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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Visual art forms associated with Manichaeism</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Mani_(cleaned_up)._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani,_possibly_3rd_century_CE,_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/440px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani">seal of Mani</a>, the oldest known Manichaean art</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> has a rich tradition of visual art, starting with <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> himself writing <a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">the Book of Pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_1924_23–24_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_1924_23–24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Mani's primary beliefs was that the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>) were of the same esteem as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">divine spirit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>: <i>Mihryazd</i>), believing that the creation of art was comparable to <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Cosmogony" title="Manichaeism">god's creation of living forms</a>, and therefore the experience of art was more of a divine act than any other in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">material world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#History" title="Manichaeism">history of Manichaeism</a>, didactic books of paintings were used to illustrate the religion's teachings and beliefs. From the beginning, the prophet Mani envisioned his religion (which included the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarathustra">Zarathustra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>) as a universal and therefore “<a href="/wiki/Transculturalism" title="Transculturalism">transcultural</a>” entity, leading to its <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Spread" title="Manichaeism">vast spread from Europe to Asia</a>. The Manichaean mission employed multifaceted means of communication (including oral, textual, and pictorial) so the beliefs may adapt to the variety of cultures it entered. These picture books covered the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Teachings_and_beliefs" title="Manichaeism">primary themes of Manichaeism</a>, such as its <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism of light and darkness</a>, maps of a religious universe, the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">process of human salvation</a>, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Cosmogony" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean prophets and deities</a>, and were considered principal pieces of the Manichaean canon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gulácsi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulácsi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the subject of Mani's original paintings, <a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Gul%C3%A1csi" title="Zsuzsanna Gulácsi">Dr. Zsuzsanna Gulácsi</a> notes that the “paintings were created first in mid-third century Mesopotamia with direct involvement from Mani ... and were later preserved by being copied and adapted to a wide variety of artistic and cultural norms, as the religion spread across the Asian continent.”<sup id="cite_ref-Mani's-Pictures_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani's-Pictures-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulácsi points to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>-era silk paintings <i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i> as examples of <a href="/wiki/Sinicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinicized">sinicized</a> variations of Mani's tradition of using a <i>Book of Pictures</i> as a method of teaching, specifically providing insight into the cosmology of the era's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani's-Pictures_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani's-Pictures-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the discovery of fragmentary pieces of <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichean</a> art<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>, scholars began turning to the newly uncovered remains of Manichaean book art in order to assess through the fragments what could resemble the original style of the <i>Arzhang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illuminated_manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Illuminated manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_(MIK_III_4959).png" class="mw-file-description" title="MIK III 4959 both sides"><img alt="MIK III 4959 both sides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4959%29.png/120px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4959%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4959%29.png/180px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4959%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4959%29.png/240px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4959%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MIK III 4959 both sides</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_(MIK_III_4974_recto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MIK III 4974 front side, back side is just text"><img alt="MIK III 4974 front side, back side is just text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg/120px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg/180px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg/240px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MIK III 4974 front side, back side is just text</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_(MIK_III_4979).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MIK III 4979 front side"><img alt="MIK III 4979 front side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4979%29.jpg/120px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4979%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4979%29.jpg/180px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4979%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4979%29.jpg/240px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4979%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MIK III 4979 front side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MIK III 4979 back side"><img alt="MIK III 4979 back side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg/120px-Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg/180px-Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg/240px-Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MIK III 4979 back side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manicheans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MIK III 6368 front side"><img alt="MIK III 6368 front side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/81px-Manicheans.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/122px-Manicheans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/163px-Manicheans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MIK III 6368 front side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MIK III 6368 back side"><img alt="MIK III 6368 back side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg/82px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg/122px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg/163px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MIK III 6368 back side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_(MIK_III_8259_folio_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book "MIK III 8259" folio 1 recto"><img alt="Leaf from a Manichaean book "MIK III 8259" folio 1 recto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg/79px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg/118px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg/158px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_8259_folio_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf from a Manichaean book "<a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_8259" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259">MIK III 8259</a>" folio 1 recto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians,_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration from the Sogdian-language Manichaean letter found separately from the other illustrations"><img alt="Illustration from the Sogdian-language Manichaean letter found separately from the other illustrations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg/99px-Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg/149px-Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg/199px-Manichaean_miniature_image_depicting_two_female_musicians%2C_from_a_Sogdian-language_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian-language_Manichaean_letter" title="Sogdian-language Manichaean letter">Sogdian-language Manichaean letter</a> found separately from the other illustrations </div> </li> </ul> <p>Manichaean <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a> are best known from a series of four manuscripts found in <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4959" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4974" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_6368" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368</a></li></ul> <p>They were collected in Germany <a href="/wiki/Asian_Art_Museum_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Art Museum (Berlin)">Berlin Asian Art Museum</a>, drawn during the 8th-9th centuries, Was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> by <a href="/wiki/German_Turpan_expedition_team" class="mw-redirect" title="German Turpan expedition team">German Turpan expedition team</a> in the early 20th century. They are <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> with illustrations on both sides<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian-language_Manichaean_letter" title="Sogdian-language Manichaean letter">Sogdian-language Manichaean letter</a>, also discovered in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> contains illustrations of two women dancing, it was found in the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a><sup id="cite_ref-MMBA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMBA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nlc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silk_paintings">Silk paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Silk paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg/400px-Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg/600px-Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg/800px-Collection_of_Chinese_Manichaean_Hanging_Scrolls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Eight Silk Painting Atlas</figcaption></figure> <p>Eight silk hanging scrolls with Manichaean didactic images from southern China from between the 12th and the 15th centuries, which can be divided into four categories: </p> <dl><dt>Two single portraits (depicting Mani and Jesus)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_Mani" title="Icon of Mani">Icon of Mani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Painting_of_the_Buddha_Jesus" title="Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus">Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>One scroll depicting <a href="/wiki/Salvation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation theory">Salvation Theory</a> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Soteriology</span></span>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Four scrolls depicting Prophetology (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Prophetology</span></span>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Parents" title="Mani's Parents">Mani's Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Mani" title="Birth of Mani">Birth of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodes_from_Mani%27s_Missionary_Work" title="Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work">Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Community_Established" title="Mani's Community Established">Mani's Community Established</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>One scroll depicting <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> (<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Cosmology</span></span>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murals,_reliefs,_and_banners"><span id="Murals.2C_reliefs.2C_and_banners"></span>Murals, reliefs, and banners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murals, reliefs, and banners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_Temple_Banner_(MIK_III_6286).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286"><img alt="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6286%29.jpg/92px-Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6286%29.jpg/138px-Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6286%29.jpg/184px-Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="2012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_temple_banner_MIK_III_6286" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286">Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918"><img alt="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg/120px-Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg/180px-Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg/240px-Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_wall_painting_MIK_III_6918" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918">Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life"><img alt="Veneration of the Tree of Life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg/120px-Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg/180px-Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg/240px-Uyghur_Manichaean_Wall-Painting_at_Bezeklik_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_Tree_of_Life" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life">Veneration of the Tree of Life</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mural depicting a tree with the vine bearing grapes, Sengim-aghiz Caves"><img alt="Mural depicting a tree with the vine bearing grapes, Sengim-aghiz Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg/120px-Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg/180px-Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg/240px-Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mural depicting a tree with the vine bearing grapes, Sengim-aghiz Caves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mural depicting the Tree of Life and the Tree of Death, Sengim-aghiz Caves"><img alt="Mural depicting the Tree of Life and the Tree of Death, Sengim-aghiz Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg/120px-Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg/180px-Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg/240px-Wall_painting_inside_Sengim-aghiz_Cave-temple_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mural depicting the Tree of Life and the Tree of Death, Sengim-aghiz Caves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_of_Cao%27an;_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cao'an image of Mani as the "Buddha of Light""><img alt="Cao'an image of Mani as the "Buddha of Light"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mani_of_Cao%27an%3B_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg/102px-Mani_of_Cao%27an%3B_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mani_of_Cao%27an%3B_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg/153px-Mani_of_Cao%27an%3B_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mani_of_Cao%27an%3B_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg/205px-Mani_of_Cao%27an%3B_the_Buddha_of_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a> image of Mani as the "Buddha of Light"</div> </li> </ul> <p>Manichaeism has a rich legacy of temple art including <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_stone_reliefs_of_Shangwan_village" title="Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village">Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_temple_banner_MIK_III_6286" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286">Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_wall_painting_MIK_III_6918" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918">Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_Tree_of_Life" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life">Veneration of the Tree of Life</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_temple_banner_MIK_III_6286" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286">Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_wall_painting_MIK_III_6918" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918">Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918</a> were both found by the <a href="/wiki/German_Turfan_expeditions" title="German Turfan expeditions">German Turfan expeditions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a><sup id="cite_ref-one_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-two_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_Tree_of_Life" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life">Veneration of the Tree of Life</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a>, also in Xinjiang<sup id="cite_ref-two2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_stone_reliefs_of_Shangwan_village" title="Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village">Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village</a> were discovered in Fujian in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the origins of the Buddha of Light at <a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a> were only rediscovered in the 1920s<sup id="cite_ref-Lieu_1992_304_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieu_1992_304-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the discovery of Manichaean paintings in <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>, art historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Arnold" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas W. Arnold">Thomas W. Arnold</a> suggested that the Manichaean tradition of illustrative bookmaking was the source of <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian miniature painting">Persian miniature painting</a> style during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a>; Arnold stated: “The only other religious art that could have produced these pictures was the Manichaean, the Eastern Character of the types of face and figure, and the similarity in technical details to the Manichaean paintings that have survived in Central Asia, suggest that this is the source to which these strange pictures must be traced back.”<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_1924_23–24_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_1924_23–24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a>, the most famous of the Persian miniature painters, was praised by the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Afghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan people">Afghan</a> historian Albdulkarim Khondamir, who wrote; “[Behzād’s] Mani-like brushwork overwhelmed all other painters.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From her studies of the fragments, Zsuzsanna Gulácsi concluded that a set of the artwork come from an authentically Manichaean book of pictures, harboring elements (such as the iconography, brush style, and use of colors) that originated in Mani's original <i>Arzhang</i> and were turned into the traditional painting style of future generations of Manichaeans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Turfan fragments possess a primarily Persian appearance, specifically similar to the art that has survived from the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid era</a> (during which Mani lived), with such identifiable elements as the quality of the lines, the simplicity of the faces, and the exuberant amount of detail in the folds of the garments. These similarities link the Turfan fragments to what is known of art in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> area before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Y%C3%BCen_dynasty_Manichaean_diagram_of_the_Universe_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Manichaean Diagram of the Universe</a>, c. 13th-14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Buddhist practice known as <i><a href="/wiki/E-toki" title="E-toki">e-toki</a></i> (絵解(き), meaning "picture deciphering, picture explaining”) was used by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land Buddhists">Pure Land Buddhists</a> as a method of teaching, beginning in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as early as 931 AD. Etoki performances typically filled halls with vertical scrolls that illustrated the story of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and various Buddhist principles. Like Buddhism itself, this practice <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan#Arrival_of_Buddhism_in_China_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Buddhism in Japan">spread into Japan from China</a>. The scrolls also often illustrated the life of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>, who is credited as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gulácsi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulácsi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (during which the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> banned Manichaeism in 1370), the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Monijiao</a> Manichaeans in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> became close to the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhists</a>, synthesizing the tradition of didcatic illustration that began with the <i>Arzhang</i> with the formal attributes of the hanging scrolls used in <i>e-toki</i>, while also <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretizing</a> Buddhist and Manichaean beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg/220px-Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg/330px-Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg/440px-Mani_Bukhram-Gur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Mani presenting an illustration to <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">King Bahram I</a> in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>, c. 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> account of Mani's life described the prophet as a painter who founded a sectarian movement against the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> state religion of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>. Prompted by threats, Mani fled to <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, where he gained followers and painted a few temples (incidentally, a few paintings in <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a> are attributed to Mani). Mani then spent a year in the solitude of a cave after telling his followers that he was going to heaven. After the year, Mani returned with the <i>Arzhang</i>, which he said he had brought down from heaven. After the death of Shapur, he and a large procession of followers returned to Persia. According to this account, the new king <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> received and favored Mani, but he was later flayed alive for his heresies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 16th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a> from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, Mani is shown at the throne Bahram as the king inspects one of the prophet's illustrations. </p><p>In Islamic tradition (excluding <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a>’s account of Mani’s life) Mani is referred to as "Mani the Painter", almost always replacing the topos of "Founder of a Religion".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang</a></i> is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daeva</a> (demon) in <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> who takes <a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mazanderan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazanderan">Mazanderan</a>, and whom <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a> defeats in his sixth trial. The word <i>"arzhang"</i> meaning "worthy" in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> is likely the reason for the shared names, although it is coincidental (if <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Arnold" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas W. Arnold">Thomas W. Arnold's</a> theory on the Manichaean origin of <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian miniature painting">Persian miniature painting</a> is correct) that the character of Arzhang first would've been illustrated in the style of the <i>Arzhang</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Arzhang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLieu1992" class="citation cs2">Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmNPz9teHqUC"><i>Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China</i></a>, Volume 63 of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament (2 ed.), Mohr Siebeck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3161458206" title="Special:BookSources/3161458206"><bdi>3161458206</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China&rft.series=Volume+63+of+Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+Zum+Neuen+Testament&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3161458206&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmNPz9teHqUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2005" class="citation book cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2005). <i>Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art: A Codicological Study of Iranian and Turkic Illuminated Book Fragments from 8th-11th Century East Central Asia</i>. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Vol. 57. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0596-2"><bdi>978-90-474-0596-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Manichaean+Book+Art%3A+A+Codicological+Study+of+Iranian+and+Turkic+Illuminated+Book+Fragments+from+8th-11th+Century+East+Central+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0596-2&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2016" class="citation book cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2016). <i>Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China</i>. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Vol. 90. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30894-7"><bdi>978-90-04-30894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%27s+Pictures%3A+The+Didactic+Images+of+the+Manichaeans+from+Sasanian+Mesopotamia+to+Uygur+Central+Asia+and+Tang-Ming+China&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30894-7&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_1924_23–24-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_1924_23–24_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_1924_23–24_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1924" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas (1924). <i>Survivals of Sasanian and Manichaean Art in Persian painting</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 23–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survivals+of+Sasanian+and+Manichaean+Art+in+Persian+painting&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimkeit1982" class="citation book cs1">Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1982). <i>Manichaean Art And Calligraphy</i>. New York: Brill. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004064788" title="Special:BookSources/9004064788"><bdi>9004064788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaean+Art+And+Calligraphy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9004064788&rft.aulast=Klimkeit&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulácsi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gulácsi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulácsi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (June 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/6173/2966#_edn1">"Searching for Mani's Picture Book in Textual and Pictorial Sources"</a>. <i>Transcultural Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fts.2011.1.6173">10.11588/ts.2011.1.6173</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transcultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Mani%27s+Picture+Book+in+Textual+and+Pictorial+Sources&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2011&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fts.2011.1.6173&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheiup.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Ftranscultural%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6173%2F2966%23_edn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani's-Pictures-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani's-Pictures_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani's-Pictures_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2015" class="citation book cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUUpCwAAQBAJ&q=Manichaean+Diagram+of+the+Universe&pg=PA440"><i>Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China</i></a>. "Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies" series. Vol. 90. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004308947" title="Special:BookSources/9789004308947"><bdi>9789004308947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%27s+Pictures%3A+The+Didactic+Images+of+the+Manichaeans+from+Sasanian+Mesopotamia+to+Uygur+Central+Asia+and+Tang-Ming+China&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%22Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies%22+series&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004308947&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUUpCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DManichaean%2BDiagram%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUniverse%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manichaean Art in Berlin Collections, "Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum : Series Archaeologica et Iconographica" (vol. 1). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2001 (The book translated into Persian by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/6So0Mi9">Sonia Mirzaie</a>, Tehran: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Academy_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Academy of Arts">Iranian Academy of Arts</a>, 2023 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimkeit1982" class="citation book cs1">Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1982). <i>Manichaean Art And Calligraphy</i>. New York: Brill. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004064788" title="Special:BookSources/9004064788"><bdi>9004064788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaean+Art+And+Calligraphy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9004064788&rft.aulast=Klimkeit&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHärtelYaldizKunst_(Germany)N.Y.)1982" class="citation book cs1">Härtel, Herbert; Yaldiz, Marianne; Kunst (Germany), Museum für Indische; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLuaphht8XwC&dq=116+Leaf+from+a+Manichaean+Book&pg=PA179"><i>Along the Ancient Silk Routes: Central Asian Art from the West Berlin State Museums : an Exhibition Lent by the Museum Für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-300-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Along+the+Ancient+Silk+Routes%3A+Central+Asian+Art+from+the+West+Berlin+State+Museums+%3A+an+Exhibition+Lent+by+the+Museum+F%C3%BCr+Indische+Kunst%2C+Staatliche+Museen+Preussischer+Kulturbesitz%2C+Berlin%2C+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-300-8&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4rtel&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Yaldiz%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Kunst+%28Germany%29%2C+Museum+f%C3%BCr+Indische&rft.au=N.Y.%29%2C+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLuaphht8XwC%26dq%3D116%2BLeaf%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BManichaean%2BBook%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMBA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMBA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%B9%90%E6%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="古乐慈">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikfnWtpbnyQC&q=Sogdian+Manichaean+letter&pg=PA180"><i><span></span></i>Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art: A Codicological Study of Iranian And Turkic Illuminated Book Fragments from 8th-11th Century East Central Asia<i><span></span></i></a>. "Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies" series. Vol. 57. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 56, 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004139947" title="Special:BookSources/9789004139947"><bdi>9789004139947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Manichaean+Book+Art%3A+A+Codicological+Study+of+Iranian+And+Turkic+Illuminated+Book+Fragments+from+8th-11th+Century+East+Central+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%22Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies%22+series&rft.pages=56%2C+180&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004139947&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikfnWtpbnyQC%26q%3DSogdian%2BManichaean%2Bletter%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlc-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nlc_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/newhxjy/wjsy/zg/zgdq/201109/P020110922623979409146.pdf">"Mani Sutra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Library of China</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+China&rft.atitle=Mani+Sutra&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fnewhxjy%2Fwjsy%2Fzg%2Fzgdq%2F201109%2FP020110922623979409146.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulacsi" class="citation web cs1">Gulacsi, Zsuzsanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28622189">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Song Dynasty Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus [幅宋代摩尼教<夷数佛帧> = Yifu Songdai Monijiao Yishufozheng]." Journal for the Study of Art History [艺术史研究 =Yishushi Yanjiu] 2008:139-189 [in Chinese]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Song+Dynasty+Manichaean+Painting+of+the+Buddha+Jesus+%5B%E5%B9%85%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%26lt%3B%E5%A4%B7%E6%95%B0%E4%BD%9B%E5%B8%A7%26gt%3B+%3D+Yifu+Songdai+Monijiao+Yishufozheng%5D.%22+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Art+History+%5B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%3DYishushi+Yanjiu%5D+2008%3A139-189+%5Bin+Chinese%5D.&rft.aulast=Gulacsi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28622189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-two_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2015" class="citation book cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). <i><span></span></i>Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China <i><span></span></i>. "Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies" series. Vol. 90. Leiden: Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004308947" title="Special:BookSources/9789004308947"><bdi>9789004308947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%27s+Pictures%3A+The+Didactic+Images+of+the+Manichaeans+from+Sasanian+Mesopotamia+to+Uygur+Central+Asia+and+Tang-Ming+China+&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=%22Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies%22+series&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004308947&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-two2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa_Jian2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ma Jian (2006-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/narratives/discovery/06/index.html.zh">"Remains of Manichaeism in Turpan"</a>. <i>dsr.nii.ac.jp</i> (in Simplified Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsr.nii.ac.jp&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Manichaeism+in+Turpan&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.au=Ma+Jian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Fnarratives%2Fdiscovery%2F06%2Findex.html.zh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF鍾明2010" class="citation web cs1">鍾明, ed. (2010-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.china.com.cn/lishi/2010-04/26/content_19908610_2.htm">"《倚天屠龍記》明教遺跡藏閩霞浦小山村 (組圖)"</a>. <i>culture.china.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022115/http://culture.china.com.cn/lishi/2010-04/26/content_19908610_2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culture.china.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%80%9A%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%A0%E9%BE%8D%E8%A8%98%E3%80%8B%E6%98%8E%E6%95%99%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1%E8%97%8F%E9%96%A9%E9%9C%9E%E6%B5%A6%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%91+%28%E7%B5%84%E5%9C%96%29&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculture.china.com.cn%2Flishi%2F2010-04%2F26%2Fcontent_19908610_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieu_1992_304-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieu_1992_304_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieu1992">Lieu 1992</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoudavar1992" class="citation book cs1">Soudavar, Abolala (1992). <i>Art of the Persian Courts</i>. New York: Rizzoli. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847816605" title="Special:BookSources/0847816605"><bdi>0847816605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Persian+Courts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0847816605&rft.aulast=Soudavar&rft.aufirst=Abolala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulacsi2005" class="citation book cs1">Gulacsi, Zsuzsanna (2005). <i>Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art</i>. Boston: Brill. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/900413994X" title="Special:BookSources/900413994X"><bdi>900413994X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Manichaean+Book+Art&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=900413994X&rft.aulast=Gulacsi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulacsi2005" class="citation book cs1">Gulacsi, Zsuzsanna (2005). <i>Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art</i>. Boston: Brill. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/900413994X" title="Special:BookSources/900413994X"><bdi>900413994X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Manichaean+Book+Art&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=900413994X&rft.aulast=Gulacsi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManichaean+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Char Yar. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1963810/Monijiao_Manichaeism_in_China">Monijiao (Manichaeism) in China</a>". academia.edu. Lecture presented at the <i>Worldwide Conference for Historical Research</i>, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Robertson, <i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Christs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Christs">Pagan Christs</a></i> (2nd ed. 1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cv/pch/pch59.htm">§ 14. The Problem of Manichæus, online at http://www.sacred-texts.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Sundermann, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/articles/fehrest#iii">Al-Fehrest, iii. Representation of Manicheism."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517023413/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fehrest#iii">Archived</a> 2012-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>, 1999.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manichaeism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani"><img alt="Seal with figure of Mani, possibly 3rd century CE, possibly Irak. Cabinet des Médailles, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/100px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg/200px-Seal_of_Mani_%28cleaned_up%29._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%2C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%2C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_scripture" title="Manichaean scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_treatises_of_Manichaeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven treatises of Manichaeism">Seven treatises of Manichaeism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Gospel of Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Life" title="Treasure of Life">Treasure of Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Epistles_(Manichaeism)" title="The Epistles (Manichaeism)">The Epistles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries (Manichaeism)">The Book of Mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmateia" title="Pragmateia">Pragmateia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalms_and_Prayers" title="Psalms and Prayers">Psalms and Prayers</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Book of Pictures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracanonical<br /> literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Epistle" title="Fundamental Epistle">Fundamental Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Psalm_Book" title="Manichaean Psalm Book">Manichaean Psalm Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Thomas" title="Psalms of Thomas">Psalms of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kephalaia" title="Kephalaia">Kephalaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuastvanift" title="Xuastvanift">Xuastvanift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medinet_Madi_library" title="Medinet Madi library">Medinet Madi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Manichaean_texts" title="Dunhuang Manichaean texts">Dunhuang Manichaean texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiabuzan" title="Xiabuzan">Xiabuzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Compendium" title="Manichaean Compendium">Manichaean Compendium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_scripture_of_Manichaeism" title="Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism">Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Irk Bitig</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Manichaean_texts" title="Turpan Manichaean texts">Turpan Manichaean texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian-language_Manichaean_letter" title="Sogdian-language Manichaean letter">Sogdian-language Manichaean letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_Manichaean_manuscripts" title="Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts">Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moni_Guangfo" title="Moni Guangfo">Moni Guangfo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)" title="Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarathustra_in_Manichaeism" title="Zarathustra in Manichaeism">Zarathustra in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_in_Manichaeism" title="The Buddha in Manichaeism">The Buddha in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus in Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Principles_and_Three_Moments" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Principles and Three Moments">Two Principles and Three Moments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Messenger of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xroshtag_and_Padvaxtag" title="Xroshtag and Padvaxtag">Xroshtag and Padvaxtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)#Manichaeism" title="Archon (Gnosticism)"><i>Archon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrestar" title="Asrestar">Asrestar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#History" title="Manichaeism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_(Manichaeism)" title="Apostles (Manichaeism)">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Ammo" title="Mar Ammo">Mar Ammo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sisin" title="Mar Sisin">Mar Sisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akouas" title="Akouas">Mar Zaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Adda" title="Mar Adda">Mar Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_Ohrmazd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad Ohrmazd">Shad Ohrmazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihr_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihr (Manichaeism)">Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_(Manichaean)" title="Agapius (Manichaean)">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthonius_of_Alexandria" title="Aphthonius of Alexandria">Aphthonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonius" title="Hegemonius">Hegemonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Manichean)" title="Marcus (Manichean)">Marcus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_Persecution_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichang Persecution of Buddhism">Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Bögü Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius-Tychicus" title="Sergius-Tychicus">Sergius-Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_schism_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="East–West schism (Manichaeism)">East-West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Adi" title="Amr ibn Adi">Amr ibn Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hil%C4%81l_al-Dayh%C5%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri">Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shinang" title="Lü Shinang">Lü Shinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Gangra" title="Synod of Gangra">Synod of Gangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Deng" title="Lin Deng">Lin Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#Persecution_and_extinction" title="Manichaeism">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangnan_Stele" title="Cangnan Stele">Cangnan Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianku" title="Qianku">Qianku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/See_of_Babylon_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Babylon (Manichaeism)">See of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denawars" class="mw-redirect" title="Denawars">Denawars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astati" title="Astati">Astati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_schisms" title="Manichaean schisms">Miqlāsiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism#The_Manichaean_Church" title="Manichaeism">Organisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegos_(Manichaeism)" title="Archegos (Manichaeism)">Archegos</a></li> <li>Patriarch</li> <li>Apostle</li> <li>Bishop</li> <li>Presbyter</li> <li>Elect</li> <li>Hearers</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seals_(Manichaeism)" title="Three Seals (Manichaeism)">Three Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cavidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Pañcavidyā">Pañcavidyā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao%27an" title="Cao'an">Cao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puxi_Fushou_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puxi Fushou Palace (page does not exist)">Puxi Fushou Palace</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%A2%83%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%BF%E5%AE%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:浦西境福寿宫">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_Road_Pagoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flying Road Pagoda (page does not exist)">Flying Road Pagoda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%B7%AF%E5%A1%94" class="extiw" title="zh:飞路塔">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshan_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshan Temple (page does not exist)">Leshan Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:乐山堂">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visual art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Mani" title="Birth of Mani">Birth of Mani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arzhang" title="Arzhang">Book of Pictures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Diagram_of_the_Universe" title="Manichaean Diagram of the Universe">Diagram of the Universe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Episodes_from_Mani%27s_Missionary_Work" title="Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work">Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_Mani" title="Icon of Mani">Icon of Mani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4959" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4974" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_6368" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_8259" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Community_Established" title="Mani's Community Established">Mani's Community Established</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani%27s_Parents" title="Mani's Parents">Mani's Parents</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_stone_reliefs_of_Shangwan_village" title="Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village">Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_temple_banner_MIK_III_6286" title="Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286">Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_wall_painting_MIK_III_6918" title="Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918">Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_Painting_of_the_Buddha_Jesus" title="Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus">Painting of the Buddha Jesus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealstone_of_Mani" title="Sealstone of Mani">Sealstone of Mani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Mani%27s_Teaching_of_Salvation" title="Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation">Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_Tree_of_Life" title="Veneration of the Tree of Life">Veneration of the Tree of Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_(Unicode_block)" title="Manichaean (Unicode block)">Manichaean (Unicode block)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Cult" title="Ming Cult">Ming Cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardens_of_Light" title="The Gardens of Light">The Gardens of Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_the_Twin_Dragons_of_Great_Tang" title="Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang">Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Heaven" title="The Secret of Heaven">The Secret of Heaven</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Notes</i>: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&oldid=1259346742">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manichaean_art&oldid=1259346742</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manichaean_art" 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