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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Габба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4abroha%C5%ADzo" title="Ĥabrohaŭzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥabrohaŭzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber_(musique)" title="Gabber (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gabber (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber_(musica)" title="Gabber (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gabber (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%90_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="ガバ (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガバ (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber_(muzyka)" title="Gabber (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gabber (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Габбер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Габбер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱜᱮᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱮᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gabber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Габбер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Габбер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q820049#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gabber" 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber_music&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabber music">Gabber music</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgenre of hardcore techno music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other meanings of gabber, see <a href="/wiki/Gabber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gabber (disambiguation)">gabber (disambiguation)</a>. For the hardcore music in the 2000s, see <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_hardcore" title="Mainstream hardcore">Mainstream hardcore</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Gabber</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">new beat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcrusher" title="Bitcrusher">bitcrushers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early hardcore</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_hardcore" title="Mainstream hardcore">mainstream hardcore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">Happy hardcore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hardvapour" title="Hardvapour">hardvapour</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gabber</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GAB</span>-ər</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɣɑbər]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ca\/Nl-gabber.ogg\/Nl-gabber.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-gabber.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Nl-gabber.ogg/Nl-gabber.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-gabber.ogg" title="File:Nl-gabber.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a style of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> and a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">hardcore techno</a>, as well as the surrounding subculture. The music is more commonly referred to as hardcore, and is characterised by fast beats, distorted and heavy kickdrums, with dark themes and samples. This style was developed in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> in the 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by producers like <a href="/wiki/Marc_Trauner" title="Marc Trauner">Marc Acardipane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Elstak" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Elstak">Paul Elstak</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Rob" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Rob">DJ Rob</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Prophet_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prophet (musician)">The Prophet</a>, forming record labels such as <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Records" title="Rotterdam Records">Rotterdam Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokum_Records" title="Mokum Records">Mokum Records</a>, Pengo Records and Industrial Strength Records. </p><p>The word <i>gabber</i> comes from Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Bargoens" title="Bargoens">Bargoens</a> slang and means "friend". </p><p>Gabber remains highly popular in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and has seen a major resurgence in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabber formed as an underground, anti-establishment movement with small, underground raves, most often illegally held in empty warehouses, basements and tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a> parties such as <a href="/wiki/Thunderdome_(music_festival)" title="Thunderdome (music festival)">Thunderdome</a>, held by <a href="/wiki/ID%26T" title="ID&T">ID&T</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysteryland" title="Mysteryland">Mysteryland</a>, became hugely popular, eventually becoming part of mainstream Dutch culture in the 1990s. The music and culture quickly spread across Europe and the world, finding a home with the rave communities in countries such as the UK, Spain, Italy, US, and Australia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg/200px-Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg/300px-Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg/400px-Early_Hardcore_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>The most commonly used logo for early hardcore, mimicking the <a href="/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)" title="Lonsdale (clothing)">Lonsdale</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p>Gabber, also known as <i>gabba</i>, <i>early hardcore</i> and <i>Rotterdam hardcore</i> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> and a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_(electronic_dance_music_genre)" title="Hardcore (electronic dance music genre)">hardcore techno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was derived from <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">new beat</a> in the early 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The musical style is described as "a relentless mix of superfast BPMs, distorted kickdrums, and roared vocals".<sup id="cite_ref-Muggs-Guardian_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muggs-Guardian-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music is generally between 140 and 190 <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">beats per minute</a> with samples taken from films or other tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-Balli_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balli-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most characteristic components of gabber/early hardcore first appeared in the track "Anasthasia" (1991) from <a href="/wiki/T99" title="T99">T99</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>gabber</i> comes from an Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Bargoens" title="Bargoens">Bargoens</a> slang, based on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chaver</i></span> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Mate_(colloquialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (colloquialism)">mate</a>" or "friend".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Amsterdam DJ was asked about the hard Rotterdam scene and said "They're just a bunch of gabbers having fun". Having heard this, Paul Elstak etched in the vinyl on the first <a href="/wiki/Euromasters" title="Euromasters">Euromasters</a> record (released through <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Records" title="Rotterdam Records">Rotterdam Records</a> in 1992), "<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Gabber zijn is geen schande!</i></span>" ('It's not a disgrace to be a gabber!').<sup id="cite_ref-Disgrace_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disgrace-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word gained popularity in the Rotterdam music scene and people started to call themselves "gabbers".<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_guide_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic_guide-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influential early labels were <a href="/wiki/DJ_Paul_Elstak" title="DJ Paul Elstak">DJ Paul Elstak</a>'s Rotterdam Records, <a href="/wiki/Mokum_Records" title="Mokum Records">Mokum Records</a> in Amsterdam, and <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Dee_(DJ)" title="Lenny Dee (DJ)">Lenny Dee</a>'s New York based Industrial Strength Recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderdome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside Elstak and Dee, other early artists included <a href="/wiki/Marc_Acardipane" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Acardipane">Marc Acardipane</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Prophet_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prophet (musician)">The Prophet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Termination_Source" title="Rotterdam Termination Source">Rotterdam Termination Source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderdome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/DJ_Paul_Elstak" title="DJ Paul Elstak">Elstak</a> and DJ Rob organised parties first at Parkzicht in Rotterdam and when the numbers attending increased they moved to the <a href="/wiki/Energiehal" title="Energiehal">Energiehal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ID%26T" title="ID&T">ID&T</a> later organised <a href="/wiki/Thunderdome_(music_festival)" title="Thunderdome (music festival)">Thunderdome</a> parties for up to 40,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Disgrace_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disgrace-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the sound spread to London in the mid-1990s, Dead by Dawn parties at the <a href="/wiki/121_Centre" title="121 Centre">121 Centre</a> in Brixton played gabba, <a href="/wiki/Speedcore" title="Speedcore">speedcore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dead_by_Dawn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dead_by_Dawn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, gabber inspired the foundation of the label Drop Bass Network.<sup id="cite_ref-RaveAmerica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaveAmerica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subculture">Subculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BranMoviC_Hakken.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BranMoviC_Hakken.gif/220px-BranMoviC_Hakken.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/BranMoviC_Hakken.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A man performing <a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">hakken</a>, a dance unique to gabber </figcaption></figure> <p>The popularity of gabber created a youth <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> in the Netherlands. Fashion-wise, gabber ravers wore <a href="/wiki/Tracksuit" title="Tracksuit">tracksuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomber_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber jacket">bomber jackets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nike_Air_Max" title="Nike Air Max">Nike Air Max</a> shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderdome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennis tracksuits from the Italian fashion label Australian by L'Alpina were prized, the tracksuits were often referred to as "Aussies".<sup id="cite_ref-VisualLang_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VisualLang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most men shaved their heads bald, while women braided their hair and shaved the sides. Drug use was common, with <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstasy (drug)">ecstasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speed_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed (drug)">speed</a> the popular choices.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafka_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafka-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later the look became blouses and short skirts for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafka_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafka-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men wore <a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo shirts</a> and shirts with jeans and army boots, with a racist minority wearing the <a href="/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)" title="Lonsdale (clothing)">Lonsdale</a> brand because of its connection to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing extremism">right-wing extremism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VisualLang_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VisualLang-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabber also had a small following in the German <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> fringe movement.<sup id="cite_ref-RaveAmerica_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaveAmerica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to repudiate the connection, labels and artists began to release anti-<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> and anti-<a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> statements. Some examples include "Chosen Anthem (Against Racism)" by DJ Chosen Few, "Die Nazi Scum" by Party Animals featuring MC Rob Gee, "Time to Make a Stand" by United Hardcore, and "Fuck the Nazism" by Hellcore.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mokum Records made its slogan (printed on all records): "Hardcore united against <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>". Some producers are themselves black, such as The Dark Raver and Loftgroover.<sup id="cite_ref-Balli_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balli-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When gabber became popular again in the 2000s, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazis</a> attempted to capitalize on it, but their attempts were short-lived.<sup id="cite_ref-Kafka_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kafka-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1990s, gabber had become part of mainstream culture in the Netherlands. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine called it the country's "first homegrown youth culture" in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its popularity also led to parody tracks, such as Gabber Piet's "Hakke & Zage", which drew on the theme tune of the <a href="/wiki/Peppi_%26_Kokki" title="Peppi & Kokki">Peppi & Kokki</a> children's television show.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name also referred to <a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">hakken</a>, the style of gabber dancing characterized by fast leg movements that had become popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Balli_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balli-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabber fans were angered by the commercialization of their scene, and Gabber Piet was fired from his job at ID&T. His album <i>Love U Hardcore</i> attempted to make amends but it did not sell well.<sup id="cite_ref-Vice_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vice-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2023 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_Never_Dies" title="Hardcore Never Dies">Hardcore Never Dies</a></i> is set during the 1990s gabber scene in Rotterdam, Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="25_years_of_hardcore">25 years of hardcore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 25 years of hardcore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the peak of gabber popularity waned in the years after the millennium, there always remained a die-hard few that kept the sound and culture alive. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Thunderdome_(music_festival)" title="Thunderdome (music festival)">Thunderdome</a> celebrated 25 years of hardcore at the <a href="/wiki/Jaarbeurs" title="Jaarbeurs">Jaarbeurs</a> congress centre in Utrecht. It was attended by 40,000 ravers <sup id="cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderdome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was heralded as the official comeback for Thunderdome. The event was the ultimate encapsulation of the history of hardcore, featuring the biggest names in hardcore, showcasing evolution of hardcore music over 25 years from all of the leading hardcore DJs and producers from then and now. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gabber_artists" title="List of gabber artists">List of gabber artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/a-brief-history-of-gabber/vALycmEzFVvjKQ">"A Brief History of Gabber - The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Gabber+-+The+Netherlands+Institute+for+Sound+and+Vision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fexhibit%2Fa-brief-history-of-gabber%2FvALycmEzFVvjKQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/oct/30/thunderdome-the-dutch-rave-with-the-worlds-fastest-hardest-music">"Thunderdome: the Dutch rave with the world's fastest, hardest music"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thunderdome%3A+the+Dutch+rave+with+the+world%27s+fastest%2C+hardest+music&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2019%2Foct%2F30%2Fthunderdome-the-dutch-rave-with-the-worlds-fastest-hardest-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multigroove.com/about/">"About"</a>. <i>Multigroove</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multigroove&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultigroove.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corehistory.blogspot.com/">"Hardcore History: Introducing Hardcore Techno"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814002057/http://corehistory.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hardcore+History%3A+Introducing+Hardcore+Techno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorehistory.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2013" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Simon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWf4J6yn9zAC"><i>Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(eBook)</span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78316-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78316-6"><bdi>978-1-136-78316-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+Ecstasy%3A+Into+the+World+of+Techno+and+Rave+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78316-6&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWf4J6yn9zAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muggs-Guardian-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muggs-Guardian_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuggs2020" class="citation news cs1">Muggs, Joe (10 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jan/10/gift-of-the-gabber-the-return-of-dance-musics-gloriously-tasteless-subgenre">"Gabber: return of dance music's gloriously tasteless subgenre"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200709015827/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/jan/10/gift-of-the-gabber-the-return-of-dance-musics-gloriously-tasteless-subgenre">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gabber%3A+return+of+dance+music%27s+gloriously+tasteless+subgenre&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft.aulast=Muggs&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2020%2Fjan%2F10%2Fgift-of-the-gabber-the-return-of-dance-musics-gloriously-tasteless-subgenre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balli-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balli_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balli_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balli_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalli2004" class="citation journal cs1">Balli, Riccardo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult/article/view/523/495">"How to Cure a Gabba"</a>. <i>Dancecult</i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12801%2F1947-5403.2014.06.02.12">10.12801/1947-5403.2014.06.02.12</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dancecult&rft.atitle=How+to+Cure+a+Gabba&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12801%2F1947-5403.2014.06.02.12&rft.aulast=Balli&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdj.dancecult.net%2Findex.php%2Fdancecult%2Farticle%2Fview%2F523%2F495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synthmania.com/Famous%20Sounds.htm">"Famous Sounds"</a>. <i>Synth Mania</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Synth+Mania&rft.atitle=Famous+Sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthmania.com%2FFamous%2520Sounds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624101427/https://www.muziekencyclopedie.nl/action/entry/Dj+Rob">"Muziekencyclopedie - Dj Rob"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muziekencyclopedie.nl/action/entry/Dj+Rob">the original</a> on 24 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muziekencyclopedie+-+Dj+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muziekencyclopedie.nl%2Faction%2Fentry%2FDj%2BRob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heardutchhere.net/duhebrew.html">"Hebrew and Yiddish Words in Common Dutch"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727151150/http://www.heardutchhere.net/duhebrew.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+and+Yiddish+Words+in+Common+Dutch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heardutchhere.net%2Fduhebrew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disgrace-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disgrace_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disgrace_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boilerroom.tv/its-not-a-disgrace-to-be-a-gabber/">"It’s Not A Disgrace To Be A Gabber!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126183731/https://boilerroom.tv/its-not-a-disgrace-to-be-a-gabber/">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Boiler Room</i> (8 November 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic_guide-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_guide_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanov,_Vladimir2001" class="citation book cs1">Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoe00vlad"><i>All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879306281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879306281"><bdi>978-0879306281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Electronica%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Electronic+Music&rft.pages=x&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0879306281&rft.au=Bogdanov%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetoe00vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thunderdome-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunderdome_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/3149">"Thunderdome: 25 years of hardcore"</a>. <i>Resident Advisor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528141740/https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/3149">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resident+Advisor&rft.atitle=Thunderdome%3A+25+years+of+hardcore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.residentadvisor.net%2Ffeatures%2F3149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dead_by_Dawn-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dead_by_Dawn_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com/2007/09/dead-by-dawn-brixton-1994-96.html">"Dead by Dawn, Brixton, 1994-96"</a>. <i>History is made at night</i>. 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+is+made+at+night&rft.atitle=Dead+by+Dawn%2C+Brixton%2C+1994-96&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F09%2Fdead-by-dawn-brixton-1994-96.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RaveAmerica-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RaveAmerica_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaveAmerica_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilcott1999" class="citation book cs1">Silcott, Mireille (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPLsz1RC1MYC"><i>Rave America: New School Dancescapes</i></a>. ECW Press. pp. 114–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-383-5"><bdi>978-1-55022-383-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rave+America%3A+New+School+Dancescapes&rft.pages=114-7&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55022-383-5&rft.aulast=Silcott&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPLsz1RC1MYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VisualLang-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VisualLang_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VisualLang_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boilerroom.tv/article/understanding-visual-language-gabber">"Understanding the Visual Language of Gabber"</a>. <i>Boiler Room</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boiler+Room&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Visual+Language+of+Gabber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboilerroom.tv%2Farticle%2Funderstanding-visual-language-gabber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafka-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kafka_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafka_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafka_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kafka.nl/extreemrechtse-gabbers-anno-2005/?lang=en">"Extreemrechtse gabbers anno2005"</a>. Kafka. 28 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514203016/https://kafka.nl/extreemrechtse-gabbers-anno-2005/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreemrechtse+gabbers+anno2005&rft.pub=Kafka&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkafka.nl%2Fextreemrechtse-gabbers-anno-2005%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DJ Chosen Few - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/21108"><i>Chosen Anthem (Against Racism)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109201752/http://www.discogs.com/release/21108">Archived</a> 9 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MOK 8, Mokum Records 1993); Party Animals feat. MC Rob Gee - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/21181"><i>Die Nazi Scum</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109201800/http://www.discogs.com/release/21181">Archived</a> 9 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MOK 54, Mokum Records 1996); Hellcore - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/210584"><i>Fuck the Nazism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109201814/http://www.discogs.com/release/210584">Archived</a> 9 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (BDR-CD-02, Braindestruction Recordz, 2003); United Hardcore Against Racism & Hate - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/release/478145"><i>Time to Make a Stand</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109201744/http://www.discogs.com/release/478145">Archived</a> 9 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (HUR 001, Hardcore United Records, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vice-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vice_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/mgwqxp/gabber-children-netherlands-hakke-zage">"An Entire Generation of Dutch Children Was Ruined by Gabber"</a>. 4 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528144112/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/mgwqxp/gabber-children-netherlands-hakke-zage">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Entire+Generation+of+Dutch+Children+Was+Ruined+by+Gabber&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_uk%2Farticle%2Fmgwqxp%2Fgabber-children-netherlands-hakke-zage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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