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mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Solido" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Solido" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Solido" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Solido" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Deskribapen_mikroskopikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deskribapen_mikroskopikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Deskribapen mikroskopikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deskribapen_mikroskopikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_baten_propietateak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_baten_propietateak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Solido baten propietateak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_baten_propietateak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Solido motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Solido_motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Solido motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Solido_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metalak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Metalak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineralak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineralak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mineralak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineralak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeramika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeramika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Zeramika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeramika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bitrozeramika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bitrozeramika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bitrozeramika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bitrozeramika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_kristalinoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_kristalinoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Solido kristalinoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_kristalinoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_metalikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_metalikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Solido metalikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_metalikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_ionikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_ionikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Solido ionikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_ionikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_kobalenteak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_kobalenteak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Solido kobalenteak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_kobalenteak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_molekularrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_molekularrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Solido molekularrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_molekularrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_organikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_organikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Solido organikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_organikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.1</span> <span>Zura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polimeroak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polimeroak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.2</span> <span>Polimeroak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polimeroak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Solido</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 130 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vaste stof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Festkörper" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ठोस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="حالة صلبة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة صلبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD" title="قاسح – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قاسح" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8" title="صلب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صلب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="কঠিন – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কঠিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lidu" title="Sólidu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sólidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rk_cism" title="Bərk cism – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərk cism" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="برک جیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برک جیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡаты есем – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаты есем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97its_k%C5%ABns" title="Kėits kūns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėits kūns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цвёрдае цела – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цвёрдае цела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цьвёрдае цела – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цьвёрдае цела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Твърдо тяло – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Твърдо тяло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="কঠিন পদার্থ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কঠিন পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto_stanje" title="Čvrsto stanje – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čvrsto stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B5" title="Хатуу бэе – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хатуу бэе" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lid" title="Sòlid – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòlid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Gó-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gó-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido_(butang)" title="Solido (butang) – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Solido (butang)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%92" title="ᎤᏍᏓᏲᏒ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏍᏓᏲᏒ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%82" title="ڕەق – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevn%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka" title="Pevná látka – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pevná látka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83_%C4%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хытă ĕскер – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хытă ĕскер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_form" title="Fast form – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fast form" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Festkörper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hest" title="Hest – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hest" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8C" title="Στερεό – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στερεό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sólido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahkis" title="Tahkis – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tahkis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3liu" title="Sóliu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sóliu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جامد – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinte%C3%A4_olomuoto" title="Kiinteä olomuoto – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinteä olomuoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukauwa" title="Kaukauwa – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaukauwa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État solide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4%C3%A4ststoof" title="Fääststoof – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fääststoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solad" title="Solad – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Solad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sólido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%A8" title="ઘન – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stooaltane" title="Stooaltane – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stooaltane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daskararre" title="Daskararre – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daskararre" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku-th%C3%AD" title="Ku-thí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ku-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A7" title="מוצק – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוצק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ठोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krutine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil%C3%A1rd_halmaz%C3%A1llapot" title="Szilárd halmazállapot – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szilárd halmazállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պինդ մարմին – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պինդ մարմին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padat" title="Padat – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solide" title="Solide – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Solide" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkuhamur" title="Storkuhamur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Storkuhamur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="固体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sligu" title="sligu – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sligu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მყარი სხეული – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მყარი სხეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Қатты дене – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатты дене" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%A8" title="ಘನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಘನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biring" title="Biring – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biring" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Катуу зат – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катуу зат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidum" title="Solidum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vaste stof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kietasis_k%C5%ABnas" title="Kietasis kūnas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kietasis kūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cietviela" title="Cietviela – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cietviela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainga" title="Vainga – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vainga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Цврста состојба на материјата – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цврста состојба на материјата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഖരം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Хатуу – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хатуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepejal" title="Pepejal – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pepejal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="အစိုင်အခဲ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုင်အခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faststoff" title="Faststoff – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Faststoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ठोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="ठोस पदार्थ – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ठोस पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaste stof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_stoff" title="Fast stoff – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fast stoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faststoff" title="Faststoff – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Faststoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solide" title="Solide – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Solide" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajjaboo" title="Jajjaboo – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jajjaboo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8" title="ਠੋਸ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਠੋਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_sta%C5%82e" title="Ciało stałe – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciało stałe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lid_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Sòlid (fìsica) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sòlid (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ٹھوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹھوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جامد – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جامد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sólido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinchiyasqa" title="Sinchiyasqa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinchiyasqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Твёрдое тело – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Твёрдое тело" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نھرو – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نھرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto_agregatno_stanje" title="Čvrsto agregatno stanje – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čvrsto agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9D%E0%B6%B1" title="ඝන – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඝන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevn%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka" title="Pevná látka – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pevná látka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trdnina" title="Trdnina – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trdnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godo" title="Godo – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Godo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adke" title="Adke – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adke" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurt%C3%ABsia" title="Ngurtësia – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngurtësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Чврсто агрегатно стање – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чврсто агрегатно стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_form" title="Fast form – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fast form" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango" title="Mango – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mango" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திண்மம் (இயற்பியல்) – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திண்மம் (இயற்பியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82" title="ఘన పదార్థం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఘన పదార్థం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ของแข็ง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ของแข็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%B1" title="Katı – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тверде тіло – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тверде тіло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ٹھوس – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹھوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattiq_jism" title="Qattiq jism – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qattiq jism" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova_hibj" title="Kova hibj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kova hibj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_r%E1%BA%AFn" title="Chất rắn – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất rắn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stoffe" title="Vaste stoffe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vaste stoffe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="固体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-solid" title="I-solid – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-solid" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="סאלידער קערפער – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאלידער קערפער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="固体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="固體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2%CD%98-th%C3%A9" title="Kò͘-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kò͘-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="固體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinqumela" title="Isinqumela – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isinqumela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Solido" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Icecube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Icecube.jpg/250px-Icecube.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Icecube.jpg/375px-Icecube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Icecube.jpg/500px-Icecube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">Izotz</a> puska, (<a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ura</a> egoera solidoan).</figcaption></figure> <p>Egoera <b>solidoa</b> edo <b>gotorra</b> <a href="/wiki/Deformazio" title="Deformazio">deformazioarekiko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bolumen" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bolumen">bolumen</a> aldaketekiko erresistentea den <a href="/wiki/Materiaren_egoera" title="Materiaren egoera">materiaren egoera</a> bat da. <a href="/wiki/Presio" title="Presio">Presioa</a> konstante mantenduz eta <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a> baxuan, solidoek gehienetan <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">kristal-egiturak</a> osatzen dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horri esker, <a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indarrak</a> jasan ditzake itxura batean deformatu gabe. Hortaz, multzo zurrunak, konprimiezinak, gogorrak eta erresistenteak izan ohi dira. Bolumen konstantea daukate eta ez dira hedatzen. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoera_solidoaren_fisika" title="Egoera solidoaren fisika">Egoera solidoaren fisikak</a>, materia <a href="/wiki/Kondentsazio" title="Kondentsazio">kondentsatua</a>, modu esperimentalean eta teorikoan aztertzen du, hau da, 10<sup>19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> baino gehiago elkarren artean kontaktua dituzten <a href="/wiki/Likido" title="Likido">likidoak</a> eta solidoak<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solido_deformagarrien_mekanika" title="Solido deformagarrien mekanika">Solido deformagarrien mekanikak</a> <a href="/wiki/Medio_jarraituen_mekanika" title="Medio jarraituen mekanika">medio jarraituen mekanikaren</a> ikuspegitik aztertzen ditu propietate mikroskopikoak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_mekaniko" title="Tentsio mekaniko">tentsioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deformazio" title="Deformazio">deformazioa</a> eta magnitude termodinamikoak<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta ez du barne-egitura atomikorik ezagutzen, arazo mota batzuetarako ez baita garrantzitsua.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Materialen_zientzia" title="Materialen zientzia">Materialen zientzia</a> batez ere solidoen propietateez arduratzen da, hala nola egitura eta fase-transformazioez<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Egoera solidoaren kimika material berrien sintesian espezializatzen da.</li></ul> <p>Ezagutzen den solidorik arinena material artifizial bat da: <a href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">aerogela</a>, 3 mg/cm<sup>3</sup> edo 3 kg/m<sup>3</sup>-ko <a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">dentsitatearekin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">beira</a>, 1,9 g/cm<sup>3</sup>-ko dentsitatearekin; dentsitaterik trinkoena duena, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> bat da: <a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio">osmioa</a> (Os), 22,6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>-ko<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deskribapen_mikroskopikoa">Deskribapen mikroskopikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Deskribapen mikroskopikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Deskribapen mikroskopikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fcc_lattice_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fcc_lattice_4.jpg/220px-Fcc_lattice_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fcc_lattice_4.jpg/330px-Fcc_lattice_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fcc_lattice_4.jpg/440px-Fcc_lattice_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Kristalino solido baten barruan estuki lotutako atomoen eredua.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiak</a> osatzen dituzten solidoak errepikapen-eredu ordenatu batean, edo modu irregularrean egon daitezke. Osagaiak eredu erregular batean dituzten materialei <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalak</a> esaten zaie. Kasu batzuetan, ordenamendu erregularrak eskala handian jarrai dezake etengabe, <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamanteetan</a> adibidez, non diamante bakoitza kristal bakarrekoa den. Ikusteko eta manipulatzeko bezain handiak diren objektu solidoak gutxitan izaten dira kristal bakar batez osatuak, normalean, kristal indibidual ugariz osatuak izaten dira, <a href="/wiki/Klasto" title="Klasto">klasto</a> izenaz ezagutzen direnak, eta horien tamaina <a href="/wiki/Nanometro" title="Nanometro">nanometro</a> gutxi batzuetatik <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">metro</a> batzuetaraino alda daitezke. Material horiei polikristal deitzen zaie. Metal arrunt gehienak eta <a href="/wiki/Zeramika" title="Zeramika">zeramiko</a> asko polikristalinoak dira. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Silica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Si eta O atomoak; atomo bakoitzak lotura kopuru bera du, baina atomoen antolamendu orokorra ausazkoa da." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/200px-Silica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/300px-Silica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/400px-Silica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Si eta O atomoen patroi hexagonal erregularra, Si atomo bat izkina bakoitzean eta O atomoak alde bakoitzaren erdian duelarik." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg/200px-SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg/300px-SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg/400px-SiO%C2%B2_Quartz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent">Ausazko sare baten (ezkerrekoa) eta konposizio kimiko bereko kristal-sare ordenatu baten (eskuinekoa) irudikapen eskematikoa.</div></div></div></div> <p>Beste material batzuetan, ez dago irismen luzeko ordenarik atomoen posizioan. Solido horiei solido amorfo esaten zaie; adibide batzuek <a href="/wiki/Poliestireno" title="Poliestireno">poliestirenoa</a> eta beira dira. </p><p>Solido bat kristalinoa edo amorfoa izatea kasuan kasuko materialaren eta hura eratzeko baldintzen araberakoa da. Hozte geldoaren bidez sortzen diren solidoek kristalinoak izateko joera dute, eta azkar izozten direnak, berriz, amorfoak izateko joera handiagoa dute. Era berean, solido kristalino batek hartzen duen <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">kristal-egitura</a> espezifikoa material horren eta hura sortzeko moduaren araberakoa da. </p><p>Objektu komun asko, izotz-kubitu bat edo txanpon bat kasu, kimikoki guztiz berdinak diren bitartean, beste material komun asko elkarren artean lotutako substantzia ezberdinez osatuta daude. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Harri" title="Harri">harri</a> tipiko bat <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mineraloide" title="Mineraloide">mineraloide</a> ezberdinen agregatua da, konposizio kimiko espezifikorik gabe. Zura material organiko naturala da, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina">lignina</a> organikoaren matrize batean txertatutako <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosazko</a> zuntzez osatua. Materialen zientzian, material konposatzaile bat baino gehiagoko <a href="/wiki/Material_konposatu" title="Material konposatu">konpositeak</a> nahi diren propietateak izateko diseina daitezke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solido_baten_propietateak">Solido baten propietateak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido baten propietateak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Solido baten propietateak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elastikotasun_(fisika)" title="Elastikotasun (fisika)">Elastikotasuna</a>: Solido bat deformatzen denean, jatorrizko forma berreskuratzen du<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Malguki batean ikus dezakegu propietate hori, jatorrizko formara itzultzen baita.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauskortasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hauskortasun (sortu gabe)">Hauskortasuna</a>: Solido bat zati askotan hauts daiteke (hauskorra)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogortasun" title="Gogortasun">Gogortasuna</a>: Gogortasuna da materialek hainbat alteraziori eskaintzen dieten aurkakotasuna, hala nola sartzeari, urratzeari, marratzeari, ebakitzeari eta deformazio iraunkorrei, besteak beste. <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">Diamantea</a> gogortasun handiko solidoa da.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forma_zehaztua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forma zehaztua (sortu gabe)">Forma zehaztua</a>: Forma zehaztua dute; nahiko zurrunak dira, eta ez dira isurtzen <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Likido" title="Likido">likidoak</a> bezala, ingurunearen muturreko presiopean izan ezik.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentsitate" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dentsitate">Dentsitate handia</a>: Solidoek dentsitate altu samarrak dituzte molekulen hurbiltasunagatik. Horregatik esaten da <i>astunagoak </i>direla.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flotagarritasun" title="Flotagarritasun">Flotagarritasuna</a>: Solido batzuek ezaugarri hori betetzen dute baldin eta bere dentsitatea kokatzen den likidoarena baino txikiagoa bada.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inertzia" title="Inertzia">Inertzia</a>: sistema fisiko batek edo sistema sozial batek izan ditzakeen aldaketen aurka jartzen duen zailtasuna edo erresistentzia da; solidoen kasuan, bere atseden-egoera aldatzeko erresistentzia jartzen du.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irmotasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irmotasun (sortu gabe)">Irmotasuna</a>: Materialen zientzian, irmotasun edo tinkotasuna material batek pitzadurak edo artesituak hedatzearen aurka egiten duen erresistentzia da.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xaflakortasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xaflakortasun (sortu gabe)">Xaflakortasuna</a>: Materiaren propietatea da, gorputzak deformazioz lantzen dituena. Xaflakortasunak material-xafla meheak lortzeko aukera ematen du, hautsi gabe, eta elkarren artean duten ezaugarria da ez dagoela horiek kuantifikatzeko metodorik.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harikortasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harikortasun (sortu gabe)">Harikortasuna</a>: Harikortasuna dagokio solidoetatik hariak lortzeko duten gaitasunari.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurruntasun" title="Zurruntasun">Zurruntasuna</a>: Solido batzuek beste batzuek baino gehiago eutsi diezaiekete tolestura eta bihurdurei.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformazio" title="Deformazio">Deformazioa</a>: Solido batzuk deformatu daitezke hautsi gabe, eta beste forma bat har dezakete.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleagarritasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleagarritasun (sortu gabe)">Aleagarritasuna</a>: Aleagarritasuna da aleazioak osatzeko materialek duten gaitasuna material berriak sortzeko eta prestazioak hobetzeko.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bero_espezifiko" title="Bero espezifiko">Bero espezifikoa</a>: Substantzia baten <a href="/wiki/Bero-ahalmen" title="Bero-ahalmen">bero-ahalmenaren</a> tenperatura 1° C igotzeko behar den energia da.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solido_motak">Solido motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Solido motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solido baten <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomoen</a> arteko indarrek forma desberdinak har ditzakete. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Sodio_kloruro" title="Sodio kloruro">sodio klorurozko</a> kristala (gatz arrunta) <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">sodio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">kloro</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiek</a> osatzen dute, eta <a href="/wiki/Lotura_ioniko" title="Lotura ioniko">lotura ionikoen</a> bidez lotuta mantentzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">Diamantean</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edo <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">silizioan</a>, atomoek elektroiak partekatzen dituzte, eta <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">lotura kobalenteak</a> osatzen dituzte<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Metaletan, elektroiak <a href="/wiki/Lotura_metaliko" title="Lotura metaliko">lotura metaliko</a> bidez partekatzen dira<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Solido batzuk, bereziki konposatu organiko gehienak, <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waalsen_indar" title="Van der Waalsen indar">Van der Waalsen indarrarekin</a> elkartuta mantentzen dira, molekula bakoitzean karga elektronikoko hodeia polarizatzearen ondorioz. Solido-moten arteko desberdintasunak haien loturen arteko desberdintasunen ondorio dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalak">Metalak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Metalak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Metalak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg/220px-Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg/330px-Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg/440px-Chrysler_Building_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>New Yorkeko pinakulua [Chrysler eraikina], altzairuz eutsitako adreiluzko eraikinik altuena, altzairu herdoilgaitzez apaindua dago.</figcaption></figure> <p>Metalak indartsuak, trinkoak eta eroale onak izaten dira, bai elektrizitatearenak, bai beroarenak<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Taula periodikoko elementu gehienak, <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">borotik</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio">poloniora</a> doan lerro diagonal baten ezkerraldean daudenak metalak dira. Osagai nagusia metal bat duten bi elementuren edo gehiagoren nahasketei aleazioak esaten zaie. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historiaurrea" title="Historiaurrea">Historiaurretik</a>, gizakiak hainbat helburutarako erabili ditu metalak. Metalen <a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indarrak</a> eta fidagarritasunak, orokorrean, eraikinen eta bestelako egituren eraikuntzan erabiltzera eraman ditu, baita ibilgailu gehienetan, aparatu eta erreminta askotan, hodietan, trafiko-seinaleetan eta trenbideetan ere. <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">Burdina</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminioa</a> dira gehien erabiltzen diren egitura-metalak. <a href="/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal">Lurrazalean</a> ere metal ugarienak dira. Burdina, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">aleazio</a> moduan erabiltzen da, <a href="/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu">altzairua</a>, % 2,1 arteko <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbonoa</a> duena, eta horrek burdina purua baino askoz gogorragoa egiten du. </p><p>Metalak elektrizitatearen eroale onak direnez, baliotsuak dira tresna elektrikoetan eta energia gutxi galdu edo desegiten duten korronte elektrikoa distantzia luzeetan garraiatzeko. Horrela, sare elektrikoak kable metalikoetan oinarritzen dira elektrizitatea banatzeko. Etxeko sistema elektrikoak, adibidez, kobrez kableatzen dira propietate eroale onak dituztelako eta mekanizazio erraza dutelako. Metal gehienen eroankortasun termiko handiak sukaldeko tresnetarako ere balio du. </p><p>Elementu metalikoen eta horien <a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">aleazioen</a> azterketa egoera solidoaren kimikaren, fisikaren, materialen zientziaren eta ingeniaritzaren zati garrantzitsua da. </p><p>Solido metalikoak elektroi partekatu eta deslokalizatuen dentsitate handi batek lotzen ditu, <i>lotura metaliko</i> gisa ezagutzen dena. Metal batean, atomoek erraz galtzen dituzte kanpoko <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroiak</a> (balentzia) ioi positiboak osatuz. Elektroi askeak solido osoan zehar banatzen dira, eta solido hori ioien eta elektroi-hodeien arteko interakzio elektrostatikoen bidez lotzen da<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Elektroi askeen kopuru handiak eroankortasun elektriko eta termikoko balio handiak ematen dizkie metalei. Elektroi libreek ere argi ikusgaiaren transmisioa eragozten dute metalak opakoak, dirdiratsuak eta <a href="/wiki/Distira_(mineralogia)" title="Distira (mineralogia)">distiratsuak</a> izan daitezen. </p><p>Metalen propietateen eredu aurreratuenek ioi-nukleo positiboek elektroi deslokalizatuetan duten eragina hartzen dute kontuan. Metal gehienek kristal-egitura dutenez, ioi horiek sare periodiko batean egoten dira. Matematikoki, nukleo ionikoen potentziala hainbat ereduren bidez trata daiteke, errazena izanik elektroi ia libreen eredua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineralak">Mineralak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mineralak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Mineralak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Different_minerals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/220px-Different_minerals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/330px-Different_minerals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/440px-Different_minerals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Zenbait mineralen bilduma.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mineralak solido naturalak dira, presio handiko prozesu geologikoen bidez sortuak<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Benetako mineral gisa sailkatua izateko, substantzia batek <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">kristal-egitura</a> bat izan behar du, eta propietate fisiko guztiak uniformeak izan behar ditu. Mineralen osaera <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu</a> puru eta <a href="/wiki/Gatz_(kimika)" title="Gatz (kimika)">gatz</a> sinplenetatik milaka forma ezagun dituzten <a href="/wiki/Silikato_(mineral)" title="Silikato (mineral)">silikato</a> oso konplexuetara aldatzen da. Aldiz, arroka-lagin bat mineralen eta/edo <a href="/wiki/Mineraloide" title="Mineraloide">mineraloideen</a> ausazko agregatua da, eta ez du konposizio kimiko espezifikorik. <a href="/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal">Lurrazaleko</a> arroka gehienak <a href="/wiki/Kuartzo" title="Kuartzo">kuartzoz</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub> kristalinoa), <a href="/wiki/Feldespato" title="Feldespato">feldespatoz</a>, mikaz, <a href="/wiki/Klorita" title="Klorita">kloritaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinita" title="Kaolinita">kaolinitaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaltzita" title="Kaltzita">kaltzitaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidota" title="Epidota">epidotaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olibino" title="Olibino">olibinoaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augita" title="Augita">augitaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornblenda" title="Hornblenda">hornblendaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita">magnetitaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematitez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limonita" title="Limonita">limonitaz</a> eta beste mineral batzuez osatuta daude. Mineral batzuk (kuartzoa, mika edo feldespatoa adibidez) ohikoak dira, eta beste batzuk, berriz, munduko leku gutxi batzuetan baino ez dira aurkitu. Mineral multzo handiena silikatoena da, alde handiarekin (harri gehienak ≥% 95 silikato dira), neurri handi batean <a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">silizioz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoz</a> osatuak, <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">kaltzio</a> eta beste metal batzuen <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioiak</a> gehituz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeramika">Zeramika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zeramika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Zeramika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Ingeniaritza_zeramiko" title="Ingeniaritza zeramiko">Ingeniaritza zeramiko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Si3N4bearings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Si3N4bearings.jpg/220px-Si3N4bearings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Si3N4bearings.jpg/330px-Si3N4bearings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Si3N4bearings.jpg/440px-Si3N4bearings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> <a href="/wiki/Errodamendu" title="Errodamendu">errodamendu</a> zeramikoen piezak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Solido zeramikoak konposatu ez-organikoz osatuta daude, normalean elementu kimikoen <a href="/wiki/Oxido" title="Oxido">oxidoz</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kimikoki inerteak dira, eta, sarritan, ingurune azido edo kaustiko batean sortzen den higadura kimikoa jasateko gai dira. Zeramikazko materialek, oro har, tenperatura altuak jasan ditzakete, 1000 eta 1600° C artean (1800 eta 3000° F bitartean). Salbuespenak herdoildu gabeko material ez-organikoak dira, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitruro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitruro (sortu gabe)">nitruroak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">boruroak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Karburo" title="Karburo">karburoak</a>. </p><p>Lehengai zeramiko tradizionalen artean, buztinezko mineralak daude, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Kaolinita" title="Kaolinita">kaolinita</a>; material berrienen artean, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" title="Alumina">aluminio oxidoa</a> dago (alumina). Zeramika aurreratu gisa sailkatutako zeramikazko material modernoek, silizio-karburoa eta tungsteno-karburoa hartzen dituzte. Biak urradurarekiko erresistentziagatik baloratzen dira, eta horregatik erabiltzen dira meatze-eragiketetan birrintze-ekipoen higadura-plakak bezalako aplikazioetan. </p><p>Zeramikazko material gehienak, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Alumina" title="Alumina">alumina</a> eta bere konposatuak, hauts finetatik sortzen dira, eta ale fineko polikristalino bat sortzen da, <a href="/wiki/Sakabanaketa_optiko" title="Sakabanaketa optiko">argia barreiatzeko</a> erdigunez beteta dagoena eta <a href="/wiki/Argi_ikusgai" class="mw-redirect" title="Argi ikusgai">argi ikusgaiaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Uhin-luzera" title="Uhin-luzera">uhin-luzerarekin</a> aldera daitezkeenak. Beraz, material opakoak izaten dira material <a href="/wiki/Gardentasun" title="Gardentasun">gardenak</a> ez bezala. Hala ere, nanoeskalako teknologia berriak (adibidez, sol-gel) <a href="/wiki/Gardentasun" title="Gardentasun">zeramika garden</a> polikristalinoak ekoiztea ahalbidetu du, hala nola alumina gardena eta alumina konposatuak, potentzia handiko laserrak bezalako aplikazioetarako. Zeramika aurreratua medikuntzan eta industria elektriko eta elektronikoan ere erabiltzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ingeniaritza_zeramiko" title="Ingeniaritza zeramiko">Zeramika teknikoa</a> da egoera solidoan dauden material, pieza eta gailu zeramikoak sortzeko zientzia eta teknologia. Hori beroaren eraginez, edo, tenperatura baxuagoetan, soluzio kimikoetatik abiatuz <a href="/wiki/Hauspeatze" title="Hauspeatze">prezipitazio-erreakzioak</a> erabiliz egiten da. Terminoaren barruan sartzen dira: lehengaiak garbitzea, konposatu kimikoak aztertzea eta ekoiztea, osagaietan eratzea eta horien egitura, osaera eta propietateak aztertzea. </p><p>Ikuspegi mekanikotik, zeramikazko materialak dira: hauskorrak, gogorrak, konpresioarekiko indartsuak eta ahulak zizaila eta tentsiorako. Material hauskorrek <a href="/wiki/Haustura-tentsio" title="Haustura-tentsio">trakzioarekiko erresistentzia</a> handia izan dezakete, karga estatikoa jasaten baitute. <a href="/wiki/Gogortasun" title="Gogortasun">Gogortasunak</a> material batek mekanikoki huts egin aurretik zenbat energia xurgatu dezakeen adierazten du, eta hausturarekiko tinkotasunak (K<sub>Ic</sub> denotatua) deskribatzen du berezko akats mikroestrukturalak dituen material batek pitzadurak hazi eta hedatuz hausturari aurre egiteko duen gaitasuna. Material batek hausturarekiko erresistentzia-balio handia badu, <a href="/wiki/Fraktura_mekanika" title="Fraktura mekanika">hausturaren mekanikaren</a> oinarrizko printzipioek iradokitzen dute litekeena dela haustura harikorra izatea. Haustura hauskorra oso bereizgarria da <a href="/wiki/Zeramika" title="Zeramika">zeramikazko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sukalde_bitrozeramiko" title="Sukalde bitrozeramiko">bitrozeramikazko</a> material gehienetan, eta K<sub>Ic</sub>-ren balio baxuak (eta sendotasunik gabeak) izaten dituzte. </p><p>Zeramikaren aplikazioen adibide gisa, zirkonioaren muturreko gogortasuna labana-orriak fabrikatzeko erabiltzen da, baita ebaketa industrialeko beste erreminta batzuetan ere. <a href="/wiki/Alumina" title="Alumina">Alumina</a>, boro-karburoa eta silizio-karburoa bezalako zeramikak erabili dira <a href="/wiki/Balen_aurkako_txaleko" title="Balen aurkako txaleko">balen aurkako txalekoetan</a> kalibre handiko errifleen tiroei aurre egiteko. Silizio nitrurozko piezak <a href="/wiki/Errodamendu_boladun" title="Errodamendu boladun">zeramikazko bola-errodamenduetan</a> erabiltzen dira, gogortasun handia dutenez higadurarekiko erresistenteak baitira. Oro har, zeramikak ere kimikoki erresistenteak dira, eta altzairuzko kojineteek oxidazioa (edo herdoila) izan dezaketen ingurune hezeetan erabil daitezke. </p><p>80ko hamarkadaren hasieran, zeramikaren aplikazioen beste adibide bat da <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyotak</a> 6.000 °F-tik (3.300 °C-tik) gorako funtzionamendu-tenperatura zuen zeramikazko motor <a href="/wiki/Prozesu_adiabatiko" title="Prozesu adiabatiko">adiabatiko</a> baten ekoizpena ikertu zuela. Zeramikazko motorrek ez dute hozte-sistemarik behar, eta, beraz, pisua nabarmen murriztea, eta, ondorioz, erregaia eraginkorragoa izatea ahalbidetzen dute. Motor metaliko konbentzional batek, erregaiak askatutako energiaren zati handi bat hondar-bero gisa desegin behar du pieza metalikoen fusioa saihesteko. Gas motorreko <a href="/wiki/Bero_motor" title="Bero motor">turbinarako</a> ere zeramikazko piezak garatzen ari dira. Zeramikaz fabrikatutako turbina-motorrek modu eraginkorragoan funtziona dezakete, hegazkinei autonomia eta karga erabilgarri handiagoa emanez erregai kopuru jakin baten truke. Hala ere, motor horiek ez dira fabrikatzen zeramikazko piezak behar besteko zehaztasunez eta iraunkortasunez fabrikatzea zaila eta garestia delako. Prozesatze-metodoek akats mikroskopikoen banaketa zabala eragin ohi dute, eta, sarritan, zeregin kaltegarria izaten dute sinterizazio-prozesuan; ondorioz, pitzadurak ugaritu egiten dira, eta azken akats mekanikoa gertatzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bitrozeramika">Bitrozeramika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bitrozeramika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bitrozeramika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ceranfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ceranfeld.jpg/220px-Ceranfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ceranfeld.jpg/330px-Ceranfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ceranfeld.jpg/440px-Ceranfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2618" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Erresistentzia handiko bitrozeramika-plaka bat, hedapen termiko hutsala duena.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bitrozeramikazko materialek propietate asko dituzte, bai beira ez-kristalinoekin, bai <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">material kristalinoekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zeramika" title="Zeramika">material zeramikoekin</a>. Beira bat bezala eratzen dira, eta, ondoren, partzialki kristalizatzen dira tratamendu termiko baten bidez, fase <a href="/wiki/Solido_amorfo" title="Solido amorfo">amorfoak</a> zein <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristalinoak</a> sortuz. Horrela, ale kristalinoak ale arteko fase ez-kristalino batean txertatuta daude. </p><p>Bitrozeramika sukaldeko tresnak egiteko (jatorrian <i>CorningWare </i>izenez ezagutzen direnak), eta talka termikoarekiko erresistentzia handia eta likidoekiko iragazkortasun oso txikia duten sukaldeko plakak egiteko erabiltzen da. Zeramika kristalinoaren faseko hedapen termiko negatiboaren koefizientea beira fasearen koefiziente positiboarekin oreka daiteke. Puntu jakin batean (~% 70 kristalinoa), bitrozeramikak zero inguruko hedapen termikoko koefiziente garbia du. Bitrozeramika mota horrek propietate mekaniko bikainak ditu, eta tenperatura-aldaketa errepikatuak eta azkarrak jasan ditzake, 1.000 °C-rainokoak. </p><p>Bitrozeramika modu naturalean ere gerta daiteke <a href="/wiki/Tximista" title="Tximista">tximista</a> batek <a href="/wiki/Hondartza" title="Hondartza">Hondartza</a>-<a href="/wiki/Harea" title="Harea">harea</a> gehienetan dauden ale kristalinoak jotzen dituenean (kuartzoarenak, adibidez). Kasu horretan, tximistaren muturreko eta berehalako beroak (~2.500 °C) sustrai moduko egitura hutsal eta adarkatuak sortzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Urtze" title="Urtze">fusio</a> bidez eta <a href="/wiki/Fulgurita" title="Fulgurita">fulgurita</a> deritzenak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_kristalinoak">Solido kristalinoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido kristalinoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Solido kristalinoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Solido_kristalino" title="Solido kristalino">Solido kristalino</a>»</div> <p><b>Solido kristalinoa</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelaxka-unitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelaxka-unitate (sortu gabe)">gelaxka-unitate</a> deritzon egitura elementaletik eratorritako solidoa da. Solido hauek <a href="/wiki/Sistema_kristalino" title="Sistema kristalino">sistema kristalino</a> ezberdinetatik eratortzen dira eta <a href="/wiki/Kristalografia" title="Kristalografia">kristalografia</a> da sistema hauek aztertzen dituen zientziaren arloa. Laburki, solido kristalinoa partikulak ordenatuta dituen solidoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_metalikoak">Solido metalikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido metalikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Solido metalikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Solido_metaliko" title="Solido metaliko">Solido metaliko</a>»</div> <p>Ezagutzen diren elementu guztietatik, hiru laurden <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalak</a> dira. Dena den, nahiz eta elementu batzuen metal-izaera argia izan, beste batzuena ezin da esan guztiz metala direnik. <a href="/wiki/Taula_periodiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Taula periodiko">Taula periodikoa</a> hartuta, metalak dira: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkalino" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkalino">Alkalinoak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_lurralkalino" title="Metal lurralkalino">Lurralkalinoak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trantsiziozko_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trantsiziozko metal">Trantsiziozko elementuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantanido" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantanido">Lantanidoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aktinido" title="Aktinido">aktinidoak</a></li> <li>B-Si-As-Te-At elementuetatik diagonal bat eginez gero, eskualdeko elementuak ez-metalak dira eta ezkerraldekoa metalak; diagonaletik gertu dauden substantzia batzuk erdimetalak dira: Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Metalak_taula_periodikoan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Metalak_taula_periodikoan.png/400px-Metalak_taula_periodikoan.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Metalak_taula_periodikoan.png/600px-Metalak_taula_periodikoan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Metalak_taula_periodikoan.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Metalak taula periodikoan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Beste kasu batzuetan- elementuen forma alotropikoaren arabera aldatzen da metal-izaera:</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Elementuaren_forma_alotropikoaren_araberako_sailkapena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Elementuaren_forma_alotropikoaren_araberako_sailkapena.png/500px-Elementuaren_forma_alotropikoaren_araberako_sailkapena.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Elementuaren_forma_alotropikoaren_araberako_sailkapena.png/750px-Elementuaren_forma_alotropikoaren_araberako_sailkapena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Elementuaren_forma_alotropikoaren_araberako_sailkapena.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Elementuaren forma alotropikoaren araberako sailkapena</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_ionikoak">Solido ionikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido ionikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Solido ionikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Solido_ioniko" title="Solido ioniko">Solido ioniko</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomo</a> elektropositibo batek, atomo elektronegatibo batekin elkartzean, balentzia elektroiak ematen dizkio eta <b>konposatu ioniko solido</b> bat lortzen da. Elementu elektropositiboa <a href="/wiki/Oxidatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidatu">oxidatzen</a> da <a href="/wiki/Katioi" title="Katioi">katioia</a> sortuz eta elementu elektronegatiboa berriz, <a href="/wiki/Erredukzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Erredukzio">erreduzitzen</a> da <a href="/wiki/Anioi" title="Anioi">anioi</a> bihurtuz. Katioia eta anioia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erakarpen_elektrostatiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erakarpen elektrostatiko (sortu gabe)">erakarpen elektrostatikoaren</a> bidez lotzen dira. Lotura horri <a href="/wiki/Lotura_ioniko" title="Lotura ioniko">lotura ioniko</a> deritzo. </p><p>Solido ionikoak elektronegatibotasun oso desberdineko atomoen artean sortzen dira: metal <a href="/wiki/Alkalino" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkalino">alkalino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_lurralkalino" title="Metal lurralkalino">lurralkalino</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsiziozkoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogeno" title="Halogeno">halogeno</a> edo <a href="/wiki/16._taldeko_elementu" class="mw-redirect" title="16. taldeko elementu">oxigeno taldekoekin</a> (besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Haluro" title="Haluro">haluroak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxido" title="Oxido">oxidoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sulfuro" title="Sulfuro">sulfuroak</a>). Batzuetan, <a href="/wiki/Elementu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Elementu">elementuen</a> elektronegatibotasun-diferentzia ez da oso handia eta lotura ez da izango ioniko purua, izaera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobalentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobalentzia (sortu gabe)">kobalente</a> edo metalikoa izango du. </p><p>Lotura ionikoak ekarpen elektrostatikoa duenez, sendoa da, eta ez du norabide nagusirik, izaera kobalente oso handia ez bada. Lotura ionikoaren sendotasuna ioien tamaina eta kargarekin aldatzen da. Zenbat eta ioiak txikiagoak izan, elkarrengana gehiago hurbil daitezke eta indar elektrostatikoa sendotu egiten da. Ondorio bera du <a href="/wiki/Ioi" title="Ioi">ioien</a> <a href="/wiki/Karga" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karga">karga</a> handitzeak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_kobalenteak">Solido kobalenteak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido kobalenteak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Solido kobalenteak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Solido_kobalente" title="Solido kobalente">Solido kobalente</a>»</div> <p><b>Solido kobalenteen</b> partikula osagaiak <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> elektronegatiboak dira, <a href="/wiki/Ez-metal" title="Ez-metal">ez-metalak</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kobalente" title="Lotura kobalente">lotura kobalenteen</a> bitartez lotzen dira. Lotura horiek kristal osoan zehar hedatzen dira, ez dago <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> isolaturik, eta kristal osoa molekulatzat har dezakegu. Lotura kobalentea lotura zuzendua da, hau da, atomoen posizioak lotura kobalenteak mugatzen ditu (<a href="/wiki/Lotura_metaliko" title="Lotura metaliko">lotura metalikoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lotura_ioniko" title="Lotura ioniko">ionikoak</a> ez dute norabide nagusirik), eta horri esker solido kobalenteen propietateak oso bereziak dira. </p><p>Ez daude solido kobalenteen kasu asko; batez ere, sistema periodikoaren <a href="/wiki/14._taldeko_elementu" title="14. taldeko elementu">karbono taldeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Elementu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Elementu">elementuetan</a>, eta elementu horien konposatu batzuetan aurkitzen dira. Taula honetan solido kobalenteak eratzen dituzten elementuak eta forma <a href="/wiki/Alotropiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alotropiko">alotropikoak</a> daude. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Solido_kobalenteak_eratzen_dituzten_elementuak_eta_forma_alotropikoak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Solido_kobalenteak_eratzen_dituzten_elementuak_eta_forma_alotropikoak.png/500px-Solido_kobalenteak_eratzen_dituzten_elementuak_eta_forma_alotropikoak.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Solido_kobalenteak_eratzen_dituzten_elementuak_eta_forma_alotropikoak.png 1.5x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Solido kobalenteak eratzen dituzten elementuak eta forma alotropikoak</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_molekularrak">Solido molekularrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido molekularrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Solido molekularrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Solido_molekular" title="Solido molekular">Solido molekular</a>»</div> <p><b>Kristal molekularretan</b> errepikatzen den unitatea kargarik gabeko molekula osoa da (gas nobleen kasuan izan ezik, non atomoak diren). Kristal-egituran molekulak molekulen arteko interakzioen bidez lotzen dira: van der Waalsen indarrak edo hidrogeno-loturak. Oro har, indar horiek ahulagoak dira beste solido motetan aurkitzen ditugunak baino. </p><p>Elementuen artean, inguruneko tenperaturan gas diren elementuek solido molekularrak ekoizten dituzte, zeinetan molekula, gas nobleetan izan ezik, X<sub>2</sub> formakoa baita. Likido edo solido diren beste elementu batzuk solido molekular moduan lortzen dira: bromo, iodoa, astatoa, fosforo zuria (P<sub>4</sub>) eta sufrea (S<sub>8</sub>). </p><p>Konposatuei begiratzen badiegu, giro-tenperaturan gasak edo likidoak diren ia konposatu guztiek solido molekularrak sortzen dituzte: CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, HCl, CH<sub>4</sub>, besteak beste, eta baita konposatu organiko guztiak ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_organikoak">Solido organikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido organikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Solido organikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Kimika_organiko" title="Kimika organiko">Kimika organiko</a>»</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:PaperAutofluorescence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/PaperAutofluorescence.jpg/250px-PaperAutofluorescence.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/PaperAutofluorescence.jpg/375px-PaperAutofluorescence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/PaperAutofluorescence.jpg/500px-PaperAutofluorescence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Lagin honetako zurezko mami-zuntz indibidualek 10 µm inguruko diametroa dute.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kimika organikoak <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbonozko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogenozko</a> konposatu kimikoen (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">nitrogenoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Halogeno" title="Halogeno">halogenoak</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">kloroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo">bromoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo">iodoa</a>) egitura, propietateak, konposizioa, erreakzioak eta prestaketa aztertzen ditu sintesi bidez (edo beste bitarteko batzuen bidez). Konposatu organiko batzuek <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufrea</a> ere izan dezakete. Solido organikoen adibide batzuk <a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">zura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parafina" title="Parafina">parafina-argizaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naftaleno" title="Naftaleno">naftalenoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimero</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Plastiko" title="Plastiko">plastiko</a> ugari dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zura">Zura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Zura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">zur</a>»</div> <p>Zura material organiko naturala da, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina">lignina</a> matrize batean txertatutako <a href="/wiki/Zelulosa" title="Zelulosa">zelulosazko</a> zuntzez osatua. Propietate mekanikoei dagokienez, zuntzak gogorrak dira tentsioan, eta lignina matrizeak konpresioari eusten dio. Horregatik, zura eraikuntzako material garrantzitsua izan da gizakia babeslekuak eraikitzen eta ontziak erabiltzen hasi zenetik. Eraikuntzarako erabiltzen den zurari, egurra edo <a href="/wiki/Eraikuntzarako_zur" class="mw-redirect" title="Eraikuntzarako zur">eraikuntzarako zura</a> esaten zaio. Eraikuntzan, zura egiturazko materiala izateaz gain, hormigoiaren moldea osatzeko ere erabiltzen da. </p><p>Zuretik eratorritako materialak ere asko erabiltzen dira <a href="/wiki/Ontzi" title="Ontzi">ontzietarako</a> (adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Kartoi" title="Kartoi">kartoia</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">papererako</a>, pulpa finduarekin sortzen direnak. Ore kimikoa fabrikatzeko prozesuek tenperatura altuko konbinazio bat eta produktu kimiko alkalinoak (kraft) edo <a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azidoak</a> (sulfitoa) erabiltzen dituzte ligninaren lotura kimikoak erre aurretik hausteko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polimeroak">Polimeroak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Polimeroak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Polimeroak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">Polimero</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg/220px-Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg/330px-Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg/440px-Selfassembly_Organic_Semiconductor_Trixler_LMU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>STM irudia, kate supramolekularren auto-muntatutakoa kinakridone erdieroale organikoaren <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafitoan</a></figcaption></figure><p>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kimika_organiko" title="Kimika organiko">Kimika organikoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbonoaren</a> propietate garrantzitsu bat da konposatu jakin batzuk osa ditzakeela eta horien <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> indibidualak elkarrekin batzeko gai direla, horrela <a href="/wiki/Kate" title="Kate">kate</a> edo sare bat eratuz. Prozesuari <a href="/wiki/Polimerizazio" title="Polimerizazio">polimerizazioa</a> esaten zaio, eta, kateei edo sareei, <a href="/wiki/Polimero" title="Polimero">polimeroak</a>; jatorrizko konposatua, berriz, <a href="/wiki/Monomero" title="Monomero">monomeroa</a> da. Bi polimero multzo nagusi daude: artifizialki fabrikatutakoei polimero industrial edo polimero sintetiko (<a href="/wiki/Plastiko" title="Plastiko">plastikoak</a>) deitzen zaie, eta jatorri naturalekoei <a href="/wiki/Biopolimero" title="Biopolimero">biopolimero</a>. </p><p>Monomeroek hainbat ordezkatzaile kimiko edo talde funtzional izan ditzakete, konposatu organikoen propietate kimikoei eragin diezaieketenak, hala nola disolbagarritasunari eta erreaktibotasun kimikoari, baita propietate fisikoei ere, esaterako gogortasunari, dentsitateari, erresistentzia mekanikoari edo trakzioari, urradurarekiko erresistentziari, beroarekiko erresistentziari, gardentasunari, koloreari eta abarri. <a href="/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina">Proteinetan</a>, desberdintasun horiek polimeroari egitura <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologikoki</a> aktibo bat hartzeko gaitasuna ematen diote, beste batzuen aurretik. </p><p>Gizakiak mendeak daramatza polimero organiko naturalak erabiltzen argizari eta laka-goma moduan, polimero termoplastiko gisa sailkatzen dena. Zelulosa izeneko landare-polimero batek zuntz eta soka naturalen trakzioarekiko erresistentzia ematen zuen, eta <a href="/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> hasieran <a href="/wiki/Kautxu" title="Kautxu">kautxu</a> naturala erabilera orokorrekoa zen. Polimeroak dira plastikoak deritzona fabrikatzeko erabiltzen diren lehengaiak (<a href="/wiki/Erretxina" title="Erretxina">erretxinak</a>). Plastikoak azken produktua dira, prozesatzean erretxina bati polimero edo gehigarri bat edo gehiago gehitu ondoren sortzen dena eta azken forma ematen zaiona. Gaur egun modu orokorrean erabiltzen diren polimeroak <a href="/wiki/Polietileno" title="Polietileno">polietilenoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polipropileno" title="Polipropileno">polipropilenoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poli(binil_kloruro)" title="Poli(binil kloruro)">polibinilo kloruroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliestireno" title="Poliestireno">poliestirenoa</a>, niloiak, <a href="/wiki/Poliester" title="Poliester">poliesterra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akriliko" class="mw-disambig" title="Akriliko">akrilikoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliuretano" title="Poliuretano">poliuretanoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Polikarbonato" title="Polikarbonato">polikarbonatoa</a> eta silikonazko <a href="/wiki/Silikona" title="Silikona">silikona</a> dira. Plastikoak, oro har, plastiko <i>oinarrizkoetan</i>, <i>berezietan</i> eta <i>ingeniaritzakoetan</i> sailkatzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTambutti2000">Tambutti, Romilio.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Z0xl_NYV8n8C&pg=PA240&dq=cuerpo+s%C3%B3lidoes++part%C3%ADculas+se+encuentran+juntas&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBrMS3pqDZAhVJcRQKHW3lDEoQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=cuerpo%20s%C3%B3lidoes%20%20part%C3%ADculas%20se%20encuentran%20juntas&f=false"><i>Introducción a la física y a la química 1. </i></a> Editorial Limusa <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-968-18-5866-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-968-18-5866-7">978-968-18-5866-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCromer1986">Cromer, Alan H..  (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egCFOg6V2j0C&pg=PA745"><i>Física en la ciencia y en la industria. </i></a> Reverte <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-291-4156-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-291-4156-6">978-84-291-4156-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAgustin2005">Agustin, Valera Negrete, Jose Pedro.  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=1ShJLuv8IHIC&pg=PA77&dq=mec%C3%A1nica+de+s%C3%B3lidos+deformables+estudia+propiedades&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ5KCZp6DZAhUBbhQKHfjSC4YQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=mec%C3%A1nica%20de%20s%C3%B3lidos%20deformables%20estudia%20propiedades&f=false"><i>Apuntes de Fisica General. </i></a> UNAM <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-970-32-2987-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-970-32-2987-1">978-970-32-2987-1</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFViñasMancini2003">Viñas, Wenceslao González; Mancini, Héctor L..  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Jxz0jR2BriMC&pg=PA10&dq=ciencia+de+materiales++propiedades+de+los+s%C3%B3lidos+como+estructura&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4yq3FqKDZAhVKbxQKHfErCmUQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=ciencia%20de%20materiales%20%20propiedades%20de%20los%20s%C3%B3lidos%20como%20estructura&f=false"><i>Ciencia de los materiales. </i></a> Grupo Planeta (GBS) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-344-8059-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-344-8059-9">978-84-344-8059-9</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEbbingGammon2010-06-24">Ebbing, Darrell D.; Gammon, Steven D..  (2010-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=zXeQk7Zl2TkC&pg=PA24&dq=osmio+metal+denso&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0goeNqqDZAhWBmxQKHbVPDHYQ6AEIRzAG#v=onepage&q=osmio%20metal%20denso&f=false"><i>Quimica General. </i></a> Thomson Paraninfo <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-607-481-306-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-607-481-306-7">978-607-481-306-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLLARDENTGARCÍA2012-11-19">LLARDENT, Mariano RODRÍGUEZ-AVIAL; GARCÍA, Antonio GONZÁLEZ-ALBERTO.  (2012-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=0JDfIQyZYqYC&pg=PP17&dq=Propiedades+s%C3%B3lido+elasticidad&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy1Yf78u7cAhUGtRoKHfOQDdcQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=Propiedades%20s%C3%B3lido%20elasticidad&f=false"><i>Elasticidad y resistencia de materiales I. </i></a> Editorial UNED <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-362-6518-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-362-6518-7">978-84-362-6518-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLunaVaca2018">Luna, Beatriz Moraleda; Vaca, Luis Llanos.  (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=ABlfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124&dq=Propiedades+s%C3%B3lido+Fragilidad&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTpIvJ8-7cAhXJxoUKHYPJBp0Q6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=Propiedades%20s%C3%B3lido%20Fragilidad&f=false"><i>FPB - Ciencias aplicadas I - Ciencias 1 (2018). </i></a> Editex <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9161-433-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9161-433-3">978-84-9161-433-3</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHolley2017-05-31">Holley, Dennis.  (2017-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uUlDwAAQBAJ&q=sodium+cloruro+de+sodio+y+cloro+unidos+i%C3%B3nicamente&pg=PA39"><i>GENERAL BIOLOGY I: Molecules, Cells and Genes. </i></a> Dog Ear Publishing <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4575-5274-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4575-5274-8">978-1-4575-5274-8</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRogersAdamsPennathur2014-10-28">Rogers, Ben; Adams, Jesse; Pennathur, Sumita.  (2014-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9qBAAAQBAJ&q=in+diamond++atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA93"><i>Nanotechnology: Understanding Small Systems, Third Edition. </i></a> CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4822-1172-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4822-1172-6">978-1-4822-1172-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNahumMelvin2013-03-09">Nahum, Alan M.; Melvin, John W..  (2013-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=on_SBwAAQBAJ&q=in+silicio+%C3%A1tomos+compartidos+electrones+que+forman+enlaces+covalentes&pg=PA15"><i>Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. </i></a> Springer Science & Business Media <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4757-2264-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4757-2264-2">978-1-4757-2264-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNarulaNarulaGupta1989">Narula, G. K.; Narula, K. S.; Gupta, V. K..  (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEvTt1ZFo_MC&q=in+metal+electrons+shared+through+metallic+bonding&pg=PA60"><i>Materials Science. </i></a> Tata McGraw-Hill <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-451796-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-07-451796-3">978-0-07-451796-3</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?hl=eu">«Google Books»</a> <i>books.google.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105140509/https://libros/">«Editorial Libros.com - Publicamos libros mediante crowdfunding»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2015-11-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMortimer1975">Mortimer, Charles E. aut.  (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/chemistryconcept00mort"><i>Chemistry : a conceptual approach. </i></a> New York [etc.] : D. Van Nostrand <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-442-25554-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-442-25554-1">978-0-442-25554-1</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBar-CohenZacny2009-08-04">Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Zacny, Kris.  (2009-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9guFwAQZjsC&q=Minerals+son+s%C3%B3lidos+naturales+formados+a+varios+procesos+geol%C3%B3gicos+bajo+altas+presiones.&pg=PA666"><i>Drilling in Extreme Environments: Penetration and Sampling on Earth and other Planets. </i></a> John Wiley & Sons <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-527-62663-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-527-62663-2">978-3-527-62663-2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-03-22<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy3/E64ContentFiles/Construction/Ceramics.">html «Cerámicas</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: uztaila 2023">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup>». <i>autocww.colorado.edu</i>. 2017-05-09an begiratua.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span 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kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11438" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11438">Q11438</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solids_(matter)">Solids (matter)</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11438%22">Q11438</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119358497">119358497</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119358497">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016918-2">4016918-2</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85124647">sh85124647</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span 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class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/solid-state-of-matter">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy (sortu gabe)">FMA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma85813">85813</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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