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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="روبرت ريكورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت ريكورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="رابرت ریکورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت ریکورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Роберт Рэкард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Рэкард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Робэрт Рэкард – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робэрт Рэкард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ρόμπερτ Ρέκορντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Ρέκορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="رابرت ریکورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت ریکورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A0%88%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="로버트 레코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 레코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%8C%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Ռոբերտ Ռեքորդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Ռեքորդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="רוברט רקורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט רקורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ რეკორდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ რეკორდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AF" title="روبرت جيكوجد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت جيكوجد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ロバート・レコード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・レコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рекорд, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рекорд, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Роберт Рекорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Рекорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Recorde" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·雷科德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·雷科德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Robert_Recorde" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welsh mathematician and inventor of the equals sign</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Recorde</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Recorde_@_St_Mary,_Tenby_(geograph_6264760).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Robert_Recorde_%40_St_Mary%2C_Tenby_%28geograph_6264760%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Recorde_%40_St_Mary%2C_Tenby_%28geograph_6264760%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Robert_Recorde_%40_St_Mary%2C_Tenby_%28geograph_6264760%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="276" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Robert Recorde (c.1512–1558)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tenby" title="Tenby">Tenby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1558<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1558-07</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Welsh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Inventing the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign (=)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Physician and mathematician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Recorde</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510 – 1558</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> physician and mathematician. He invented the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a> (=) and also introduced the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">plus</a> (+) and <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus</a> (−) signs to English speakers in 1557. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Recorde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born around 1510, Robert Recorde was the second and last son of Thomas and Rose Recorde<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Tenby" title="Tenby">Tenby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recorde entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> about 1525, and was elected a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College,_Oxford" title="All Souls College, Oxford">All Souls College</a> there in 1531. Having adopted medicine as a profession, he went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> to take the degree of M.D. in 1545. He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught mathematics, as he had done prior to going to Cambridge. He invented the "equals" sign, which consists of two horizontal parallel lines, stating that no two things can be more equal. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and acted as physician to King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>, to whom some of his books are dedicated. He was also controller of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> and served as Comptroller of Mines and Monies in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being sued for defamation by a political enemy, he was arrested for debt and died in the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Prison" title="King's Bench Prison">King's Bench Prison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>, by the middle of June 1558. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Recorde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Equation_Ever.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/First_Equation_Ever.png/350px-First_Equation_Ever.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/First_Equation_Ever.png/525px-First_Equation_Ever.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/First_Equation_Ever.png/700px-First_Equation_Ever.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption>The first known equation, equivalent to <span class="nowrap">14<i>x</i> + 15 = 71</span> in modern notation, from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte" title="The Whetstone of Witte">The Whetstone of Witte</a></i>. (The solution is <i>x</i> = 4)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recorde_-_The_Whetstone_of_Witte_-_equals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Recorde_-_The_Whetstone_of_Witte_-_equals.jpg/350px-Recorde_-_The_Whetstone_of_Witte_-_equals.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Recorde_-_The_Whetstone_of_Witte_-_equals.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Recorde's introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a> in <i>The Whetstone of Witte</i>, "to avoid tedious repetition".</figcaption></figure> <p>Recorde published several works upon mathematical and medical subjects, chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and scholar, such as the following: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ground_of_Arts" title="The Ground of Arts">The Grounde of Artes</a>, teachings the Worke and Practise, of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions</i> (1543),<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first English language book on <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>.</li> <li><i>The Pathway to Knowledge, containing the First Principles of Geometry ... bothe for the use of Instrumentes Geometricall and Astronomicall, and also for Projection of Plattes</i> (London, 1551)</li> <li><i>The Castle of Knowledge, containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, etc.</i> (London, 1556) A book explaining <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemaic astronomy</a> while mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">Copernican heliocentric model</a> in passing.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte" title="The Whetstone of Witte">The Whetstone of Witte</a>, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmeteke: containing thextraction of rootes; the cossike practise, with the rule of equation; and the workes of Surde Nombers</i> (London, 1557). This was the book in which the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a> was introduced within a printed edition.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC7927718_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC7927718-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the publication of this book Recorde is credited with introducing algebra into the Island of Britain with a systematic notation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A medical work, <i>The Urinal of Physick</i> (1548), frequently reprinted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most of those works were written in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC7927718_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC7927718-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several books whose authors are unknown have been attributed to him: <i>Cosmographiae isagoge</i>, <i>De Arte faciendi Horologium</i> and <i>De Usu Globorum et de Statu temporum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Recorde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)" title="Equality (mathematics)">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation" title="History of mathematical notation">History of mathematical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Tenby" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church, Tenby">St. Mary's Church, Tenby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh mathematicians">Welsh mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenzizenzizenzic" title="Zenzizenzizenzic">Zenzizenzizenzic</a> – a word to describe a number to the eighth power coined by Robert Recorde</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Recorde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMazur2014" class="citation news cs1">Mazur, Joseph (21 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/alexs-adventures-in-numberland/2014/may/21/notation-history-mathematical-symbols-joseph-mazur">"Notation, notation, notation: a brief history of mathematical symbols"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Notation%2C+notation%2C+notation%3A+a+brief+history+of+mathematical+symbols&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mazur&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Falexs-adventures-in-numberland%2F2014%2Fmay%2F21%2Fnotation-history-mathematical-symbols-joseph-mazur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Western Mail, Saturday 24 March 1928 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000104/19280324/188/0006">https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000104/19280324/188/0006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206174552/https://www.thenational.wales/news/19900552.robert-recorde-welshman-invented-equals-sign/">"Robert Recorde: the Welshman who invented equality"</a>. <i>The National Wales</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.wales/news/19900552.robert-recorde-welshman-invented-equals-sign/">the original</a> on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Wales&rft.atitle=Robert+Recorde%3A+the+Welshman+who+invented+equality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.wales%2Fnews%2F19900552.robert-recorde-welshman-invented-equals-sign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnston, Stephen (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23241">"Recorde, Robert (c. 1512–1558)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23241">10.1093/ref:odnb/23241</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recorde%2C+Robert+%28c.+1512%E2%80%931558%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23241&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F23241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman1956" class="citation book cs1">Newman, James R. (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmathemati00newm"><i>The World of Mathematics</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Mathematics&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofmathemati00newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC7927718-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMC7927718_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMC7927718_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1917" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Eugene_Smith" title="David Eugene Smith">Smith, David Eugene</a> (1 July 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7927718">"Medicine and Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century"</a>. <i>Ann. Med. Hist</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12650954">12650954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7927718">7927718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33943138">33943138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Med.+Hist.&rft.atitle=Medicine+and+Mathematics+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1917-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7927718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33943138&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12650954&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7927718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span> (here cited p. 131).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJourdain1913" class="citation book cs1">Jourdain, Philip E. B. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thenatureofmath00jouruoft"><i>The Nature of Mathematics</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Mathematics&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Jourdain&rft.aufirst=Philip+E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthenatureofmath00jouruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Recorde, <i>The Whetstone of Witte</i> (London, England: John Kyngstone, 1557), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheWhetstoneOfWitte#page/n237/mode/2up">p. 236</a> (although the pages of this book are not numbered). From the chapter titled "The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule" (p. 236): "Howbeit, for easie alteration of <i>equations</i>. I will propounde a fewe examples, bicause the extraction of their rootes, maie the more aptly bee wroughte. And to avoide the tediouse repetition of these woordes: is equalle to: I will sette as I doe often in worke use, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe [twin, from <i>gemew</i>, from the French <i>gemeau</i> (twin / twins), from the Latin <i>gemellus</i> (little twin)] lines of one lengthe, thus: = , bicause noe .2. thynges, can be moare equalle." (However, for easy manipulation of <i>equations</i>, I will present a few examples in order that the extraction of roots may be more readily done. And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words "is equal to", I will substitute, as I often do when working, a pair of parallels or twin lines of the same length, thus: = , because no two things can be more equal.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sax491XagIgC"><i>The Urinal of Physick</i></a><i>, by Robert Recorde, 1548; at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hall, "An Historiall Expostulation", p. 60. In <i>Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages</i>, v. XI. London: T. Richards, 1844</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Recorde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Recorde,_Robert" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Recorde, Robert">Recorde, Robert</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recorde%2C+Robert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=966&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Newman" title="James R. Newman">James R. Newman</a> (1956). <i>The World of Mathematics</i> Vol. <b>1</b> <i>Commentary on Robert Recorde</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jourdain" title="Philip Jourdain">Philip E. B. Jourdain</a> (1913). <i>The Nature of Mathematics</i>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xB49GYZzc4cC"><i>2013 Dover pbk reprint</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486458854" title="Special:BookSources/9780486458854"><bdi>9780486458854</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006052118">2006052118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2013+Dover+pbk+reprint&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006052118&rft.isbn=9780486458854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxB49GYZzc4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gareth Roberts and Fenny Smith, editors (2012). <i>Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician</i> (University of Wales Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press) 232 pages</li> <li>Jack Williams (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTqHIM1ds1kC"><i>Robert Recorde: Tudor Polymath, Expositor and Practitioner of Computation</i></a> (Heidelberg, Springer) (History of Computing). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>pbk edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85729-861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85729-861-4"><bdi>978-0-85729-861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=pbk+edition&rft.isbn=978-0-85729-861-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._S._Cassels" title="J. W. S. Cassels">J. W. S. Cassels</a> (1976). <i>Is This a Recorde?</i>, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 60 No. 411 March 1976 p 59-61 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3615647">10.2307/3615647</a></li> <li>Gordon Roberts (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeyVDwAAQBAJ"><i>Robert Recorde: Tudor Scholar and Mathematician</i></a> (University of Wales Press, Scientists of Wales series). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>pbk edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-854-5"><bdi>978-1-78316-854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=pbk+edition&rft.isbn=978-1-78316-854-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Recorde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/book/export/html/116921">Frank J. Swetz and Victor J. Katz (2011). "Mathematical Treasures - Robert Recorde's Whetstone of Witte," Convergence (January 2011)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Recorde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Recorde">Robert Recorde</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Recorde.html">St. Andrew's University Maths History biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.wales/news/19900552.robert-recorde-welshman-invented-equals-sign/">Robert Recorde: the Welshman who invented equality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206174552/https://www.thenational.wales/news/19900552.robert-recorde-welshman-invented-equals-sign/">Archived</a> 6 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060602015200/http://www.famouswelsh.com/cgibin/getmoreinf.cgi?pers_id=141">Robert Recorde</a> and other Welsh Mathematicians</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040418210411/http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/biography/robertrecorde">100 Welsh Heroes – Robert Recorde</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/relation.html">Earliest Uses of Symbols of Relation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathword.html">Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics</a> This contains numerous quotations from Recorde.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211011/http://141.14.236.86/cgi-bin/archim/dict/hw?lemma=RECORDE&step=entry&id=d006">RECORDE (Robert)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a>'s <i>Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018112752/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A7269690">Robert Recorde's life and works on h2g2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renascentbooks.co.uk/">Current publisher of Robert Recorde's books in the form of original reproductions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36199">Works by Robert Record</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Recorde%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Recorde%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Recorde%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Recorde%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Recorde%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Recorde%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Recorde%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Recorde%22%29%20OR%20%28%221510-1558%22%20AND%20Recorde%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Robert Recorde</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" 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