Adamant</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+iranischen+Philologie&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Adamant&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGignoux2002" class="citation cs2">Gignoux, Philippe (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227002834/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/sup/Pahlavi_Psalter.html">"Pahlavi Psalter"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>, Costa Mesa: Mazda, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/sup/Pahlavi_Psalter.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pahlavi+Psalter&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gignoux&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticles%2Fsup%2FPahlavi_Psalter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKent1950" class="citation cs2">Kent, Roland G. (1950), <i>Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon</i>, New Haven: American Oriental Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Grammar%2C+texts%2C+lexicon&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Roland+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1971" class="citation cs2">MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), <i>A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary</i>, London: Curzon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Pahlavi+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirza2002" class="citation cs2">Mirza, Hormazdyar Kayoji (2002), "Literary treasures of the Zoroastrian priests", in Godrej, Pheroza J. (ed.), <i>A Zoroastrian Tapestry</i>, New York: Mapin, pp. <span class="nowrap">162–</span>163</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+treasures+of+the+Zoroastrian+priests&rft.btitle=A+Zoroastrian+Tapestry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pub=Mapin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mirza&rft.aufirst=Hormazdyar+Kayoji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyberg1974" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nyberg, Henrik Samuel (1974), <i>A Manual of Pahlavi</i>, vol. Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Pahlavi&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Nyberg&rft.aufirst=Henrik+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenachery2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Menachery" title="George Menachery">Menachery, Prof. George</a> (2005), "Pahlavi Crosses of Kerala in Granite Objects in Kerala Churches", <i>Glimpses of Nazraney Heritage</i>, Ollur: SARAS – South Asia Research Assistance Services</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pahlavi+Crosses+of+Kerala+in+Granite+Objects+in+Kerala+Churches&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Nazraney+Heritage&rft.place=Ollur&rft.pub=SARAS+%E2%80%93+South+Asia+Research+Assistance+Services&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Menachery&rft.aufirst=Prof.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeber1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Weber, Dieter (1992), "Texts I: Ostraca, Papyri und Pergamente", <i>Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. Part III: Pahlavi Inscriptions</i>, vol. IV. Ostraca, V. Papyri, London: <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">SOAS</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Texts+I%3A+Ostraca%2C+Papyri+und+Pergamente&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Iranicarum.+Part+III%3A+Pahlavi+Inscriptions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SOAS&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest1904" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_West" title="Edward William West">West, Edward William</a> (1904), "Pahlavi literature", in Geiger, Wilhelm; Kuhn, Ernst (eds.), <i>Grundriss der iranischen Philologie II</i>, Stuttgart: Trübner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pahlavi+literature&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+iranischen+Philologie+II&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Edward+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pahlavi_writing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pahlavi writing">Pahlavi writing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126184546/http://www.farvardyn.com/pahlavi.php"><i>Pahlavi</i></a>, Farvardyn, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farvardyn.com/pahlavi.php">the original</a> on 2007-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pahlavi&rft.pub=Farvardyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farvardyn.com%2Fpahlavi.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>. Includes extracts from West and Kent.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pal"><i>ISO 639-3</i></a>, SIL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO+639-3&rft.pub=SIL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fdocumentation.asp%3Fid%3Dpal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>: classification of Pahlavi.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBharuchīBharucha1908" class="citation cs2">Bharuchī, SD; Bharucha, ESD (1908), "Part 1", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lessonsinpahlav01bhargoog"><i>Lessons in Pahlavi-Pazend</i></a>, The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+Pahlavi-Pazend&rft.pub=The+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Bharuch%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=SD&rft.au=Bharucha%2C+ESD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flessonsinpahlav01bhargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lessonsinpahlav00bhargoog">2</a> (partly outdated).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Harlez1880" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Harlez, Charles (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manueldupehlevi00harlgoog"><i>Manuel du Pehlevi des livres religieux et historiques de la Perse : Grammaire, anthologie, lexique</i></a> [<i>Manual of Pahlavi of Persian religious and historical books: grammar, anthology, lexic</i>] (in French), Maisonneuve et cie – via Internet Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+du+Pehlevi+des+livres+religieux+et+historiques+de+la+Perse+%3A+Grammaire%2C+anthologie%2C+lexique&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+cie&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=de+Harlez&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanueldupehlevi00harlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span> (partly outdated).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24040-book-pahlavi.pdf">"Revised proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"</a> by Anshuman Pandey (January 16, 2024)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Middle Persian Pahlavi texts", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/texte/texte2.htm#mpers"><i>TITUS</i></a>, Uni Frankfurt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Persian+Pahlavi+texts&rft.btitle=TITUS&rft.pub=Uni+Frankfurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitus.uni-frankfurt.de%2Findexe.htm%3F%2Ftexte%2Ftexte2.htm%23mpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_scripts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204071933/http://www.ancientscripts.com/pahlavi.html"><i>Pahlavi script</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientscripts.com/pahlavi.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pahlavi+script&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientscripts.com%2Fpahlavi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEversonPournader2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>; Pournader, Roozbeh (2007-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817193155/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/wg2/docs/n3286.pdf">"N3286R2: Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the SMP of the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/wg2/docs/n3286.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N3286R2%3A+Proposal+for+encoding+the+Inscriptional+Parthian%2C+Inscriptional+Pahlavi%2C+and+Psalter+Pahlavi+scripts+in+the+SMP+of+the+UCS&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+and+UTC&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pournader%2C+Roozbeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2FJTC1%2FSC2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3286.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandey2018" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (2018-08-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18276-book-pahlavi.pdf">"L2/18-276: Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F18-276%3A+Preliminary+proposal+to+encode+Book+Pahlavi+in+Unicode&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2018%2F18276-book-pahlavi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEversonPournader2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>; Pournader, Roozbeh (2011-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11147-n4040-psalter-pahlavi.pdf">"N4040: Proposal for encoding the Psalter Pahlavi script in the SMP of the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N4040%3A+Proposal+for+encoding+the+Psalter+Pahlavi+script+in+the+SMP+of+the+UCS&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+and+UTC&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pournader%2C+Roozbeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11147-n4040-psalter-pahlavi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPournader2013" class="citation web cs1">Pournader, Roozbeh (2013-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13141-book-pahlavi.pdf">"L2/13-141: Preliminary proposal to encode the Book Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F13-141%3A+Preliminary+proposal+to+encode+the+Book+Pahlavi+script+in+the+Unicode+Standard&rft.pub=Working+Group+Document%2C+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+and+UTC&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.aulast=Pournader&rft.aufirst=Roozbeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2013%2F13141-book-pahlavi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Pahlavi fonts", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917150417/http://minerva.stkate.edu/offices/academic/classics.nsf/pages/pahlavifonts"><i>The Ancient Iranian Font Project</i></a>, St Catherine University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerva.stkate.edu/offices/academic/classics.nsf/pages/pahlavifonts">the original</a> on 2021-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pahlavi+fonts&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Iranian+Font+Project&rft.pub=St+Catherine+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerva.stkate.edu%2Foffices%2Facademic%2Fclassics.nsf%2Fpages%2Fpahlavifonts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APahlavi+scripts" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_I_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox I script">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFKent1953\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-sv46t","timestamp":"20250331030825","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pahlavi scripts","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pahlavi_scripts","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1771716","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1771716","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-29T17:04:49Z","dateModified":"2025-03-08T08:18:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/Eranshahr.svg","headline":"abjad-based writing systems used for Middle Iranian languages"}</script> </body> </html>