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History and Forks of Ethereum
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0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--eth-shadows-sm:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--eth-shadows-base:0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--eth-shadows-md:0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 2px 4px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);--eth-shadows-lg:0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);--eth-shadows-xl:0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),0 10px 10px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);--eth-shadows-2xl:0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);--eth-shadows-outline:0 0 0 4px var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);--eth-shadows-inner:inset 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.06);--eth-shadows-none:none;--eth-shadows-dark-lg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 0px 1px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 10px,rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 15px 40px;--eth-shadows-table:0 14px 66px rgba(0,0,0,.07),0 10px 17px rgba(0,0,0,.03),0 4px 7px rgba(0,0,0,.05);--eth-shadows-drop:0 4px 17px 0 var(--eth-colors-blackAlpha-200);--eth-shadows-tableBox-light:0 14px 66px rgba(0,0,0,.07),0 10px 17px rgba(0,0,0,.03),0 4px 7px rgba(0,0,0,.05);--eth-shadows-tableBox-dark:0 14px 66px hsla(0,0%,96.1%,.07),0 10px 17px hsla(0,0%,96.1%,.03),0 4px 7px hsla(0,0%,96.1%,.05);--eth-shadows-tableBoxHover:0px 8px 17px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);--eth-shadows-tableItemBox-light:0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--eth-shadows-tableItemBox-dark:0 1px 1px hsla(0,0%,100%,.1);--eth-shadows-tableItemBoxHover:0 0 1px var(--eth-colors-primary-base);--eth-shadows-gridYellowBoxShadow:8px 8px 0px 0px var(--eth-colors-gridYellow);--eth-shadows-gridBlueBowShadow:8px 8px 0px 0px var(--eth-colors-gridBlue);--eth-shadows-buttonHover:4px 4px 0 0 var(--eth-colors-primary-lowContrast);--eth-shadows-tooltip:0 0 16px var(--eth-colors-tooltipShadow);--eth-sizes-1:0.25rem;--eth-sizes-2:0.5rem;--eth-sizes-3:0.75rem;--eth-sizes-4:1rem;--eth-sizes-5:1.25rem;--eth-sizes-6:1.5rem;--eth-sizes-7:1.75rem;--eth-sizes-8:2rem;--eth-sizes-9:2.25rem;--eth-sizes-10:2.5rem;--eth-sizes-12:3rem;--eth-sizes-14:3.5rem;--eth-sizes-16:4rem;--eth-sizes-19:4.75rem;--eth-sizes-20:5rem;--eth-sizes-24:6rem;--eth-sizes-28:7rem;--eth-sizes-32:8rem;--eth-sizes-36:9rem;--eth-sizes-40:10rem;--eth-sizes-44:11rem;--eth-sizes-48:12rem;--eth-sizes-52:13rem;--eth-sizes-56:14rem;--eth-sizes-60:15rem;--eth-sizes-64:16rem;--eth-sizes-72:18rem;--eth-sizes-80:20rem;--eth-sizes-96:24rem;--eth-sizes-px:1px;--eth-sizes-0-5:0.125rem;--eth-sizes-1-5:0.375rem;--eth-sizes-2-5:0.625rem;--eth-sizes-3-5:0.875rem;--eth-sizes-max:max-content;--eth-sizes-min:min-content;--eth-sizes-full:100%;--eth-sizes-3xs:14rem;--eth-sizes-2xs:16rem;--eth-sizes-xs:20rem;--eth-sizes-sm:24rem;--eth-sizes-md:28rem;--eth-sizes-lg:32rem;--eth-sizes-xl:36rem;--eth-sizes-2xl:42rem;--eth-sizes-3xl:48rem;--eth-sizes-4xl:56rem;--eth-sizes-5xl:64rem;--eth-sizes-6xl:72rem;--eth-sizes-7xl:80rem;--eth-sizes-8xl:90rem;--eth-sizes-prose:60ch;--eth-sizes-container-sm:640px;--eth-sizes-container-md:768px;--eth-sizes-container-lg:1024px;--eth-sizes-container-xl:1280px;--eth-sizes-container-2xl:1536px;--eth-sizes-7-5:1.875rem;--eth-sizes-10-5:2.625rem;--eth-zIndices-hide:-1;--eth-zIndices-auto:auto;--eth-zIndices-base:0;--eth-zIndices-docked:10;--eth-zIndices-dropdown:1000;--eth-zIndices-sticky:1100;--eth-zIndices-banner:1200;--eth-zIndices-overlay:1300;--eth-zIndices-modal:1400;--eth-zIndices-popover:1500;--eth-zIndices-skipLink:1600;--eth-zIndices-toast:1700;--eth-zIndices-tooltip:1800;--eth-transition-property-common:background-color,border-color,color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform;--eth-transition-property-colors:background-color,border-color,color,fill,stroke;--eth-transition-property-dimensions:width,height;--eth-transition-property-position:left,right,top,bottom;--eth-transition-property-background:background-color,background-image,background-position;--eth-transition-easing-ease-in:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1);--eth-transition-easing-ease-out:cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);--eth-transition-easing-ease-in-out:cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);--eth-transition-duration-ultra-fast:50ms;--eth-transition-duration-faster:100ms;--eth-transition-duration-fast:150ms;--eth-transition-duration-normal:200ms;--eth-transition-duration-slow:300ms;--eth-transition-duration-slower:400ms;--eth-transition-duration-ultra-slow:500ms;--eth-blur-none:0;--eth-blur-sm:4px;--eth-blur-base:8px;--eth-blur-md:12px;--eth-blur-lg:16px;--eth-blur-xl:24px;--eth-blur-2xl:40px;--eth-blur-3xl:64px;--eth-breakpoints-base:0em;--eth-breakpoints-sm:30em;--eth-breakpoints-md:48em;--eth-breakpoints-lg:62em;--eth-breakpoints-xl:80em;--eth-breakpoints-2xl:96em;--eth-colors-success-base:var(--eth-colors-green-500);--eth-colors-success-light:var(--eth-colors-green-100);--eth-colors-attention-base:var(--eth-colors-yellow-500);--eth-colors-attention-light:var(--eth-colors-yellow-200);--eth-colors-error-base:var(--eth-colors-red-500);--eth-colors-error-light:var(--eth-colors-red-100);--eth-shadows-menu-accordion:0px 2px 2px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12) inset,0px -3px 2px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14) inset;}.chakra-ui-light :host:not([data-theme]),.chakra-ui-light :root:not([data-theme]),.chakra-ui-light [data-theme]:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=light] :host:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=light] :root:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=light] [data-theme]:not([data-theme]),:host[data-theme=light],:root[data-theme=light],[data-theme][data-theme=light]{--eth-colors-black:#000000;--eth-colors-white:#ffffff;--eth-colors-chakra-body-text:var(--eth-colors-gray-800);--eth-colors-chakra-body-bg:var(--eth-colors-white);--eth-colors-chakra-border-color:var(--eth-colors-gray-200);--eth-colors-chakra-inverse-text:var(--eth-colors-white);--eth-colors-chakra-subtle-bg:var(--eth-colors-gray-100);--eth-colors-chakra-subtle-text:var(--eth-colors-gray-600);--eth-colors-chakra-placeholder-color:var(--eth-colors-gray-500);--eth-colors-white500:#ffffff;--eth-colors-white600:#f7f7f7;--eth-colors-white700:#e5e5e5;--eth-colors-white800:#ccc;--eth-colors-white900:#b2b2b2;--eth-colors-black500:#000000;--eth-colors-black400:#191919;--eth-colors-black300:#333;--eth-colors-black200:#4c4c4c;--eth-colors-black100:#666;--eth-colors-black50:#7f7f7f;--eth-colors-boxShadow:rgba(0,0,0,0.12);--eth-colors-boxShadowHover:rgba(0,0,0,0.24);--eth-colors-secondary:#b2b2b2;--eth-colors-success900:#031f13;--eth-colors-success800:#063f27;--eth-colors-success700:#095e3a;--eth-colors-success600:#0c7e4e;--eth-colors-success-outline:var(--eth-colors-success-base);--eth-colors-success-neutral:var(--eth-colors-green-100);--eth-colors-success500:#109e62;--eth-colors-success400:#3fb181;--eth-colors-success300:#6fc4a0;--eth-colors-success200:#9fd8c0;--eth-colors-success100:#cfebdf;--eth-colors-fail900:#240000;--eth-colors-fail800:#490000;--eth-colors-fail700:#6e0000;--eth-colors-fail600:#930000;--eth-colors-fail:#b80000;--eth-colors-fail500:#b80000;--eth-colors-fail400:#c63333;--eth-colors-fail300:#d46666;--eth-colors-fail200:#e29999;--eth-colors-fail100:#f0cccc;--eth-colors-tagBlue:#d1d1ff;--eth-colors-tagOrange:#ffe3d3;--eth-colors-tagGreen:#cfebdf;--eth-colors-tagRed:#f0cccc;--eth-colors-tagTurquoise:#ccfcff;--eth-colors-tagGray:#e5e5e5;--eth-colors-tagYellow:#fff8df;--eth-colors-tagMint:#e1fefa;--eth-colors-tagPink:#ffe5f9;--eth-colors-warning:#ffe3d3;--eth-colors-warningLink:#994515;--eth-colors-warningLinkHover:#321607;--eth-colors-lowBug:#ffe3d3;--eth-colors-mediumBug:#ffab7b;--eth-colors-primaryLight300:#7676ff;--eth-colors-primaryDark300:#ffab7b;--eth-colors-yellow:#fff8df;--eth-colors-gridYellow:#ffe78e;--eth-colors-gridRed:#ef7d7d;--eth-colors-gridBlue:#a7d0f4;--eth-colors-gridGreen:#6fc4a0;--eth-colors-gridOrange:#ffab7b;--eth-colors-gridPink:#ffa1c3;--eth-colors-gridPurple:#a4a4ff;--eth-colors-infoBanner:#e8e8ff;--eth-colors-buttonColor:#ffffff;--eth-colors-ghostCardBackground:#ffffff;--eth-colors-ghostCardGhost:#f7f7f7;--eth-colors-secondaryButtonBackgroundActive:#e5e5e5;--eth-colors-primary-base:var(--eth-colors-purple-600);--eth-colors-primary-highContrast:var(--eth-colors-purple-800);--eth-colors-primary-lowContrast:var(--eth-colors-purple-100);--eth-colors-primary-hover:var(--eth-colors-purple-500);--eth-colors-primary-visited:var(--eth-colors-purple-700);--eth-colors-primary-action:var(--eth-colors-purple-600);--eth-colors-primary-actionHover:var(--eth-colors-purple-500);--eth-colors-primary-light:var(--eth-colors-blue-100);--eth-colors-primary-dark:var(--eth-colors-blue-700);--eth-colors-primary-pressed:var(--eth-colors-blue-400);--eth-colors-primary950:#040426;--eth-colors-primary900:#050532;--eth-colors-primary800:#0b0b66;--eth-colors-primary700:#101099;--eth-colors-primary600:#1616cc;--eth-colors-primary500:#1c1cff;--eth-colors-primary400:#4949ff;--eth-colors-primary300:#7676ff;--eth-colors-primary200:#a4a4ff;--eth-colors-primary100:#d1d1ff;--eth-colors-primaryHover:rgba(28, 28, 225, 0.8);--eth-colors-primaryActive:#1616cc;--eth-colors-lightBorder:#ececec;--eth-colors-searchBorder:#7f7f7f;--eth-colors-searchBackground:#ffffff;--eth-colors-searchBackgroundEmpty:#f2f2f2;--eth-colors-searchResultText:#33363d;--eth-colors-searchResultBackground:#f1f3f5;--eth-colors-selectHover:#d1d1ff;--eth-colors-selectActive:#a4a4ff;--eth-colors-dropdownBackground:#ffffff;--eth-colors-dropdownBackgroundHover:#f2f2f2;--eth-colors-dropdownBorder:#e5e5e5;--eth-colors-markBackground:rgba(143,187,237,.1);--eth-colors-markUnderline:rgba(143,187,237,.5);--eth-colors-modalBackground:hsla(0, 0%, 69.8%, 0.9);--eth-colors-text:#333333;--eth-colors-text200:#666666;--eth-colors-text300:#4c4c4c;--eth-colors-textTableOfContents:#7f7f7f;--eth-colors-background-base:var(--eth-colors-white);--eth-colors-background-highlight:var(--eth-colors-gray-100);--eth-colors-ednBackground:#f7f7f7;--eth-colors-layer2ContentSecondary:#e5e5e5;--eth-colors-border:#e5e5e5;--eth-colors-tableBoxShadow:0 14px 66px rgba(0,0,0,.07),0 10px 17px rgba(0,0,0,.03),0 4px 7px rgba(0,0,0,.05);--eth-colors-tableItemBoxShadow:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--eth-colors-tableBackgroundHover:#f2f2f2;--eth-colors-preBackground:#f2f2f2;--eth-colors-preBorder:rgba(0,0,0,.05);--eth-colors-homeDivider:#a4a4f3;--eth-colors-displayDark:none;--eth-colors-displayLight:block;--eth-colors-grayBackground:#fcfcfc;--eth-colors-cardGradient:radial-gradient(46.28% 66.31% at 66.95% 58.35%, #e6e6f7 0%, #e7edfa 50%, #e9fbfa 100%);--eth-colors-mainnet:#9fd8c0;--eth-colors-mainnetBorder:#7f7f7f;--eth-colors-beaconchain:#ccfcff;--eth-colors-beaconchainBorder:#7f7f7f;--eth-colors-shard:#ffe3d3;--eth-colors-shardBorder:#7f7f7f;--eth-colors-infoLink:#0b0b66;--eth-colors-infoLinkHover:#050532;--eth-colors-cardBoxShadow:4px 4px 0px 0px #d2d2f9;--eth-colors-homeBoxMint:#e1fefa;--eth-colors-homeBoxTurquoise:#ccfcff;--eth-colors-homeBoxOrange:#ffe3d3;--eth-colors-homeBoxPurple:#e8e8ff;--eth-colors-homeBoxPink:#ffe5f9;--eth-colors-codeBackground:#fafafa;--eth-colors-rollupDevDocList:#e8e8ff;--eth-colors-beta:radial-gradient(25.56% 133.51% at 28.36% 45.54%, rgba(28, 28, 225, 0) 0%, rgba(28, 28, 225, 0.06) 100%);--eth-colors-offBackground:#f7f7f7;--eth-colors-stakingPillPlatform:#cd9df3;--eth-colors-stakingPillUI:#ebd27a;--eth-colors-stakingGold:#be8d10;--eth-colors-stakingGoldFill:#fef9ef;--eth-colors-stakingGreen:#129e5b;--eth-colors-stakingGreenFill:#f7faf1;--eth-colors-stakingBlue:#0b83dc;--eth-colors-stakingBlueFill:#f1fcf5;--eth-colors-stakingRed:#a0524c;--eth-colors-stakingRedFill:#f8fbf9;--eth-colors-feedbackGradient:linear-gradient(102.7deg, rgba(185, 185, 241, 0.2) 0%, rgba(84, 132, 234, 0.2) 51.56%, rgba(58, 142, 137, 0.2) 100%);--eth-colors-bannerGridGradient:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(127,127,213,0.2) 0%, 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data-emotion="css-global 7vw66x">:root,:host{--chakra-vh:100vh;}@supports (height: -webkit-fill-available){:root,:host{--chakra-vh:-webkit-fill-available;}}@supports (height: -moz-fill-available){:root,:host{--chakra-vh:-moz-fill-available;}}@supports (height: 100dvh){:root,:host{--chakra-vh:100dvh;}}</style><style data-emotion="css-global 17jof1h">body{font-family:var(--eth-fonts-body);color:var(--eth-colors-chakra-body-text);background:var(--eth-colors-chakra-body-bg);transition-property:background-color;transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-normal);line-height:var(--eth-lineHeights-base);}*::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:var(--eth-colors-chakra-placeholder-color);}*::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--eth-colors-chakra-placeholder-color);}*:-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--eth-colors-chakra-placeholder-color);}*::placeholder{color:var(--eth-colors-chakra-placeholder-color);}*,*::before,::after{border-color:var(--eth-colors-chakra-border-color);}</style><div class="bg-primary-low-contrast focus-within:p-4"><a class="absolute -top-14 rounded border bg-primary px-4 py-2 leading-8 text-background no-underline hover:no-underline focus:static" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a></div><div class="mx-auto max-w-screen-2xl"><div class="sticky top-0 z-sticky w-full"><nav class="flex h-19 justify-center border-b border-b-disabled bg-background p-4 xl:px-8" aria-label="Primary"><div class="flex w-full max-w-screen-2xl items-center justify-between md:items-stretch md:justify-normal"><a aria-label="Home" class="inline-flex items-center no-underline text-primary" href="/en/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 115 182" class="h-[35px] w-[22px] opacity-85 hover:opacity-100"><path fill="#F0CDC2" stroke="#1616B4" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M57.505 181v-45.16L1.641 103.171z"></path><path fill="#C9B3F5" stroke="#1616B4" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M57.69 181v-45.16l55.865-32.669z"></path><path fill="#88AAF1" 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class="m-0 me-[0.625rem] ms-[0.625rem] text-gray-400">/</li><li class="m-0 inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 tracking-wider"><span role="link" aria-disabled="true" aria-current="page" class="uppercase text-primary">history</span></li></ol></nav><p class="text-body-medium" dir="ltr">Page last updated<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->February 6, 2025</p></div><article id="main-content" class="scroll-mt-24 max-w-3xl"><button class="gap-2 items-center rounded border border-solid transition [&>svg]:flex-shrink-0 text-primary border-current hover:!text-primary-hover hover:shadow-[4px_4px_theme('colors.primary.low-contrast')] focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-primary-hover focus-visible:outline-4 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 active:text-primary-hover active:shadow-none disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:text-disabled [&[data-secondary='true']]:text-body min-h-10.5 px-4 py-2 [&>svg]:text-2xl flex w-full justify-between lg:hidden" data-secondary="true" type="button" id="radix-:Rpl5t6:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><span class="flex-1 text-center">On this page</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path></svg></button><h1 id="the-history-of-ethereum" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 text-[2.5rem] md:text-5xl">The history of Ethereum</h1><p class="mb-4 mt-8">A timeline of all the major milestones, forks, and updates to the Ethereum blockchain.</p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R20t9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rt9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">What are forks?</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Changes to the rules of the Ethereum protocol which often include planned technical upgrades.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R20t9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rt9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2159l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R159l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Why do some upgrades have multiple names?</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Upgrades names follow a pattern</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2159l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R159l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Skip straight to information about some of the particularly important past upgrades: <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/beacon-chain/">The Beacon Chain</a>; <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/merge/">The Merge</a>; and <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#london">EIP-1559</a></p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Looking for future protocol upgrades? <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/">Learn about upcoming upgrades on the Ethereum roadmap</a>.</p><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2024" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2024 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2024"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2024</h2><h3 id="dencun" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="dencun permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#dencun"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Cancun-Deneb ("Dencun")</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/19426587">19,426,587<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Epoch number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/epoch/269568">269,568<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Slot number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/slot/8626176">8,626,176<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$3,984.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312070259/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="cancun-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="cancun summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#cancun-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Cancun summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Cancun upgrade contains a set of improvements to Ethereum's <em>execution</em> aimed towards improving scalability, in tandem with the Deneb consensus upgrades.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Notably this includes EIP-4844, known as <strong>Proto-Danksharding</strong>, which significantly decreases the cost of data storage for layer 2 rollups. This is achieved through the introduction of data "blobs" which enables rollups to post data to Mainnet for a short period of time. This results in significantly lower transaction fees for users of layer 2 rollups.</p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R23l9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R3l9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Cancun EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R23l9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R3l9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/layer-2/">Layer 2 rollups</a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/scaling/#proto-danksharding">Proto-Danksharding</a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/danksharding/">Danksharding</a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/cancun.md">Read the Cancun upgrade specification<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><h4 id="deneb-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="deneb summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#deneb-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Deneb summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Deneb upgrade contains a set of improvements to Ethereum's <em>consensus</em> aimed towards improving scalability. This upgrade comes in tandem with the Cancun execution upgrades to enable Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844), along with other improvements to the Beacon Chain.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Pre-generated signed "voluntary exit messages" no longer expire, thus giving more control to users staking their funds with a third-party node operator. With this signed exit message, stakers can delegate node operation while maintaining the ability to safely exit and withdraw their funds at any time, without needing to ask permission from anyone.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">EIP-7514 brings a tightening to the issuance of ETH by capping the "churn" rate that validators can join the network to eight (8) per epoch. Since ETH issuance is proportional to total ETH staked, limiting the number of validators joining caps the <em>growth rate</em> of newly issued ETH, while also reducing hardware requirements for node operators, helping decentralization.</p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2559l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R559l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Deneb EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2559l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R559l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/dev/specs/deneb/">Read the Deneb upgrade specifications<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/dencun/">Cancun-Deneb ("Dencun") FAQ</a></li></ul><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2023" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2023 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2023"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2023</h2><h3 id="shapella" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="shapella permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#shapella"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella")</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/17034870">17,034,870<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Epoch number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/epoch/194048">194,048<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Slot number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/slot/6209536">6,209,536<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$1,917.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411044526/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="shanghai-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="shanghai summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#shanghai-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Shanghai summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Shanghai upgrade brought staking withdrawals to the execution layer. In tandem with the Capella upgrade, this enabled blocks to accept withdrawal operations, which allows stakers to withdraw their ETH from the Beacon Chain to the execution layer.</p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2759l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R759l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Shanghai EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2759l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R759l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md">Read the Shanghai upgrade specification<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><h4 id="capella-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="capella summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#capella-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Capella summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Capella upgrade was the third major upgrade to the consensus layer (Beacon Chain) and enabled staking withdrawals. Capella occurred synchronously with the execution layer upgrade, Shanghai, and enabled staking withdrawal functionality.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">This consensus layer upgrade brought the ability for stakers who did not provide withdrawal credentials with their initial deposit to do so, thereby enabling withdrawals.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The upgrade also provided automatic account sweeping functionality, which continuously processes validator accounts for any available rewards payments or full withdrawals.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/staking/withdrawals/">More on staking withdrawals</a>.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/dev/specs/capella/">Read the Capella upgrade specifications<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2022" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2022 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2022"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2022</h2><h3 id="paris" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="paris permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#paris"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Paris (The Merge)</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/15537394">15,537,394<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$1,472.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915075314/https://ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="paris-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="paris summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#paris-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Paris upgrade was triggered by the proof-of-work blockchain passing a <span class="inline-block"></span> of 58750000000000000000000. This happened at block 15537393 on 15th September 2022, triggering the Paris upgrade the next block. Paris was <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/merge/">The Merge</a> transition - its major feature was switching off the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/">proof-of-work</a> mining algorithm and associated consensus logic and switching on <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/">proof-of-stake</a> instead. Paris itself was an upgrade to the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#execution-clients">execution clients</a> (equivalent to Bellatrix on the consensus layer) that enabled them to take instruction from their connected <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#consensus-clients">consensus clients</a>. This required a new set of internal API methods, collectively known as the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/common.md">Engine API<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a>, to be activated. This was arguably the most significant upgrade in Ethereum history since <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#homestead">Homestead</a>!</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/paris.md">Read the Paris upgrade specification<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2al9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Ral9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Paris EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2al9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Ral9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="bellatrix" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="bellatrix permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#bellatrix"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Bellatrix</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Epoch number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/epoch/144896">144,896<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$1,558.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906112525/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="bellatrix-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="bellatrix summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#bellatrix-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Bellatrix upgrade was the second scheduled upgrade for the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/beacon-chain/">Beacon Chain</a>, preparing the chain for <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/merge/">The Merge</a>. It brings validator penalties to their full values for inactivity and slashable offenses. Bellatrix also includes an update to the fork choice rules to prepare the chain for The Merge and the transition from the last proof-of-work block to the first proof-of-stake block. This includes making consensus clients aware of the <span class="inline-block"></span> of 58750000000000000000000.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/tree/dev/specs/bellatrix">Read the Bellatrix upgrade specification<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="gray-glacier" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="gray glacier permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#gray-glacier"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Gray Glacier</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/15050000">15,050,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$1,069.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630094629/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="gray-glacier-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="gray glacier summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#gray-glacier-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Gray Glacier network upgrade pushed back the <span class="inline-block"></span> by three months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#arrow-glacier">Arrow Glacier</a> and <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#muir-glacier">Muir Glacier</a> upgrades. Similar changes have been performed on the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#byzantium">Byzantium</a>, <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#london">London</a> network upgrades.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2022/06/16/gray-glacier-announcement/">EF Blog - Gray Glacier Upgrade Announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2dt9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rdt9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Gray Glacier EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2dt9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rdt9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2021" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2021 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2021"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2021</h2><h3 id="arrow-glacier" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="arrow glacier permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#arrow-glacier"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Arrow Glacier</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/13773000">13,773,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$4,111.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207064430/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="arrow-glacier-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="arrow glacier summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#arrow-glacier-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Arrow Glacier network upgrade pushed back the <span class="inline-block"></span> by several months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#muir-glacier">Muir Glacier</a> upgrade. Similar changes have been performed on the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#byzantium">Byzantium</a>, <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#london">London</a> network upgrades.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/11/10/arrow-glacier-announcement/">EF Blog - Arrow Glacier Upgrade Announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/ethereum-arrow-glacier-upgrade-e8d20fa4c002">Ethereum Cat Herders - Ethereum Arrow Glacier Upgrade<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2ft9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rft9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Arrow Glacier EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2ft9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rft9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="altair" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="altair permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#altair"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Altair</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Epoch number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/epoch/74240">74,240<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$4,024.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026174951/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="altair-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="altair summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#altair-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Altair upgrade was the first scheduled upgrade for the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/beacon-chain/">Beacon Chain</a>. It added support for "sync committees"—enabling light clients, and increased validator inactivity and slashing penalties as development progressed towards The Merge.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/tree/dev/specs/altair">Read the Altair upgrade specification<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><h4 id="altair-fun-fact" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="altair fun fact permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#altair-fun-fact"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Fun fact!</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Altair was the first major network upgrade that had an exact rollout time. Every upgrade prior had been based on a declared block number on the proof-of-work chain, where block times vary. The Beacon Chain does not require solving for proof-of-work, and instead works on a time-based epoch system consisting of 32 twelve-second "slots" of time where validators can propose blocks. This is why we knew exactly when we would hit epoch 74,240 and Altair became live!</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/blocks/#block-time">Block time</a></li></ul><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="london" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="london permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#london"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>London</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/12965000">12,965,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$2,621.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805124609/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="london-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="london summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#london-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The London upgrade introduced <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559">EIP-1559<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a>, which reformed the transaction fee market, along with changes to how gas refunds are handled and the <span class="inline-block"></span> schedule.</p><h4 id="eip-1559" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="eip 1559 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#eip-1559"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>What was the London Upgrade / EIP-1559?</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Before the London Upgrade, Ethereum had fixed-sized blocks. In times of high network demand, these blocks operated at full capacity. As a result, users often had to wait for demand to reduce to get included in a block, which led to a poor user experience. The London Upgrade introduced variable-sized blocks to Ethereum.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The way transaction fees on the Ethereum network were calculated changed with <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/history/#london">the London Upgrade</a> of August 2021. Before the London upgrade, fees were calculated without separating <code>base</code> and <code>priority</code> fees, as follows:</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Let's say Alice had to pay Bob 1 ETH. In the transaction, the gas limit is 21,000 units, and the gas price is 200 gwei.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The total fee would have been: <code>Gas units (limit) * Gas price per unit</code> i.e <code>21,000 * 200 = 4,200,000 gwei</code> or 0.0042 ETH</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The implementation of <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559">EIP-1559<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a> in the London Upgrade made the transaction fee mechanism more complex, but made gas fees more predictable, resulting in a more efficient transaction fee market. Users can submit transactions with a <code>maxFeePerGas</code> corresponding to how much they are willing to pay for the transaction to be executed, knowing that they will not pay more than the market price for gas (<code>baseFeePerGas</code>), and get any extra, minus their tip, refunded.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">This video explains EIP-1559 and the benefits it brings: <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGemhK9t44Q">EIP-1559 Explained<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/london-ecosystem-readiness.md">Are you a dapp developer? Be sure to upgrade your libraries and tooling.<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/07/15/london-mainnet-announcement/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/london-upgrade-overview-8eccb0041b41">Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style 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5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2ll9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rll9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">London EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2ll9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rll9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="berlin" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="berlin permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#berlin"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Berlin</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/12244000">12,244,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$2,454.00</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415093618/https://ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="berlin-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="berlin summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#berlin-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Berlin upgrade optimized gas cost for certain EVM actions, and increases support for multiple transaction types.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/03/08/ethereum-berlin-upgrade-announcement/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/the-berlin-upgrade-overview-2f7ad710eb80">Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2nd9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rnd9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Berlin EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this upgrade.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2nd9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rnd9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2020" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2020 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2020"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2020</h2><h3 id="beacon-chain-genesis" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="beacon chain genesis permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#beacon-chain-genesis"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Beacon Chain genesis</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Slot number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://beaconscan.com/slot/1">1<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$586.23</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207184633/https://www.ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="beacon-chain-genesis-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="beacon chain genesis summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#beacon-chain-genesis-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/beacon-chain/">Beacon Chain</a> needed 16384 deposits of 32 staked ETH to ship securely. This happened on November 27, meaning the Beacon Chain started producing blocks on December 1, 2020. This is an important first step in achieving the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/vision/">Ethereum vision</a>.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/27/eth2-quick-update-no-21/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="relative z-10 flex rounded-sm border p-4 text-current no-underline hover:rounded hover:bg-background-highlight hover:no-underline group hover:shadow-[0_0_1px] hover:shadow-primary"><div class="flex flex-1 justify-between"><div class="flex items-center justify-center gap-2"></div><div class="flex flex-col gap-2 flex-1"><a class="before:absolute before:left-0 before:top-0 before:z-0 before:block before:h-full before:w-full before:cursor-pointer before:content-[''] no-underline" href="/roadmap/beacon-chain/"><p class="font-bold text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-200">The Beacon Chain</p></a></div><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" class="mx-6 h-6 w-6 self-center transition-transform duration-100 group-hover:scale-[1.2] group-hover:fill-primary rotate-0" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M869 487.8L491.2 159.9c-2.9-2.5-6.6-3.9-10.5-3.9h-88.5c-7.4 0-10.8 9.2-5.2 14l350.2 304H152c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v60c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h585.1L386.9 854c-5.6 4.9-2.2 14 5.2 14h91.5c1.9 0 3.8-.7 5.2-2L869 536.2a32.07 32.07 0 0 0 0-48.4z"></path></svg></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="staking-deposit-contract" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="staking deposit contract permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#staking-deposit-contract"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Staking deposit contract deployed</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/11052984">11,052,984<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$379.04</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104235727/https://ethereum.org/en/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="deposit-contract-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="deposit contract summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#deposit-contract-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The staking deposit contract introduced <span class="inline-block"></span> to the Ethereum ecosystem. Although a <span class="inline-block"></span> contract, it had a direct impact on the timeline for launching the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/beacon-chain/">Beacon Chain</a>, an important <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/roadmap/">Ethereum upgrade</a>.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/04/eth2-quick-update-no-19/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="relative z-10 flex rounded-sm border p-4 text-current no-underline hover:rounded hover:bg-background-highlight hover:no-underline group hover:shadow-[0_0_1px] hover:shadow-primary"><div class="flex flex-1 justify-between"><div class="flex items-center justify-center gap-2"></div><div class="flex flex-col gap-2 flex-1"><a class="before:absolute before:left-0 before:top-0 before:z-0 before:block before:h-full before:w-full before:cursor-pointer before:content-[''] no-underline" href="/staking/"><p class="font-bold text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-200">Staking</p></a></div><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" class="mx-6 h-6 w-6 self-center transition-transform duration-100 group-hover:scale-[1.2] group-hover:fill-primary rotate-0" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M869 487.8L491.2 159.9c-2.9-2.5-6.6-3.9-10.5-3.9h-88.5c-7.4 0-10.8 9.2-5.2 14l350.2 304H152c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v60c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h585.1L386.9 854c-5.6 4.9-2.2 14 5.2 14h91.5c1.9 0 3.8-.7 5.2-2L869 536.2a32.07 32.07 0 0 0 0-48.4z"></path></svg></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="muir-glacier" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="muir glacier permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#muir-glacier"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Muir Glacier</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/9200000">9,200,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$127.18</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103093618/https://ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="muir-glacier-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="muir glacier summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#muir-glacier-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Muir Glacier fork introduced a delay to the <span class="inline-block"></span>. Increases in block difficulty of the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/">proof-of-work</a> consensus mechanism threatened to degrade the usability of Ethereum by increasing wait times for sending transactions and using dapps.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/12/23/ethereum-muir-glacier-upgrade-announcement/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/ethereum-muir-glacier-upgrade-89b8cea5a210">Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2st9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rst9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Muir Glacier EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2st9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rst9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2019" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2019 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2019"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2019</h2><h3 id="istanbul" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="istanbul permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#istanbul"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Istanbul</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/9069000">9,069,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$151.06</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216101254if*/https://ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="istanbul-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="istanbul summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#istanbul-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Istanbul fork:</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Optimised the <span class="inline-block"></span> cost of certain actions in the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/ethereum-stack/#ethereum-virtual-machine">EVM</a>.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Improved denial-of-service attack resilience.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Made <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/scaling/#layer-2-scaling">Layer 2 scaling</a> solutions based on SNARKs and STARKs more performant.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Enabled Ethereum and Zcash to interoperate.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Allowed contracts to introduce more creative functions.</li></ul><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/11/20/ethereum-istanbul-upgrade-announcement/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R2v59l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:Rv59l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Istanbul EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R2v59l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:Rv59l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="constantinople" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="constantinople permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#constantinople"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Constantinople</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/7280000">7,280,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$136.29</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415163751/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="constantinople-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="constantinople summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#constantinople-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Constantinople fork:</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Reduced block <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/">mining</a> rewards from 3 to 2 ETH.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Ensured the blockchain didn't freeze before <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="#beacon-chain-genesis">proof-of-stake was implemented</a>.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Optimised the <span class="inline-block"></span> cost of certain actions in the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/ethereum-stack/#ethereum-virtual-machine">EVM</a>.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Added the ability to interact with addresses that haven't been created yet.</li></ul><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/02/22/ethereum-constantinople-st-petersburg-upgrade-announcement/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R3159l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R1159l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Constantinople EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R3159l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1159l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2017" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2017 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2017"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2017</h2><h3 id="byzantium" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="byzantium permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#byzantium"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Byzantium</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/4370000">4,370,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$334.23</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017201143/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="byzantium-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="byzantium summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#byzantium-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Byzantium fork:</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Reduced block <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/">mining</a> rewards from 5 to 3 ETH.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Delayed the <span class="inline-block"></span> by a year.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Added ability to make non-state-changing calls to other contracts.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">Added certain cryptography methods to allow for <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="/en/developers/docs/scaling/#layer-2-scaling">layer 2 scaling</a>.</li></ul><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2017/10/12/byzantium-hf-announcement/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 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8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R33d9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R13d9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Byzantium EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R33d9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R13d9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2016" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2016 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2016"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2016</h2><h3 id="spurious-dragon" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="spurious dragon permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#spurious-dragon"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Spurious Dragon</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/2675000">2,675,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$9.84</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127154654/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="spurious-dragon-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="spurious dragon summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#spurious-dragon-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Spurious Dragon fork was the second response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including:</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">tuning opcode pricing to prevent future attacks on the network.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">enabling “debloat” of the blockchain state.</li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">adding replay attack protection.</li></ul><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/11/18/hard-fork-no-4-spurious-dragon/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R35l9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R15l9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Spurious Dragon EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R35l9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R15l9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="tangerine-whistle" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="tangerine whistle permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#tangerine-whistle"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Tangerine whistle</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/2463000">2,463,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$12.50</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030043727/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="tangerine-whistle-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="tangerine whistle summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#tangerine-whistle-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Tangerine Whistle fork was the first response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including:</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3">addressing urgent network health issues concerning underpriced operation codes.</li></ul><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/10/18/faq-upcoming-ethereum-hard-fork/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R37l9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R17l9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Tangerine Whistle EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R37l9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R17l9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="dao-fork" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="dao fork permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#dao-fork"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>DAO fork</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/1920000">1,920,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$12.54</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803215306/https://ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="dao-fork-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="dao fork summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#dao-fork-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The DAO fork was in response to the <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://www.coindesk.com/learn/understanding-the-dao-attack/">2016 DAO attack<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a> where an insecure <span class="inline-block"></span> contract was drained of over 3.6 million ETH in a hack. The fork moved the funds from the faulty contract to a <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/address/0xbf4ed7b27f1d666546e30d74d50d173d20bca754">new contract<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a> with a single function: withdraw. Anyone who lost funds could withdraw 1 ETH for every 100 DAO tokens in their wallets.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">This course of action was voted on by the Ethereum community. Any ETH holder was able to vote via a transaction on <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620030820/http://v1.carbonvote.com/">a voting platform<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a>. The decision to fork reached over 85% of the votes.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Some miners refused to fork because the DAO incident wasn't a defect in the protocol. They went on to form <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://ethereumclassic.org/">Ethereum Classic<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a>.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/20/hard-fork-completed/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="homestead" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="homestead permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#homestead"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Homestead</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/1150000">1,150,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$12.50</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313203843/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="homestead-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="homestead summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#homestead-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Homestead fork that looked to the future. It included several protocol changes and a networking change that gave Ethereum the ability to do further network upgrades.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/02/29/homestead-release/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="mb-4" data-orientation="vertical"><div data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" class="rounded-sm border hover:bg-background-highlight"><h3 data-orientation="vertical" data-state="closed" class="flex [font-size:inherit]"><button type="button" aria-controls="radix-:R3bd9l5t6:" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" data-orientation="vertical" id="radix-:R1bd9l5t6:" class="flex flex-1 items-center justify-between gap-2 font-medium focus-visible:outline-1 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 focus-visible:outline-primary-hover [&[data-state=open]:dir(rtl)>svg]:rotate-90 [&[data-state=open]>svg]:-rotate-90 w-full p-6 transition-colors hover:bg-background-highlight hover:text-black md:p-6 dark:hover:text-white [&[data-state=open]]:bg-transparent [&[data-state=open]]:text-black dark:[&[data-state=open]]:text-white" data-radix-collection-item=""><div class="flex w-full flex-col items-center text-left sm:flex-row"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-col items-center md:items-start"><div class="flex gap-2 flex-row items-center mb-2 mt-4"><h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Homestead EIPs</h3></div><p class="w-fit text-sm text-body-medium">Official improvements included in this fork.</p></div><span class="my-auto text-md text-primary sm:ml-auto">More</span></div></button></h3><div data-state="closed" id="radix-:R3bd9l5t6:" hidden="" role="region" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bd9l5t6:" data-orientation="vertical" class="overflow-hidden text-sm transition-all data-[state=closed]:animate-accordion-up data-[state=open]:animate-accordion-down" style="--radix-accordion-content-height:var(--radix-collapsible-content-height);--radix-accordion-content-width:var(--radix-collapsible-content-width)"></div></div></div><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2015" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2015 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2015"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2015</h2><h3 id="frontier-thawing" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="frontier thawing permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#frontier-thawing"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Frontier thawing</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div><div class="flex whitespace-pre-wrap">Block number<!-- -->:<!-- --> <style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://etherscan.io/block/200000">200,000<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div><div class="flex">ETH price<!-- -->:<!-- --> <!-- -->$1.24</div><div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912193811/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="frontier-thawing-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="frontier thawing summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#frontier-thawing-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The frontier thawing fork lifted the 5,000 <span class="inline-block"></span> limit per <span class="inline-block"></span> and set the default gas price to 51 <span class="inline-block"></span>. This allowed for transactions – transactions require 21,000 gas. The <span class="inline-block"></span> was introduced to ensure a future hard-fork to <span class="inline-block"></span>.</p><ul class="mb-6 ms-6 list-disc"><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/04/the-thawing-frontier/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="mb-3 last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/04/ethereum-protocol-update-1/">Read the Ethereum Protocol Update 1<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li></ul><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="frontier" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="frontier permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#frontier"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Frontier</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div>0<!-- -->0<div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150802035735/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><h4 id="frontier-summary" class="leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-xl font-semibold max-md:text-md" data-group="true"><a aria-label="frontier summary permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#frontier-summary"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Summary</h4><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Frontier was a live, but barebone implementation of the Ethereum project. It followed the successful Olympic testing phase. It was intended for technical users, specifically developers. <span class="inline-block"></span> had a <span class="inline-block"></span> limit of 5,000. This ‘thawing’ period enabled miners to start their operations and for early adopters to install their clients without having to ‘rush’.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/07/22/frontier-is-coming-what-to-expect-and-how-to-prepare/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2014" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2014 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2014"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2014</h2><h3 id="ether-sale" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="ether sale permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#ether-sale"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Ether sale</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div>0<!-- -->0<div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804235628/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><p class="mb-4 mt-8">Ether officially went on sale for 42 days. You could buy it with BTC.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/22/launching-the-ether-sale/">Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><hr class="mb-4 mt-8 inline-block w-full border-body-medium opacity-60"/><h3 id="yellowpaper" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="yellowpaper permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#yellowpaper"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>Yellowpaper released</h3><div class="flex flex-col gap-2"><div class="flex"><p class="font-monospace"></p></div>0<!-- -->0<div class="flex"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140509173418/https://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The Yellow Paper, authored by Dr. Gavin Wood, is a technical definition of the Ethereum protocol.</p><p class="mb-4 mt-8"><style data-emotion="css 1f04442">.css-1f04442{transition-property:var(--eth-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--eth-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--eth-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-base);text-underline-offset:3px;}.css-1f04442:hover,.css-1f04442[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);}.css-1f04442:focus-visible,.css-1f04442[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--eth-shadows-none);outline:2px solid;outline-color:var(--eth-colors-primary-hover);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:var(--eth-radii-sm);}.css-1f04442[data-inline-link]:visited{color:var(--eth-colors-primary-visited);}</style><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-1f04442" data-inline-link="true" href="https://github.com/ethereum/yellowpaper">View the Yellow Paper<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></p><div class="my-16 h-1 w-[10%] bg-primary-high-contrast"></div><h2 id="2013" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-[2rem] mt-16 max-md:text-2xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="2013 permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100" href="#2013"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="me-1 text-xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Link"><g><path d="M10.9,8a4.055,4.055,0,0,1,1.352.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1-.7,4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0,1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0,2.944-5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,11.434,7H5.59A3.5,3.5,0,0,0,5.4,14c.724.041,1.458,0,2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0-1h0c-1.323,0-2.915.262-3.891-.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,5.59,8Z"></path><path d="M18.41,17a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,.192-6.994c-.724-.041-1.458,0-2.183,0a.5.5,0,0,0,0,1h0c1.323,0,2.915-.262,3.891.843A2.522,2.522,0,0,1,18.41,16H13.1a4.055,4.055,0,0,1-1.352-.135,2.511,2.511,0,0,1,.7-4.863.5.5,0,0,0,0-1,3.508,3.508,0,0,0-2.944,5.2A3.557,3.557,0,0,0,12.566,17Z"></path></g></g></svg></a>2013</h2><h3 id="whitepaper" class="font-bold leading-xs my-8 scroll-mt-28 relative group text-2xl mt-10 max-md:text-xl" data-group="true"><a aria-label="whitepaper permalink" class="absolute end-full flex h-full items-center opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100 ease-in-out focus:opacity-100 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208030136/http://www.ethereum.org/">ethereum.org on waybackmachine<style data-emotion="css idkz9h">.css-idkz9h{border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;width:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0px;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;}</style><span class="css-idkz9h">(opens in a new tab)</span><style data-emotion="css 1bbj57d">.css-1bbj57d{width:var(--eth-sizes-6);height:var(--eth-sizes-6);display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;padding:var(--eth-space-1);vertical-align:middle;-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--eth-space-1) * -1);}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-1bbj57d" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></div></div><p class="mb-4 mt-8">The introductory paper, published in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, before the project's launch in 2015.</p><div class="relative z-10 flex rounded-sm border p-4 text-current no-underline hover:rounded hover:bg-background-highlight hover:no-underline group hover:shadow-[0_0_1px] hover:shadow-primary"><div class="flex flex-1 justify-between"><div class="flex items-center justify-center gap-2"></div><div class="flex flex-col gap-2 flex-1"><a class="before:absolute before:left-0 before:top-0 before:z-0 before:block before:h-full before:w-full before:cursor-pointer before:content-[''] no-underline" href="/whitepaper/"><p class="font-bold text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-200">Whitepaper</p></a></div><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" class="mx-6 h-6 w-6 self-center transition-transform duration-100 group-hover:scale-[1.2] group-hover:fill-primary rotate-0" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M869 487.8L491.2 159.9c-2.9-2.5-6.6-3.9-10.5-3.9h-88.5c-7.4 0-10.8 9.2-5.2 14l350.2 304H152c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v60c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h585.1L386.9 854c-5.6 4.9-2.2 14 5.2 14h91.5c1.9 0 3.8-.7 5.2-2L869 536.2a32.07 32.07 0 0 0 0-48.4z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="mb-4 mt-8 flex w-full flex-col rounded border border-body-light bg-feedback-gradient p-6" dir="ltr"><div class="flex flex-col gap-4"><h4 class="mb-2">Was this article helpful?</h4><div class="flex gap-4"><button class="inline-flex gap-2 items-center justify-center rounded border border-solid transition [&>svg]:flex-shrink-0 text-primary border-current hover:!text-primary-hover hover:shadow-[4px_4px_theme('colors.primary.low-contrast')] focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-primary-hover focus-visible:outline-4 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 active:text-primary-hover active:shadow-none disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:text-disabled [&[data-secondary='true']]:text-body min-h-10.5 px-4 py-2 [&>svg]:text-2xl" data-secondary="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="h-6 w-6"><path d="M5.853 8.043H3.276a.645.645 0 0 0-.644.644v11.599c0 .355.288.644.644.644h2.577a.645.645 0 0 0 .645-.644V8.687a.645.645 0 0 0-.645-.644M20.76 8.045c-.104-.017-4.963 0-4.963 0l.679-1.851c.468-1.28.165-3.232-1.135-3.926-.423-.226-1.014-.34-1.49-.22-.274.07-.514.25-.657.493-.165.278-.148.604-.206.913-.149.784-.52 1.53-1.093 2.09-1 .975-4.108 3.79-4.108 3.79v10.31h10.739c1.449 0 2.399-1.618 1.684-2.882a1.95 1.95 0 0 0 .644-2.577 1.95 1.95 0 0 0 .645-2.578c1.47-.941.978-3.271-.74-3.562"></path></svg>Yes</button><button class="inline-flex gap-2 items-center justify-center rounded border border-solid transition [&>svg]:flex-shrink-0 text-primary border-current hover:!text-primary-hover hover:shadow-[4px_4px_theme('colors.primary.low-contrast')] focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-primary-hover focus-visible:outline-4 focus-visible:-outline-offset-1 active:text-primary-hover active:shadow-none disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:text-disabled [&[data-secondary='true']]:text-body min-h-10.5 px-4 py-2 [&>svg]:text-2xl" data-secondary="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" 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inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2022"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2022</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#paris"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Paris (The Merge)</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#bellatrix"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Bellatrix</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#gray-glacier"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Gray Glacier</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2021"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2021</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#arrow-glacier"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Arrow Glacier</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#altair"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Altair</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#london"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>London</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#berlin"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Berlin</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2020"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2020</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#beacon-chain-genesis"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Beacon Chain genesis</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#staking-deposit-contract"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Staking deposit contract deployed</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#muir-glacier"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Muir Glacier</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2019"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2019</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#istanbul"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Istanbul</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#constantinople"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Constantinople</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2017"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2017</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#byzantium"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Byzantium</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2016"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2016</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#spurious-dragon"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Spurious Dragon</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#tangerine-whistle"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Tangerine whistle</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#dao-fork"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>DAO fork</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#homestead"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Homestead</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2015"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2015</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#frontier-thawing"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Frontier thawing</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#frontier"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Frontier</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2014"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2014</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#ether-sale"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Ether sale</a></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#yellowpaper"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Yellowpaper released</a></li></ul></li><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#2013"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 0 - 4px - 1px)"></div>2013</a><ul class="m-0 mt-2 list-none gap-2 ps-2 text-sm"><li class="mb-2 last:mb-0"><a class="group relative inline-block w-full p-2 ps-0 text-body-medium no-underline lg:w-auto" href="#whitepaper"><div class="absolute top-1/2 -mt-1 hidden h-2 w-2 rounded-full border border-primary-hover bg-background group-hover:inline-block" style="inset-inline-start:calc(-16px - 8px * 1 - 4px - 1px)"></div>Whitepaper released</a></li></ul></li></ul></aside></div></div><footer class="px-4 py-4"><div class="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-center gap-8 border-t border-body-light px-4 py-4 md:justify-between"><p class="text-sm italic text-body-medium">Website last updated<!-- -->: <!-- -->February 12, 2025</p><button class="inline-flex gap-2 items-center justify-center rounded border 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[&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/learn/">Learn Hub</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/what-is-ethereum/">What is Ethereum?</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/eth/">What is ether (ETH)?</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/wallets/">Ethereum wallets</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/web3/">What is Web3?</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/smart-contracts/">Smart contracts</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/gas/">Gas fees</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/run-a-node/">Run a node</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/security/">Ethereum security and scam prevention</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/quizzes/">Quiz Hub</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/glossary/">Ethereum glossary</a></li></ul></div><div><h3 class="my-5 text-sm font-bold">Use</h3><ul class="m-0 mb-4 list-none text-sm"><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/guides/">Guides</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/wallets/find-wallet/">Choose your wallet</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/get-eth/">Get ETH</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/dapps/">Dapps - Decentralized applications</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/stablecoins/">Stablecoins</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/nft/">NFTs - Non-fungible tokens</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/defi/">DeFi - Decentralized finance</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/dao/">DAOs - Decentralized autonomous organizations</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/decentralized-identity/">Decentralized identity</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/staking/">Stake ETH</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/layer-2/">Layer 2</a></li></ul></div><div><h3 class="my-5 text-sm font-bold">Build</h3><ul class="m-0 mb-4 list-none text-sm"><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/">Builder's home</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/tutorials/">Tutorials</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/docs/">Documentation</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/learning-tools/">Learn by coding</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/local-environment/">Set up local environment</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/community/grants/">Grants</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/docs/intro-to-ethereum/">Foundational topics</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/developers/docs/design-and-ux/">UX/UI design fundamentals</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/enterprise/">Enterprise - Mainnet Ethereum</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/enterprise/private-ethereum/">Enterprise - Private Ethereum</a></li></ul></div><div><h3 class="my-5 text-sm font-bold">Participate</h3><ul class="m-0 mb-4 list-none text-sm"><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/community/">Community hub</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/community/online/">Online communities</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/community/events/">Ethereum events</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/contributing/">Contributing to ethereum.org</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/contributing/translation-program/">Translation Program</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/bug-bounty/">Ethereum bug bounty program</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/foundation/">Ethereum Foundation</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="https://blog.ethereum.org/">Ethereum Foundation Blog<span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal">(opens in a new tab)</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="-me-1 inline h-6 w-6 p-1 align-middle" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 2C2.44772 2 2 2.44772 2 3V12C2 12.5523 2.44772 13 3 13H12C12.5523 13 13 12.5523 13 12V8.5C13 8.22386 12.7761 8 12.5 8C12.2239 8 12 8.22386 12 8.5V12H3V3L6.5 3C6.77614 3 7 2.77614 7 2.5C7 2.22386 6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 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6.77614 2 6.5 2H3ZM12.8536 2.14645C12.9015 2.19439 12.9377 2.24964 12.9621 2.30861C12.9861 2.36669 12.9996 2.4303 13 2.497L13 2.5V2.50049V5.5C13 5.77614 12.7761 6 12.5 6C12.2239 6 12 5.77614 12 5.5V3.70711L6.85355 8.85355C6.65829 9.04882 6.34171 9.04882 6.14645 8.85355C5.95118 8.65829 5.95118 8.34171 6.14645 8.14645L11.2929 3H9.5C9.22386 3 9 2.77614 9 2.5C9 2.22386 9.22386 2 9.5 2H12.4999H12.5C12.5678 2 12.6324 2.01349 12.6914 2.03794C12.7504 2.06234 12.8056 2.09851 12.8536 2.14645Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="https://devcon.org/">Devcon<span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal">(opens in a new tab)</span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 15 15" 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class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/whitepaper/">Ethereum Whitepaper</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/roadmap/">Ethereum roadmap</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/roadmap/security/">Improved security</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary text-primary" href="/en/history/">Technical history of Ethereum</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/community/research/">Open research</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/eips/">Ethereum Improvement Proposals</a></li><li class="last:mb-0 [&_ol]:mt-3 [&_ul]:mt-3 mb-4"><a class="text-body-medium no-underline hover:text-primary hover:after:text-primary" href="/en/governance/">Ethereum governance</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center bg-background-highlight p-6 text-sm"><div class="flex gap-4"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="GitHub" class="text-body hover:text-primary" href="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 496 512" class="h-9 w-9 hover:transform hover:transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 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If you want to add a product or provide feedback on the policy raise an issue in GitHub.","loading":"Loading...","loading-error":"Loading error.","loading-error-refresh":"Error, please refresh.","loading-error-try-again-later":"Unable to load data. Try again later.","logo":"logo","mainnet-ethereum":"Mainnet Ethereum","merge":"Merge","more":"More","nav-about-description":"A public, open-source project for the Ethereum community","nav-advanced-description":"Learn the more complex topics","nav-advanced-label":"Advanced","nav-basics-description":"Understand the fundamentals of Ethereum","nav-basics-label":"Basics","nav-bridges-description":"Web3 has evolved into an ecosystem of primary L1 blockchains and L2 scaling solutions","nav-builders-home-description":"A builder's manual for Ethereum—by builders, for builders","nav-builders-home-label":"Builder's home","nav-code-of-conduct":"Code of conduct","nav-contribute-description":"If you want to help, this will guide you","nav-contribute-label":"Contributing to ethereum.org","nav-dao-description":"Member-owned communities without centralized authority","nav-dapps-description":"Explore a rich ecosystem of apps using Ethereum","nav-defi-description":"A global, open alternative to the 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To see what they're working on right now or to sign up to join them, read about our","page-languages-words":"words","page-last-updated":"Page last updated","participate":"Participate","participate-menu":"Participate menu","payments-page":"Payments","pbs":"Proposer-builder separation","pools":"Pooled staking","privacy-policy":"Privacy policy","private-ethereum":"Private Ethereum","product-disclaimer":"Products and services are listed as a convenience for the Ethereum community. 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Try searching for it on a block explorer like","search-ethereum-org":"Search ethereum.org","search-no-results":"No results for your search","secret-leader-election":"Secret leader election","security":"Security","see-contributors":"See contributors","set-up-local-env":"Set up local environment","sharding":"Sharding","show-all":"Show all","show-less":"Show less","single-slot-finality":"Single-slot finality","site-description":"Ethereum is a global, decentralized platform for money and new kinds of applications. On Ethereum, you can write code that controls money, and build applications accessible anywhere in the world.","site-title":"ethereum.org","skip-to-main-content":"Skip to main content","smart-contracts":"Smart contracts","solo":"Solo staking","stablecoins":"Stablecoins","stake-eth":"Stake ETH","staking":"Staking","start-here":"Start here","statelessness":"Statelessness","style-guide":"Style guide","support":"Support","terms-of-use":"Terms of use","translation-banner-body-new":"You’re viewing this page in English because we haven’t translated it yet. Help us translate this content.","translation-banner-body-update":"There’s a new version of this page but it’s only in English right now. Help us translate the latest version.","translation-banner-button-see-english":"See English","translation-banner-button-translate-page":"Translate page","translation-banner-no-bugs-content":"This page is not being translated. We've intentionally left this page in English for now.","translation-banner-no-bugs-dont-show-again":"Don't show again","translation-banner-no-bugs-title":"No bugs here!","translation-banner-title-new":"Help translate this page","translation-banner-title-update":"Help update this page","translation-program":"Translation Program","try-using-search":"Try using search to find what you're looking for or","tutorials":"Tutorials","up":"Up","use":"Use","use-ethereum":"Use Ethereum","use-ethereum-menu":"Use Ethereum menu","use-menu":"Use menu","user-experience":"User experience","verkle-trees":"Verkle trees","wallets":"Wallets","we-couldnt-find-that-page":"We couldn't find that page","web3":"What is Web3?","web3-title":"Web3","website-last-updated":"Website last updated","what-is-ether":"What is ether (ETH)?","what-is-ethereum":"What is Ethereum?","withdrawals":"Staking withdrawals","wrapped-ether":"Wrapped Ether","yes":"Yes","zero-knowledge-proofs":"Zero-knowledge proofs"},"page-history":{"page-history-slot-number":"Slot number","page-history-block-number":"Block number","page-history-epoch-number":"Epoch number","page-history-ethereum-org-wayback":"ethereum.org on waybackmachine","page-history-eth-price":"ETH price"},"glossary-tooltip":{"51%-attack-term":"51% attack","51%-attack-definition":"A type of attack where a group gains control of the majority of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#node\"\u003enodes\u003c/a\u003e. This would allow them to defraud the blockchain by reversing \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#transaction\"\u003etransactions\u003c/a\u003e and double spending \u003ca href=\"ether\"\u003eether\u003c/a\u003e and other tokens.","abi-term":"Application Binary Interface (ABI)","abi-definition":"A JSON file that defines the functions and variables included in a smart contract. The ABI allows bytecode to be mapped into human-readable formats.","account-term":"Account","account-definition":"An Ethereum account is a digital identity on the Ethereum blockchain, allowing users to send, receive Ether or other digital assets, and interact with smart contracts.","address-term":"Address","address-definition":"An Ethereum address is a unique identifier used for receiving tokens, functions similar to a bank account number for cryptocurrencies. Its used to identify your Ethereum account.","anti-sybil-term":"Anti-Sybil","anti-sybil-definition":"Are ways to stop people from pretending to be many users at once on the internet, ensuring each user is a real, separate person. This helps keep online interactions fair and honest.","apr-term":"APR","apr-definition":"APR, or Annual Percentage Rate, reflects the yearly cost of borrowing money, including interest and fees, as a percentage.","attestation-term":"Attestation","attestation-definition":"A claim made by an entity that something is true. In context of Ethereum, consensus validators must make a claim as to what they believe the state of the chain to be. At designated times, each validator is responsible for publishing different attestations that formally declare this validator's view of the chain, including the last finalized checkpoint and the current head of the chain. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/attestations/\"\u003eMore on attestations\u003c/a\u003e.","block-term":"Block","block-definition":"A block is where transactions or digital actions are stored. Once a block is full, it gets linked to the previous one, creating a chain of blocks or a \"blockchain\". \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/blocks/\"\u003eMore on blocks\u003c/a\u003e.","blockchain-term":"Blockchain","blockchain-definition":"A blockchain is a database of transactions, duplicated and shared on all computers in the network, ensuring data cannot be altered retroactively.","bridge-term":"Bridge","bridge-definition":"A blockchain bridge is used to transfer assets from one blockchain network to another.","consensus-term":"Consensus","consensus-definition":"When more than 2/3 of the computers in a network agree that they have the same set of records, making sure everyone is on the same page. This isn't about the rules they follow, but making sure they all have the same information.","consensus-client-term":"Consensus client","consensus-client-definition":"Consensus clients (such as Prysm, Teku, Nimbus, Lighthouse, Lodestar) run Ethereum's \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pos\"\u003eproof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e consensus algorithm allowing the network to reach agreement about the head of the Beacon Chain. Consensus clients do not participate in validating/broadcasting transactions or executing state transitions. This is done by \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#execution-client\"\u003eexecution clients\u003c/a\u003e. Consensus clients do not attest to, or propose new blocks. This is done by the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#validator\"\u003evalidator client\u003c/a\u003e which is an optional add-on to the consensus client.","consensus-layer-term":"Consensus layer","consensus-layer-definition":"Ethereum's consensus layer is the network of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#consensus-client\"\u003econsensus clients\u003c/a\u003e.","cryptoeconomics-term":"Cryptoeconomics","cryptoeconomics-definition":"The study of mathematical and economic principles to design secure and trustworthy digital platforms. The goal is to ensure that all participants follow the rules and are rewarded for contributing to the network's security and operation. ","cryptography-term":"Cryptography","cryptography-definition":"It is the practice of making communication private and secure so that only those for whom the information is intended can read it.","dao-term":"Decentralized autonomous organization (DAO)","dao-definition":"A DAO is a digital organization run by rules coded on a blockchain, where decisions are made by member votes, not a central authority. \u003ca href=\"/dao/\"\u003eMore on decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)\u003c/a\u003e.","dapp-term":"Dapp","dapp-definition":"A dApp is a decentralized application that runs on a blockchain network, offering services without a central controlling authority. \u003ca href=\"/dapps/\"\u003eMore on decentralized applications\u003c/a\u003e.","data-availability-term":"Data availability","data-availability-definition":"Any node can independently verify transactions on a blockchain in order to maintain transparency and trust in the system.","defi-term":"DeFi","defi-definition":"A broad category of Ethereum apps aiming to provide financial services backed by the blockchain, without any intermediaries. \u003ca href=\"/defi/\"\u003eMore on decentralized finance (DeFi)\u003c/a\u003e","dex-term":"Decentralized exchange (DEX)","dex-definition":"A type of Ethereum app that lets you swap tokens with peers on the network. DEXes are not subject to geographical restrictions like centralized exchanges – anyone can participate.","difficulty-bomb-term":"Difficulty bomb","difficulty-bomb-definition":"Planned exponential increase in \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pow\"\u003eproof-of-work\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#difficulty\"\u003edifficulty\u003c/a\u003e setting that was designed to motivate the transition to \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pos\"\u003eproof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e, reducing the chances of a \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#hard-fork\"\u003efork\u003c/a\u003e. The difficulty bomb was deprecated with \u003ca href=\"/roadmap/merge\"\u003ethe Merge\u003c/a\u003e.","ecdsa-term":"Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)","ecdsa-definition":"A cryptographic algorithm used by Ethereum to ensure that funds can only be spent by their owners. It's the preferred method for creating public and private keys. Relevant for account \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#address\"\u003eaddress\u003c/a\u003e generation and \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#transaction\"\u003etransaction\u003c/a\u003e verification.","ens-term":"Ethereum Name Service (ENS)","ens-definition":"Ethereum Name Service is like an internet phonebook for Ethereum addresses. Instead of using long wallet addresses, ENS lets you use simple names like \"john.eth\" to send and receive digital money and assets.","epoch-term":"Epoch","epoch-definition":"A period of 32 \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#slot\"\u003eslots\u003c/a\u003e, each slot being 12 seconds, totalling 6.4 minutes. Validator \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#committee\"\u003ecommittees\u003c/a\u003e are shuffled every epoch for security reasons. Each epoch has an opportunity for the chain to be \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#finality\"\u003efinalized\u003c/a\u003e. Each validator is assigned new responsibilities at the start of each epoch. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/#how-does-validation-work\"\u003eMore on proof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e","eoa-term":"Externally owned account (EOA)","eoa-definition":"Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) are the most common type of Ethereum account. They are controlled by a person through private keys/recovery phrase. \u003ca href=\"/wallets/\"\u003eMore on Ethereum wallets\u003c/a\u003e.","erc-term":"Ethereum Request for Comments (ERC)","erc-definition":"ERC (\u003cstrong\u003eEthereum Request for Comments\u003c/strong\u003e) is a type of technical documentation used in the Ethereum community to propose new standards of usage for the Ethereum network.","erc-1155-term":"ERC-1155","erc-1155-definition":"A type of Ethereum token standard similar to NFT (like unique collectible items) that also allows to create interchangeable items (like currency) within a single smart contract.","erc-20-term":"ERC-20","erc-20-definition":"Is the standard set of rules that most tokens on Ethereum network are created with.","erc-721-term":"ERC-721","erc-721-definition":"A standard set of rules used to create NFTs (non fungible tokens).","ether-term":"Ether","ether-definition":"The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum, commonly referred to as “ETH”. It is used to cover transaction fees when using Ethereum ecosystem and applications. \u003ca href=\"/eth/\"\u003eMore on ether\u003c/a\u003e.","events-term":"Events","events-definition":"Allows the use of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#evm\"\u003eEVM\u003c/a\u003e logging facilities. \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#dapp\"\u003eDapps\u003c/a\u003e can listen for events and use them to trigger JavaScript callbacks in the user interface. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/smart-contracts/anatomy/#events-and-logs\"\u003eMore on events and logs\u003c/a\u003e","execution-client-term":"Execution client","execution-client-definition":"Execution clients (formerly known as \"Eth1 clients\"), such as Besu, Erigon, Go-Ethereum (Geth), Nethermind, are tasked with processing and broadcasting transactions and managing Ethereum's state. They run the computations for each transaction using the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#evm\"\u003eEthereum Virtual Machine\u003c/a\u003e to ensure that the rules of the protocol are followed.","execution-layer-term":"Execution layer","execution-layer-definition":"Ethereum's execution layer is the network of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#execution-client\"\u003eexecution clients\u003c/a\u003e.","finality-term":"Finality","finality-definition":"Finality is the guarantee that a set of transactions cannot be changed without a huge amount of ETH being lost.","fork-term":"Fork","fork-definition":"A change in protocol causing the creation of an alternative chain.","fraud-proof-term":"Fraud proof","fraud-proof-definition":"A security model for certain \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#layer-2\"\u003elayer 2\u003c/a\u003e solutions where, to increase speed, transactions are \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#rollups\"\u003erolled up\u003c/a\u003e into batches and submitted to Ethereum in a single transaction. Other network participants can re-execute the transactions to check that they were executed honestly. If they uncover a discrepancy between the posted data and their own version they can post a cryptographic proof that demonstrates where some fraud took place. Some \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#rollups\"\u003erollups\u003c/a\u003e use \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#validity-proof\"\u003evalidity proofs\u003c/a\u003e.","gas-term":"Gas","gas-definition":"Gas is the fee paid for transactions and smart contracts on a blockchain, like Ethereum. \u003ca href=\"/gas/\"\u003eMore on gas and fees\u003c/a\u003e.","genesis-block-term":"Genesis block","genesis-block-definition":"The first block in a \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#blockchain\"\u003eblockchain\u003c/a\u003e, used to initialize a particular network and its cryptocurrency.","gwei-term":"Gwei","gwei-definition":"Short for gigawei, a denomination of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#ether\"\u003eether\u003c/a\u003e, commonly utilized to price \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#gas\"\u003egas\u003c/a\u003e. 1 gwei = 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#wei\"\u003ewei\u003c/a\u003e. 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e gwei = 1 ether.","hash-term":"Hash","hash-definition":"A fixed-length fingerprint of variable-size input, produced by a hash function. (See \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#keccak-256\"\u003ekeccak-256\u003c/a\u003e).","holographic-consensus-term":"Holographic consensus","holographic-consensus-definition":"Refers to how a big group decision is made by letting a smaller group of representative people vote. Then everyone else agrees to go along with it, as long as they trust the small group did a good job.","index-term":"Index","index-definition":"A network structure meant to optimize the querying of information from across the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#blockchain\"\u003eblockchain\u003c/a\u003e by providing an efficient path to its storage source.","key-term":"Key","key-definition":"In the context of Ethereum, keys are digital codes: a public key for receiving transactions and a private key for accessing and sending funds.","layer-2-term":"Layer 2","layer-2-definition":"Layer 2s are another networks built on top of Ethereum main network to make transactions faster and cheaper. \u003ca href=\"/layer-2/\"\u003eMore on layer 2\u003c/a\u003e.","liquidity-tokens-term":"Liquidity tokens","liquidity-tokens-definition":"Liquidity tokens (LT) are digital tokens issued to participants who deposit assets into a liquidity pool, which is a collection of funds locked in a smart contract and used to facilitate trading on a decentralized exchange (DEX).","mainnet-term":"Mainnet","mainnet-definition":"Short for \"main network,\" this is the main public Ethereum \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#blockchain\"\u003eblockchain\u003c/a\u003e.","mev-term":"MEV","mev-definition":"A mechanism prioritizing certain actions on a blockchain for a fee, influencing outcomes and the order of transactions.","multisig-term":"Multisig","multisig-definition":"Multisig (multi signature) refers to a digital wallet or account that requires multiple signatures or approvals to execute transactions, enhancing security.","nft-term":"Non-fungible token (NFT)","nft-definition":"A unique digital item you can own, like art or collectibles, verified by blockchain technology. \u003ca href=\"/nft/\"\u003eMore on non-fungible tokens (NFTs)\u003c/a\u003e.","node-term":"Node","node-definition":"A software client that participates in the network. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/\"\u003eMore on nodes and clients\u003c/a\u003e.","ommer-term":"Ommer (uncle) block","ommer-definition":"When a proof-of-work \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#miner\"\u003eminer\u003c/a\u003e finds a valid \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#block\"\u003eblock\u003c/a\u003e, another miner may have published a competing block which is added to the tip of the blockchain first. This valid, but stale, block can be included by newer blocks as \u003cem\u003eommers\u003c/em\u003e and receive a partial block reward. The term \"ommer\" is the preferred gender-neutral term for the sibling of a parent block, but this is also sometimes referred to as an \"uncle\". This was common for Ethereum when it was a \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pow\"\u003eproof-of-work\u003c/a\u003e network. Now that Ethereum uses \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pos\"\u003eproof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e, only one block proposer is selected per slot.","on-chain-term":"On-chain","on-chain-definition":"Refers to actions or transactions that happen on the blockchain and are publicly available.","optimistic-rollup-term":"Optimistic rollup","optimistic-rollup-definition":"Optimistic Rollup is a Layer 2 solution that speeds up transactions on Ethereum, assuming they're valid by default unless challenged. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/scaling/optimistic-rollups/\"\u003eMore on Optimistic rollups\u003c/a\u003e.","peer-to-peer-network-term":"Peer-to-peer network","peer-to-peer-network-definition":"A network of computers (peers) that are collectively able to perform functionalities without the need for centralized, server-based services.","permissionless-term":"Permissionless","permissionless-definition":"No permission or approval is needed to use a system like Ethereum and nobody can stop you from using it. It's open 24/7 for everyone to participate.","private-key-term":"Private key","private-key-definition":"A private key is a secret code that proves you own your digital money and lets you spend it, like a PIN for your account. \u003cstrong\u003eDO NOT SHARE IT\u003c/strong\u003e.","poap-term":"POAP","poap-definition":"Proof of Attendance Protocol is used to create a digital collectible (NFT) that proves you attended a specific event or activity.","pos-term":"Proof-of-stake (PoS)","pos-definition":"A method by which a cryptocurrency blockchain protocol aims to achieve distributed \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#consensus\"\u003econsensus\u003c/a\u003e. PoS asks users to prove ownership of a certain amount of cryptocurrency (their \"stake\" in the network) in order to be able to participate in the validation of transactions. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/\"\u003eMore on proof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e.","pow-term":"Proof-of-work (PoW)","pow-definition":"A security mechanism for blockchains that requires nodes to expend energy in the form of computation to find a certain value.","public-goods-term":"Public goods","public-goods-definition":"Public goods are things everyone can use for free, like parks or clean air, and using them doesn’t stop others from using them too. Governments often provide these because businesses usually won’t, since they can’t easily charge people for using them.","public-key-term":"Public key","public-key-definition":"A public key is a set of characters that lets others send you digital currency securely, like an email address for money.","quadratic-voting-term":"Quadratic voting","quadratic-voting-definition":"Is a voting method where voters express how strongly they feel about issues. It allows voters to show not just preference, but also the intensity of their preference.","recovery-phrase-term":"Seed phrase/recovery phrase","recovery-phrase-definition":"A list of words given to you when you create a digital wallet. It acts like a password that can help you get back into your wallet if you lose access, making sure you don't lose your digital money or tokens.","rollups-term":"Rollups","rollups-definition":"A type of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#layer-2\"\u003elayer 2\u003c/a\u003e scaling solution that batches multiple transactions and submits them to \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#mainnet\"\u003ethe Ethereum main chain\u003c/a\u003e in a single transaction. This allows for reductions in \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#gas\"\u003egas\u003c/a\u003e costs and increases in \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#transaction\"\u003etransaction\u003c/a\u003e throughput. There are Optimistic and Zero-knowledge rollups which use different security methods to offer these scalability gains. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/scaling/#rollups\"\u003eMore on rollups\u003c/a\u003e.","rpc-term":"Remote procedure call (RPC)","rpc-definition":"RPC lets one computer request data or action from another over a network, like asking for info with a remote control.","sequencer-term":"Sequencer","sequencer-definition":"A sequencer is a program responsible for ordering transactions in a blockchain network.","smart-contract-term":"Smart contract","smart-contract-definition":"A smart contract is a program that automatically executes agreements on a blockchain, like a self-enforcing digital contract. \u003ca href=\"/smart-contracts/\"\u003eIntroduction to smart contracts\u003c/a\u003e.","stablecoin-term":"Stablecoin","stablecoin-definition":"A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency designed to have a stable value, often pegged to a currency or commodity (like US dollar), to minimize price volatility. \u003ca href=\"/stablecoins/\"\u003eMore on stablecoins\u003c/a\u003e.","staking-term":"Staking","staking-definition":"Depositing a quantity of \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#ether\"\u003eether\u003c/a\u003e (your stake) to become a validator and secure the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#network\"\u003enetwork\u003c/a\u003e. A validator checks \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#transaction\"\u003etransactions\u003c/a\u003e and proposes \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#block\"\u003eblocks\u003c/a\u003e under a \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pos\"\u003eproof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e consensus model. Staking gives you an economic incentive to act in the best interests of the network. You'll get rewards for carrying out your \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#validator\"\u003evalidator\u003c/a\u003e duties, but lose varying amounts of ETH if you don't. \u003ca href=\"/staking/\"\u003eMore on Ethereum staking\u003c/a\u003e.","staking-pool-term":"Staking pool","staking-pool-definition":"The combined ETH of more than one Ethereum staker, used to reach the 32 ETH required to activate a set of validator keys. A node operator uses these keys to participate in consensus and the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#block-reward\"\u003eblock rewards\u003c/a\u003e are split amongst contributing stakers. Staking pools or delegating staking are not native to the Ethereum protocol, but many solutions have been built by the community. \u003ca href=\"/staking/pools/\"\u003eMore on pooled staking\u003c/a\u003e.","sybil-attack-term":"Sybil attack","sybil-attack-definition":"Sybil attacks refer to individual humans tricking a system into thinking they are multiple people to increase their influence.","terminal-total-difficulty-term":"Terminal total difficulty (TTD)","terminal-total-difficulty-definition":"The total difficulty is the sum of the Ethash mining difficulty for all blocks up to some specific point in the blockchain. The terminal total difficulty is a specific value for the total difficulty that was used as the trigger for execution clients to switch off their mining and block gossip functions enabling the network to transition to proof-of-stake. It is no longer relevant because Ethereum moved to \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pos\"\u003eproof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e.","transaction-fee-term":"Transaction fee","transaction-fee-definition":"A fee you need to pay whenever you use the Ethereum network. Examples include sending funds from your \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#wallet\"\u003ewallet\u003c/a\u003e or a \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#dapp\"\u003edapp\u003c/a\u003e interaction, like swapping tokens or buying a collectable. You can think of this like a service charge. This fee will change based on how busy the network is. This is because \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#validator\"\u003evalidators\u003c/a\u003e, the people responsible for processing your transaction, are likely to prioritize transactions with higher fees – so congestion forces the price up.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eAt a technical level, your transaction fee relates to how much \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#gas\"\u003egas\u003c/a\u003e your transaction requires.\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cbr/\u003eReducing transaction fees is a subject of intense interest right now. See \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#layer-2\"\u003eLayer 2\u003c/a\u003e.","trust-assumptions-term":"Trust assumptions","trust-assumptions-definition":"Trust assumptions are basic beliefs about a system's safety and dependability, guiding what we trust for the system to function.","validator-term":"Validator","validator-definition":"A \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#node\"\u003enode\u003c/a\u003e in a \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pos\"\u003eproof-of-stake\u003c/a\u003e system responsible for storing data, processing transactions, and adding new blocks to the blockchain. To activate validator software, you need to be able to \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#staking\"\u003estake\u003c/a\u003e 32 ETH. \u003ca href=\"/staking/\"\u003eMore on staking in Ethereum\u003c/a\u003e.","validity-proof-term":"Validity proof","validity-proof-definition":"A security model for certain \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#layer-2\"\u003elayer 2\u003c/a\u003e solutions where, to increase speed, transactions are rolled up into batches and submitted to Ethereum in a single transaction. The transaction computation is done off-chain and then supplied to the main chain with a proof of their validity. This method increases the amount of transactions possible while maintaining security. Some \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#rollups\"\u003erollups\u003c/a\u003e use \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#fraud-proof\"\u003efraud proof\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/\"\u003eMore on zero-knowledge rollups\u003c/a\u003e.","wallet-term":"Wallet","wallet-definition":"A wallet is a digital tool to store, send, and receive digital currency, like a virtual purse for your online money. \u003ca href=\"/wallets/\"\u003eMore on Ethereum wallets\u003c/a\u003e.","web2-term":"Web2","web2-definition":"Is the current internet, focused on user-generated content and social media that are controlled by few companies. Web3 is a crypto belief that users should control their data and transactions instead.","web3-term":"Web3","web3-definition":"Web3 is the new internet with blockchain, where users control their data and transactions, not companies. No need to share any personal information. \u003ca href=\"/web3/\"\u003eMore on web3\u003c/a\u003e.","wei-term":"Wei","wei-definition":"The smallest denomination of ether. 10\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e wei = 1 ether.","zk-proof-term":"Zero-knowledge proof","zk-proof-definition":"A zero-knowledge proof is a cryptographic method that allows an individual to prove that a statement is true without conveying any additional information. \u003ca href=\"/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/\"\u003eMore on zero-knowledge rollups\u003c/a\u003e."}}},"initialLocale":"en","ns":["common","page-history","glossary-tooltip"],"userConfig":{"i18n":{"defaultLocale":"default","locales":["default","en","am","ar","az","be","bg","bn","bs","ca","cs","da","de","el","es","fa","fi","fr","gl","gu","ha","he","hi","hr","hu","hy-am","id","ig","it","ja","ka","kk","km","kn","ko","lt","ml","mr","ms","ne-np","nl","nb","pcm","fil","pl","pt-br","pt","ro","ru","se","sk","sl","sn","sr","sw","ta","te","tk","th","tl","tr","tw","uk","ur","uz","vi","yo","zh-tw","zh"],"localeDetection":false},"localePath":"/opt/build/repo/src/intl","reloadOnPrerender":true,"load":"currentOnly","cleanCode":true,"lowerCaseLng":true,"default":{"i18n":{"defaultLocale":"default","locales":["default","en","am","ar","az","be","bg","bn","bs","ca","cs","da","de","el","es","fa","fi","fr","gl","gu","ha","he","hi","hr","hu","hy-am","id","ig","it","ja","ka","kk","km","kn","ko","lt","ml","mr","ms","ne-np","nl","nb","pcm","fil","pl","pt-br","pt","ro","ru","se","sk","sl","sn","sr","sw","ta","te","tk","th","tl","tr","tw","uk","ur","uz","vi","yo","zh-tw","zh"],"localeDetection":false},"localePath":"/opt/build/repo/src/intl","reloadOnPrerender":true,"load":"currentOnly","cleanCode":true,"lowerCaseLng":true}}},"mdxSource":{"compiledSource":"var d=Object.defineProperty,m=Object.defineProperties;var u=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors;var i=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols;var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,l=Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable;var s=(a,t,r)=\u003et in a?d(a,t,{enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:r}):a[t]=r,e=(a,t)=\u003e{for(var r in t||(t={}))o.call(t,r)\u0026\u0026s(a,r,t[r]);if(i)for(var r of i(t))l.call(t,r)\u0026\u0026s(a,r,t[r]);return a},p=(a,t)=\u003em(a,u(t));var h=(a,t)=\u003e{var r={};for(var n in a)o.call(a,n)\u0026\u0026t.indexOf(n)\u003c0\u0026\u0026(r[n]=a[n]);if(a!=null\u0026\u0026i)for(var n of i(a))t.indexOf(n)\u003c0\u0026\u0026l.call(a,n)\u0026\u0026(r[n]=a[n]);return r};const makeShortcode=a=\u003efunction(r){return console.warn(\"Component \"+a+\" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\"),mdx(\"div\",e({},r))},ExpandableCard=makeShortcode(\"ExpandableCard\"),Divider=makeShortcode(\"Divider\"),NetworkUpgradeSummary=makeShortcode(\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"),Emoji=makeShortcode(\"Emoji\"),DocLink=makeShortcode(\"DocLink\"),layoutProps={},MDXLayout=\"wrapper\";function MDXContent(r){var n=r,{components:a}=n,t=h(n,[\"components\"]);return mdx(MDXLayout,p(e(e({},layoutProps),t),{components:a,mdxType:\"MDXLayout\"}),mdx(\"h1\",e({},{id:\"the-history-of-ethereum\"}),\"The history of Ethereum\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"A timeline of all the major milestones, forks, and updates to the Ethereum blockchain.\"),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"What are forks?\",contentPreview:\"Changes to the rules of the Ethereum protocol which often include planned technical upgrades.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"p\",null,\"Forks are when major technical upgrades or changes need to be made to the network \\u2013 they typically stem from \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/eips/\"},\"Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs)\"),' and change the \"rules\" of the protocol.'),mdx(\"p\",null,\"When upgrades are needed in traditional, centrally-controlled software, the company will just publish a new version for the end-user. Blockchains work differently because there is no central ownership. \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/\"},\"Ethereum clients\"),\" must update their software to implement the new fork rules. Plus block creators (miners in a proof-of-work world, validators in a proof-of-stake world) and nodes must create blocks and validate against the new rules. \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/\"},\"More on consensus mechanisms\")),mdx(\"p\",null,\"These rule changes may create a temporary split in the network. New blocks could be produced according to the new rules or the old ones. Forks are usually agreed upon ahead of time so that clients adopt the changes in unison and the fork with the upgrades becomes the main chain. However, in rare cases, disagreements over forks can cause the network to permanently split \\u2013 most notably the creation of Ethereum Classic with the \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"#dao-fork\"},\"DAO fork\"),\".\")),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Why do some upgrades have multiple names?\",contentPreview:\"Upgrades names follow a pattern\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"p\",null,\"The software that underlies Ethereum is composed of two halves, known as the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#execution-layer\"}),\"execution layer\"),\" and the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#consensus-layer\"}),\"consensus layer\"),\".\"),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Execution upgrade naming\")),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Since 2021, upgrades to the \",mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"execution layer\"),\" are named according to the city names of \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://devcon.org/en/past-events/\"}),\"previous Devcon locations\"),\" in chronological order:\"),mdx(\"table\",null,mdx(\"thead\",{parentName:\"table\"},mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"thead\"},mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Upgrade Name\"),mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Devcon Year\"),mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Devcon Number\"),mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Upgrade Date\"))),mdx(\"tbody\",{parentName:\"table\"},mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Berlin\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2014\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"0\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Apr 15, 2021\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"London\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2015\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"I\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Aug 5, 2021\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Shanghai\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2016\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"II\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Apr 12, 2023\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"td\"},\"Cancun\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2017\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"III\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Mar 13, 2024\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"td\"},\"Prague\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2018\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"IV\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"TBD\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"td\"},\"Osaka\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2019\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"V\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"TBD\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"td\"},\"Bogota\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2022\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"VI\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"TBD\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"td\"},\"Bangkok\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"2024\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"VII\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"TBD\")))),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Consensus upgrade naming\")),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Since the launch of the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#beacon-chain\"}),\"Beacon Chain\"),\", upgrades to the \",mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"consensus layer\"),\" are named after celestial stars beginning with letters that proceed in alphabetical order:\"),mdx(\"table\",null,mdx(\"thead\",{parentName:\"table\"},mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"thead\"},mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Upgrade Name\"),mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Upgrade Date\"))),mdx(\"tbody\",{parentName:\"table\"},mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Beacon Chain genesis\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Dec 1, 2020\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"td\"},{href:\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair\"}),\"Altair\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Oct 27, 2021\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"td\"},{href:\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellatrix\"}),\"Bellatrix\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Sep 6, 2022\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"td\"},{href:\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capella\"}),\"Capella\")),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Apr 12, 2023\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"td\"},{href:\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneb\"}),mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"a\"},\"Deneb\"))),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Mar 13, 2024\")),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"td\"},{href:\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_(star)\"}),mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"a\"},\"Electra\"))),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"TBD\")))),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Combined naming\")),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The execution and consensus upgrades were initially rolled out at different times, but after \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/merge/\"}),\"The Merge\"),\" in 2022 these have been deployed simultaneously. As-such, colloquial terms have emerged to simplify references to these upgrades using a single conjoined term. This began with the \",mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Shanghai-Capella\"),' upgrade, commonly referred to as \"',mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Shapella\"),'\", and is continued with the ',mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Cancun-Deneb\"),' upgrade, which may be referred to as \"',mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Dencun\"),'.\"'),mdx(\"table\",null,mdx(\"thead\",{parentName:\"table\"},mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"thead\"},mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Execution Upgrade\"),mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Consensus Upgrade\"),mdx(\"th\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Short Name\"))),mdx(\"tbody\",{parentName:\"table\"},mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Shanghai\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Capella\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),'\"Shapella\"')),mdx(\"tr\",{parentName:\"tbody\"},mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Cancun\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),\"Deneb\"),mdx(\"td\",e({parentName:\"tr\"},{align:null}),'\"Dencun\"'))))),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Skip straight to information about some of the particularly important past upgrades: \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/beacon-chain/\"}),\"The Beacon Chain\"),\"; \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/merge/\"}),\"The Merge\"),\"; and \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#london\"}),\"EIP-1559\")),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Looking for future protocol upgrades? \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/\"}),\"Learn about upcoming upgrades on the Ethereum roadmap\"),\".\"),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2024\"}),\"2024\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"dencun\"}),'Cancun-Deneb (\"Dencun\")'),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"dencun\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"cancun-summary\"}),\"Cancun summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Cancun upgrade contains a set of improvements to Ethereum's \",mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"execution\"),\" aimed towards improving scalability, in tandem with the Deneb consensus upgrades.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Notably this includes EIP-4844, known as \",mdx(\"strong\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Proto-Danksharding\"),', which significantly decreases the cost of data storage for layer 2 rollups. This is achieved through the introduction of data \"blobs\" which enables rollups to post data to Mainnet for a short period of time. This results in significantly lower transaction fees for users of layer 2 rollups.'),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Cancun EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1153\"},\"EIP-1153\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Transient storage opcodes\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4788\"},\"EIP-4788\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Beacon block root in the EVM\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844\"},\"EIP-4844\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Shard blob transactions (Proto-Danksharding)\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-5656\"},\"EIP-5656\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,mdx(\"code\",null,\"MCOPY\"),\" - Memory copying instruction\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6780\"},\"EIP-6780\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,mdx(\"code\",null,\"SELFDESTRUCT\"),\" only in same transaction\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7516\"},\"EIP-7516\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,mdx(\"code\",null,\"BLOBBASEFEE\"),\" opcode\")))),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/layer-2/\"}),\"Layer 2 rollups\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/roadmap/scaling/#proto-danksharding\"}),\"Proto-Danksharding\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/roadmap/danksharding/\"}),\"Danksharding\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/cancun.md\"}),\"Read the Cancun upgrade specification\"))),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"deneb-summary\"}),\"Deneb summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Deneb upgrade contains a set of improvements to Ethereum's \",mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"consensus\"),\" aimed towards improving scalability. This upgrade comes in tandem with the Cancun execution upgrades to enable Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844), along with other improvements to the Beacon Chain.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,'Pre-generated signed \"voluntary exit messages\" no longer expire, thus giving more control to users staking their funds with a third-party node operator. With this signed exit message, stakers can delegate node operation while maintaining the ability to safely exit and withdraw their funds at any time, without needing to ask permission from anyone.'),mdx(\"p\",null,'EIP-7514 brings a tightening to the issuance of ETH by capping the \"churn\" rate that validators can join the network to eight (8) per epoch. Since ETH issuance is proportional to total ETH staked, limiting the number of validators joining caps the ',mdx(\"em\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"growth rate\"),\" of newly issued ETH, while also reducing hardware requirements for node operators, helping decentralization.\"),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Deneb EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4788\"},\"EIP-4788\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Beacon block root in the EVM\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844\"},\"EIP-4844\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Shard blob transactions\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7044\"},\"EIP-7044\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Perpetually valid signed voluntary exits\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7045\"},\"EIP-7045\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Increase max attestation inclusion slot\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7514\"},\"EIP-7514\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Add max epoch churn limit\")))),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/dev/specs/deneb/\"}),\"Read the Deneb upgrade specifications\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/roadmap/dencun/\"}),'Cancun-Deneb (\"Dencun\") FAQ'))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2023\"}),\"2023\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"shapella\"}),'Shanghai-Capella (\"Shapella\")'),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"shapella\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"shanghai-summary\"}),\"Shanghai summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Shanghai upgrade brought staking withdrawals to the execution layer. In tandem with the Capella upgrade, this enabled blocks to accept withdrawal operations, which allows stakers to withdraw their ETH from the Beacon Chain to the execution layer.\"),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Shanghai EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3651\"},\"EIP-3651\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Starts the \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"COINBASE\"),\" address warm\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3855\"},\"EIP-3855\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"New \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"PUSH0\"),\" instruction\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3860\"},\"EIP-3860\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Limit and meter initcode\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4895\"},\"EIP-4895\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Beacon chain push withdrawals as operations\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6049\"},\"EIP-6049\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Deprecate \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"SELFDESTRUCT\"))))),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md\"}),\"Read the Shanghai upgrade specification\"))),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"capella-summary\"}),\"Capella summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Capella upgrade was the third major upgrade to the consensus layer (Beacon Chain) and enabled staking withdrawals. Capella occurred synchronously with the execution layer upgrade, Shanghai, and enabled staking withdrawal functionality.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"This consensus layer upgrade brought the ability for stakers who did not provide withdrawal credentials with their initial deposit to do so, thereby enabling withdrawals.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The upgrade also provided automatic account sweeping functionality, which continuously processes validator accounts for any available rewards payments or full withdrawals.\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/staking/withdrawals/\"}),\"More on staking withdrawals\"),\".\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/dev/specs/capella/\"}),\"Read the Capella upgrade specifications\"))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2022\"}),\"2022\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"paris\"}),\"Paris (The Merge)\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"paris\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"paris-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Paris upgrade was triggered by the proof-of-work blockchain passing a \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#terminal-total-difficulty\"}),\"terminal total difficulty\"),\" of 58750000000000000000000. This happened at block 15537393 on 15th September 2022, triggering the Paris upgrade the next block. Paris was \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/merge/\"}),\"The Merge\"),\" transition - its major feature was switching off the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow\"}),\"proof-of-work\"),\" mining algorithm and associated consensus logic and switching on \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos\"}),\"proof-of-stake\"),\" instead. Paris itself was an upgrade to the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#execution-clients\"}),\"execution clients\"),\" (equivalent to Bellatrix on the consensus layer) that enabled them to take instruction from their connected \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#consensus-clients\"}),\"consensus clients\"),\". This required a new set of internal API methods, collectively known as the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/common.md\"}),\"Engine API\"),\", to be activated. This was arguably the most significant upgrade in Ethereum history since \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#homestead\"}),\"Homestead\"),\"!\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/paris.md\"}),\"Read the Paris upgrade specification\"))),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Paris EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3675\"},\"EIP-3675\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Upgrade consensus to Proof-of-Stake\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4399\"},\"EIP-4399\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"Supplant DIFFICULTY opcode with PREVRANDAO\")))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"bellatrix\"}),\"Bellatrix\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"bellatrix\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"bellatrix-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Bellatrix upgrade was the second scheduled upgrade for the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/beacon-chain\"}),\"Beacon Chain\"),\", preparing the chain for \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/merge/\"}),\"The Merge\"),\". It brings validator penalties to their full values for inactivity and slashable offenses. Bellatrix also includes an update to the fork choice rules to prepare the chain for The Merge and the transition from the last proof-of-work block to the first proof-of-stake block. This includes making consensus clients aware of the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#terminal-total-difficulty\"}),\"terminal total difficulty\"),\" of 58750000000000000000000.\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/tree/dev/specs/bellatrix\"}),\"Read the Bellatrix upgrade specification\"))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"gray-glacier\"}),\"Gray Glacier\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"grayGlacier\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"gray-glacier-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Gray Glacier network upgrade pushed back the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#difficulty-bomb\"}),\"difficulty bomb\"),\" by three months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#arrow-glacier\"}),\"Arrow Glacier\"),\" and \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#muir-glacier\"}),\"Muir Glacier\"),\" upgrades. Similar changes have been performed on the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#byzantium\"}),\"Byzantium\"),\", \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#constantinople\"}),\"Constantinople\"),\" and \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#london\"}),\"London\"),\" network upgrades.\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2022/06/16/gray-glacier-announcement/\"}),\"EF Blog - Gray Glacier Upgrade Announcement\"))),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Gray Glacier EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-5133\"},\"EIP-5133\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"delays the difficulty bomb until September 2022\")))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2021\"}),\"2021\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"arrow-glacier\"}),\"Arrow Glacier\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"arrowGlacier\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"arrow-glacier-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Arrow Glacier network upgrade pushed back the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#difficulty-bomb\"}),\"difficulty bomb\"),\" by several months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#muir-glacier\"}),\"Muir Glacier\"),\" upgrade. Similar changes have been performed on the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#byzantium\"}),\"Byzantium\"),\", \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#constantinople\"}),\"Constantinople\"),\" and \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"#london\"}),\"London\"),\" network upgrades.\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/11/10/arrow-glacier-announcement/\"}),\"EF Blog - Arrow Glacier Upgrade Announcement\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/ethereum-arrow-glacier-upgrade-e8d20fa4c002\"}),\"Ethereum Cat Herders - Ethereum Arrow Glacier Upgrade\"))),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Arrow Glacier EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4345\"},\"EIP-4345\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"delays the difficulty bomb until June 2022\")))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"altair\"}),\"Altair\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"altair\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"altair-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Altair upgrade was the first scheduled upgrade for the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/beacon-chain\"}),\"Beacon Chain\"),'. It added support for \"sync committees\"\\u2014enabling light clients, and increased validator inactivity and slashing penalties as development progressed towards The Merge.'),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/tree/dev/specs/altair\"}),\"Read the Altair upgrade specification\"))),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"altair-fun-fact\"}),mdx(Emoji,{text:\":tada:\",size:1,className:\"me-2\",mdxType:\"Emoji\"}),\"Fun fact!\"),mdx(\"p\",null,'Altair was the first major network upgrade that had an exact rollout time. Every upgrade prior had been based on a declared block number on the proof-of-work chain, where block times vary. The Beacon Chain does not require solving for proof-of-work, and instead works on a time-based epoch system consisting of 32 twelve-second \"slots\" of time where validators can propose blocks. This is why we knew exactly when we would hit epoch 74,240 and Altair became live!'),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/blocks/#block-time\"}),\"Block time\"))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"london\"}),\"London\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"london\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"london-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The London upgrade introduced \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559\"}),\"EIP-1559\"),\", which reformed the transaction fee market, along with changes to how gas refunds are handled and the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#ice-age\"}),\"Ice Age\"),\" schedule.\"),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"eip-1559\"}),\"What was the London Upgrade / EIP-1559?\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Before the London Upgrade, Ethereum had fixed-sized blocks. In times of high network demand, these blocks operated at full capacity. As a result, users often had to wait for demand to reduce to get included in a block, which led to a poor user experience. The London Upgrade introduced variable-sized blocks to Ethereum.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The way transaction fees on the Ethereum network were calculated changed with \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/history/#london\"}),\"the London Upgrade\"),\" of August 2021. Before the London upgrade, fees were calculated without separating \",mdx(\"inlineCode\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"base\"),\" and \",mdx(\"inlineCode\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"priority\"),\" fees, as follows:\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Let's say Alice had to pay Bob 1 ETH. In the transaction, the gas limit is 21,000 units, and the gas price is 200 gwei.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The total fee would have been: \",mdx(\"inlineCode\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"Gas units (limit) * Gas price per unit\"),\" i.e \",mdx(\"inlineCode\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"21,000 * 200 = 4,200,000 gwei\"),\" or 0.0042 ETH\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The implementation of \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559\"}),\"EIP-1559\"),\" in the London Upgrade made the transaction fee mechanism more complex, but made gas fees more predictable, resulting in a more efficient transaction fee market. Users can submit transactions with a \",mdx(\"inlineCode\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"maxFeePerGas\"),\" corresponding to how much they are willing to pay for the transaction to be executed, knowing that they will not pay more than the market price for gas (\",mdx(\"inlineCode\",{parentName:\"p\"},\"baseFeePerGas\"),\"), and get any extra, minus their tip, refunded.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"This video explains EIP-1559 and the benefits it brings: \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGemhK9t44Q\"}),\"EIP-1559 Explained\")),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/london-ecosystem-readiness.md\"}),\"Are you a dapp developer? Be sure to upgrade your libraries and tooling.\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/07/15/london-mainnet-announcement/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/london-upgrade-overview-8eccb0041b41\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer\"))),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"London EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559\"},\"EIP-1559\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"improves the transaction fee market\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3198\"},\"EIP-3198\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"returns the \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"BASEFEE\"),\" from a block\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3529\"},\"EIP-3529\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"reduces gas refunds for EVM operations\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3541\"},\"EIP-3541\"),\" - \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"prevents deploying contracts starting with \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"0xEF\"))),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3554\"},\"EIP-3554\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"delays the Ice Age until December 2021\")))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"berlin\"}),\"Berlin\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"berlin\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"berlin-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Berlin upgrade optimized gas cost for certain EVM actions, and increases support for multiple transaction types.\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/03/08/ethereum-berlin-upgrade-announcement/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/the-berlin-upgrade-overview-2f7ad710eb80\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer\"))),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Berlin EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this upgrade.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2565\"},\"EIP-2565\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"lowers ModExp gas cost\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2718\"},\"EIP-2718\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"enables easier support for multiple transaction types\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929\"},\"EIP-2929\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"gas cost increases for state access opcodes\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2930\"},\"EIP-2930\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adds optional access lists\")))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2020\"}),\"2020\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"beacon-chain-genesis\"}),\"Beacon Chain genesis\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"beaconChainGenesis\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"beacon-chain-genesis-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/beacon-chain/\"}),\"Beacon Chain\"),\" needed 16384 deposits of 32 staked ETH to ship securely. This happened on November 27, meaning the Beacon Chain started producing blocks on December 1, 2020. This is an important first step in achieving the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/vision/\"}),\"Ethereum vision\"),\".\"),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/27/eth2-quick-update-no-21/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(DocLink,{href:\"/roadmap/beacon-chain/\",mdxType:\"DocLink\"},\"The Beacon Chain\"),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"staking-deposit-contract\"}),\"Staking deposit contract deployed\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"stakingDepositContractDeployed\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"deposit-contract-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The staking deposit contract introduced \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#staking\"}),\"staking\"),\" to the Ethereum ecosystem. Although a \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#mainnet\"}),\"Mainnet\"),\" contract, it had a direct impact on the timeline for launching the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/beacon-chain/\"}),\"Beacon Chain\"),\", an important \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/roadmap/\"}),\"Ethereum upgrade\"),\".\"),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/04/eth2-quick-update-no-19/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(DocLink,{href:\"/staking/\",mdxType:\"DocLink\"},\"Staking\"),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"muir-glacier\"}),\"Muir Glacier\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"muirGlacier\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"muir-glacier-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Muir Glacier fork introduced a delay to the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#difficulty-bomb\"}),\"difficulty bomb\"),\". Increases in block difficulty of the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/\"}),\"proof-of-work\"),\" consensus mechanism threatened to degrade the usability of Ethereum by increasing wait times for sending transactions and using dapps.\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/12/23/ethereum-muir-glacier-upgrade-announcement/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"https://medium.com/ethereum-cat-herders/ethereum-muir-glacier-upgrade-89b8cea5a210\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer\"))),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Muir Glacier EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this fork.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2384\"},\"EIP-2384\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"delays the difficulty bomb for another 4,000,000 blocks, or ~611 days.\")))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2019\"}),\"2019\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"istanbul\"}),\"Istanbul\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"istanbul\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"istanbul-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Istanbul fork:\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Optimised the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/glossary/#gas\"}),\"gas\"),\" cost of certain actions in the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/ethereum-stack/#ethereum-virtual-machine\"}),\"EVM\"),\".\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Improved denial-of-service attack resilience.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Made \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/scaling/#layer-2-scaling\"}),\"Layer 2 scaling\"),\" solutions based on SNARKs and STARKs more performant.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Enabled Ethereum and Zcash to interoperate.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Allowed contracts to introduce more creative functions.\")),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/11/20/ethereum-istanbul-upgrade-announcement/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Istanbul EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this fork.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-152\"},\"EIP-152\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"allow Ethereum to work with privacy-preserving currency like Zcash.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1108\"},\"EIP-1108\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"cheaper cryptography to improve \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/glossary/#gas\"},\"gas\"),\" costs.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1344\"},\"EIP-1344\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"protects Ethereum against replay attacks by adding \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"CHAINID\"),\" \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/developers/docs/ethereum-stack/#ethereum-virtual-machine\"},\"opcode\"),\".\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884\"},\"EIP-1884\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"optimising opcode gas prices based on consumption.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2028\"},\"EIP-2028\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"reduces the cost of CallData to allow more data in blocks \\u2013 good for \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/developers/docs/scaling/#layer-2-scaling\"},\"Layer 2 scaling\"),\".\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2200\"},\"EIP-2200\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"other opcode gas price alterations.\")))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"constantinople\"}),\"Constantinople\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"constantinople\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"constantinople-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Constantinople fork:\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Reduced block \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/\"}),\"mining\"),\" rewards from 3 to 2 ETH.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Ensured the blockchain didn't freeze before \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"#beacon-chain-genesis\"}),\"proof-of-stake was implemented\"),\".\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Optimised the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/glossary/#gas\"}),\"gas\"),\" cost of certain actions in the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/ethereum-stack/#ethereum-virtual-machine\"}),\"EVM\"),\".\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Added the ability to interact with addresses that haven't been created yet.\")),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2019/02/22/ethereum-constantinople-st-petersburg-upgrade-announcement/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Constantinople EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this fork.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-145\"},\"EIP-145\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"optimises cost of certain on-chain actions.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1014\"},\"EIP-1014\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"allows you to interact with addresses that have yet to be created.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1052\"},\"EIP-1052\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"introduces the \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"EXTCODEHASH\"),\" instruction to retrieve the hash of another contract's code.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1234\"},\"EIP-1234\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"makes sure the blockchain doesn't freeze before proof-of-stake and reduces block reward from 3 to 2 ETH.\")))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2017\"}),\"2017\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"byzantium\"}),\"Byzantium\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"byzantium\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"byzantium-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Byzantium fork:\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Reduced block \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/mining/\"}),\"mining\"),\" rewards from 5 to 3 ETH.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Delayed the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/glossary/#difficulty-bomb\"}),\"difficulty bomb\"),\" by a year.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Added ability to make non-state-changing calls to other contracts.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"Added certain cryptography methods to allow for \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"li\"},{href:\"/developers/docs/scaling/#layer-2-scaling\"}),\"layer 2 scaling\"),\".\")),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2017/10/12/byzantium-hf-announcement/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Byzantium EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this fork.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-140\"},\"EIP-140\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adds \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"REVERT\"),\" opcode.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-658\"},\"EIP-658\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"status field added to transaction receipts to indicate success or failure.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-196\"},\"EIP-196\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adds elliptic curve and scalar multiplication to allow for \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/\"},\"ZK-Snarks\"),\".\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-197\"},\"EIP-197\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adds elliptic curve and scalar multiplication to allow for \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/\"},\"ZK-Snarks\"),\".\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198\"},\"EIP-198\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"enables RSA signature verification.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-211\"},\"EIP-211\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adds support for variable length return values.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-214\"},\"EIP-214\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adds \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"STATICCALL\"),\" opcode, allowing non-state-changing calls to other contracts.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-100\"},\"EIP-100\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"changes difficulty adjustment formula.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-649\"},\"EIP-649\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"delays \",mdx(\"a\",{href:\"/glossary/#difficulty-bomb\"},\"difficulty bomb\"),\" by 1 year and reduces block reward from 5 to 3 ETH.\")))),mdx(Divider,{mdxType:\"Divider\"}),mdx(\"h2\",e({},{id:\"2016\"}),\"2016\"),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"spurious-dragon\"}),\"Spurious Dragon\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"spuriousDragon\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"spurious-dragon-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Spurious Dragon fork was the second response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including:\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"tuning opcode pricing to prevent future attacks on the network.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"enabling \\u201Cdebloat\\u201D of the blockchain state.\"),mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"adding replay attack protection.\")),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/11/18/hard-fork-no-4-spurious-dragon/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Spurious Dragon EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this fork.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-155\"},\"EIP-155\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"prevents transactions from one Ethereum chain from being rebroadcasted on an alternative chain, for example a testnet transaction being replayed on the main Ethereum chain.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-160\"},\"EIP-160\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"adjusts prices of \",mdx(\"code\",null,\"EXP\"),\" opcode \\u2013 makes it more difficult to slow down the network via computationally expensive contract operations.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-161\"},\"EIP-161\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"allows for removal of empty accounts added via the DOS attacks.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-170\"},\"EIP-170\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"changes the maximum code size that a contract on the blockchain can have \\u2013 to 24576 bytes.\")))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"tangerine-whistle\"}),\"Tangerine whistle\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"tangerineWhistle\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"tangerine-whistle-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Tangerine Whistle fork was the first response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including:\"),mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",{parentName:\"ul\"},\"addressing urgent network health issues concerning underpriced operation codes.\")),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/10/18/faq-upcoming-ethereum-hard-fork/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(ExpandableCard,{title:\"Tangerine Whistle EIPs\",contentPreview:\"Official improvements included in this fork.\",mdxType:\"ExpandableCard\"},mdx(\"ul\",null,mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-150\"},\"EIP-150\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"increases gas costs of opcodes that can be used in spam attacks.\")),mdx(\"li\",null,mdx(\"a\",{href:\"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-158\"},\"EIP-158\"),\" \\u2013 \",mdx(\"em\",null,\"reduces state size by removing a large number of empty accounts that were put in the state at very low cost due to flaws in earlier versions of the Ethereum protocol.\")))),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"dao-fork\"}),\"DAO fork\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"daoFork\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"dao-fork-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The DAO fork was in response to the \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://www.coindesk.com/learn/understanding-the-dao-attack/\"}),\"2016 DAO attack\"),\" where an insecure \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"/glossary/#dao\"}),\"DAO\"),\" contract was drained of over 3.6 million ETH in a hack. The fork moved the funds from the faulty contract to a \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://etherscan.io/address/0xbf4ed7b27f1d666546e30d74d50d173d20bca754\"}),\"new contract\"),\" with a single function: withdraw. Anyone who lost funds could withdraw 1 ETH for every 100 DAO tokens in their wallets.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"This course of action was voted on by the Ethereum community. Any ETH holder was able to vote via a transaction on \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620030820/http://v1.carbonvote.com/\"}),\"a voting platform\"),\". The decision to fork reached over 85% of the votes.\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"Some miners refused to fork because the DAO incident wasn't a defect in the protocol. They went on to form \",mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://ethereumclassic.org/\"}),\"Ethereum Classic\"),\".\"),mdx(\"p\",null,mdx(\"a\",e({parentName:\"p\"},{href:\"https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/07/20/hard-fork-completed/\"}),\"Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement\")),mdx(\"hr\",null),mdx(\"h3\",e({},{id:\"homestead\"}),\"Homestead\"),mdx(NetworkUpgradeSummary,{name:\"homestead\",mdxType:\"NetworkUpgradeSummary\"}),mdx(\"h4\",e({},{id:\"homestead-summary\"}),\"Summary\"),mdx(\"p\",null,\"The Homestead fork that looked to the future. 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Please describe.\r\n\r\nOur markdown page template includes \"edit\" button leading users to github to edit the content. Currently we do not track how many people click on this. We would like to have more information about this component.\r\n\r\nSee examples where this button is:\r\nhttps://ethereum.org/en/guides/\r\nhttps://ethereum.org/en/guides/how-to-create-an-ethereum-account/\r\nhttps://ethereum.org/en/web3/\r\nhttps://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/\r\n\r\nThis is how the button looks like:\r\n\u003cimg width=\"232\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024-07-18 at 17 44 02\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/f60aa060-0c24-4c54-a34b-e4508988a94c\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n### Describe the solution you'd like\r\n\r\nImplement custom event tracking code:\r\n\r\nEvent Category\r\nedit_page\r\n\r\nEvent Action\r\ngh_edit_click\r\n\r\nEvent Name\r\n{page url}\r\n\r\n\r\n### Describe alternatives you've considered\r\n\r\nNA\r\n\r\n### Additional context\r\n\r\n_No response_\r\n\r\n### Would you like to work on this issue?\r\n\r\n- [ ] Yes\r\n- [X] No","closed_by":null,"reactions":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13422/reactions","total_count":3,"+1":3,"-1":0,"laugh":0,"hooray":0,"confused":0,"heart":0,"rocket":0,"eyes":0},"timeline_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13422/timeline","performed_via_github_app":null,"state_reason":null},{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13054","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13054/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13054/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13054/events","html_url":"https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13054","id":2319785331,"node_id":"I_kwDOBvEA_s6KRR1z","number":13054,"title":"Create stories for Staking 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You can get context of how this component is used on the [assets page](https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/blob/9fe3b2d2af409bee47fba1759541af962ce2274c/src/pages/assets.tsx#L187)","closed_by":null,"reactions":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13045/reactions","total_count":0,"+1":0,"-1":0,"laugh":0,"hooray":0,"confused":0,"heart":0,"rocket":0,"eyes":0},"timeline_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/13045/timeline","performed_via_github_app":null,"state_reason":null},{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937/events","html_url":"https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937","id":2287097537,"node_id":"I_kwDOBvEA_s6IUlbB","number":12937,"title":"Add event listing: European Blockchain Convention","user":{"login":"Tatianavyto","id":169032511,"node_id":"U_kgDOChM7Pw","avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/169032511?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto","html_url":"https://github.com/Tatianavyto","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Tatianavyto/received_events","type":"User","user_view_type":"public","site_admin":false},"labels":[{"id":796509431,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWw3OTY1MDk0MzE=","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/help%20wanted","name":"help wanted","color":"206699","default":true,"description":"Extra attention is needed or someone is needed to help"},{"id":1632703486,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwxNjMyNzAzNDg2","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/low%20priority","name":"low priority","color":"0e8a16","default":false,"description":"This has a low priority"},{"id":2110684893,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyMTEwNjg0ODkz","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/Status:%20Stale","name":"Status: Stale","color":"eacc8f","default":false,"description":"This issue is stale because it has been open 30 days with no activity."},{"id":2847180148,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyODQ3MTgwMTQ4","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/good%20first%20issue","name":"good first issue","color":"6C5DF6","default":true,"description":"Good item to try if you're new to contributing"},{"id":5222559533,"node_id":"LA_kwDOBvEA_s8AAAABN0nvLQ","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/event%20%F0%9F%93%85","name":"event 📅","color":"6D289B","default":false,"description":"This issue or pull request is related to an event listing"}],"state":"open","locked":false,"assignee":null,"assignees":[],"milestone":null,"comments":8,"created_at":"2024-05-09T07:41:43Z","updated_at":"2024-10-13T08:06:04Z","closed_at":null,"author_association":"NONE","sub_issues_summary":{"total":0,"completed":0,"percent_completed":0},"active_lock_reason":null,"body":"### Event/Meetup Name\r\n\r\nEuropean Blockchain Convention\r\n\r\n### Website\r\n\r\nhttps://eblockchainconvention.com/\r\n\r\n### Location (City/Country, or Remote)\r\n\r\nBarcelona/Spain\r\n\r\n### Description\r\n\r\nReady to be part of the most influential blockchain event in Europe? With 6.000 attendees and 300 speakers, EBC is back bigger and better than ever! Join us in Barcelona for a 2-day extravaganza and meet the whole Web3 ecosystem in one go. Experience an unforgettable event featuring 3 stages, a buzzing exhibition area, startup competitions, parties, and so much more.\r\n\r\n### Start date: (yyyy-mm-dd)\r\n\r\n2024-09-25\r\n\r\n### End date: (yyyy-mm-dd)\r\n\r\n2024-09-26\r\n\r\n### Additional context\r\n\r\n_No response_\r\n\r\n### Would you like to work on this issue?\r\n\r\n- [ ] Yes\r\n```[tasklist]\r\n### Tasks\r\n```\r\n","closed_by":null,"reactions":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937/reactions","total_count":0,"+1":0,"-1":0,"laugh":0,"hooray":0,"confused":0,"heart":0,"rocket":0,"eyes":0},"timeline_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12937/timeline","performed_via_github_app":null,"state_reason":null},{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195/events","html_url":"https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195","id":2137188006,"node_id":"I_kwDOBvEA_s5_Yuam","number":12195,"title":"Documentation request: interacting with smart contracts","user":{"login":"wackerow","id":54227730,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjU0MjI3NzMw","avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/54227730?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow","html_url":"https://github.com/wackerow","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/wackerow/received_events","type":"User","user_view_type":"public","site_admin":false},"labels":[{"id":796509429,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWw3OTY1MDk0Mjk=","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/feature%20%E2%9C%A8","name":"feature ✨","color":"1d76db","default":false,"description":"This is enhancing something existing or creating something new"},{"id":796509431,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWw3OTY1MDk0MzE=","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/help%20wanted","name":"help wanted","color":"206699","default":true,"description":"Extra attention is needed or someone is needed to help"},{"id":1553318847,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwxNTUzMzE4ODQ3","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/content%20%F0%9F%96%8B%EF%B8%8F","name":"content 🖋️","color":"70e855","default":false,"description":"This involves copy additions or edits"},{"id":2110684893,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyMTEwNjg0ODkz","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/Status:%20Stale","name":"Status: Stale","color":"eacc8f","default":false,"description":"This issue is stale because it has been open 30 days with no activity."},{"id":2847180148,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyODQ3MTgwMTQ4","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/good%20first%20issue","name":"good first issue","color":"6C5DF6","default":true,"description":"Good item to try if you're new to contributing"}],"state":"open","locked":false,"assignee":null,"assignees":[],"milestone":null,"comments":15,"created_at":"2024-02-15T18:39:08Z","updated_at":"2025-01-24T08:07:10Z","closed_at":null,"author_association":"MEMBER","sub_issues_summary":{"total":0,"completed":0,"percent_completed":0},"active_lock_reason":null,"body":"_Re-posting issue from #6327 to bring to surface. Still think this is a good idea and help welcomed_\r\n\r\n---\r\n\r\n**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**\r\n\r\nIn our [smart contract docs](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/) we explain how to write, compile \u0026 deploy smart contracts but often developers don't want/need to deploy their own smart contracts, they simply want to interact with existing contracts that are already deployed.\r\n\r\n**Describe the solution you'd like**\r\n\r\nCreate a new \"Interacting with smart contracts\" documentation page: (within /smart-contracts/)\r\n- Explain the different ways to interact with smart contracts (i.e. CRUD)\r\n - querying data (which doesn't create a transaction)\r\n - mutating data, by triggering a tx from an EOA (or from another contract)\r\n- Explain contract ABIs \u0026 how they are consumed by other developer tools/libraries to understand the interface of a smart contract \u0026 how to interact with the contract\r\n- List different approaches/tools/projects that allow developer to write programs that interact with contracts\r\n - e.g. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/javascript/\r\n - e.g. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/backend/\r\n- Link to tutorials that demonstrate different approaches?\r\n - e.g. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/tutorials/calling-a-smart-contract-from-javascript/\r\n- ...anything else? \r\n\r\n**Describe alternatives you've considered**\r\n\r\nConsidered adding a section on ABIs in the \"[Compiling smart contracts](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/compiling/)\" page but this topic seems to warrant a dedicated page. Often people who want to interact with a smart contract won't be the person compiling/deploying the contract.\r\n\r\n**Additional context**\r\n\r\nThis came up in discussions on #6308 \u0026 the value of having greater explanation of contract ABI \u0026 metadata.\r\n\r\n**Want to contribute?**\r\n\r\nWe love contributions from the Ethereum community! Please comment on an issue if you'd like to give any input or if you're interested in helping out with a PR.","closed_by":null,"reactions":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195/reactions","total_count":0,"+1":0,"-1":0,"laugh":0,"hooray":0,"confused":0,"heart":0,"rocket":0,"eyes":0},"timeline_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12195/timeline","performed_via_github_app":null,"state_reason":null},{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059/events","html_url":"https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059","id":2107352464,"node_id":"I_kwDOBvEA_s59m6WQ","number":12059,"title":"RANDAO explanation in Node Architecture page","user":{"login":"aslikaya","id":9151261,"node_id":"MDQ6VXNlcjkxNTEyNjE=","avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9151261?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya","html_url":"https://github.com/aslikaya","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/aslikaya/received_events","type":"User","user_view_type":"public","site_admin":false},"labels":[{"id":1553318847,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwxNTUzMzE4ODQ3","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/content%20%F0%9F%96%8B%EF%B8%8F","name":"content 🖋️","color":"70e855","default":false,"description":"This involves copy additions or edits"},{"id":2110684893,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyMTEwNjg0ODkz","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/Status:%20Stale","name":"Status: Stale","color":"eacc8f","default":false,"description":"This issue is stale because it has been open 30 days with no activity."},{"id":2847180148,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyODQ3MTgwMTQ4","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/good%20first%20issue","name":"good first issue","color":"6C5DF6","default":true,"description":"Good item to try if you're new to contributing"}],"state":"open","locked":false,"assignee":null,"assignees":[],"milestone":null,"comments":4,"created_at":"2024-01-30T09:31:57Z","updated_at":"2024-08-08T08:05:56Z","closed_at":null,"author_association":"CONTRIBUTOR","sub_issues_summary":{"total":0,"completed":0,"percent_completed":0},"active_lock_reason":null,"body":"In [Node Comparison](https://ethereum.org/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/node-architecture#node-comparison) section, RANDAO is mentioned for the first time, and is explained in later sections. It is easy to find through searching the website but it would be nice to have a brief explanation about what it is when mentioned for the first time. ","closed_by":{"login":"github-actions[bot]","id":41898282,"node_id":"MDM6Qm90NDE4OTgyODI=","avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/in/15368?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D","html_url":"https://github.com/apps/github-actions","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/received_events","type":"Bot","user_view_type":"public","site_admin":false},"reactions":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059/reactions","total_count":0,"+1":0,"-1":0,"laugh":0,"hooray":0,"confused":0,"heart":0,"rocket":0,"eyes":0},"timeline_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12059/timeline","performed_via_github_app":null,"state_reason":"reopened"},{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030/events","html_url":"https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030","id":2102271771,"node_id":"I_kwDOBvEA_s59Th8b","number":12030,"title":"Review texts still referring to mining/miners etc.","user":{"login":"Satglow","id":151942349,"node_id":"U_kgDOCQ50zQ","avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/151942349?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow","html_url":"https://github.com/Satglow","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/Satglow/received_events","type":"User","user_view_type":"public","site_admin":false},"labels":[{"id":796509427,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWw3OTY1MDk0Mjc=","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/bug%20%F0%9F%90%9B","name":"bug 🐛","color":"ee0701","default":false,"description":"Something isn't working"},{"id":796509431,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWw3OTY1MDk0MzE=","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/help%20wanted","name":"help wanted","color":"206699","default":true,"description":"Extra attention is needed or someone is needed to help"},{"id":1553318847,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwxNTUzMzE4ODQ3","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/content%20%F0%9F%96%8B%EF%B8%8F","name":"content 🖋️","color":"70e855","default":false,"description":"This involves copy additions or edits"},{"id":2110684893,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyMTEwNjg0ODkz","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/Status:%20Stale","name":"Status: Stale","color":"eacc8f","default":false,"description":"This issue is stale because it has been open 30 days with no activity."},{"id":2847180148,"node_id":"MDU6TGFiZWwyODQ3MTgwMTQ4","url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/labels/good%20first%20issue","name":"good first issue","color":"6C5DF6","default":true,"description":"Good item to try if you're new to contributing"}],"state":"open","locked":false,"assignee":null,"assignees":[],"milestone":null,"comments":11,"created_at":"2024-01-26T14:04:52Z","updated_at":"2024-09-28T08:06:24Z","closed_at":null,"author_association":"NONE","sub_issues_summary":{"total":0,"completed":0,"percent_completed":0},"active_lock_reason":null,"body":"### Describe the bug\n\nSeveral articles still refer to miners/mining/proof-of-work as the current process. This should be reviewed whether it is still relevant, or only relevant for queries of archived data (e.g. for fields of tables/functions). The context should be highlighted, if we still use them somewhere. (This bug is not related to the descriptions of the processes before the Merge.)\r\nI have found the following examples:\r\n\r\n12/Nodes and clients\r\n\r\nThe light nodes do not participate in consensus (i.e. they cannot be miners/validators), but they can access the Ethereum blockchain with the same functionality and security guarantees as a full node.\r\n\r\n\r\n12/Client diversity\r\n\r\nAddressing client diversity requires more than individual users to choose minority clients - it requires mining/validator pools and institutions like the major dapps and exchanges to switch clients too.\r\n\r\n\r\n15/Data and Analytics\r\n\r\nMany Block Explorers offer RESTful API gateways that will provide developers visibility into real-time data on blocks, transactions, miners, accounts, and other on-chain activity.\r\n\r\n15/JSON-RPC\r\n\r\nString \"latest\" - for the latest mined block\r\n\r\nUse eth_getTransactionReceipt to get the contract address, after the transaction was mined, when you created a contract.\r\n\r\n(eth_getBlockByHash function’s return:) \r\nnonce: DATA, 8 Bytes - hash of the generated proof-of-work.\r\nminer: DATA, 20 Bytes - the address of the beneficiary to whom the mining rewards were given.\r\n\r\n(eth_newFilter function’s parameters:)\r\nfromBlock: QUANTITY|TAG - (optional, default: \"latest\") Integer block number, or \"latest\" for the last mined block or \"pending\", \"earliest\" for not yet mined transactions.\r\ntoBlock: QUANTITY|TAG - (optional, default: \"latest\") Integer block number, or \"latest\" for the last mined block or \"pending\", \"earliest\" for not yet mined transactions.\r\n\r\nWait for a moment and check if your miner is running and retry it.\r\n\r\n\r\n16/Anatomy of a smart contract\r\n\r\nWhen a transaction is mined, smart contracts can emit events and write logs to the blockchain that the frontend can then process.\r\n\r\n\r\n19/Ethereum Glossary terms\r\n\r\nThe algorithm used to identify the head of the blockchain. On the execution layer the head of the chain is identified as the one with the greatest total difficulty behind it. This means the true head of the chain is the one that required the most work to mine it. On the consensus layer the algorithm observes the accumulated attestations from validators (\u003ca href=\"/glossary/#lmd-ghost\"\u003eLMD_GHOST\u003c/a\u003e).\r\n\r\n(Reward’s definition:) An amount of ether included in each new block as a reward by the network to the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#miner\"\u003eminer\u003c/a\u003e who found the \u003ca href=\"/glossary/#pow\"\u003eproof-of-work\u003c/a\u003e solution.\r\n\r\n22/Patricia Merkle Tries\r\n\r\n\u003ccode\u003etransactionIndex\u003c/code\u003e is its index within the block it's mined.\r\n\r\n\r\n22/Networking layer\r\n\r\nTransaction exchange refers to exchanging pending transactions between nodes so that miners can select some of them for inclusion in the next block.\r\n\r\n\r\n23/Misc/Ethereum Mainnet for enterpise\r\n\r\nEthereum Mainnet is secured by the interaction of thousands of independent nodes run by individuals and miners throughout the world.\r\n\n\n### To reproduce\n\nSee description above.\r\n\n\n### Expected behavior\n\nReview the content and correct it as per set up/process.\n\n### Screenshots\n\n_No response_\n\n### Desktop (please complete the following information)\n\n_No response_\n\n### Smartphone (please complete the following information)\n\n_No response_\n\n### Additional context\n\n_No response_\n\n### Would you like to work on this issue?\n\n- [ ] Yes\n- [X] No","closed_by":{"login":"github-actions[bot]","id":41898282,"node_id":"MDM6Qm90NDE4OTgyODI=","avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/in/15368?v=4","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D","html_url":"https://github.com/apps/github-actions","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/github-actions%5Bbot%5D/received_events","type":"Bot","user_view_type":"public","site_admin":false},"reactions":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030/reactions","total_count":0,"+1":0,"-1":0,"laugh":0,"hooray":0,"confused":0,"heart":0,"rocket":0,"eyes":0},"timeline_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/12030/timeline","performed_via_github_app":null,"state_reason":"reopened"},{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/11833","repository_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/11833/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/11833/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/11833/events","html_url":"https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/issues/11833","id":2055907032,"node_id":"I_kwDOBvEA_s56iqbY","number":11833,"title":"Suggest 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