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All Rights Reserved.</div> <header id="header" class="clearfix" role="banner">  <div id="branding" class="branding-elements clearfix"> <div id="logo"> <a href="/"><img class="site-logo" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.edge.org/sites/default/files/edge_logo.jpg" alt="Edge.org" /></a> </div>  <hgroup class="element-invisible h-group" id="name-and-slogan"> <strong class="element-invisible" id="site-name"><a href="/" title="Home page">Edge.org</a></strong> </hgroup> </div>  <div class="region region-header"><div class="region-inner clearfix"><div id="block-block-8" class="block block-block no-title odd first block-count-1 block-region-header block-8"> <div class="content" class="block-content content"> <div style="clear: right; float:right; width: 330px;"> <script> (function() { var cx = '012042634644280309647:jygomqbx65u'; var gcse = document.createElement('script'); gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; gcse.async = true; gcse.src = (document.location.protocol == 'https:' ? 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height: 143px;" /></center> <p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size:18px;"><strong>"Another devilishly clever question—the 'question' question." </strong><br /> — <a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/stanislas_dehaene" target="_blank">Stanislas Dehaene</a></span></p> <p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size:18px;"><strong>"Fascinating...Each one a little cluster bomb of possibilities."</strong><br /> — <a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/annalena_mcafee" target="_blank">Annalena McAfee</a></span></p> <p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size:18px;"><strong>"One of the most stimulating pieces of (collective) writing ever."</strong><br /> — <a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/andrian_kreye" target="_blank">Andrian Kreye</a></span><br /> </p> <p></p><center><a href="https://www.edge.org/images/chrysanthemum2009.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://www.edge.org/images/chrysanthemum2009.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 595px;" /></a><br /><span style="text-align: center;">"Chrysanthemum" [</span><a href="https://www.edge.org/images/chrysanthemum2009.jpg" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">expand</a><span style="text-align: center;">] </span><span style="text-align: center;">by </span><a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/katinka_matson" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">Katinka Matson</a><span style="text-align: center;"> | </span><a href="http://www.katinkamatson.com/" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">katinkamatson.com</a></center> <p> </p> <p class="rtecenter"><span style="font-size:26px;"> "<strong>WHAT IS THE LAST QUESTION?</strong>"</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 18px;"><em>After twenty years, I’ve run out of questions. So, for the finale to a noteworthy </em>Edge<em> project, can you ask "The Last Question"? </em></span></p> <hr /><p><strong>Contributors:</strong> Scott Aaronson, Anthony Aguirre, Dorsa Amir, Chris Anderson, Ross Anderson, Alun Anderson, Samuel Arbesman, Dan Ariely, Noga Arikha, W. Brian Arthur, Scott Atran, Joscha Bach, Mahzarin Banaji, Simon Baron-Cohen, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Andrew Barron, Thomas A. Bass, Mary Catherine Bateson, Gregory Benford, Laura Betzig, Susan Blackmore, Alan S. Blinder, Paul Bloom, Giulio Boccaletti, Ian Bogost, Joshua Bongard, Nick Bostrom, Stewart Brand, Rodney A. Brooks, David M. Buss, Philip Campbell, Jimena Canales, Christopher Chabris, David Chalmers, Leo M. Chalupa, Ashvin Chhabra, Jaeweon Cho, Nicholas A. Christakis, David Christian, Brian Christian, George Church, Andy Clark, Julia Clarke, Tyler Cowen, Jerry A. Coyne, James Croak, Molly Crockett, Helena Cronin, Oliver Scott Curry, David Dalrymple, Kate Darling, Luca De Biase, Stanislas Dehaene, Daniel C. Dennett, Emanuel Derman, David Deutsch, Keith Devlin, Jared Diamond, Chris DiBona, Rolf Dobelli, P. Murali Doraiswamy, Freeman Dyson, George Dyson, David M. Eagleman, David Edelman, Nick Enfield, Brian Eno, Juan Enriquez, Dylan Evans, Daniel L. Everett, Christine Finn, Stuart Firestein, Helen Fisher, Steve Fuller, Howard Gardner, David C. Geary, James Geary, Amanda Gefter, Neil Gershenfeld, Asif A. Ghazanfar, Steve Giddings, Gerd Gigerenzer, Bruno Giussani, Joel Gold, Nigel Goldenfeld, Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, Daniel Goleman, Alison Gopnik, John Gottman, Jonathan Gottschall, William Grassie, Kurt Gray, A. C. Grayling, Tom Griffiths, June Gruber, Jonathan Haidt, David Haig, Hans Halvorson, Timo Hannay, Judith Rich Harris, Sam Harris, Daniel Haun, Marti Hearst, Dirk Helbing, César Hidalgo, Roger Highfield, W. Daniel Hillis, Michael Hochberg, Donald D. Hoffman, Bruce Hood, Daniel Hook, John Horgan, Sabine Hossenfelder, Nicholas Humphrey, Marco Iacoboni, Isabel Behncke Izquierdo, Nina Jablonski, Matthew O. Jackson, Jennifer Jacquet, Dale W Jamieson, Koo Jeong-A, Lorraine Justice, Gordon Kane, Stuart A. Kauffman, Brian G. Keating, Paul Kedrosky, Kevin Kelly, Marcel Kinsbourne, Gary Klein, Jon Kleinberg, Brian Knutson, Bart Kosko, Stephen M. Kosslyn, John W. Krakauer, Kai Krause, Lawrence M. Krauss, Andrian Kreye, Coco Krumme, Robert Kurzban, Joseph LeDoux, Cristine H. Legare, Martin Lercher, Margaret Levi, Janna Levin, Andrei Linde, Tania Lombrozo, Antony Garrett Lisi, Mario Livio, Seth Lloyd, Jonathan B. Losos, Greg Lynn, Ziyad Marar, Gary Marcus, John Markoff, Chiara Marletto, Abigail Marsh, Barnaby Marsh, John C. Mather, Tim Maudlin, Annalena McAfee, Michael McCullough, Ian McEwan, Ryan McKay, Hugo Mercier, Thomas Metzinger, Yuri Milner, Read Montague, Dave Morin, Lisa Mosconi, David G. Myers, Priyamvada Natarajan, John Naughton, Randolph Nesse, Richard Nisbett, Tor Nørretranders, Michael I. Norton, Martin Nowak, James J. O'Donnell, Tim O'Reilly, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Steve Omohundro, Toby Ord, Gloria Origgi, Mark Pagel, Elaine Pagels, Bruce Parker, Josef Penninger, Irene Pepperberg, Clifford Pickover, Steven Pinker, David Pizarro, Robert Plomin, Jordan Pollack, Alex Poots, Carolyn Porco, William Poundstone, William H. Press, Robert Provine, Matthew Putman, David C. Queller, Sheizaf Rafaeli, Vilayanur Ramachandran, Lisa Randall, S. Abbas Raza, Syed Tasnim Raza, Martin Rees, Ed Regis, Diana Reiss, Gianluigi Ricuperati, Jennifer Richeson, Siobhan Roberts, Andrés Roemer, Phil Rosenzweig, Carlo Rovelli, Douglas Rushkoff, Karl Sabbagh, Todd C. Sacktor, Paul Saffo, Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran, Buddhini Samarasinghe, Scott Sampson, Laurie R. Santos, Robert Sapolsky, Dimitar D. Sasselov, Roger Schank, Rene Scheu, Maximilian Schich, Simone Schnall, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schwartz, Gino Segre, Charles Seife, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Michael Shermer, Olivier Sibony, Laurence C. Smith, Monica L. Smith, Lee Smolin, Dan Sperber, Maria Spiropulu, Nina Stegeman, Paul Steinhardt, Bruce Sterling, Stephen J. Stich, Victoria Stodden, Christopher Stringer, Seirian Sumner, Leonard Susskind, Jaan Tallinn,Timothy Taylor, Max Tegmark, Richard H. Thaler, Frank Tipler, Eric Topol, Sherry Turkle, Barbara Tversky, Michael Vassar, J. Craig Venter, Athena Vouloumanos, D.A. Wallach, Adam Waytz, Bret Weinstein, Eric R. Weinstein, Albert Wenger, Geoffrey West, Thalia Wheatley, Tim White, Linda Wilbrecht, Frank Wilczek, Jason Wilkes, Evan Williams, Alexander Wissner-Gross, Milford H. Wolpoff, Richard Wrangham, Elizabeth Wrigley-Field, Richard Saul Wurman, Victoria Wyatt, Itai Yanai, Dustin Yellin, Eliezer S. Yudkowsky, Dan Zahavi, Anton Zeilinger, Carl Zimmer</p> <p> </p> <hr /><p><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong>Interrogate Reality</strong></span></p> <p>Did I say "twenty years"? My strange obsession with the idea of "Question" goes back to 1968 when I first wrote about the idea of interrogating reality <a href="https://www.edge.org/annual-question/what-is-the-last-question#notes"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><sup>1</sup></strong></a>…</p> <blockquote><p>"The final elegance: assuming, asking the question. No answers. No explanations. Why do you demand explanations? If they are given, you will once more be facing a terminus. They cannot get you any further than you are at present. <a href="https://www.edge.org/annual-question/what-is-the-last-question#notes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><strong><sup>2</sup></strong></span></a> The solution: not an explanation: a description and knowing how to consider it.</p> <p>"Everything has been explained. There is nothing left to consider. The explanation can no longer be treated as a definition. The question: a description. The answer: not explanation, but a description and knowing how to consider it. Asking or telling: there isn’t any difference.</p> <p>"No explanation, no solution, but consideration of the question. Every proposition proposing a fact must in its complete analysis propose the general character of the universe required for the fact. <a href="https://www.edge.org/annual-question/what-is-the-last-question#notes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><strong><sup>3</sup></strong></span></a> </p> <p>"Our kind of innovation consists not in the answers, but in the true novelty of the questions themselves; in the statement of problems, not in their solutions. <a href="https://www.edge.org/annual-question/what-is-the-last-question#notes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><strong><sup>4</sup></strong></span></a> What is important is not to illustrate a truth—or even an interrogation—known in advance, but to bring to the world certain interrogations . . . not yet known as such to themselves. <a href="https://www.edge.org/annual-question/what-is-the-last-question#notes"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><strong><sup>5</sup></strong></span></a></p> <p>"A total synthesis of all human knowledge will not result in huge libraries filled with books, in fantastic amounts of data stored on servers. There's no value any more in amount, in quantity, in explanation. For a total synthesis of human knowledge, use the interrogative." </p> </blockquote> <p>The conceptual artist/philosopher James Lee Byars contacted me and suggested a collaboration of sorts which resulted in our taking daily walks in Central Park as Byars and I walked and talked, conversing only in interrogative sentences. Does it sound like fun? Want to try it?</p> <p>James Lee soon began to develop his ideas which led to "The World Question Center":</p> <blockquote><p>“<em>To arrive at an axiology of the world's knowledge, seek out the most complex and sophisticated minds, put them in a room together, and have them ask each other the questions they are asking themselves.”</em></p> </blockquote> <p>On November 26, 1968, he launched "The World Question Center" in a one-hour television program produced in Brussels at the studios of the Belgian National Television Network and broadcast live to a national audience.</p> <p align="center"><a href="http://ubu.com/film/byars_world-question.html" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://www.edge.org/images/JLB2.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 311px;" /><br /> Click here to watch</a></p> <p>During the hour, he called numerous celebrated intellectuals such as composer John Cage, science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, futurist Herman Kahn, artist Joseph Beuys, novelist Jerzy Kosinski, poet Michael McClure, and asked, in various ways, the following:</p> <blockquote><p>"I’m trying to find hypotheses that people are working with that are reduced into some type of very simple single question with no explanation, hopefully, that’s important to them in their own evolution of knowledge. Might you offer one that’s personal?"</p> </blockquote> <p>For the 50th anniversary of "The World Question Center," and for the finale to the twenty years of <em>Edge</em> Questions, I turned it over to the <em>Edgies:</em></p> <p class="rteindent1">"Ask 'The Last Question,' your last question,<em> </em>the question for which you will be remembered."</p> <p>—<strong><a href="http://edge.org/memberbio/john_brockman" target="_blank">John Brockman</a></strong><br /> Editor, <em>Edge</em></p> <p>____</p> <p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105);"><strong><sup><a id="notes" name="notes"></a>Notes</sup></strong></span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105);"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><strong><sup>1</sup></strong> John Brockman, <em>By The Late John Brockman</em> (New York: Macmillan, 1969)<br /><strong><sup>2</sup></strong> Ludwig Wittgenstein, <em>Zettel</em>, eds. G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), p. 58e, para. 315. </span></span><br /><strong style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 12px;"><sup>3 </sup></strong><span style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 12px;">Alfred North Whitehead, </span><em style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 12px;">Process And Reality<em> </em></em><span style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 12px;">(New York: Harper & Row, 1960), p.17.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(105, 105, 105);"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><strong><sup>4</sup></strong> Paul Valery, <em>The Outlook For Intelligence</em> (New York: Harper & Row, 1962).<br /><strong><sup>5</sup></strong> Alain Robbe-Grillet, <em>For a New Novel</em>, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Grove Press, 1965). </span></span></p> <hr /><p><strong><a href="http://edge.org/memberbio/russell_weinberger" target="_blank">Russell Weinberger</a></strong>, Associate Publisher<br /><strong><a href="http://edge.org/memberbio/nina_stegeman" target="_blank">Nina Stegeman</a></strong>, Associate Editor<br /><strong><a href="http://katinkamatson.com" target="_blank">Katinka Matson</a></strong>,<strong> </strong>Co-founder & Resident Artist</p> <p>Thanks to <a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/stewart_brand" target="_blank">Stewart Brand</a>, <a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/kevin_kelly">Kevin Kelly</a>, and <a href="https://www.edge.org/memberbio/george_dyson" target="_blank">George Dyson</a> for 20 years of advice and support.</p> <hr /><p class="rtecenter"><a href="https://www.edge.org/inthenews/what-is-the-last-question" target="_blank"><img alt="" src="https://www.edge.org/images/mosaic18.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 156px;" /></a><br /> [<a 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