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country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey-Clarke-Groves_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism">VCG mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>National remnant</b> (Turkish: <i>Ulusal artık</i> or <i>milli bakiye</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment scheme</a> used in some <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> systems that have multi-member electoral districts. The system uses a <a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainder method</a> to determine some of the seats in each electoral district. However, after the integer part of the seats in each district is allocated to the parties, the seats left unallocated will then be allocated not in each electoral district in isolation, but in a larger division, such as nationwide or in large separate regions that each encompass multiple electoral districts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)#Elections" title="National Council (Austria)">Elections to the National Council</a>, the lower house of the Austrian parliament, use a three-tiered variant of the national remnant system. Each <a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">state</a> is divided into several local constituencies. Seats that aren't allocated at the local level are fed into regional constituencies (corresponding to the states), where the process is repeated. Any seats that still aren't allocated after this goes to the federal constituency, where all remaining seats are assigned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system was used in Czechoslovakia after the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet revolution">Velvet revolution</a>, to elect the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Federal Assembly</a>. Unlike the implementations in Italy and Turkey, two separate "national" allocations were done for the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Republic</a>, due to the federal nature of the legislature (each of the two republics was represented proportionally to its census population in the lower house, and on an equal basis in the upper house). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)#Eligible_voters_and_voting_procedures" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag (Weimar Republic) § Eligible voters and voting procedures</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg/257px-Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg/386px-Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg/514px-Reichstagswahlkreise_-_Overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the 35 electoral districts and 16 associations (Roman numerals) of the Weimar Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, a three-tiered variant of the national remnant system was used for elections to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>. The country was divided into 16 electoral associations (sg. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wahlkreisverband</i></span>), in turn divided into 35 electoral districts (sg. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wahlkreis</i></span>). Parties got one seat for every 60,000 votes they won in a district, and votes that were not converted into seats were fed into the associations. Here, the process would be repeated, with parties being given another seat for every 60,000 residual votes, followed by another round at the federal level where every 60,000 votes would once again translate into a seat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system was used in Italy from 1946 to 1993. The <a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a> was used to allocate seats in the districts, with the <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> being used to allocate seats at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-Electoral_System_Change_in_Europe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electoral_System_Change_in_Europe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system was used in Turkey during the <a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_general_election" title="1965 Turkish general election">1965 Turkish general election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> was used to allocate seats both in the districts and at the national level. At the time, Turkey had <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey#Electoral_districts" title="Electoral system of Turkey">67 electoral districts</a> corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces of Turkey</a>. Turkey adopted this system to support smaller parties which were unable to gain enough votes in an electoral district to gain a seat. </p> <table class="wikitable style=text-align:right floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party </th> <th>Vote percentage </th> <th>Seat percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice Party (Turkey)">AP</a></td> <td>52.9</td> <td>53.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a></td> <td>28,7</td> <td>29.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">MP</a></td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/New_Turkey_Party_(1961)" title="New Turkey Party (1961)">YTP</a></td> <td>3.7</td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Turkey_(1961)" title="Workers' Party of Turkey (1961)">TIP</a></td> <td>3.0</td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">CKMP</a></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The system was enacted on 13 February 1965 by Act no. 533. The purpose of the system was to equalize the vote percentage and the seat percentage of a party. In the <a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_general_election" title="1965 Turkish general election">1965 elections</a> the total number of representatives was 450 and the total number of valid votes was 9,304,563. The nationwide result is shown in the table. (3.2% of votes were received by various independent candidates.) The system was repealed on 20 March 1968 by Act no. 1036.<sup id="cite_ref-HST_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As seen above, the highest deviation between the vote percentage and the seat percentage of the parties was 1.0%. The election scored a low 2.32 on the <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_index" title="Gallagher index">Gallagher index</a>, indicating a high level of proportionality. However, in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Turkish_general_election" title="1969 Turkish general election">next election</a>, in which the system was abandoned, the deviation increased. For example, the Worker's Party of Turkey received 2.7% of the votes, but only received 2 seats (which corresponds to 0.4%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_system">The system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In each electoral district, the total number of votes is divided by a largest remainder quota, such as <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali</a>. The number of votes cast for each party is divided by the quota; like in an unmodified largest remainder system, the result for each party will usually consist of an <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> part plus a <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraction (mathematics)">fractional</a> <a href="/wiki/Remainder" title="Remainder">remainder</a>. Each party is first allocated a number of seats equal to their integer. This will generally leave some seats unallocated: these unallocated seats are then allocated at the national level as a whole. The <a href="/wiki/Remainder" title="Remainder">remainders</a> of all the districts are added together to form a national remainder, which serves as a basis for the national allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-HST_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the district-based allocation, which must be done using the largest remainder method, the national allocation can be done either using the largest remainder method or using a highest averages method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>District A has 8 representatives. The votes are: </p> <dl><dd>Party A: 200,000</dd> <dd>Party B: 150,000</dd> <dd>Party C: 75,000</dd> <dd>Party D: 25,000</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Total number of votes: 450,000</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Election quota: 450,000 / 8 = 56,250</dd></dl> <p>The number of MPs for: </p> <dl><dd>Party A: 200,000 / 56,250 = 3 MPs + 31,250 remainder</dd> <dd>Party B: 150,000 / 56,250 = 2 MPs + 37,500 remainder</dd> <dd>Party C: 75,000 / 56,250 = 1 MP+ 18,750 remainder</dd> <dd>Party D: 25,000 / 56,250 = No MP+ 25,000 remainder.</dd></dl> <p>As shown above, 6 of the 8 MPs are directly elected. The contribution of this district to the national level is 112,500 votes, and the remaining two MPs are to be elected by the national remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey#Electoral_districts" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system of Turkey § Electoral districts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Electoral_System_Change_in_Europe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electoral_System_Change_in_Europe_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoralsystemchanges.eu/Files/media/MEDIA_217/FILE/Italy_summary.pdf">Electoral System Change in Europe-Italy summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HST-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HST_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HST_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/files/pdf/anayasa_yargisi/anyarg23/turk.pdf">Prof Hikmet Sami Turks's paper <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secimsistemleri.blogspot.com.tr/2014/05/milli-bakiye-ulusal-artk-sistemi.html">Election systems blog by Serkan Öztürk<span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&oldid=1257740904">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_remnant&oldid=1257740904</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electoral_systems" title="Category:Electoral systems">Electoral systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elections_in_Turkey" title="Category:Elections in Turkey">Elections in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1965_establishments_in_Turkey" title="Category:1965 establishments in Turkey">1965 establishments in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1968_disestablishments_in_Turkey" title="Category:1968 disestablishments in Turkey">1968 disestablishments in Turkey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)">Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 11:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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