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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_French_Revolution_until_1827" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_French_Revolution_until_1827"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>From French Revolution until 1827</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_French_Revolution_until_1827-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From French Revolution until 1827 subsection</span> </button> <ul 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id="toc-The_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Guard_from_1831_to_1872" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Guard_from_1831_to_1872"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National Guard from 1831 to 1872</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_Guard_from_1831_to_1872-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National Guard from 1831 to 1872 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_Guard_from_1831_to_1872-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Second Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_National_Guard_(1872)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_National_Guard_(1872)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>End of the National Guard (1872)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_National_Guard_(1872)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurrection_(2016–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurrection_(2016–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Resurrection (2016–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurrection_(2016–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Guard (France)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_Qvardiya_(Fransa)" title="Milli Qvardiya (Fransa) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli Qvardiya (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A0rdia_Nacional_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Guàrdia Nacional (França) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guàrdia Nacional (França)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_garda_(Francie)" title="Národní garda (Francie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní garda (Francie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_nationale" title="Garde nationale – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Garde nationale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa_Rahvuskaart" title="Prantsusmaa Rahvuskaart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa Rahvuskaart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC_(%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Εθνική Φρουρά (Γαλλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική Φρουρά (Γαλλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Guardia Nacional de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guardia Nacional de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvardio_Nacia_de_Francio" title="Gvardio Nacia de Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gvardio Nacia de Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="گارد ملی فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گارد ملی فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_nationale_(France)" title="Garde nationale (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Garde nationale (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%9C%84%EB%B3%91" title="국민위병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민위병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ազգային գվարդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգային գվարդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Nasional_(Prancis)" title="Garda Nasional (Prancis) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garda Nasional (Prancis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_nazionale_francese" title="Guardia nazionale francese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guardia nazionale francese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="המשמר הלאומי של צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשמר הלאומי של צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalin%C4%97_gvardija_(Pranc%C5%ABzija)" title="Nacionalinė gvardija (Prancūzija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nacionalinė gvardija (Prancūzija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_Nationale" title="Garde Nationale – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Garde Nationale" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Garde_(Frankrijk)" title="Nationale Garde (Frankrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationale Garde (Frankrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%9B%E5%85%B5" title="国民衛兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民衛兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_nationale" title="Garde nationale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Garde nationale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0rdia_Nacionala_(Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Gàrdia Nacionala (França) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gàrdia Nacionala (França)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwardia_Narodowa_(Francja)" title="Gwardia Narodowa (Francja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwardia Narodowa (Francja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda_Nacional_Francesa" title="Guarda Nacional Francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda Nacional Francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Национальная гвардия Франции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная гвардия Франции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Guard (France)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Национална гарда (Француска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална гарда (Француска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franska_nationalgardet" title="Franska nationalgardet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franska nationalgardet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_(%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA)" title="กองกำลังป้องกันชาติ (ฝรั่งเศส) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองกำลังป้องกันชาติ (ฝรั่งเศส)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Muhaf%C4%B1zlar_(Fransa)" title="Ulusal Muhafızlar (Fransa) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulusal Muhafızlar (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">National Guard</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Garde nationale</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_%282016%29.svg/120px-Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_%282016%29.svg/180px-Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_%282016%29.svg/240px-Logo_de_la_Garde_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the National Guard (since 2016)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1789–1827<br />1831–1872<br />2016–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserve</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">>77,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Police_(France)" title="National Police (France)">National Police</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Honneur et Patrie</i><br />('Honour and Fatherland')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Conquest of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Franco-Austrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_France" title="List of wars involving France">List of wars involving France</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garde-nationale.gouv.fr/">garde-nationale<wbr />.gouv<wbr />.fr</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Minister of the Armed Forces (France)">Minister of the Armed Forces</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lecornu" title="Sébastien Lecornu">Sébastien Lecornu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Secretary General for the National Guard</th><td class="infobox-data">Divisional General François-Xavier Poisbeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Deputy Secretary General for the National Guard</th><td class="infobox-data">Brigadier General Karine Lejeune</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/125px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/188px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Armée de Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Marine nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garde nationale</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> Ranks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army" title="Ranks in the French Army">Ranks in the French Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Navy" title="Ranks in the French Navy">Ranks in the French Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Ranks in the French Air and Space Force">Ranks in the French Air and Space Force</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">La Grande Armée</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding:0 0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_military" title="Template:French military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_military" title="Template talk:French military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Guard</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Garde nationale</i>) is a French military, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, and police <a href="/wiki/Reserve_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve force">reserve force</a>, active in its current form since 2016 but originally founded in 1789 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>For most of its history the National Guard, particularly its officers, has been widely viewed as loyal to middle-class interests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was founded as separate from the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> and existed both for policing and as a <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">military reserve</a>. However, in its original stages from 1792 to 1795, the National Guard was perceived as <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and the lower ranks were identified with <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a>. It experienced a period of official dissolution from 1827 to 1830 but was reestablished. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, the National Guard in Paris again became viewed as dangerously revolutionary, which contributed to its dissolution in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Local.fr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local.fr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, France announced the reestablishment of the National Guard for the second time, in response to a series of <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks in France">terrorist attacks in the country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Local.fr_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local.fr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-France24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-militarytimes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militarytimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The raising of a "<b>Bourgeois Guard</b>" (<i>"garde bourgeoise"</i>) for Paris was discussed by the National Assembly on 11 July 1789 in response to the King's sudden and alarming replacement of minister for finance and state,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Baron de Breteuil</a> on that day. The replacement caused rapidly spread anger and violence throughout Paris. The National Assembly declared the formation of a "Bourgeois Militia" (<i>"milice bourgeoise"</i>) on 13 July.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early morning of the next day, the search for weapons for this new militia led to the storming of the town hall, the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_des_Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel des Invalides">Hotel des Invalides</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a> was elected to the post of commander in chief of the Bourgeois Militia on 14 July, and it was renamed the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Guard of Paris (page does not exist)">National Guard of Paris</a>". When the <a href="/wiki/French_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="French Guards">French Guards</a> mutinied and were disbanded during the same month, the majority of this former royal regiment's rank and file became the full-time cadre of the Paris National Guard. Similar bodies of National Guards were spontaneously created in the towns and rural districts of France in response to widespread fears of chaos or counter-revolution. "Bourgeois Militia" changed its name to National Guard, like in Limoges in November 1789, where no other military bodies were allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, each city, town and village maintained National Guard units operated by their respective local governments in the districts for not more than a year. They were united on 14 July 1790 under Lafayette, who was appointed "Commandant General of all the National Guards of the Kingdom" and was responsible to the King as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Guard" title="Constitutional Guard">Constitutional Guard</a></div> <p>On 5 December 1790 Robespierre held a speech on the urgent topic of the National Guard; envisaging an evolution from semi-organised militia to citizen-soldiers independent from the regular army. He repeated his ideas in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 December it was decreed to supply the National Guard with 50,000 fusils.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1791 Robespierre promoted the idea not only the National Guard but also the people had to be armed if necessary with pikes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 April 1791, Robespierre again opposed the plans for reorganizing the National Guard and restricting its membership to <a href="/wiki/Active_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Active citizens">active citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 April and 15 June 1791, the Parliament recruited 400,000 <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers_(France)" title="National Volunteers (France)">National volunteers</a> from the entire French National Guard. On 17 July 1791 <a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> took place. At the end of September a law passed to reorganize the National Guard formations in cantons and districts; each year officers and non-commissioned officers could be elected on <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">14 July</a>. </p><p>Under the law of 14 October 1791, all <a href="/wiki/Active_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Active citizen">active citizens</a> and their children over 18 years were obliged to enlist in the National Guard. Their role was the maintenance of law and order and, if necessary, territorial defense in wartime. Following a nationwide scheme decided on in September 1791, the National Guard was organised on the basis of district or canton companies. Five of these neighbourhood units (designated as fusiliers or grenadiers) made up a National Guard infantry battalion. Eight to ten battalions comprised a <i>legion</i>. Districts might also provide companies of veterans and young citizens, respectively drawn from volunteers over 60 or under 18. Where possible, there was provision for mounted detachments and artillery batteries under the Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowdy200414_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowdy200414-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The 23-years-old Napoleon Bonaparte began his "political career" as lieutenant-colonel of a Battalion of Corsican Volunteers in the National Guards (la Garde nationale des Volontaires corses) in February 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges" title="Chevalier de Saint-Georges">Chevalier de Saint-Georges</a> was one of the first in Lille to join its <i><a href="/wiki/Garde_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Garde Nationale">Garde Nationale</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On 2 July 1792, the Assembly authorized the National Guard's attendance as part of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Festival of Federation</a> on 14 July, thus circumventing a royal veto. Section assemblies were permitting "passive" citizens to join their National Guard companies without seeking formal permission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1989604_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1989604-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 July, the Jacobins won an emergency vote in the wavering Assembly, declaring the nation in danger and drafting all Parisians with pikes or pistols into the National Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1989252_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1989252-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July the municipality of Paris accepted all citizens armed with a pike for enlistment as part of the capital's own National Guard unit. </p><p>The citizens kept their weapons and their uniforms at home and set forth with them when required. The initially multi-coloured uniforms of the various provincial National Guard units were standardised in 1791, using as a model the dark blue coats with red collars, white lapels and cuffs worn by the Paris National Guard since its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination of colours matched those of the then young revolutionary tricolour flag. The uniform headdress was the tricorne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_French_Revolution_until_1827">From French Revolution until 1827</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From French Revolution until 1827"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_during_the_Revolution">Role during the Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role during the Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg/250px-R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg/375px-R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg/500px-R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <i>Garde nationale</i> of <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> escorting royalist rebels in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (1792). Painting by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Girardet" title="Jules Girardet">Jules Girardet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The former <a href="/wiki/Guet_royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Guet royal">Guet royal</a> had held responsibility for the maintenance of law and order in Paris from 1254 to 1791, when the National Guard took over this role. In fact, the last commander of the Guet royal (<i>Chevalier du Guet</i>), de La Rothière, was elected to head the National Guard in 1791. In the summer of 1792, the fundamental character of the guard changed. The <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Fédéré">fédérés</a></i> were admitted to the guard and the subsequent takeover of the guard by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Joseph_Santerre" title="Antoine Joseph Santerre">Antoine Joseph Santerre</a> when <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Galiot_Mandat_de_Grancey" title="Antoine Galiot Mandat de Grancey">Mandat</a> was murdered in the first hours of the <a href="/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 August (French Revolution)">insurrection of 10 August</a> placed a radical revolutionary at the head of the Guard. After the abolition of the monarchy (21 September 1792), the National Guard fought for the Revolution and it had an important role in forcing the wishes of the capital on the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a> which was obliged to give way in front of the force of the "patriotic" bayonets. The <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_-_2_June_1793" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection of 31 May - 2 June 1793">Insurrection of 31 May</a> started after <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henriot" class="mw-redirect" title="François Henriot">François Henriot</a> was chosen by the Commune to lead the Paris Guards. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/9_Thermidor" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Thermidor">9 Thermidor</a>, year II (27 July 1794), the new government of the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> placed the National Guard under the control of more conservative leadership. Part of the National Guard then attempted to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> during the royalist insurrection on the 13 Vendémiaire, year IV (5 October 1795), but was defeated by forces led by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">Battle of 13 Vendémiaire</a>. The Paris National Guard thereafter ceased to play a significant political role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Empire">First Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg/170px-Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg/255px-Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg/340px-Philippe_Lenoir_by_Horace_Vernet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Lenoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Lenoir (page does not exist)">Philippe Lenoir</a>, (1785–1867), French painter, in his National Guard uniform. By <a href="/wiki/Horace_Vernet" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a> (1789–1863)</figcaption></figure> <p>Napoleon did not believe that the middle-class National Guard would be able to maintain order and suppress riots. Therefore, he created a <i>Municipal Guard of Paris</i>, a full-time <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> which was strongly militarized. However, he did not abolish the National Guard but was content to partially disarm it. He kept the force in reserve and mobilised it for the defence of French territory in 1809 and 1814. In Paris during this period the National Guard comprised twelve thousand bourgeois property owners, serving part-time and equipped at their own expense, whose prime function was to guard public buildings on a roster basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansel20034_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansel20034-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1811 and 1812 the National Guard was organized in "cohorts" to distinguish it from the regular army, and for home defence <i>only</i>. By a skilful appeal to patriotism, and judicious pressure applied through the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefects</a>, it became a useful reservoir of half-trained men for new battalions of the active army.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the disastrous campaign in Russia in 1812, dozens of National Guard cohorts were called up for field duty the next year; four cohorts being combined to form one line infantry regiment. The 135ème to 156ème <i>Régiments d'Infanterie de Ligne</i> were thus formed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these fought in the campaigns in Germany in 1813 and the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">invasion of north-east France</a> by Coalition forces in 1814. Existing National Guard units, such as those of Paris, were deployed as defence corps in their areas of recruitment. Mass conscription was extended to age groups previously exempt from military service, to provide more manpower for the expanded National Guard. Students and volunteers from gamekeepers and other professional groups formed separate units within the National Guard. Clothing and equipment were often in short supply and even the Paris National Guard was obliged to provide pikes as substitute weapons for some of its new recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These field and regional units were disbanded in 1814 after the abdication of Napoleon I. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg/220px-Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg/330px-Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg/440px-Horace_Vernet_-_La_Barri%C3%A8re_de_Clichy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>The National Guard at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Battle of Paris</a> in 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Six thousand national guardsmen took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Battle of Paris</a> in 1814. Following the occupation of Paris by the allied armies, the National Guard was expanded to 35,000 men and became the primary force for maintaining order within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansel200313_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansel200313-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Restoration">The Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a> in 1814, the National Guard was maintained by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a> of France. Initially, the Guard, purged of its Napoleonic leadership, maintained good relations with the restored monarchy. The future <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> served as its Colonel-General, reviewed the force regularly and intervened to veto its proposed disbandment on the grounds of economy by the <i>Conseil</i>. However, by 1827, the middle-class men who still composed the Guard had come to feel a degree of hostility towards the reactionary monarchy. Following hostile cries, at a review on 29 April Charles X dissolved the Guard the following day, on the grounds of offensive behaviour towards the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansel2003218_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansel2003218-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He neglected to disarm the disbanded force, and its muskets resurfaced in 1830 during the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Guard_from_1831_to_1872">National Guard from 1831 to 1872</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National Guard from 1831 to 1872"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg/220px-Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg/330px-Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg/440px-Une_compagnie_de_la_2e_legion_sur_les_champs_de_mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>A company of the 2nd Legion of the National Guard on the <a href="/wiki/Champs_de_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Champs de Mars">Champs de Mars</a> in Paris (1836)</figcaption></figure> <p>A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. It played a major role in suppressing the Paris <a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a> of 1832 against the government of King <a href="/wiki/Louis-Phillipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Phillipe">Louis-Phillipe</a>. However, the same National Guard fought in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in France">Revolution of 1848</a> in favour of the republicans. This change in allegiance reflected a general erosion in the popularity of Louis-Phillipe and his "Bourgeois Monarchy", rather than any fundamental change in the make-up of the National Guard, which remained a middle-class body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Empire">Second Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a> confined the National Guard during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> to subordinate tasks to reduce its liberal and republican influence. During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a> of 1870 called on the Guard to undertake a major role in defending Paris against the invading <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> army. During the uprising of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, from March to May 1871, the National Guard in Paris was expanded to include all able-bodied citizens capable of carrying weapons. Following the Commune's defeat by the regular French Army, the National Guard was officially abolished and its units disbanded. Also disbanded was the <a href="/wiki/Garde_Mobile" title="Garde Mobile">Mobile National Guard</a> (<i>Garde Nationale Mobile</i>) raised in 1866 to provide personnel and officers for rapid deployment operations nationwide, as well as to provide reserve personnel for the armed forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_National_Guard_(1872)"><span id="End_of_the_National_Guard_.281872.29"></span>End of the National Guard (1872)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the National Guard (1872)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg/170px-French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg/255px-French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/French_Garde_Nationale_soldier_with_Tabatiere_rifle_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>French Garde Nationale soldier with <a href="/wiki/Tabati%C3%A8re_rifle" title="Tabatière rifle">Tabatière rifle</a>, 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its major role in the Franco-Prussian War, the National Guard was disbanded soon after the establishment of the Third Republic. Having been converted from a volunteer reserve into a much larger force composed mainly of conscripts, the National Guard had lost its identity and <i>raison d'être</i>. It also faced opposition from the regular army which was opposed to such a large armed force outside its direct control. The role of the Paris units of the National Guard in the uprising of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> led to a great degree of hostility towards the National Guard, especially from the army. </p><p>Perceived as an embodiment of the revolutionary republican "nation in arms" at the time of the Revolution of 1789, the National Guard was formally disbanded on 14 March 1872 as a threat to the security and order of the new <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>. </p><p>The National Guard was superseded by the creation of territorial regiments, made up of older men who had completed their period of full-time military service. These reserve units were embodied only in times of general mobilisation but remained an integral part of the regular army, distinguished only by details of insignia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resurrection_(2016–present)"><span id="Resurrection_.282016.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Resurrection (2016–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resurrection (2016–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After several terror attacks in France, which <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_France#21st_century" title="List of terrorist incidents in France">intensified in 2014–15</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> declared the establishment of a new third National Guard. By his words, the Guard would be formed using military reserve forces. <sup id="cite_ref-France24_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 October 2016, during a weekly meeting of the Cabinet, the National Guard was officially reconstituted after 145 years, as the fifth service branch of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Minister of the Armed Forces (France)">Ministry of the Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-militarytimes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militarytimes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The revitalized Guard would also reinforce elements of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_(France)" title="National Police (France)">National Police</a> in securing major events nationwide while it would perform its historical responsibility as a national military and police reserve service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was expected that the new Guard would grow to a 72,500-member force in 2017 and grow to an 86,000-member national reserve in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the revived Guard would be assisted with a dedicated 311-million euro budget and its personnel come from the reserves, members from the private sector and active personnel seconded to the service. Unlike the Guard of the Revolutionary Wars, its officers are now seconded from both the Army and the National Gendarmerie and are graduates of their respective academies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of 2024, Division General François-Xavier Poisbeau serves as the Secretary-General for the National Guard, who reports to the Chief of Defence Staff and the Minister of the Armed Forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Georges, private, 4th battalion, 2nd company, 1st platoon, 2nd squad, No. 8<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanat2006373_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanat2006373-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garde-nationale.gouv.fr/la-garde-nationale">"La Garde nationale | garde-nationale.fr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Garde+nationale+%26%23124%3B+garde-nationale.fr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgarde-nationale.gouv.fr%2Fla-garde-nationale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Local.fr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Local.fr_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Local.fr_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.fr/20160728/france-to-form-national-guard-to-protect-citizens">"France to create new National Guard 'to protect its citizens'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Local.fr. 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+to+create+new+National+Guard+%27to+protect+its+citizens%27&rft.pub=Local.fr&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.fr%2F20160728%2Ffrance-to-form-national-guard-to-protect-citizens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-France24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-France24_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-France24_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20160728-hollande-france-form-national-guard-counter-terrorism-threat">"France to form National Guard to counter terrorist threat, Hollande says"</a>. France 24. 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+to+form+National+Guard+to+counter+terrorist+threat%2C+Hollande+says&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20160728-hollande-france-form-national-guard-counter-terrorism-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militarytimes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-militarytimes_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-militarytimes_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/france-creates-national-guard-to-battle-terrorism">France creates National Guard to battle terrorism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1788–1790" class="citation web cs1">Unknown (1788–1790). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525031716/https://archives.seinesaintdenis.fr/medias/customer_2/IMG/AD093NI/00001_01000/AD093NI_0000000698_jpg_/1_0.jpg">"Mr Necker"</a>. <i>Archives départementales de la Seine-Saint-Denis</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.seinesaintdenis.fr/medias/customer_2/IMG/AD093NI/00001_01000/AD093NI_0000000698_jpg_/1_0.jpg">the original</a> on 25 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+d%C3%A9partementales+de+la+Seine-Saint-Denis&rft.atitle=Mr+Necker&rft.date=1788%2F1790&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.seinesaintdenis.fr%2Fmedias%2Fcustomer_2%2FIMG%2FAD093NI%2F00001_01000%2FAD093NI_0000000698_jpg_%2F1_0.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6205371/A_Self-Defining_Bourgeoisie_in_the_Early_French_Revolution_The_Milice_bourgeoise_the_Bastille_Days_of_1789_and_their_Aftermath?auto=bookmark">A Self-Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution: The Milice bourgeoise, the Bastille Days of 1789, and their Aftermath by Micah Alpaugh. In: Journal of Social History, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59VRAQAAIAAJ&q=Guard&pg=PA56">The Making of the Sans-culottes: Democratic Ideas and Institutions in Paris ... By Robert Barrie Rose, p. 49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almanach de la Garde nationale du Limousin, 1 janvier 1790, pp. 48, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AHRF_371_0115--robespierre-and-war.htm#xd_co_f=MTk1NGIyNDAtNWFjMC00MTg5LWFhNzEtYmE4NWEyM2E3YmI0~">Robespierre and War, a Question Posed as Early as 1789? by Thibaut Poirot. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française 2013/1 (No. 371)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76Kpqu_INJQC&dq=Robespierre+5+december+1790&pg=PT227">Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution by Ruth Scurr</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Page:%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_Maximilien_de_Robespierre,_tome_6.djvu/678&action=edit&redlink=1">Œuvres complètes de Maximilien de Robespierre, tome 6, p. 642</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goupil de Préfeln Guillaume François. Adoption de divers articles additionnels au décret général sur le rachat des rentes foncières, lors de la séance du 18 décembre 1790. In: Archives Parlementaires de 1787 à 1860 – Première série (1787–1799) Tome XXI – Du 26 novembre 1790 au 2 janvier 1791. Paris : Librairie Administrative P. Dupont, 1885. p. 532. www.persee.fr/doc/arcpa_0000-0000_1885_num_21_1_9450_t1_0532_0000_9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobespierre1819" class="citation book cs1">Robespierre, Maximilien (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tWu3zdSY3oC&pg=PA26"><i>Recueil des œuvrès de Max. J. Robespierre, et de pièces pour servir à son histoire. Recueillis, 1819</i></a>. pp. 26–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+%C5%93uvr%C3%A8s+de+Max.+J.+Robespierre%2C+et+de+pi%C3%A8ces+pour+servir+%C3%A0+son+histoire.+Recueillis%2C+1819&rft.pages=26-28&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Robespierre&rft.aufirst=Maximilien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4tWu3zdSY3oC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSVhDwAAQBAJ&dq=25+January+1791++Robespierre+speech&pg=PT79">Reimagining Society in 18th Century French Literature: Happiness and Human ... by Jonas Ross Kjærgård</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1tiAAAAcAAJ&dq=ON+The+ORGANIZATION+OF+the+NATIONAL+GUARD+rOBespierre&pg=PA417">The Life and Character of Maximilian Robespierre. Proving ... that that Much ... by James Bronterre O'Brien, p. 417–421</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devenne Florence. La garde Nationale; création et évolution (1789 – août 1792), p. 58. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n° 283, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fahrf.1990.1411">10.3406/ahrf.1990.1411</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowdy200414-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowdy200414_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowdy2004">Crowdy 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleon-monuments.eu/Napoleon1er/1792.htm">"Vie de Napoléon Bonaparte 1792"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vie+de+Napol%C3%A9on+Bonaparte+1792&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoleon-monuments.eu%2FNapoleon1er%2F1792.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanat2006373-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanat2006373_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanat2006">Banat 2006</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1989604-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1989604_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama1989">Schama 1989</a>, p. 604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1989252-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1989252_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama1989">Schama 1989</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Haythornthwaite, p. 87 <i>Uniforms of the French Revolutionary Wars</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7137%2B0936%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/0+7137+0936+7">0 7137 0936 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansel20034-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansel20034_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMansel2003">Mansel 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <a href="#CITEREFMaude1911">Maude 1911</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_frenchinf.html">"French Infantry Regiments"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Infantry+Regiments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fmilitary%2Forganization%2Fc_frenchinf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.G. Hourtouille, page 127 "1814 The Campaign for France", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-915239-56-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-915239-56-8">2-915239-56-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansel200313-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansel200313_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMansel2003">Mansel 2003</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansel2003218-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansel2003218_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMansel2003">Mansel 2003</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/10/12/la-garde-nationale-nouveau-label-des-reserves-operationnelles_5012062_3224.html"><i>La « garde nationale », un vivier de 72 000 réservistes en 2017</i>, Le Monde, 12 October 2016 issue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2016/10/27/garde-nationale-la-generation-charlie-hebdo_5021169_3224.html"><i>Garde nationale, la génération « Charlie Hebdo »</i>, Le Monde, 27 October 2016 issue</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanat2006" class="citation book cs1">Banat, Gabriel (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chevalierdesaint0000bana/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow</i></a></span>. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-109-8"><bdi>978-1-57647-109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chevalier+de+Saint-Georges%3A+Virtuoso+of+the+Sword+and+the+Bow&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57647-109-8&rft.aulast=Banat&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchevalierdesaint0000bana%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowdy2004" class="citation book cs1">Crowdy, Terry (2004). <i>French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802</i>. Oxford: Osprey. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-660-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-660-7"><bdi>1-84176-660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Revolutionary+Infantry+1789%E2%80%931802&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84176-660-7&rft.aulast=Crowdy&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel2003" class="citation book cs1">Mansel, Philip (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisbetweenempi00mans/page/13"><i>Paris Between Empires – Monarchy and Revolution 1814–1852</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisbetweenempi00mans/page/13">13–14, 217–218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30857-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30857-4"><bdi>0-312-30857-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Between+Empires+%E2%80%93+Monarchy+and+Revolution+1814%E2%80%931852&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13-14%2C+217-218&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-312-30857-4&rft.aulast=Mansel&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisbetweenempi00mans%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maude, Frederic Natusch (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Napoleonic Campaigns"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Napoleonic_Campaigns">"Napoleonic Campaigns" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napoleonic+Campaigns&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=212-236&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Natusch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenschronicl00scha_0"><i>Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</i></a> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books, Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679726101" title="Special:BookSources/0679726101"><bdi>0679726101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books%2C+Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0679726101&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenschronicl00scha_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bianchi, Serge (ed.) ; Dupuy, Roger (ed.). La Garde nationale entre Nation et peuple en armes: Mythes et réalités, 1789–1871. New edition [online]. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2006 (generated 04 juillet 2021). Available on the Internet: <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.openedition.org/pur/16594">http://books.openedition.org/pur/16594</a>>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2753531796" title="Special:BookSources/978-2753531796">978-2753531796</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pur.16594">10.4000/books.pur.16594</a>.</li> <li>Roger Dupuy (2010) La Garde nationale 1789–1872. Paris, Gallimard, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-034716-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-034716-2">978-2-07-034716-2</a></li> <li>Genty, Maurice. Les débuts de la Garde nationale parisienne (1789–1791) In: La Garde nationale entre Nation et peuple en armes: Mythes et réalités, 1789–1871 [online]. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2006 (generated 04 juillet 2021). Available on the Internet: <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.openedition.org/pur/16612">http://books.openedition.org/pur/16612</a>>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2753531796" title="Special:BookSources/978-2753531796">978-2753531796</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pur.16612">10.4000/books.pur.16612</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulardFayardFierro1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tulard, Jean; Fayard, Jean-François; Fierro, Alfred (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoireetdictio0001tula"><i>Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française, 1789–1799</i></a></span>. Bouquins (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7028-2076-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-7028-2076-X"><bdi>2-7028-2076-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+dictionnaire+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise%2C+1789%E2%80%931799&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Bouquins&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=2-7028-2076-X&rft.aulast=Tulard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Fayard%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Fierro%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoireetdictio0001tula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Guard+%28France%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bruce Vandervort, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117210944/http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/ip/natguard.htm">National Guard (France)</a>, on the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202085301/http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/index.htm">Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions</a>, James Chastain, ed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Garde_nationale_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Garde nationale of France">Garde nationale of France</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.fr/garde-nationale">Webpage on the prime minister's site of the reestablished National Guard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garde-nationale.gouv.fr/">New website of the reestablished National Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354360">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&oldid=1259003825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&oldid=1259003825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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