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id="toc-Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Army of the Republic of Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_stopping_1960_anti-Diệm_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_stopping_1960_anti-Diệm_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Role in stopping 1960 anti-Diệm coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_stopping_1960_anti-Diệm_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_against_Diệm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_against_Diệm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Coup against Diệm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_against_Diệm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junta_member" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junta_member"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Junta member </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junta_member-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurehead_chief_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurehead_chief_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Figurehead chief of state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurehead_chief_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967_South_Vietnamese_Presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967_South_Vietnamese_Presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 1967 South Vietnamese Presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967_South_Vietnamese_Presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tet_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tet_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tet Offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tet_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-elected_unopposed_and_stagnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-elected_unopposed_and_stagnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Re-elected unopposed and stagnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-elected_unopposed_and_stagnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Collapse </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Collapse subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abandonment_of_the_Central_Highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment_of_the_Central_Highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Abandonment of the Central Highlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment_of_the_Central_Highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thiệu's_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thiệu's_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Thiệu's collapse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thiệu's_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communists_close_in_and_Thiệu_resigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communists_close_in_and_Thiệu_resigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Communists close in and Thiệu resigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communists_close_in_and_Thiệu_resigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Life in exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Awards and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nquyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nquyen Van Thieu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nquyen Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93" title="নগুয়েন ভ্যান থিয়েও – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নগুয়েন ভ্যান থিয়েও" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Нгуен Ван Цхьеу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нгуен Ван Цхьеу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyen Van Thieu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nguyen Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyên Van Thieu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nguyên Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyên Van Thieu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nguyên Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%B0%EC%98%8C%EB%B0%98%ED%8B%B0%EC%97%90%EC%9A%B0" title="응우옌반티에우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응우옌반티에우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88" title="نجوين ڤان ثيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجوين ڤان ثيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyen Van Thieu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nguyen Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC" title="グエン・バン・チュー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グエン・バン・チュー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyen Van Thieu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nguyen Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%92%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9C" title="ង្វៀន វ៉ាន់ធៀវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ង្វៀន វ៉ាន់ធៀវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Нгуен Ван Тхьеу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нгуен Ван Тхьеу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyen Van Thieu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nguyen Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyen Van Thieu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nguyen Van Thieu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="เหงียน วัน เถี่ยว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหงียน วัน เถี่ยว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" title="Nguyen Van Thieu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nguyen Van Thieu" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of South Vietnam, 1967-1975</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Nguyễn, but is often simplified to Nguyen in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, Thiệu.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2682" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1969</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="President of South Vietnam">President of South Vietnam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 31 October 1967 – 21 April 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Nguyễn Văn Lộc">Nguyễn Văn Lộc</a> (1967–1968)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a> (1968–1969)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a> (1969–Apr. 1975)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%C3%A1_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nguyễn Bá Cẩn">Nguyễn Bá Cẩn</a> (Apr. 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> (1967–1971)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a> (1971–1975)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as Chairman of the National Leadership Committee)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Chairman of the National Leadership Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 June 1965 – 31 October 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu" title="Phan Khắc Sửu">Phan Khắc Sửu</a> (as Chief of State)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(South_Vietnam)" title="Minister of National Defense (South Vietnam)">Minister of National Defense of South Vietnam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 16 February 1965 – 20 June 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phan_Huy_Qu%C3%A1t" title="Phan Huy Quát">Phan Huy Quát</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Minh_(diplomat)" title="Trần Văn Minh (diplomat)">Trần Văn Minh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Prime Minister of South Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 18 January 1965 – 12 June 1965<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%C6%B0u_Vi%C3%AAn" title="Nguyễn Lưu Viên">Nguyễn Lưu Viên</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_O%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Xuân Oánh">Nguyễn Xuân Oánh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%97" title="Trần Văn Đỗ">Trần Văn Đỗ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tuy%C3%AAn" title="Trần Văn Tuyên">Trần Văn Tuyên</a></li></ul></div></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_O%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Xuân Oánh">Nguyễn Xuân Oánh</a> (Acting)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Huy_Qu%C3%A1t" title="Phan Huy Quát">Phan Huy Quát</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Đỗ Mậu">Đỗ Mậu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%B4n_Ho%C3%A0n" title="Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn">Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%C6%B0u_Vi%C3%AAn" title="Nguyễn Lưu Viên">Nguyễn Lưu Viên</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1923-04-05)5 April 1923 <a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang%E2%80%93Th%C3%A1p_Ch%C3%A0m" title="Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm">Phan Rang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_province" title="Ninh Thuận province">Ninh Thuận province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 2001(2001-09-29) (aged 78) <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Democratic_Front" title="National Social Democratic Front">National Social Democratic Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">Military</a> (1963–1967)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Personalist_Labor_Revolutionary_Party" title="Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party">Cần Lao</a> (until 1963)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">communist</a>) (1945–1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Mai_Anh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh">Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951; died 2001)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3 (2 sons, 1 daughter)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Army officer and politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg/128px-Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg/192px-Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg/256px-Signature_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="171" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a> (Trung Tướng)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Military_Academy" title="Vietnamese National Military Academy">Vietnamese National Military Academy</a> (1956–1960)</li><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="7th Division (South Vietnam)">7th Division</a> (1960–1961)</li><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="1st Division (South Vietnam)">1st Division</a> (1961–1962)</li><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="5th Division (South Vietnam)">5th Division</a> (1962–1964)</li><li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="IV Corps (South Vietnam)">IV Corps</a> (1964–1965)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 coup attempt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 coup</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ( <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Vietnamese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[ŋʷǐənˀ vān tʰîəwˀ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/Nguyen_Van_Thieu.ogg\/Nguyen_Van_Thieu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nguyen Van Thieu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Nguyen_Van_Thieu.ogg/Nguyen_Van_Thieu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nguyen_Van_Thieu.ogg" title="File:Nguyen Van Thieu.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 5 April 1923 – 29 September 2001) was a <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> military officer and politician who was the <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">president of South Vietnam</a> from 1967 to 1975.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He was a general in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces</a> (RVNAF), became head of a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> in 1965, and then president after winning a rigged election in 1967. He established rule over South Vietnam until he resigned and left the nation and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) a few days before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> and the ultimate <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> victory. Born in <a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang%E2%80%93Th%C3%A1p_Ch%C3%A0m" title="Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm">Phan Rang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Coast" title="South Central Coast">south central coast</a> of Vietnam, Thiệu joined the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> in 1945 but quit after a year after realizing the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> nature of the organization and joined the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a> (VNA) of the French-backed <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>. He gradually rose up the ranks and, in 1954, led a battalion in expelling the communists from his native village. Following the withdrawal of France, the VNA became the ARVN and Thiệu was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Military_Academy" title="Vietnamese National Military Academy">Vietnamese National Military Academy</a> for four years before becoming a division commander and colonel. In November 1960, he helped <a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">put down a coup attempt</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>. During this time, he also converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> and joined the regime's secret <a href="/wiki/Personalist_Labor_Revolutionary_Party" title="Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party">Cần Lao Party</a>; Diệm was thought to give preferential treatment to his co-religionists and Thiệu was accused of being one of many who converted for political advancement. Despite this, Thiệu agreed to join the <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">coup against Ngô Đình Diệm in November 1963</a> in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a>, leading the siege on <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Long Palace">Gia Long Palace</a>. Diệm was <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">captured and executed</a> and Thiệu made a general. Following Diệm's death, there were several short-lived juntas as <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> occurred frequently. Thiệu gradually moved up the ranks of the junta by adopting a cautious approach while other officers around him defeated and sidelined one another. In 1965, stability came to South Vietnam when he became the <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> head of state, while Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> became prime minister, although the men were rivals. In 1967, a transition to elected government was scheduled; and, after a power struggle within the military, Thiệu ran for the presidency with Kỳ as his running mate—both men had wanted the top job. To allow the two to work together, their fellow officers had agreed to have a military body controlled by Kỳ shape policy behind the scenes. Leadership tensions became evident, and Thiệu prevailed, sidelining Kỳ supporters from key military and cabinet posts. Thiệu then passed legislation to restrict candidacy eligibility for <a href="/wiki/1971_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1971 South Vietnamese presidential election">the 1971 election</a>, banning almost all would-be opponents, while the rest withdrew as it was obvious that the poll would be a sham; Thiệu won 100% of the vote and the election was uncontested, while Kỳ retired from politics. Thiệu was among the hardline <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a> and did not accept a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">South Vietnamese communists</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North</a>); however, despite the South Vietnamese constitution considering Vietnam a unified country, he advocated a two-state solution with North Vietnam to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> together and <a href="/wiki/Coexistence" title="Coexistence">co-exist</a> peacefully to wait for the day of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> unification.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During his rule, Thiệu was accused of turning a blind eye to and indulging in corruption, and appointing loyalists rather than competent officers to lead ARVN units.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> During the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">Operation Lam Sơn 719</a> and the communists' <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="I Corps (South Vietnam)">I Corps</a> in the north of the country was under the command of his confidant, <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Xu%C3%A2n_L%C3%A3m" title="Hoàng Xuân Lãm">Hoàng Xuân Lãm</a>, whose incompetence led to heavy defeats until Thiệu finally replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Ngô Quang Trưởng">Ngô Quang Trưởng</a>. After the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>—which Thiệu opposed—and the US military withdrawal, South Vietnam resisted the communists for another two years until the communists' <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Campaign">final push for victory</a>, which saw the South openly invaded by the entire North Vietnamese army. Thiệu gave contradictory orders to Trưởng to stand and fight or withdraw and consolidate, leading to mass panic and collapse in the south of the country. This allowed the communists to generate much momentum and within a month they were close to <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, prompting Thiệu to resign on 21 April 1975 and later leave the country before the South Vietnamese communists took power in the country. He eventually immigrated to the US and settled near <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, preferring not to talk to the media. In the last years of his life, Thiệu actively campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> of Vietnam. He died in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Thiệu has been described as a dictator, similar to Ngô Đình Diệm.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Another opinion is that Thiệu respected <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and was an honest and capable leader.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Born in <a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang%E2%80%93Th%C3%A1p_Ch%C3%A0m" title="Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm">Phan Rang</a> on the south central coast of Vietnam, Thiệu was a son of a small, well-off landowner who earned his living by farming and fishing. Thiệu was the youngest of five children.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> According to some reports, Thiệu was born in November 1924, but adopted 5 April 1923, as his birthday on grounds that it was a more auspicious day.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> His elder brothers raised money so that he could attend the elite schools run by France, who were Vietnam's colonial rulers.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> Although not yet a Catholic (he converted later in life after getting married), Thiệu attended Pellerin, a French-run Catholic school in Huế, the imperial seat of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>. He returned to his hometown after graduating.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> and seized control. Ninh Thuận was taken over by the Japanese in 1942, but the reaction from the locals was muted, and Thiệu continued to work the ricelands alongside his father for another three years.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Việt_Minh_and_Vietnamese_National_Army">Việt Minh and Vietnamese National Army</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Việt Minh and Vietnamese National Army">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_lieutenant_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Infantry_lieutenant_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.png/200px-Infantry_lieutenant_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Infantry_lieutenant_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.png/300px-Infantry_lieutenant_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Infantry_lieutenant_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Thiệu as an infantry lieutenant (1951)</figcaption></figure> When World War II ended, Thiệu joined the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a>, whose goal was to gain independence for Vietnam from France.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> With no rifles, Thiệu's class of Việt Minh recruits trained in jungle clearings with bamboo.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> He rose to be district chief,<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> but left the movement after just one year, following the return of the French to southern Vietnam in 1946 to contest Việt Minh control.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> Thiệu said, "By August of 1946, I knew that Việt Minh were Communists … They shot people. They overthrew the village committee. They seized the land."<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> He defected and moved to <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> and joined the forces of the French-backed <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> With the help of his brother, Nguyễn Văn Hiếu, a Paris-trained lawyer who served in the upper echelons of the State of Vietnam government, Thiệu initially was enrolled in the Merchant Marine Academy.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> After a year, he was given his officer's commission, but he rejected a position on a ship when he discovered that the French owners were going to pay him less than his French colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> This incident was said to have made him suspicious of foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> Thiệu later became known for his paranoia and distrust of his American allies when he rose to the top of politics.<a href="#cite_note-Willbanks,_p._229-13">[13]</a> Thiệu transferred to the National Military Academy in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_L%E1%BA%A1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đà Lạt">Đà Lạt</a>. In 1949, upon graduation, he was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant from the first officer candidates' course of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam National Army">Vietnam National Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> which had been created by former Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> who had agreed to be the Chief of State of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> of the Việt Minh.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> Thiệu started as the commander of an infantry platoon fighting against the Việt Minh. He quickly rose up the ranks, and was known as a good strategist, albeit cautious,<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> with an aversion to attacking unless victory appeared almost assured.<a href="#cite_note-future-14">[14]</a> He was sent to France to train at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">Infantry School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%ABtquidan" title="Coëtquidan">Coëtquidan</a>, before returning home to attend the Staff College in Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> Nevertheless, Thiệu was regarded as "very much a country boy, lacking the manners of more sophisticated urban dwellers who aspired to become officers".<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> By 1954, he was a major and led a battalion that attacked a Việt Minh unit, forcing the communists to withdraw from Phan Rang.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> At first the Việt Minh retreated into Thiệu's old family home, confident that he would not attack his own house, but they were mistaken.<a href="#cite_note-future-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Army of the Republic of Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> Thiệu was a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> when the Republic of Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>) was founded and officially gained full sovereignty after the withdrawal of French forces in 1955, following the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">1954 Geneva Agreement</a>. In 1956, he was appointed as head of the National Military Academy in Đà Lạt,<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> and held the post for four years.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> There he formed ties with many of the younger officers and trainees and who went on to become his generals, colonels and majors when he ascended to the presidency a decade later.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-future-14">[14]</a> In 1957, and again in 1960, Thiệu was sent to the United States for military training.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> He studied at the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and in weapons training at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, as well as at the Joint and Combined Planning School of the Pacific Command in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_stopping_1960_anti-Diệm_coup">Role in stopping 1960 anti-Diệm coup</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in stopping 1960 anti-Diệm coup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></div> On 11 November 1960, Colonels <a href="/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4ng" title="Vương Văn Đông">Vương Văn Đông</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi" title="Nguyễn Chánh Thi">Nguyễn Chánh Thi</a> launched a coup attempt against President <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, but after surrounding the palace, they stopped attacking and decided to negotiate a power-sharing agreement. Diệm falsely promised reform, allowing time for loyalists to come to the rescue. The rebels had also failed to seal the highways into the capital to block loyalist reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Thiệu sent infantry from his <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="7th Division (South Vietnam)">7th Division</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>, a town just north of Saigon, to help rescue Diệm.<a href="#cite_note-j118-17">[17]</a> As the false promises of reform were being aired, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a>'s men approached the palace grounds. Some of the rebels switched sides as the power balance changed.<a href="#cite_note-j118-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-m113-18">[18]</a> After a brief but violent battle that killed around 400 people, the coup attempt was crushed.<a href="#cite_note-l-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On 21 October 1961, Thiệu was transferred to command the <a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="1st Division (South Vietnam)">1st Division</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, the former imperial capital in central Vietnam. He remained in the post until 8 December 1962, when General <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Cao_Tr%C3%AD" title="Đỗ Cao Trí">Đỗ Cao Trí</a> took over.<a href="#cite_note-ob-21">[21]</a> Twelve days later, Thiệu was appointed commander of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="5th Division (South Vietnam)">5th Division</a>, which was based in Biên Hòa, the 7th having been moved to <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Tho" title="Mỹ Tho">Mỹ Tho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ob-21">[21]</a> Diệm did not trust Thiệu's predecessor, Nguyễn Đức Thắng, but Thiệu's appointment proved to be a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-future-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_against_Diệm">Coup against Diệm</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coup against Diệm">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg/220px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg/330px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg/440px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4893" data-file-height="3262" /></a><figcaption>Thiệu and US President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 South Vietnamese coup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm">Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm</a></div> Thiệu turned against Diệm late, and led his 5th Division in the revolt. Late on the night of 1 November, as light drizzle fell, Thiệu's tanks, artillery, and troops advanced towards the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Long Palace">Gia Long Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j414-22">[22]</a> A little before 22:00, infantry started the assault, covered by tank and artillery fire, which flattened the Presidential Guard barracks. Demolition units set charges to the palace, and rebel flamethrowers sprayed buildings, as the two sides exchanged gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-j414-22">[22]</a> After a lull, shortly after 3:00, the shelling resumed, and just after 5:00, Thiệu ordered the start of the final stage of the siege. By 6:37, the palace fell.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He was then made a general by the junta after they took power.<a href="#cite_note-ob-21">[21]</a> Diệm had been promised exile by the generals, but, after escaping from the palace, was executed on the journey back to military headquarters after having been captured.<a href="#cite_note-kh180-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>, the junta and coup leader, was generally blamed for having ordered Diệm's assassination, but there has been debate about the culpability.<a href="#cite_note-j435-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-h299-26">[26]</a> When Thiệu rose to become president, Minh blamed him for the assassinations. In 1971, Minh claimed that Thiệu had caused the deaths by hesitating and delaying the attack on Gia Long Palace, implying that if Diệm was captured there, junior officers could not have killed him while in a small group. General <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a>, another plotter, was reported to have pressured Thiệu during the night of the siege, asking him on the phone, "Why are you so slow in doing it? Do you need more troops? If you do, ask <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Đính</a> to send more troops—and do it quickly because after taking the palace you will be made a general."<a href="#cite_note-h299-26">[26]</a> Thiệu stridently denied responsibility and issued a statement that Minh did not dispute: "Dương Văn Minh has to assume entire responsibility for the death of Ngô Đình Diệm."<a href="#cite_note-j435-25">[25]</a> Diệm remained a taboo subject until Thiệu became president. His regime first approved of public memorial services for Diệm upon the eighth anniversary of his death in 1971, and this was the third year that such services were permitted. Madame Thiệu, the First Lady, was seen weeping at a requiem mass for Diệm at the <a href="/wiki/Saigon_Notre-Dame_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica">Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Junta_member">Junta member</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Junta member">edit</a>]</div> Thiệu was rewarded with membership in the 12-man Military Revolutionary Council led by General Minh, and served as the secretary general;<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> the leading figures in the MRC were Generals Minh, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kh182-28">[28]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/September_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt">September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt</a></div> In August 1964, the current junta head, General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>, who had in fact deposed Minh and his colleagues in January or at least heavily weakened him – as he had to formally retain Minh in recognition of the United States' will – decided to increase his authority by declaring a state of emergency, increasing police powers, banning protests, tightening censorship and allowing the police arbitrary search and imprisonment powers.<a href="#cite_note-mo757-29">[29]</a> He drafted a new constitution,<a href="#cite_note-mc762-30">[30]</a> which would have augmented his personal power. However, these moves served only to weaken Khánh as large demonstrations and riots broke out in the cities, with majority Buddhists prominent, calling for an end to the state of emergency and the abandonment of the new constitution, as well as a progression back to civilian rule.<a href="#cite_note-mo757-29">[29]</a> Fearing that he could be toppled by the intensifying protests, Khánh made concessions,<a href="#cite_note-mo761-31">[31]</a> repealing the new constitution and police measures, and promising to reinstate civilian rule and remove the <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Lao_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Cần Lao Party">Cần Lao</a>, a Catholic political apparatus covertly used to maintain the Diệm regime in power by seeking out dissenters, etc.<a href="#cite_note-mo761-31">[31]</a> Many senior officers, in particular the Catholics, such as Khiêm and Thiệu, decried what they viewed as a handing of power to the Buddhist leaders,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> They then tried to remove Khánh in favour of Minh again, and recruited many officers into their plot. Khiêm and Thiệu sought out US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Taylor">Maxwell Taylor</a> and sought a private endorsement for a coup, but, as this would have been the third coup in a few months, Taylor did not want any more changes in leadership, fearing a corrosive effect on the already unstable government. This deterred Khiêm's group from following through on their plans.<a href="#cite_note-mo763-33">[33]</a> The division among the generals came to a head at a meeting of the MRC on 26/27 August. Khánh claimed the instability was due to troublemaking by members and supporters of the Catholic-aligned <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Greater_Vietnam" title="Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam">Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-m318-34">[34]</a> Prominent officers associated with the Đại Việt included Thiệu and Khiêm.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Khiêm blamed Khánh's concessions to Buddhist activists as the reason for the trouble.<a href="#cite_note-m318-34">[34]</a> Thiệu and another Catholic General, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a>, called for the replacement of Khánh with the original junta leader Minh, but the latter refused.<a href="#cite_note-m318-34">[34]</a> Feeling pressured by the strong condemnations of his colleagues, Khánh said that he would resign. However, after further deadlock, Khánh, Minh, and Khiêm were put together in a triumvirate to resolve the problem, but tensions remained as Khánh dominated the decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-mo763-33">[33]</a> On 15 September 1964, Thiệu became the commander of <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="IV Corps (South Vietnam)">IV Corps</a>, which oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> region of the country, and three divisions.<a href="#cite_note-ob-21">[21]</a> This came after the Buddhists had lobbied Khánh to remove General <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dương Văn Đức">Dương Văn Đức</a> from command of IV Corps;<a href="#cite_note-moyar-36">[36]</a> Đức had responded with a failed coup attempt, along with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%A1t" title="Lâm Văn Phát">Lâm Văn Phát</a>, on 13 September.<a href="#cite_note-m326-37">[37]</a> During the coup attempt, Khiêm and Thiệu's torpor, combined with their criticism of Khánh was seen as tacit support of the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-kh231-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> US Embassy logs during the coup claimed that Thiệu and Khiêm "seem so passive that they appear to have been either tacitly supporting or associated with his move by Đức and Phát".<a href="#cite_note-kh498-40">[40]</a> However, after the coup faltered, the pair "issued expressions of firm support for Khánh somewhat belatedly".<a href="#cite_note-kh498-40">[40]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December 1964 South Vietnamese coup</a></div> Thiệu was part of a group of younger officers called the Young Turks—the most prominent apart from himself included commander of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Air Force">Republic of Vietnam Air Force</a>, Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, commander of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="I Corps (South Vietnam)">I Corps</a> General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi" title="Nguyễn Chánh Thi">Nguyễn Chánh Thi</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chung_T%E1%BA%A5n_Cang" title="Chung Tấn Cang">Chung Tấn Cang</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy" title="Republic of Vietnam Navy">Republic of Vietnam Navy</a>. They and Khánh wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, as they thought them to be lethargic, out of touch, and ineffective, but most importantly, as rivals for power. Specific targets of this proposed policy were Generals Minh, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mai_H%E1%BB%AFu_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Mai Hữu Xuân">Mai Hữu Xuân</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mo769-41">[41]</a> The signature of Chief of State <a href="/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu" title="Phan Khắc Sửu">Phan Khắc Sửu</a> was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the High National Council (HNC), an appointed civilian advisory body, to get their opinion.<a href="#cite_note-versus-42">[42]</a> The HNC turned down the request. This was speculated to be due to the fact that many of the HNC members were old, and did not appreciate the generals' negativity towards seniors.<a href="#cite_note-m344-43">[43]</a> On 19 December, the generals dissolved the HNC and arrested some of the members as well as other civilian politicians.<a href="#cite_note-mo769-41">[41]</a> This prompted US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a> to angrily berate Thiệu, Thi, Kỳ and Cang in a private meeting and threaten to cut off aid if they did not reverse their decision. However, this galvanized the officers around Khánh for a time and they ignored Taylor's threats without repercussions as the Americans were too intent on defeating the communists to cut funding.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965 South Vietnamese coup</a></div> Thiệu was again plotting the following month when the junta-appointed Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a>, introduced a series of war expansion measures, notably by widening the terms of conscription. This provoked widespread anti-Hương demonstrations and riots across the country, mainly from conscription-aged students and pro-negotiations Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-hfkh-45">[45]</a> Reliant on Buddhist support, Khánh did little to try to contain the protests,<a href="#cite_note-hfkh-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and then decided to have the armed forces take over the government, and he removed Hương on 27 January.<a href="#cite_note-hfkh-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-mo775-47">[47]</a> Khánh's action nullified a counter-plot involving Hương that had developed during the civil disorders that forced him from office. In an attempt to pre-empt his deposal, Hương had backed a plot led by some Đại Việt-oriented Catholic officers, including Thiệu and Có, who planned to remove Khánh and bring Khiêm back from Washington. The US Embassy in Saigon was privately supportive of the aim as Taylor and Khánh had become implacable enemies,<a href="#cite_note-kh297-48">[48]</a> but they did not fully back the move as they regarded it as poorly thought out and potentially a political embarrassment due to the need to use an American plane to transport some plotters between Saigon and Washington, and as a result, they promised asylum only for Hương if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-kh297-48">[48]</a> The plot continued over the next month with US encouragement, especially when evidence emerged that Khánh wanted to make a deal with the communists.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Taylor told the generals that the US was "in no way propping up General Khanh or backing him in any fashion".<a href="#cite_note-kh298-50">[50]</a> At this stage, Taylor and his staff in Saigon thought highly of Thiệu, Có and Cang as possible replacements for Khánh.<a href="#cite_note-kh298-50">[50]</a> Thiệu was quoted in a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) report as being described by an unnamed American official as "intelligent, highly ambitious, and likely to remain a coup plotter with the aim of personal advancement".<a href="#cite_note-kh512-51">[51]</a> Thiệu took a cautious approach, as did Có and Cang, and they were pre-empted by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a>, an undetected communist double agent, who launched a coup with Phát on a hardline Catholic platform without US backing.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> With US support against both Khánh and the plotters, Kỳ and Thi put down the coup attempt and then ousted Khánh. This left Kỳ, Thi and Thiệu as the three most prominent members in the new junta.<a href="#cite_note-tc-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-kh303-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-l3467-55">[55]</a> There were claims that Thiệu ordered the military to capture and extrajudicially kill Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a>, who died in 1965 after a series of coup attempts between various ARVN officers. Other sources blame Kỳ.<a href="#cite_note-t61-56">[56]</a> During this period, Thiệu became more prominent as other generals fought and defeated one another in coups, which forced several into exile.<a href="#cite_note-ex-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figurehead_chief_of_state">Figurehead chief of state</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Figurehead chief of state">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honolulu_Conference,_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Honolulu_Conference%2C_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg/310px-Honolulu_Conference%2C_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Honolulu_Conference%2C_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg/465px-Honolulu_Conference%2C_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Honolulu_Conference%2C_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg/620px-Honolulu_Conference%2C_Prime_Minister_Nguyen_Cao_Ky_and_Lieutenant_General_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_and_President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_-_A1889-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4922" data-file-height="3282" /></a><figcaption>Thiệu and <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Vice_Presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> (left) meeting US President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (with back to camera) in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> (1966)</figcaption></figure> In mid-1965, Thiệu became the figurehead chief of state of a military junta, with <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Kỳ</a> as the prime minister. After a series of short-lived juntas, their pairing put an end to a series of leadership changes that had occurred since the assassination of Diệm.<a href="#cite_note-ex-57">[57]</a> Kỳ and Thiệu's military junta decided to inaugurate their rule by holding a "no breathing week".<a href="#cite_note-week1-58">[58]</a> They imposed censorship, closed many newspapers that published material deemed unacceptable, and suspended civil liberties. They then sidelined the civilian politicians to a "village of old trees" to "conduct seminars and draw up plans and programs in support of government policy".<a href="#cite_note-week1-58">[58]</a> They decided to ignore religious and other opposition groups "with the stipulation that troublemakers will be shot".<a href="#cite_note-week1-58">[58]</a> Kỳ and Thiệu were more concerned with attacking the communists than their predecessors. The generals began to mobilize the populace into paramilitary organizations. After one month, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a> began to call for the removal of Thiệu because he was a member of Diệm's Catholic <a href="/wiki/Can_Lao_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Can Lao Party">Cần Lao apparatus</a>, decrying his "fascistic tendencies", and claiming that Cần Lao members were undermining Kỳ.<a href="#cite_note-week1-58">[58]</a> For Quang, Thiệu was a symbol of the Diệm era of Catholic domination, when advancement was based on religion. He had desired that General Thi, known for his pro-Buddhist position, would lead the country, and denounced Thiệu for alleged past crimes against Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-mc777-59">[59]</a> In 1966, with Kỳ leading the way, Thi was sacked in a power struggle, provoking widespread civil unrest in his base in I Corps; Quang led Buddhist protests against Kỳ and Thiệu and many units in I Corps began disobeying orders, siding with Thi and the Buddhist movement. Eventually, Kỳ's military forces forced the dissidents to back down and defeated those who did not. Thi was exiled and Quang put under house arrest, ending Buddhist opposition and any effective threat to Kỳ and Thiệu's regime.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1967_South_Vietnamese_Presidential_election">1967 South Vietnamese Presidential election</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1967 South Vietnamese Presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office,_67-0480-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office%2C_67-0480-A.jpg/220px-South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office%2C_67-0480-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office%2C_67-0480-A.jpg/330px-South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office%2C_67-0480-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office%2C_67-0480-A.jpg/440px-South_Vietnamese_President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u_taking_oath_of_office%2C_67-0480-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Thiệu takes the oath of office, 31 October 1967</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese presidential election">1967 South Vietnamese presidential election</a></div> Under US insistence on constitutional rule, elections for the <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese presidential election">presidency</a> and <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_parliamentary_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese parliamentary election">legislature</a> were scheduled.<a href="#cite_note-elect67-62">[62]</a> On 3 September 1967, Thiệu ran successfully for the presidency with Kỳ as his running mate. Thiệu took 34% of the vote and held the position until 21 April 1975.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> He promised democracy, social reform and vowed to "open wide the door of peace and leave it open".<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> However, the poll was the start of a power struggle with Kỳ, who had been the main leader of South Vietnam in the preceding two years. The military had decided that they would support one candidate, and after both men wanted the job, Kỳ only backed down after being promised real influence behind the scenes through a military committee that would control proceedings. Thiệu was intent on concentrating power in his own hands.<a href="#cite_note-elect67-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tet_Offensive">Tet Offensive</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tet Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_T._Agnew,_Gerald_R._Ford,_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam,_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5,_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spiro_T._Agnew%2C_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam%2C_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5%2C_1973.jpg/220px-Spiro_T._Agnew%2C_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam%2C_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5%2C_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spiro_T._Agnew%2C_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam%2C_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5%2C_1973.jpg/330px-Spiro_T._Agnew%2C_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam%2C_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5%2C_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spiro_T._Agnew%2C_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam%2C_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5%2C_1973.jpg/440px-Spiro_T._Agnew%2C_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_President_Thieu_of_Vietnam%2C_and_Carl_Albert_posing_for_a_picture._April_5%2C_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5045" data-file-height="3526" /></a><figcaption>(Left to right) Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro T. Agnew</a>, House Minority Leader (later President) <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a>, President Thiệu, Ambassador to South Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Graham_Martin" title="Graham Martin">Graham Martin</a> and Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a> posing for a picture on 5 April 1973</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Lunar New Year</a> of 1968, the communists launched a massive attack on the cities of Vietnam in an attempt to topple Thiệu and reunify the country under their rule. At the time of the attack on Saigon, Thiệu was out of town, having travelled to celebrate the new year at his wife's family's home at <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Tho" title="Mỹ Tho">Mỹ Tho</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. Kỳ, who was still in the capital, stepped into the spotlight and took command, organising the military forces in Saigon in the battle. The ARVN and the Americans repelled the communist onslaught.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> Kỳ's overshadowing of his superior during South Vietnam's deepest crisis further strained relations between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> Although the communists were repelled and suffered heavy losses, South Vietnam suffered heavily as the conflict reached the cities for the first time in a substantial way. As ARVN troops were pulled back to defend the towns, the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Cộng">Việt Cộng</a> gained in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss116-63">[63]</a> The violence and destruction witnessed damaged public confidence in Thiệu, who apparently couldn't protect the citizens.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss118-64">[64]</a> Thiệu's regime estimated the civilian dead at 14,300 with 24,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss116-63">[63]</a> 630,000 new refugees had been generated, joining the nearly 800,000 others already displaced by the war. By the end of 1968, 8% of the populace was living in a refugee camp.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss116-63">[63]</a> More than 70,000 homes had been destroyed and the nation's infrastructure was severely damaged.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss116-63">[63]</a> 1968 became the deadliest year of the war to date for South Vietnam, with 27,915 men killed.<a href="#cite_note-Smedberg,_M_2008_p._196-65">[65]</a> In the wake of the offensive, however, Thiệu's regime became more energetic.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 1 February, Thiệu declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss119-67">[67]</a> and in June, the National Assembly approved his request for a general mobilization of the population and the induction of 200,000 draftees into the armed forces by the end of the year;<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss119-67">[67]</a> the bill had been blocked before the <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tết Offensive">Tết Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaffiri293-68">[68]</a> This increased South Vietnam's military to more than 900,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss119-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Mobilization and token anti-corruption campaigns were carried out. Three of the four ARVN corps commanders were replaced for poor performance during the offensive. Thiệu also established a National Recovery Committee to oversee food distribution, resettlement, and housing construction for the new refugees. The government perceived a new determination among the ordinary citizens,<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss120-70">[70]</a> especially among previously apathetic urbanites who were angered by the communist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss120-70">[70]</a> Thiệu used the period to consolidate his personal power. His only real political rival was Vice President Kỳ.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the aftermath of Tết, Kỳ supporters in the military and the administration were quickly removed from power, arrested, or exiled.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss126-73">[73]</a> A crack-down on the South Vietnamese press followed and there was a return of some of Diệm's Cần Lao members to positions of power.<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss126-73">[73]</a> Within six months, the populace began to call him "the little dictator".<a href="#cite_note-DouganWeiss126-73">[73]</a> Over the next few years, Kỳ became increasingly sidelined to the point of irrelevance.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Re-elected_unopposed_and_stagnation">Re-elected unopposed and stagnation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Re-elected unopposed and stagnation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:69-10-0049-E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/69-10-0049-E.jpg/310px-69-10-0049-E.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/69-10-0049-E.jpg/465px-69-10-0049-E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/69-10-0049-E.jpg/620px-69-10-0049-E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Thiệu joins mourners for the multi-faith rites for victims of the <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Huế Massacre">Huế Massacre</a> (October 1968)</figcaption></figure> In 1971, Thiệu ran for re-election, but his reputation for corruption made his political opponents believe the poll would be rigged, and they declined to run. As the only candidate, Thiệu was thus <a href="/wiki/1971_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1971 South Vietnamese presidential election">easily re-elected</a> on 2 October, receiving 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> a figure widely held to be fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> in January 1973 failed to end the fighting in South Vietnam, as North Vietnam immediately violated the cease-fire and attempted to make territorial gains, resulting in large battles.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In late 1973, the communists issued Resolution 21, which called for "strategic raids" against South Vietnam to gain territory and to gauge the reaction of Thiệu and the American government.<a href="#cite_note-w210-76">[76]</a> This started between March and November 1974,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> when the communists attacked Quang Duc Province and <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w197-78">[78]</a> The US failed to respond to the communist violations and the ARVN lost a lot of supplies in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-w213-79">[79]</a> Thiệu expressed his stance on the ceasefire by publicly proclaiming the "Four Nos" against the communists:<a href="#cite_note-w213-79">[79]</a> no negotiations with the communists; no communist political activities south of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ); no coalition government; and no surrender of territory to the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> or their <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government</a> (PRG), which went against the deal.<a href="#cite_note-w193-80">[80]</a> Thiệu believed the American promise to reintroduce air power against the communists if they made any serious violations of the agreement,<a href="#cite_note-w193-80">[80]</a> and he and his government also assumed that US aid would continue to be forthcoming at previous levels.<a href="#cite_note-w202-81">[81]</a> However, he advocated a two-state solution with North Vietnam to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> together and co-exist peacefully to wait for the day of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">democratic</a> unification.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On 1 July 1973, however, the US Congress passed legislation that all but prohibited any US combat activities over or in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, Cambodia, and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-w195-83">[83]</a> On 7 November, the legislative branch overrode Nixon's veto of the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w195-83">[83]</a> In 1973–74, US funding was slashed to $965 million, a reduction of more than 50%.<a href="#cite_note-w202-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Despite Nixon's growing political difficulties and an increasingly hostile working relationship with the legislature over Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Thiệu, and most of the Saigon leadership, remained optimistic about ongoing aid.<a href="#cite_note-w202-81">[81]</a> According to Vietnamese Air Force General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Van_Khuyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Van Khuyen (page does not exist)">Đổng Văn Khuyên</a>, "Our leaders continued to believe in U.S. air intervention even after the U.S. Congress had expressly forbidden it ... [T]hey deluded themselves."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-w217-87">[87]</a> As North Vietnam needed to replenish its armed forces in 1974, Thiệu decided to go on the attack. He stretched his own forces thinly by launching offensives that regained most of the territory captured by PAVN forces during the 1973 campaign, and retook 15% of the total land area controlled by the communists at the time of the cease-fire.<a href="#cite_note-w199-88">[88]</a> In April, Thiệu launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svay_Rieng" title="Battle of Svay Rieng">Svay Rieng Campaign</a> against communist strongholds in eastern Cambodia near <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh" title="Tây Ninh">Tây Ninh</a>, in what was the last major ARVN offensive. While these operations were successful,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> the cost in terms of manpower and resources was high. By the end of the year the military was experiencing equipment shortages as a result of decreased American aid,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> while communist forces continued to gain strength.<a href="#cite_note-w206-91">[91]</a> By the end of October, the North Vietnamese had formulated their strategy for 1975 and 1976. In what became known as Resolution of 1975, the party leadership reported that the war had reached its "final stage".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The army was to consolidate its gains, eliminate South Vietnamese border outposts and secure its logistical corridor, and continue its force build-up in the south.<a href="#cite_note-dw11-93">[93]</a> During 1976, the final general offensive would begin.<a href="#cite_note-w221-94">[94]</a> The communists decided to start by attacking <a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phước Long Province">Phước Long Province</a>, around 140 km north of Saigon.<a href="#cite_note-dw17-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-w222-96">[96]</a> In the meantime, morale in and supplies for the ARVN continued to fade away. Desertion increased, and only 65% of registered personnel were present.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Morale fell due to Thiệu's continued policy of promoting officers on the grounds of religion, loyalty and cronyism. Corruption and incompetence were endemic, with some officers "raising it almost to an art form".<a href="#cite_note-w205-98">[98]</a> Under heavy criticism, Thiệu reluctantly sacked General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_To%C3%A0n_(general,_born_1932)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Văn Toàn (general, born 1932)">Nguyễn Văn Toàn</a>, a loyalist notorious for corruption.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The aid cuts meant that an artillery piece could only fire four rounds a day,<a href="#cite_note-w203-100">[100]</a> and each soldier had only 85 bullets per month.<a href="#cite_note-w203-100">[100]</a> Due to lack of fuel and spare parts, air force transport operations shrank by up to 70%.<a href="#cite_note-w203-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Due to Thiệu's insistence on not surrendering any territory, the army was spread very thinly, defending useless terrain along a 600 mile (966 km) frontier, while the strategic reserve was occupied in static defensive roles.<a href="#cite_note-dw66-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-w246-103">[103]</a> The situation was exacerbated by the collapse of the economy and a massive influx of refugees into the cities. Worldwide rises in fuel price due to the 1972 <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">Arab oil embargo</a>, and poor rice harvests throughout Asia, hit hard.<a href="#cite_note-w206-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse">Collapse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collapse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Campaign">Ho Chi Minh Campaign</a></div> By the end of 1974, around 370,000 communist troops were in South Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-w232-104">[104]</a> augmented by ever increasing influxes of military hardware.<a href="#cite_note-w209-105">[105]</a> In mid-December, the communists attacked <a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Phước Long, Bình Phước">Phước Long</a>, and quickly gained the upper hand, besieging the city.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On 2 January 1975, Thiệu held an emergency meeting with General <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0_Qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng" title="Dư Quốc Đống">Dư Quốc Đống</a>, who was in charge of the Phước Long situation, and other senior military figures. Đống presented a plan for the relief of Phước Long,<a href="#cite_note-w225-107">[107]</a> but it was rejected because a lack of reserve forces of sufficient size available,<a href="#cite_note-w225-107">[107]</a> a lack of airlift capability,<a href="#cite_note-w225-107">[107]</a> and the belief that the besieged defenders could not hold out long enough for reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Thiệu decided to cede the entire province to the North Vietnamese, since it was considered to be less important than <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh" title="Tây Ninh">Tây Ninh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleiku" title="Pleiku">Pleiku</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> — economically, politically, and demographically.<a href="#cite_note-w225-107">[107]</a> On 6 January 1975, Phước Long City became the first provincial capital permanently seized by the communists. Less than a sixth of the ARVN forces survived.<a href="#cite_note-w226-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-df20-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a> declared that "Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage so great as we have now."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The communists thus decided to initiate a full-scale offensive against the central highlands, which had been named Campaign 275.<a href="#cite_note-w228-113">[113]</a> General <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_D%C5%A9ng" title="Văn Tiến Dũng">Văn Tiến Dũng</a> planned to take <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Buôn Ma Thuột">Buôn Ma Thuột</a>,<a href="#cite_note-w233-114">[114]</a> using 75,000–80,000 men to surround the city before capturing it.<a href="#cite_note-w233-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Major General Phạm Văn Phú, the II Corps commander, was given adequate warnings of the impending attacks, but was not worried.<a href="#cite_note-w233-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-df48-116">[116]</a> He thought the true objective was <a href="/wiki/Pleiku" title="Pleiku">Pleiku</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kon_Tum" title="Kon Tum">Kon Tum</a> and that Buôn Ma Thuột was a diversion.<a href="#cite_note-w233-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-df49-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The town was therefore lightly defended and communists outnumbered defenders by more than 8:1.<a href="#cite_note-df49-117">[117]</a> The battle for Buôn Ma Thuột began on 10 March and ended only eight days later.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Reinforcements were flown in,<a href="#cite_note-w237-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> but were dismantled and fled in chaos.<a href="#cite_note-df51-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-w238-123">[123]</a> On 18 March the communists took complete control of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đắk Lắk Province">Đắk Lắk Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-df51-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-w238-123">[123]</a> ARVN forces began to rapidly shift positions in an attempt to keep the North Vietnamese from quickly pushing eastward to the coastal lowlands along Route 21.<a href="#cite_note-w240-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-df63-125">[125]</a> In the face of rapid communist advances, Thiệu had sent a delegation to Washington in early March to request an increase in aid. The US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Graham_Martin" title="Graham Martin">Graham Martin</a> also traveled to Washington to present the case to President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. However, the US Congress, increasingly reluctant to invest in what was seen as a lost cause, slashed a proposed $1.45 billion military aid package for 1975 to $700 million.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The Ford administration, however, continued to encourage Thiệu to believe that money would eventually come.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> During this time, Thiệu was feeling the increased pressure and became increasingly paranoid. According to one of his closest advisors <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_H%C6%B0ng" title="Nguyễn Tiến Hưng">Nguyễn Tiến Hưng</a>, he became "suspicious ... secretive ... and ever watchful for a coup d'état against him."<a href="#cite_note-Willbanks,_p._229-13">[13]</a> His increasing isolation had begun to deny him "the services of competent people, adequate staff work, consultation, and coordination".<a href="#cite_note-Willbanks,_p._229-13">[13]</a> Thieu's military decisions were followed faithfully by his officers who generally agreed that he "made all the decisions as to how the war should be conducted."<a href="#cite_note-Vien,_p._78-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-w235-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-df53-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandonment_of_the_Central_Highlands">Abandonment of the Central Highlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abandonment of the Central Highlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HCMC3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HCMC3.jpg/150px-HCMC3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HCMC3.jpg/225px-HCMC3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/HCMC3.jpg/300px-HCMC3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>President Thiệu's briefing map</figcaption></figure> By 11 March, Thiệu concluded that there was no hope of receiving the $300 million supplemental aid package from the US.<a href="#cite_note-w232-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On that basis he called a meeting attended by Generals <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C4%83ng_V%C4%83n_Quang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đăng Văn Quang (page does not exist)">Quang</a> and Viên.<a href="#cite_note-df51-122">[122]</a> After reviewing the situation, Thiệu pulled out a small-scale map of South Vietnam and discussed the possible redeployment of the armed forces to "hold and defend only those populous and flourishing areas which were really most important".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Thiệu sketched on the map those areas which he considered most important, all of the III and IV Corps Tactical Zones.<a href="#cite_note-w235-129">[129]</a> He also pointed out those areas that were currently under communist control which would have to be retaken.<a href="#cite_note-w235-129">[129]</a> The key to the location of these operations were concentrations of natural resources such as rice, rubber and industries. The necessary territory included coastal areas where oil had been discovered on the continental shelf.<a href="#cite_note-df53-130">[130]</a> These areas were to become, in Thiệu's words: "Our untouchable heartland, the irreducible national stronghold."<a href="#cite_note-Vien,_p._78-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-w235-129">[129]</a> With respect to the I and II Corps Zones, he drew a series of phase lines on the map indicating that South Vietnamese forces should hold what they could,<a href="#cite_note-w235-129">[129]</a> but that they could redeploy southward if needed. Thiệu declared this new strategy as "Light at the top, heavy on the bottom."<a href="#cite_note-w235-129">[129]</a> The critical decision was made on 14 March when Thiệu met with Phú. Thiệu had decided to abandon Pleiku and Kon Tum so that the II Corps forces could concentrate on retaking <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Buôn Ma Thuột">Buôn Ma Thuột</a>, which he considered more important.<a href="#cite_note-df54-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Phú then decided that the only possible means of doing this was to retreat to the coast along Interprovincial Route 7B, a dilapidated, rough track with several downed bridges, before recuperating and counterattacking back into the highlands.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The large-scale retreat of hundreds of thousands of military personnel and civilians would be dangerous. However, it was poorly planned, many senior officers were not kept informed, and some units were left behind or retreated incoherently. This was exacerbated by a three-day delay when the convoy encountered a broken bridge and had to rebuild it.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-w239-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-w242-138">[138]</a> The communist forces caught up, surrounded the convoy, and attacked it.<a href="#cite_note-df58-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Heavy losses were incurred against the numerically dominant communists,<a href="#cite_note-df60-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-w243-142">[142]</a> who shelled and rocketed the soldiers and peasants alike.<a href="#cite_note-df60-141">[141]</a> More bridge delays played into communist hands,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and by the time the convoy reached Tuy Hòa on 27 March, it was estimated by the ARVN that only 20,000 of the 60,000 troops had survived,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-w245-145">[145]</a> while only 25% of the estimated 180,000 civilians had escaped. Thiệu's order to evacuate, which was too late, had resulted in chaos and a bloodbath that left more than 150,000 dead.<a href="#cite_note-w245-145">[145]</a> The planned operation to retake Buôn Ma Thuột never materialized because II Corps had been reduced to only 25% strength.<a href="#cite_note-df63-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-w243-142">[142]</a> Buoyed by their easy triumph the North Vietnamese overran the whole region.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thiệu's_collapse">Thiệu's collapse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thiệu's collapse">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg/250px-South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg/375px-South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg/500px-South_Vietnam_-_The_final_days_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>North Vietnamese invasion of South Vietnam in 1975</figcaption></figure> However, a worse collapse occurred in the northernmost I Corps, after a series of U-turns by Thiệu. It added to the fall of the highlands, which had already earned Thiệu much criticism.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> I Corps fielded three infantry divisions, the elite Airborne and Marine Divisions,<a href="#cite_note-w246-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-df66-147">[147]</a> four Ranger Groups and an armored brigade,<a href="#cite_note-df69-148">[148]</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Ngô Quang Trưởng">Ngô Quang Trưởng</a>, regarded as the nation's finest general.<a href="#cite_note-w246-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-df66-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-wb-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp-150">[150]</a> Until mid-March, the North Vietnamese had only tried to cut the highways, despite having five divisions and 27 further regiments. At a meeting on 13 March, Trưởng and the new III Corps commander, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_To%C3%A0n_(general)" title="Nguyễn Văn Toàn (general)">Nguyễn Văn Toàn</a> briefed Thiệu.<a href="#cite_note-w246-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-df66-147">[147]</a> Thiệu laid out his plan to consolidate a smaller proportion. As Trưởng understood it, he was free to redeploy his forces south to hold Đà Nẵng,<a href="#cite_note-w247-151">[151]</a> South Vietnam's second largest city, thereby abandoning Huế. Offshore oil deposits were thought to be nearby.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Thiệu also decided to remove the Airborne and Marines, leaving I Corps exposed.<a href="#cite_note-w246-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-df66-147">[147]</a> Thiệu called Trưởng to Saigon on 19 March to detail his withdrawal plan.<a href="#cite_note-w247-151">[151]</a> The president then stunned Trưởng by announcing that he had misinterpreted his previous orders:<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The old imperial capital of Huế was not to be abandoned, despite losing two divisions.<a href="#cite_note-df69-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-w248-154">[154]</a> In the meantime, the withdrawal preparations and the increasing North Vietnamese pressure caused civilians to flee, clogging the highway and hampering the withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Trưởng requested permission for a withdrawal of his forces into the three enclaves as planned; Thiệu ordered him to "hold onto any territory he could with whatever forces he now had, including the Marine Division", implying that he could retreat if and when needed.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Trưởng returned to Đà Nẵng to the start of a North Vietnamese offensive.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Thiệu made a nationwide radio broadcast that afternoon proclaiming that Huế would be held "at all costs",<a href="#cite_note-df70-158">[158]</a> contradicting the previous order. That evening Trưởng ordered a retreat to a new defense line at the Mỹ Chánh River to defend Huế,<a href="#cite_note-w250-159">[159]</a> thereby ceding all of Quảng Trị Province. He was confident that his forces could hold Huế, but was then astounded by a late afternoon message from Thiệu that ordered "that because of inability to simultaneously defend all three enclaves, the I Corps commander was free ... to redeploy his forces for the defense of Đà Nẵng only."<a href="#cite_note-w248-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-df70-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The people of Quảng Trị and Huế began to leave their homes by the hundreds of thousands, joining an ever-growing exodus toward Đà Nẵng.<a href="#cite_note-w247-151">[151]</a> Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese closed in on Đà Nẵng amid the chaos caused by Thiệu's confused leadership.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-df73-162">[162]</a> Within a few days I Corps was beyond control.<a href="#cite_note-df74-163">[163]</a> The South Vietnamese tried to evacuate from the other urban enclaves into Đà Nẵng, but the 1st Division collapsed after its commander, Brigadier General Nguyễn Văn Diệm, angered by Thiệu's abandonment, told his men that "We've been betrayed ... [i]t is now "sauve qui peu" ["every man for himself"] ... See you in Đà Nẵng."<a href="#cite_note-df70-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-w250-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The overland march, pummelled by communist artillery the entire way,<a href="#cite_note-w248-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-df70-158">[158]</a> degenerated into chaos as it moved toward Đà Nẵng. The remainder of the force deserted or began looting.<a href="#cite_note-w250-159">[159]</a> Only a minority survived and some disillusioned officers committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-df73-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> As anarchy and looting enveloped Đà Nẵng, with a defense of the city becoming impossible, Trưởng requested permission to evacuate by sea, but Thiệu, baffled, refused to make a decision.<a href="#cite_note-w2523-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-df79-167">[167]</a> When his communications with Saigon were sundered by communist shelling, Trưởng ordered a naval withdrawal, as Thiệu was not making a decision either way.<a href="#cite_note-w2523-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> With no support or leadership from Đà Nẵng, the evacuation turned into a costly debacle, as the communists pounded the city with artillery, killing tens of thousands. Many drowned while jostling for room on the boats; with no logistical support, those vessels sent were far too few for the millions of would-be evacuees.<a href="#cite_note-w2523-166">[166]</a> Only around 16,000 soldiers were pulled out,<a href="#cite_note-Dougan_and_Fulghum,_p._83-169">[169]</a> and of the almost two million civilians that packed Đà Nẵng, little more than 50,000 were evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-Dougan_and_Fulghum,_p._83-169">[169]</a> As a result, 70,000 troops were taken prisoner,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> along with around 100 fighter jets.<a href="#cite_note-w255-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> During the fall of Đà Nẵng, no pitched battles had been fought.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In quick succession, the few remaining cities along the coastline "fell like a row of porcelain vases sliding off a shelf" and half the country had fallen in two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> When his hometown of Phan Rang fell, retreating ARVN troops showed their disgust at Thiệu by demolishing his family's ancestral shrines and graves.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communists_close_in_and_Thiệu_resigns">Communists close in and Thiệu resigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Communists close in and Thiệu resigns">edit</a>]</div> By this time, the North Vietnamese Politburo no longer felt it necessary to wait until 1976 for the final offensive, and they sought to secure victory within two months, before the monsoon season began.<a href="#cite_note-w256-178">[178]</a> On 7 April 1975, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> arrived at General Văn Tiến Dũng's headquarters near Loc Ninh to oversee the final battles.<a href="#cite_note-w265-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-df112-180">[180]</a> General Dũng prepared a three-pronged attack, which would seize the vital highway intersection at <a href="/wiki/Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuân Lộc">Xuân Lộc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-df116-181">[181]</a> the capital of Long Khánh Province and "the gateway to Saigon",<a href="#cite_note-w264-182">[182]</a> before heading for <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-df142-183">[183]</a> The week-long fighting that erupted on 8 April <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of Xuân Lộc">in and around Xuân Lộc</a> was the most significant engagement of the entire offensive.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The South Vietnamese eventually committed 25,000 troops to the battle, almost one-third of their remaining forces.<a href="#cite_note-w266-185">[185]</a> After conducting a valiant defense, the 18th Division was overwhelmed by a 6:1 numerical ratio, and the communists encircled Saigon.<a href="#cite_note-w267-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> On 10 April, US President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> went to Congress to request a US $722 million supplemental military aid package for South Vietnam plus $250 million in economic and refugee aid but Congress was not impressed.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> On 17 April the discussion ended—there would be no further military funding for Thiệu.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> On 21 April 1975, Thiệu, under intense political pressure, resigned as president after losing the confidence of his closest domestic allies.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In his televised farewell speech during which he was close to tears, he admitted, for the first time, having ordered the evacuation of the Central Highlands and the north that had led to debacle. He then stated that it had been the inevitable course of action considering the situation, but still blamed the generals.<a href="#cite_note-df138-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In a rambling and incoherent speech,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> Thiệu went on to excoriate the US, attacking "our great ally, [the] leader of the free world". "The United States has not respected its promises" he declared. "It is inhumane. It is not trustworthy. It is irresponsible."<a href="#cite_note-w270-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-df139-196">[196]</a> He added, "The United States did not keep its word. Is an American's word reliable these days?", and "The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men."<a href="#cite_note-bbc-197">[197]</a> Thiệu bemoaned the American funding cuts, which he equated to desertion, saying, "You don't fight by miracles, you need high morale and bravery. But even if you are brave, you can't just stand there and bite the enemy. And we are fighting against Russia and China. We're having to bargain for aid from the United States like haggling for fish in the market and I am not going to continue this bargaining for a few million dollars when your [South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians] lives are at stake."<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> He criticised the American policy, saying, "You Americans with your 500,000 soldiers in Vietnam! You were not defeated...you ran away!"<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> He lambasted US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for signing the Paris Peace Accords, which the communists violated, and which he regarded as an American abandonment, stating "I never thought that such a good Secretary of State would produce a treaty that would bring us to our death".<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> Thiệu also blamed the local media and foreign broadcasting organisations for lowering the morale of the military and the population by reporting on the corruption and setbacks of his government.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> Immediately following the speech, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a> took the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-w270-195">[195]</a> However, the Communist tide could not be stopped. They overran what was left of the ARVN within nine days and took Saigon on 30 April 1975, ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_exile">Life in exile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Life in exile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nguyen_Van_Thieu_with_map_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>President Thiệu</figcaption></figure> In his farewell speech, Thiệu said, "I resign, but I do not desert,"<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> but he fled to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> on a <a href="/wiki/C-118" class="mw-redirect" title="C-118">C-118</a> transport plane five days later.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Morley_Safer" title="Morley Safer">Morley Safer</a>, the CIA was involved in the flight of Thiệu, his aides, and a "planeload of suitcases containing heavy metal," though it was revealed in 2015 by Tuổi Trẻ, a Vietnamese news source, that the "heavy metal", which was 16 tons of gold, was left behind and given to the Soviet Union from 1979 onwards as debt payment.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-safer1991-199">[199]</a> Thiệu also brought 15 tons of luggage with him.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Thiệu initially lived in Taiwan at the house of his brother Nguyen Van Kieu, the Ambassador of South Vietnam to Taiwan before moving to a rented property in <a href="/wiki/Tianmu,_Shilin_District" title="Tianmu, Shilin District">Tianmu</a>, downtown <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> report, Thiệu suffered from depression at this time as a result of going into exile.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> After a brief spell in Taiwan, he then settled in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, having obtained a visa there because his son was studying at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and lived in a house in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> Thiệu kept a low profile, and in 1990 even the British Foreign Office claimed to have no information on his personal life or whereabouts. In the early 1990s, Thiệu took up residence in <a href="/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Foxborough, Massachusetts">Foxborough, Massachusetts</a>, where he lived reclusively. He never produced an autobiography, rarely assented to interviews and shunned visitors. Neighbours had little contact with him or knowledge of him, aside from seeing him walking his dog.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> He did, however, give an interview to the West German magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> in 1979 and appeared in the 1980 documentary television mini-series <a href="/wiki/Vietnam:_The_Ten_Thousand_Day_War" title="Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War">Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War</a>, discussing his time as president of South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Thiệu's aversion to public appearances was attributed to a fear of hostility from South Vietnamese who believed that he had failed them.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> He acknowledged his compatriots' low esteem of his administration in a 1992 interview, but said, "You say that you blame me for the fall of South Vietnam, you criticize me, everything. I let you do that. I [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] like to see you do better than I." Thiệu continually predicted the demise of the Vietnamese Communist Party's grip on power and warned the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam-United States relations">United States government not to establish diplomatic relations</a> with the communist regime. Relations between the US and the communist regime in Hanoi were formally established in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> Thiệu said that when the communists are deposed and "democracy is recovered," he would return to his homeland, but their hold on Vietnam remained unchallenged during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a> He futilely offered to represent the refugee community in reconciliation talks with Hanoi so exiles could be allowed to return home.<a href="#cite_note-tel-12">[12]</a> Thiệu was criticized by many opponents and historians, but he was appreciated by others. The US ambassador to South Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Bunker" title="Ellsworth Bunker">Ellsworth Bunker</a>, told former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> about Thiệu: "He is an individual of very considerable intellectual capacity. He made the decision in the beginning to follow the constitutional road, not to rule with a clique of generals, which many of them expected he would do. He has been acting more and more like a politician, getting out into the country, following up on pacification, talking to people, seeing what they want."<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> The military historian <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sorley" title="Lewis Sorley">Lewis Sorley</a> suggests that Thiệu "was arguably a more honest and decent man than Lyndon Johnson, and – given the differences in their respective circumstances – quite likely a more effective president of his country."<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Thiệu and his wife Mai Anh celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> when the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> happened. The fact that both planes (<a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a>) that crashed into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> had departed from <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> in Boston, had certain psychological effects on Thiệu and also affected his health. Because much of the air travel was affected by the attacks, the couple was stuck in Hawaii for more than a week. When they got home, Thiệu's condition had worsened.<a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[203]</a> He died on 29 September 2001, aged 78, at <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, after he collapsed and was put on a respirator due to a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> which he suffered at his <a href="/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Foxborough, Massachusetts">Foxborough</a> home.<a href="#cite_note-lat-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a> His funeral was held on 6 October 2001, in <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton, Massachusetts</a>. He was cremated and the location of his ashes is unknown. According to Mai Anh, before his death, Thiệu expressed his wish to be buried in his hometown of Phan Rang, otherwise his ashes will be scattered half into the sea and half on the mountain.<a href="#cite_note-funeral-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg/220px-Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg/330px-Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg/440px-Marriage_of_Nguyen_Thi_Mai_Anh_and_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_in_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Marriage of Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh (1951)</figcaption></figure> In 1951, Thiệu married <a href="/wiki/Madame_Nguyen_Van_Thieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Nguyen Van Thieu">Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh</a>, the daughter of a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a> practitioner from the Mekong Delta. She was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, and Thiệu converted to Catholicism in 1958. Critics claimed that he did so in order to improve his prospects of rising up the military ranks, because Diệm was known to favor Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-future-14">[14]</a> The couple had two sons and one daughter.<a href="#cite_note-indep-15">[15]</a> He spoke <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> fluently.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>:<a href="#cite_note-:AD-207">[207]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/70px-VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/105px-VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/140px-VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Vietnam" title="National Order of Vietnam">National Order of Vietnam</a> (Grand Cross)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg/70px-VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg/105px-VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg/140px-VPD_National_Order_of_Vietnam_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> National Order of Vietnam (Commander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/70px-Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/105px-Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/140px-Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order_(Vietnam)" title="Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam)">Army Distinguished Service Order</a> (1st class)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/70px-Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/105px-Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/140px-Vietnam_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order_(Vietnam)" title="Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam)">Air Force Distinguished Service Order</a> (1st class)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/70px-Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/105px-Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg/140px-Vietnam_Navy_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order_(Vietnam)" title="Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam)">Navy Distinguished Service Order</a> (1st class)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg/70px-Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg/105px-Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg/140px-Vietnam_Military_Merit_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Vietnam)" title="Military Merit Medal (Vietnam)">Military Merit Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg/70px-Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg/105px-Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg/140px-Vietnam_Good_Conduct_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Good_Conduct_Medal_(Vietnam)" title="Good Conduct Medal (Vietnam)">Good Conduct Medal</a> (2nd class)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg/70px-Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg/105px-Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg/140px-Vietnam_Military_Service_Medal_ribbon-Second_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Medal_(South_Vietnam)" title="Military Service Medal (South Vietnam)">Military Service Medal</a> (2nd class)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg/70px-Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg/105px-Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg/140px-Vietnam_Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal_ribbon-First_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Honor_Medal" title="Armed Forces Honor Medal">Armed Forces Honor Medal</a> (1st class)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross,_with_palm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross%2C_with_palm.svg/70px-Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross%2C_with_palm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross%2C_with_palm.svg/105px-Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross%2C_with_palm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross%2C_with_palm.svg/140px-Vietnam_Gallantry_Cross%2C_with_palm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gallantry_Cross_(South_Vietnam)" title="Gallantry Cross (South Vietnam)">Vietnamese Gallantry Cross</a> with 3 palms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/105px-Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/140px-Vietnam_Army_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(Vietnam)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (Vietnam)">Army Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon,_with_60-_clasp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/70px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/105px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg/140px-Republic_of_Vietnam_Campaign_Medal_ribbon%2C_with_60-_clasp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Campaign_Medal" title="Vietnam Campaign Medal">Vietnam Campaign Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg/70px-Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg/105px-Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg/140px-Croix_de_Guerre_des_Theatres_d%27Operations_Exterieurs_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_des_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tres_d%27op%C3%A9rations_ext%C3%A9rieures" title="Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures">Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures</a><a href="#cite_note-:AD-207">[207]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_(Maroc).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/70px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/105px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/140px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GO_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite" title="Order of Ouissam Alaouite">Order of Ouissam Alaouite</a> (1953)<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_(South_Korea)_-_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/105px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg/140px-Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa_%28South_Korea%29_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Honorary Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_Mugunghwa" title="Grand Order of Mugunghwa">Grand Order of Mugunghwa</a> (1969)<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_(Taiwan)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_%28Taiwan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/70px-Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_%28Taiwan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_%28Taiwan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/105px-Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_%28Taiwan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_%28Taiwan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/140px-Order_of_Brilliant_Jade_%28Taiwan%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Brilliant_Jade" title="Order of Brilliant Jade">Order of Brilliant Jade</a> (1969)<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/70px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/105px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png/140px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><a href="#cite_note-:AD-207">[207]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF秦郁彥2001" class="citation book cs1">秦郁彥 (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyW4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198">世界諸国の制度・組織・人事: 1840-2000</a>. 東京大学出版会. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784130301220" title="Special:BookSources/9784130301220"><bdi>9784130301220</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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Frankum Jr. Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam, 2011 p.331 "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Bruce M. Lockhart, William J. Duiker The A to Z of Vietnam, 2010, p.283. "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184617/http://beta.motthegioi.vn/thoi-su-c-66/xa-hoi-c-94/ky-34-dien-van-tu-chuc-cua-tong-thong-thieu-qua-ho-so-so-3791-font-pttg--30693.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184617/http://beta.motthegioi.vn/thoi-su-c-66/xa-hoi-c-94/ky-34-dien-van-tu-chuc-cua-tong-thong-thieu-qua-ho-so-so-3791-font-pttg--30693.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Charles Keith Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 2012 Page 243 " This idea would soon find fertile ground in revolutionary historiography and in DRV criticisms of RVN regimes led by the Catholics Ngô Đình Diệm and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, and it remains a powerful trope in Church-state relations and an important ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2001" class="citation news cs1">Butterfield, Fox (1 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/01/us/nguyen-van-thieu-is-dead-at-76-last-president-of-south-vietnam.html">"Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam"</a>. 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Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410219558" title="Special:BookSources/9781410219558"><bdi>9781410219558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Collapse&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9781410219558&rft.au=Cao+Van+Vien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F090%2F90-26%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDong_Van_Khuyen1979" class="citation book cs1">Dong Van Khuyen (1979). The RVNAF. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RVNAF&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Dong+Van+Khuyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan,_ClarkFulghum,_David1985" class="citation book cs1">Dougan, Clark; Fulghum, David; et al. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofsouth00doug_0">The Fall of the South</a>. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939526166" title="Special:BookSources/0939526166"><bdi>0939526166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+South&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0939526166&rft.au=Dougan%2C+Clark&rft.au=Fulghum%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofsouth00doug_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouganWeiss,_Stephen1983" class="citation book cs1">Dougan, Clark; Weiss, Stephen; et al. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteensixtyeig00doug">Nineteen Sixty-Eight</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0939526069" title="Special:BookSources/0939526069"><bdi>0939526069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Sixty-Eight&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0939526069&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteensixtyeig00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hammer" title="Ellen Hammer">Hammer, Ellen J.</a> (1987). A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963. New York: <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4"><bdi>0-525-24210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Death+in+November%3A+America+in+Vietnam%2C+1963&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-525-24210-4&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoang_Ngoc_Lung1978" class="citation book cs1">Hoang Ngoc Lung (1978). The General Offensives of 1968–69. McLean, Virginia: General Research Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Offensives+of+1968%E2%80%9369&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=General+Research+Corporation&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Hoang+Ngoc+Lung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosmer,_Stephen_T.Konrad_KellenJenkins,_Brian_M.1980" class="citation book cs1">Hosmer, Stephen T.; Konrad Kellen; Jenkins, Brian M. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofsouthvietn0000hosm">The fall of South Vietnam : statements by Vietnamese military and civilian leaders</a>. New York: Crane, Russak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844813451" title="Special:BookSources/0844813451"><bdi>0844813451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+South+Vietnam+%3A+statements+by+Vietnamese+military+and+civilian+leaders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crane%2C+Russak&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0844813451&rft.au=Hosmer%2C+Stephen+T.&rft.au=Konrad+Kellen&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofsouthvietn0000hosm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacs1983" class="citation book cs1">Isaacs, Arnold R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withouthonordefe0000isaa">Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801830605" title="Special:BookSources/0801830605"><bdi>0801830605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Without+Honor%3A+Defeat+in+Vietnam+and+Cambodia&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0801830605&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Arnold+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithouthonordefe0000isaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8"><bdi>0-7425-4447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Mandarin%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem+and+the+Origins+of+America%27s+War+in+Vietnam%2C+1950%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4447-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoes,_Anthony_J.1990" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony J. (1990). The War for South Vietnam, 1954–1975. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275938921" title="Special:BookSources/0275938921"><bdi>0275938921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+South+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0275938921&rft.au=Joes%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2"><bdi>0-19-505286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Generation%3A+how+the+assassinations+of+Diem+and+JFK+prolonged+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-505286-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin,_George_McT.1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_McTurnan_Kahin" title="George McTurnan Kahin">Kahin, George McT.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intervention00geor">Intervention : how America became involved in Vietnam</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/039454367X" title="Special:BookSources/039454367X"><bdi>039454367X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intervention+%3A+how+America+became+involved+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=039454367X&rft.au=Kahin%2C+George+McT.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintervention00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997). Vietnam: A history. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth,_A._J.2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Langguth" title="A. J. Langguth">Langguth, A. J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f6q3">Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81202-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81202-9"><bdi>0-684-81202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vietnam%3A+the+war%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-684-81202-9&rft.au=Langguth%2C+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_f6q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_GroWilliam_E.1981" class="citation book cs1">Le Gro; William E. (1981). From Cease-Fire to Capitulation. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cease-Fire+to+Capitulation&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Le+Gro&rft.au=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsman,_SamuelWeiss,_Stephen1985" class="citation book cs1">Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falsepeace1972740000lips">The False Peace: 1972–74</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939526-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-939526-15-8"><bdi>0-939526-15-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+False+Peace%3A+1972%E2%80%9374&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-939526-15-8&rft.au=Lipsman%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffalsepeace1972740000lips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister,_James2004" class="citation journal cs1">McAllister, James (November 2004). ""A Fiasco of Noble Proportions": The Johnson Administration and the South Vietnamese Elections of 1967". The Pacific Historical Review. 73 (4). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 619–651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2004.73.4.619">10.1525/phr.2004.73.4.619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%22A+Fiasco+of+Noble+Proportions%22%3A+The+Johnson+Administration+and+the+South+Vietnamese+Elections+of+1967&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=619-651&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2004.73.4.619&rft.au=McAllister%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister,_James2008" class="citation journal cs1">McAllister, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/848735">"'Only Religions Count in Vietnam': Thich Tri Quang and the Vietnam War"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 42 (4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 751–782. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x07002855">10.1017/s0026749x07002855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145595067">145595067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Only+Religions+Count+in+Vietnam%27%3A+Thich+Tri+Quang+and+the+Vietnam+War&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=751-782&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x07002855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145595067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=McAllister%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F848735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilitary_History_Institute_of_Vietnam2002" class="citation book cs1">Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002). Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. trans. Pribbenow, Merle. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700611754" title="Special:BookSources/0700611754"><bdi>0700611754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+Vietnam%3A+A+History+of+the+People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0700611754&rft.au=Military+History+Institute+of+Vietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyar,_Mark2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moyar" title="Mark Moyar">Moyar, Mark</a> (2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War". Modern Asian Studies. 38 (4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 749–784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X04001295">10.1017/S0026749X04001295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145723264">145723264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Political+Monks%3A+The+Militant+Buddhist+Movement+during+the+Vietnam+War&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=749-784&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X04001295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145723264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Moyar%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Moyar" title="Mark Moyar">Moyar, Mark</a> (2006). Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521869110" title="Special:BookSources/0521869110"><bdi>0521869110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+Forsaken%3A+The+Vietnam+War%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0521869110&rft.aulast=Moyar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen_Tien_HungSchecter,_Jerrold_L.1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_H%C6%B0ng" title="Nguyễn Tiến Hưng">Nguyen Tien Hung</a>; Schecter, Jerrold L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palacefile0000nguy">The Palace File</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060156406" title="Special:BookSources/0060156406"><bdi>0060156406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palace+File&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0060156406&rft.au=Nguyen+Tien+Hung&rft.au=Schecter%2C+Jerrold+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalacefile0000nguy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenniman,_Howard_R.1972" class="citation book cs1">Penniman, Howard R. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electionsinsouth00penn">Elections in South Vietnam</a>. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+South+Vietnam&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Penniman%2C+Howard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectionsinsouth00penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedberg,_Marco2008" class="citation book cs1">Smedberg, Marco (2008). Vietnamkrigen: 1880–1980. Lund, Scania: Historiska Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9185507887" title="Special:BookSources/978-9185507887"><bdi>978-9185507887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamkrigen%3A+1880%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Lund%2C+Scania&rft.pub=Historiska+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9185507887&rft.au=Smedberg%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnepp,_Frank1977" class="citation book cs1">Snepp, Frank (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decentintervalin00snep">Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394407431" title="Special:BookSources/0394407431"><bdi>0394407431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decent+Interval%3A+An+Insider%27s+Account+of+Saigon%27s+Indecent+End+Told+by+the+CIA%27s+Chief+Strategy+Analyst+in+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0394407431&rft.au=Snepp%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecentintervalin00snep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruong_Nhu_Tang1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Truong_Nhu_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Truong Nhu Tang">Truong Nhu Tang</a> (1986). Journal of a Vietcong. Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0224028197" title="Special:BookSources/0224028197"><bdi>0224028197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+Vietcong&rft.pub=Cape&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0224028197&rft.au=Truong+Nhu+Tang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillbanks,_James_H.2004" class="citation book cs1">Willbanks, James H. (2004). Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1331-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1331-5"><bdi>0-7006-1331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abandoning+Vietnam%3A+How+America+Left+and+South+Vietnam+Lost+Its+War&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7006-1331-5&rft.au=Willbanks%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaffiri1994" class="citation book cs1">Zaffiri, Samuel (1994). Westmoreland. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688111793" title="Special:BookSources/0688111793"><bdi>0688111793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westmoreland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0688111793&rft.aulast=Zaffiri&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-oct-01-me-52050-story.html">Nguyen Van Thieu, 78; S. Vietnam's President</a>", <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, 1 October 2001</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4D7153DF932A35753C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3">Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam</a>", <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, 1 October 2001</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105185110/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nguyen-van-thieu-729460.html">Nguyen Van Thieu</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> (UK), 2 October 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid_2935000/2935347.stm">"1975: Vietnam's President Thieu resigns"</a> BBC</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Minh_(diplomat)" title="Trần Văn Minh (diplomat)">Trần Văn Minh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(South_Vietnam)" title="Minister of National Defense (South Vietnam)">Minister of National Defense of South Vietnam</a> 1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">President of South Vietnam</a> 1967–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Double_Seven_Day_scuffle" title="Double Seven Day scuffle">Double Seven Day scuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reaction_to_the_1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_(Vietnam)" title="Joint Communiqué (Vietnam)">Joint Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">Cable 243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krulak%E2%80%93Mendenhall_mission" title="Krulak–Mendenhall mission">Krulak–Mendenhall mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political or religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bui_Van_Luong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bui Van Luong (page does not exist)">Bui Van Luong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Bửu Hội">Bửu Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forrestal" title="Michael Forrestal">Michael Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hilsman" title="Roger Hilsman">Roger Hilsman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Thien_Hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Thien Hoa (page does not exist)">Thich Thien Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Tinh_Khiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Tinh Khiet (page does not exist)">Thich Tinh Khiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Krulak" title="Victor H. Krulak">Victor H. Krulak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mendenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mendenhall">Joseph Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Ngô Đình Cẩn">Ngô Đình Cẩn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Đình Thuận">Nguyễn Đình Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Nhu" title="Madame Nhu">Madame Nhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nolting" title="Frederick Nolting">Frederick Nolting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Chương">Trần Văn Chương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trueheart" class="mw-redirect" title="William Trueheart">William Trueheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Vũ Văn Mẫu">Vũ Văn Mẫu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Conein" title="Lucien Conein">Lucien Conein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Cao_Tr%C3%AD" title="Đỗ Cao Trí">Đỗ Cao Trí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Đỗ Mậu">Đỗ Mậu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_Cao" title="Huỳnh Văn Cao">Huỳnh Văn Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Tung" title="Lê Quang Tung">Lê Quang Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nhung" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhung">Nguyễn Văn Nhung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kim_Tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Trần Kim Tuyến">Trần Kim Tuyến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Vietnam&#124;link=South_Vietnam_Military_of_South_Vietnam" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ARVN" title="Template:ARVN"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ARVN" title="Template talk:ARVN"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ARVN" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ARVN"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Vietnam&#124;link=South_Vietnam_Military_of_South_Vietnam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">Military of South Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="I Corps (South Vietnam)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="II Corps (South Vietnam)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="III Corps (South Vietnam)">III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Military_District" title="Capital Military District">CMD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="IV Corps (South Vietnam)">IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Divisions_of_South_Vietnam" title="Category:Divisions of South Vietnam">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="1st Division (South Vietnam)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="2nd Division (South Vietnam)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="3rd Division (South Vietnam)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="5th Division (South Vietnam)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="7th Division (South Vietnam)">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="9th Division (South Vietnam)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="18th Division (South Vietnam)">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="21st Division (South Vietnam)">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="22nd Division (South Vietnam)">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="23rd Division (South Vietnam)">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="25th Division (South Vietnam)">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Marine_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Marine Division">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Airborne_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division">Airborne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam_Air_Force" title="South Vietnam Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Irregular_Defense_Group_program" title="Civilian Irregular Defense Group program">Civilian Irregular Defense Group program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy" title="Republic of Vietnam Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Popular_Force" title="South Vietnamese Popular Force">Popular Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Regional_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="South Vietnamese Regional Force">Regional Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_Force" title="Junk Force">Junk Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(South_Vietnam)" title="Presidential Guard (South Vietnam)">Presidential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Action_Program" title="Combined Action Program">Combined Action Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">ARVN Sub-branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces">Special Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Rangers" title="Vietnamese Rangers">Rangers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Air_Base" title="Bien Hoa Air Base">Bien Hoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binh_Thuy_Air_Base" title="Binh Thuy Air Base">Binh Thuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Base" title="Cam Ranh Base">Cam Ranh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang_Air_Base" title="Da Nang Air Base">Da Nang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang_Air_Base" title="Nha Trang Air Base">Nha Trang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base" title="Phan Rang Air Base">Phan Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_C%C3%A1t_Air_Base" title="Phù Cát Air Base">Phù Cát</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiku_Air_Base" title="Pleiku Air Base">Pleiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base" title="Tan Son Nhut Air Base">Tan Son Nhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuy_Hoa_Air_Base" title="Tuy Hoa Air Base">Tuy Hoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coup attempts and mutinies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing" title="1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">January 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt">September 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="December 1964 South Vietnamese coup">December 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">1966</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Notable officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_V%C4%83n_Vi%C3%AAn" title="Cao Văn Viên">Cao Văn Viên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_T%E1%BA%A5n_Cang" title="Chung Tấn Cang">Chung Tấn Cang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_V%C4%83n_Quang" title="Đặng Văn Quang">Đặng Văn Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Cao_Tr%C3%AD" title="Đỗ Cao Trí">Đỗ Cao Trí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Đỗ Mậu">Đỗ Mậu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0_Qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng" title="Dư Quốc Đống">Dư Quốc Đống</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dương Văn Đức">Dương Văn Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_C%C6%A1_Minh" title="Hoàng Cơ Minh">Hoàng Cơ Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Xu%C3%A2n_L%C3%A3m" title="Hoàng Xuân Lãm">Hoàng Xuân Lãm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_Cao" title="Huỳnh Văn Cao">Huỳnh Văn Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Quang_Thi" title="Lâm Quang Thi">Lâm Quang Thi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Quang_Th%C6%A1" title="Lâm Quang Thơ">Lâm Quang Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%A1t" title="Lâm Văn Phát">Lâm Văn Phát</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Minh_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Lê Minh Đảo">Lê Minh Đảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nguy%C3%AAn_Khang" title="Lê Nguyên Khang">Lê Nguyên Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nguy%C3%AAn_V%E1%BB%B9" title="Lê Nguyên Vỹ">Lê Nguyên Vỹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0ng" title="Lê Văn Hưng">Lê Văn Hưng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%AF_M%E1%BB%99ng_Lan" title="Lữ Mộng Lan">Lữ Mộng Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_T%C3%B2ng_B%C3%A1" title="Lý Tòng Bá">Lý Tòng Bá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_H%E1%BB%AFu_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Mai Hữu Xuân">Mai Hữu Xuân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Du" title="Ngô Du">Ngô Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Ngô Quang Trưởng">Ngô Quang Trưởng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi" title="Nguyễn Chánh Thi">Nguyễn Chánh Thi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Nguyễn Đức Thắng">Nguyễn Đức Thắng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%A3p_%C4%90o%C3%A0n" title="Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn">Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh">Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Khoa_Nam" title="Nguyễn Khoa Nam">Nguyễn Khoa Nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_V%C4%A9nh_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc">Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Lu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Nguyễn Trọng Luật">Nguyễn Trọng Luật</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Chu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Chuân">Nguyễn Văn Chuân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Hi%E1%BA%BFu" title="Nguyễn Văn Hiếu">Nguyễn Văn Hiếu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Mạnh">Nguyễn Văn Mạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Nguyễn Văn Minh">Nguyễn Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_To%C3%A0n_(general)" title="Nguyễn Văn Toàn (general)">Nguyễn Văn Toàn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Vy" title="Nguyễn Văn Vy">Nguyễn Văn Vy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Vi%E1%BA%BFt_Thanh" title="Nguyễn Viết Thanh">Nguyễn Viết Thanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%A9nh_Nghi" title="Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi">Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Phạm Phú Quốc">Phạm Phú Quốc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Thu%E1%BA%A7n" title="Phạm Quốc Thuần">Phạm Quốc Thuần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%BA" title="Phạm Văn Phú">Phạm Văn Phú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Chinh" title="Phan Trọng Chinh">Phan Trọng Chinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Xu%C3%A2n_Nhu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Phan Xuân Nhuận">Phan Xuân Nhuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thanh_Phong" title="Trần Thanh Phong">Trần Thanh Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Hai" title="Trần Văn Hai">Trần Văn Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Trần Quang Khôi">Trần Quang Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_Giai" title="Vũ Văn Giai">Vũ Văn Giai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_military_ranks_and_insignia" title="South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia">South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam_since_1945" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Heads of state of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Heads_of_state_of_Vietnam_since_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Vietnam" title="List of heads of state of Vietnam">Heads of state of Vietnam</a> since 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empire of Vietnam"><img alt="Empire of Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Empire of Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)</a> (1945–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Vietnam"><img alt="North Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>North Vietnam</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1ng" title="Huỳnh Thúc Kháng">Huỳnh Thúc Kháng</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State/Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)</a> (1949–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>2</li> <li>Provisional Leadership Committee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu" title="Phan Khắc Sửu">Phan Khắc Sửu</a>2</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> (1976–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Nguyễn Hữu Thọ">Nguyễn Hữu Thọ</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Ch%C3%AD_C%C3%B4ng" title="Võ Chí Công">Võ Chí Công</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Anh" title="Lê Đức Anh">Lê Đức Anh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Đức Lương">Trần Đức Lương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Minh_Tri%E1%BA%BFt" title="Nguyễn Minh Triết">Nguyễn Minh Triết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_Sang" title="Trương Tấn Sang">Trương Tấn Sang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang" title="Trần Đại Quang">Trần Đại Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh">Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Nguyễn Phú Trọng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Nguyễn Xuân Phúc">Nguyễn Xuân Phúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Th%E1%BB%8B_%C3%81nh_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Võ Thị Ánh Xuân">Võ Thị Ánh Xuân</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng" title="Võ Văn Thưởng">Võ Văn Thưởng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Th%E1%BB%8B_%C3%81nh_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Võ Thị Ánh Xuân">Võ Thị Ánh Xuân</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li>1acting</li> <li>2military</li> <li>3Chairman of the State Council</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313707#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313707#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313707#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011452054X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/293000277">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/124334/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxx66mtJPPqbh7WTvvHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1050476832">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82268389">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12905320n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12905320n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35644724">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p133781852">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007574582105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1025182">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/091507316">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569129">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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