CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"><head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1"> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season - NOAA/AOML</title> <meta name="description" content="November 30th marks the official end of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season. Throughout this active season, NOAA scientists set new records."> <link rel="canonical" href="/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season"> <meta property="og:description" content="November 30th marks the official end of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season. Throughout this active season, NOAA scientists set new records."> <meta property="og:url" content="/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-12-02T17:19:54+00:00"> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-01-08T19:17:04+00:00"> <meta property="og:image" content="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"> <meta name="author" content="AOML Communications"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@NOAA_AOML"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@NOAA_AOML"> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by"> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="AOML Communications"> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time"> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="7 minutes"> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/"},"author":{"name":"AOML Communications","@id":"/#/schema/person/fad7ceb2cbe4ff4547b7d2ac0680b243"},"headline":"Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season","datePublished":"2024-12-02T17:19:54+00:00","dateModified":"2025-01-08T19:17:04+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/"},"wordCount":1192,"publisher":{"@id":"/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg","keywords":["Hurricane Field Program","hurricane forecasting","hurricane forecasts","hurricane hunters","hurricane research","hurricane season"],"articleSection":["Hurricane Research","IFEX - Hurricane Field Program","Modeling and Prediction"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/","url":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/","name":"Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season - NOAA/AOML","isPartOf":{"@id":"/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg","datePublished":"2024-12-02T17:19:54+00:00","dateModified":"2025-01-08T19:17:04+00:00","description":"November 30th marks the official end of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season. Throughout this active season, NOAA scientists set new records.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#primaryimage","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg","contentUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg","width":1600,"height":900,"caption":"Image shows researchers and scientists in their flight suits, gathered around the center of the Hurricane Hunter P-3 Orion as they listen intently to the preflight briefing before flying into the storm."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"/#website","url":"/","name":"NOAA: Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory","description":"Preparing the nation for change by studying the ocean, earth & atmosphere","publisher":{"@id":"/#organization"},"alternateName":"NOAA/AOML","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"/#organization","name":"NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory","alternateName":"NOAA/OAR/AOML","url":"/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/400x100-100.jpg","contentUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/400x100-100.jpg","width":401,"height":101,"caption":"NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory"},"image":{"@id":"/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://x.com/NOAA_AOML","http://instagram.com/noaa_aoml","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-pHprdRFZMZNegDaZKFB9g"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"/#/schema/person/fad7ceb2cbe4ff4547b7d2ac0680b243","name":"AOML Communications","url":"/author/editing-team/"}]}</script>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="http://use.fontawesome.com"> <link href="http://use.fontawesome.com" crossorigin="" rel="preconnect"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory » Feed" href="/feed/"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory » Comments Feed" href="/comments/feed/"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory » Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season Comments Feed" href="/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/feed/"> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel="stylesheet" id="vc_extensions_cqbundle_adminicon-css" href="/wp-content/uploads/hummingbird-assets/59281982cb0f671679b43fd461952628.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <style id="safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css" type="text/css"> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id="global-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wphb-1-css" href="/wp-content/uploads/hummingbird-assets/cc0424668bea1ba34bfc38f9f8e28766.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <style id="wphb-1-inline-css" type="text/css"> .country-selector{ margin-bottom:20px } .country-selector>ul{ margin-bottom:0px !important } .country-selector>ul a::hover { text-decoration-color: #28282a; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wphb-2-css" href="/wp-content/uploads/hummingbird-assets/81df12fbee19a4fd070e92462fd47628.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <style id="wphb-2-inline-css" type="text/css"> /*Body fonts and style*/ body, #main-menu ul li ul li, .comment-content cite, .entry-content cite, .visualcomposerstarter legend { font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; } body, .sidebar-widget-area a:hover, .sidebar-widget-area a:focus, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_recent_entries ul li:hover, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_archive ul li:hover, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_categories ul li:hover, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_meta ul li:hover, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_recent_entries ul li:focus, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_archive ul li:focus, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_categories ul li:focus, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_meta ul li:focus { color: #28282a; } .comment-content table, .entry-content table { border-color: #28282a; } .entry-full-content .entry-author-data .author-biography, .entry-full-content .entry-meta, .nav-links.post-navigation a .meta-nav, .search-results-header h4, .entry-preview .entry-meta li, .entry-preview .entry-meta li a, .entry-content .gallery-caption, .comment-content blockquote, .entry-content blockquote, .wp-caption .wp-caption-text, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-metadata a { color: #969696; } .comments-area .comment-list .comment-metadata a:hover, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-metadata a:focus { border-bottom-color: #969696; } a, .comments-area .comment-list .reply a, .comments-area span.required, .comments-area .comment-subscription-form label:before, .entry-preview .entry-meta li a:hover:before, .entry-preview .entry-meta li a:focus:before, .entry-preview .entry-meta li.entry-meta-category:hover:before, .entry-content p a:hover, .entry-content ol a:hover, .entry-content ul a:hover, .entry-content table a:hover, .entry-content datalist a:hover, .entry-content blockquote a:hover, .entry-content dl a:hover, .entry-content address a:hover, .entry-content p a:focus, .entry-content ol a:focus, .entry-content ul a:focus, .entry-content table a:focus, .entry-content datalist a:focus, .entry-content blockquote a:focus, .entry-content dl a:focus, .entry-content address a:focus, .entry-content ul > li:before, .comment-content p a:hover, .comment-content ol a:hover, .comment-content ul a:hover, .comment-content table a:hover, .comment-content datalist a:hover, .comment-content blockquote a:hover, .comment-content dl a:hover, .comment-content address a:hover, .comment-content p a:focus, .comment-content ol a:focus, .comment-content ul a:focus, .comment-content table a:focus, .comment-content datalist a:focus, .comment-content blockquote a:focus, .comment-content dl a:focus, .comment-content address a:focus, .comment-content ul > li:before, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_recent_entries ul li, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_archive ul li, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_categories ul li, .sidebar-widget-area .widget_meta ul li { color: #0085ca; } .comments-area .comment-list .reply a:hover, .comments-area .comment-list .reply a:focus, .comment-content p a, .comment-content ol a, .comment-content ul a, .comment-content table a, .comment-content datalist a, .comment-content blockquote a, .comment-content dl a, .comment-content address a, .entry-content p a, .entry-content ol a, .entry-content ul a, .entry-content table a, .entry-content datalist a, .entry-content blockquote a, .entry-content dl a, .entry-content address a { border-bottom-color: #0085ca; } .entry-content blockquote, .comment-content { border-left-color: #0085ca; } html, #main-menu ul li ul li { font-size: 1em } body, #footer, .footer-widget-area .widget-title { line-height: 1.5em; } body { letter-spacing: 1.1; font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; text-transform: none; } .comment-content address, .comment-content blockquote, .comment-content datalist, .comment-content dl, .comment-content ol, .comment-content p, .comment-content table, .comment-content ul, .entry-content address, .entry-content blockquote, .entry-content datalist, .entry-content dl, .entry-content ol, .entry-content p, .entry-content table, .entry-content ul { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } /*Buttons font and style*/ .comments-area .form-submit input[type=submit], .blue-button { background-color: #003087; color: #ffffff; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2 em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 1.1; line-height: 1; text-transform: none; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .comments-area .form-submit input[type=submit]:hover, .comments-area .form-submit input[type=submit]:focus, .blue-button:hover, .blue-button:focus, .entry-content p a.blue-button:hover { background-color: #07326d; color: #ffffff; } .nav-links.archive-navigation .page-numbers { background-color: #003087; color: #ffffff; } .nav-links.archive-navigation a.page-numbers:hover, .nav-links.archive-navigation a.page-numbers:focus, .nav-links.archive-navigation .page-numbers.current { background-color: #07326d; color: #ffffff; } .visualcomposerstarter #review_form #respond .form-submit .submit { background-color: #003087; color: #ffffff; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2 em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 1.1; line-height: 1; text-transform: none; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .visualcomposerstarter #review_form #respond .form-submit .submit:hover, .visualcomposerstarter #review_form #respond .form-submit .submit:focus { background-color: #07326d; color: #ffffff; } /*Headers fonts and style*/ .header-widgetised-area .widget_text, #main-menu > ul > li > a, .entry-full-content .entry-author-data .author-name, .nav-links.post-navigation a .post-title, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-author, .comments-area .comment-list .reply a, .comments-area .comment-form-comment label, .comments-area .comment-form-author label, .comments-area .comment-form-email label, .comments-area .comment-form-url label, .comment-content blockquote, .entry-content blockquote { font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; } .entry-full-content .entry-author-data .author-name, .entry-full-content .entry-meta a, .nav-links.post-navigation a .post-title, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-author, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-author a, .search-results-header h4 strong, .entry-preview .entry-meta li a:hover, .entry-preview .entry-meta li a:focus { color: #28282a; } .entry-full-content .entry-meta a, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-author a:hover, .comments-area .comment-list .comment-author a:focus, .nav-links.post-navigation a .post-title { border-bottom-color: #28282a; } h1 { color: #28282a; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 1; line-height: 1em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 2.125rem; text-transform: none; } h1 a {color: #0085ca;} h1 a:hover, h1 a:focus {color: #0085ca;} h2 { color: #28282a; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 1.1; line-height: 1.1em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; text-transform: none; } h2 a {color: #0085ca;} h2 a:hover, h2 a:focus {color: #0085ca;} h3 { color: #28282a; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 0.01rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.625rem; text-transform: none; } h3 a {color: #0085ca;} h3 a:hover, h3 a:focus {color: #0085ca;} h4 { color: #28282a; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 1.3; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: ; text-transform: none; } h4 a {color: #0085ca;} h4 a:hover, h4 a:focus {color: #0085ca;} h5 { color: #28282a; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8125em; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 1.1; line-height: 1em; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.625rem; text-transform: none; } h5 a {color: #0085ca;} h5 a:hover, h5 a:focus {color: #0085ca;} h6 { color: #28282a; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif; font-size: 0.625em; font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: .02rem; line-height: 1; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.625rem; text-transform: none; } h6 a {color: #0085ca;} h6 a:hover, h6 a:focus {color: #0085ca;} /*Header and menu area background color*/ #header .navbar .navbar-wrapper, body.navbar-no-background #header .navbar.fixed.scroll, body.header-full-width-boxed #header .navbar, body.header-full-width #header .navbar { background-color: #ffffff; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li ul { background-color: #ffffff; } } body.navbar-no-background #header .navbar {background-color: transparent;} /*Header and menu area text color*/ #header { color: #28282a } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li, body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li a, body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li ul li a { color: #28282a } } /*Header and menu area active text color*/ #header a:hover { color: #0085ca; border-bottom-color: #0085ca; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li a:hover, body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li.current-menu-item > a, body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li ul li a:focus, body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li ul li a:hover, body:not(.menu-sandwich) .sandwich-color-light #main-menu>ul>li.current_page_item>a, body:not(.menu-sandwich) .sandwich-color-light #main-menu>ul ul li.current_page_item>a { color: #0085ca; border-bottom-color: #0085ca; } } /* Header padding */ .navbar-wrapper { padding: 2vh 15px; } /*Header and menu area menu hover background color*/ @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { body:not(.menu-sandwich) #main-menu ul li ul li:hover > a { background-color: #ffffff; } } /*Tag background*/ .entry-tags a { background-color: #ffffff; } /*Tag hover background*/ .entry-tags a:hover { background-color: #0085ca; } /*Tag color*/ .entry-tags a { color: #003087; } /*Footer area background color*/ #footer { background-color: #28282a; } .footer-widget-area { background-color: #2c2c2e; } /*Footer area text color*/ #footer, #footer .footer-socials ul li a span {color: #ffffff; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="font-awesome-official-css" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.2.1/css/all.css" type="text/css" media="all" integrity="sha384-twcuYPV86B3vvpwNhWJuaLdUSLF9+ttgM2A6M870UYXrOsxKfER2MKox5cirApyA" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="font-awesome-official-v4shim-css" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.2.1/css/v4-shims.css" type="text/css" media="all" integrity="sha384-RreHPODFsMyzCpG+dKnwxOSjmjkuPWWdYP8sLpBRoSd8qPNJwaxKGUdxhQOKwUc7" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/plugins/weglot/dist/front-js.js" id="wp-weglot-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="/wp-json/"><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/95341"><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="/xmlrpc.php?rsd"> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2"> <link rel="shortlink" href="/?p=95341">  <script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-43827026-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-43827026-1',{'contentGroup4':'New Pages'}); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P3F4WX3');</script>    <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/8eb0bcdc61.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <link rel="alternate" href="/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/" hreflang="en"> <link rel="alternate" href="/es/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/" hreflang="es"> <script> document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', 'js'); </script> <style> .no-js img.lazyload { display: none; } figure.wp-block-image img.lazyloading { min-width: 150px; } .lazyload, .lazyloading { opacity: 0; } .lazyloaded { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 400ms; transition-delay: 0ms; } </style> <meta name="generator" content="Powered by WPBakery Page Builder - drag and drop page builder for WordPress.">  <script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-748JT7G8EG"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-748JT7G8EG'); </script><link rel="icon" href="/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NOAA_logo_512x512-150x150.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" href="/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NOAA_logo_512x512-300x300.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NOAA_logo_512x512-300x300.png"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NOAA_logo_512x512-300x300.png"> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> html, body{ width:100%; overflow-x:hidden; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { body:not(.menu-sandwich) #menu-main-menu { /* max-width:80%; */ margin: auto; } } #main-menu.open { background-color:#28282a; } .navbar-toggle { padding-top:25px; } div.content-wrapper { padding-top:0px !important; } nav.navbar.fixed { box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 2px 6px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10) } @media (hover: hover) { div#main-menu { margin-left:30%; line-height:95px; margin-top:20px; } } #main-menu>ul>li { font-size: 14px !important; letter-spacing: .05em; } #main-menu ul li ul li { font-size:13px; } .button-close { padding-bottom:30px } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { { min-height: 95px; min-width: 400px; line-height: 95px; } } .navbar-brand { min-height: 95px; min-width: 300px; line-height: 95px; } .vc_grid-item { float:left !important; } .vc_col-sm-2 { float:left !important; } .textwidget { text-align:center; padding: 10px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .homesliderrow { height:500px; } } #slick-slide-control10 { display:none; } .cq-homeslider-navigation .homeslider-navigation-next { margin-bottom:20px !important; } #small-header { height:200px; } .mobilefeaturedexerpt { overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; /* number of lines to show */ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; } .cq-skewbox-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; line-height: 48px; text-align: center; font-size: 18px; color: #ffffff; } .hoverbutton { max-width: 200px; min-width: 200px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #0a4595; color:#ffffff; /* Old background-color: #0099d8;*/ } .hoverbuttonlight { max-width: 200px; min-width: 200px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #0085ca; } .hoverbutton:hover { background-color: #002464; /* Old background-color: #006e9b;*/ transition: background-color .5s; } .hoverbuttonlight:hover { background-color: #0073AE; transition: background-color .5s; } .hoverbuttonlightlong { min-width: 200px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #0085ca; } .hoverbuttonlightlong:hover { background-color: #0073AE; transition: background-color .5s; } .top-social-icons { float:right } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .backgroundscroll { background-repeat:no-repeat; background-attachment:fixed; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 768px) { .backgroundscroll { display:none } } .vc_column-inner { padding-top: 0 !important; } #filters a.button { color:#0099d8 !important; background-color:#FFF } #filters a.button.is-checked { Color:#0085CA; background-color:#FFFFFF } .anchor { display: block; position: relative; top: -200px; visibility: hidden; } .morecaptionbg { background-color: #003087; } .nametitle { color:#ffffff; } .arrowdown { text-align: center; display:block; margin: auto; color: #FFFFFF } div.pp_default .pp_expand { display: none!important; } .cq-skewbox-downnav { z-index:10 !important; } .cq-skewbox-upnav { z-index: 10 !important; } #sharetext { font-family: Roboto-light; color:#0085ca; position: relative; font-size:18px; } .social-button-span { position: relative; font-size:30px; text-decoration:none; } /* .slick-dots { margin-bottom:60px !important; } */ .entry-content.archive h1 { padding-top:50px } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { div.col-md-10 { position:inherit; margin: auto; /* width: 80%; */ } .col-md-2 { display:none } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .entry-title { margin-bottom:15px } } .entry-full-content .entry-meta { color:#28282a; font-size: 18px; line-height:1; padding-top:60px; padding-bottom:10px; font-style:italic; color:#5F5F5F; } .entry-full-content div.entry-meta a { border: none; color:#5F5F5F; } .entry-author-data { box-sizing:inherit; padding-top:30px; } p.author-name { overflow-wrap:normal; text-align: inline; } .header-image img { position:relative; /* height:500px; */ width: 100%; object-fit: cover; } /* #footer ul { list-style-type:none; padding-left:0; line-height: 2em; font-size: 10pt; } */ .footer-widget-area .widget-title { font-size: 14pt; font-weight:300; } .footer-widget-area .widget-title:after { content: ""; display: block; width: 15%; padding-top: 5px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0085ca; } } .country-selector a { border-bottom: 1px transparent solid !important; } .wpb-js-composer .vc_tta-color-grey.vc_tta-style-classic .vc_tta-tab>a { background-color:#FFFFFF !important; border-color:#ffffff !important; } .vc_tta-title-text:focus { border-bottom: solid 2px #0085ca !important; } .vc_tta-title-text:hover { border-bottom: solid 2px #0085ca !important; } .wpb-js-composer .vc_tta.vc_general .vc_tta-tab.vc_active .vc_tta-title-text { border-bottom: solid 2px #0085ca !important; } .cq-timeline ul>li:before, .cq-timeline-text ul>li:before { content: ''; } .cq-accordion ul>li:before { content: ''; } .cq-compareslider ul>li:before { content: ''; } .cq-morecaption-container .cq-morecaption-content { margin-top:50px; } .cq-timelinecard ul>li:before { content: ''; } .cqlist ul>li:before { content: ''; } .cq-tabs ul>li:before { content: ''; } .cq-tabmenu.style1 a { font-size:normal; } h2.entry-title { top:-10px; } .nav-links.archive-navigation .page-numbers.dots { background-color: #003087; } .entry-content ul>li:before { content: ''; } .comment-content ul>li, .entry-content ul>li { padding-left:0; } .usagov-search-autocomplete { min-height:50px; width: 60%; } #search_form > input[type=submit]:nth-child(5) { max-width: 200px; min-height:50px; min-width: 200px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #003087; color:#ffffff; /* Old background-color: #0099d8;*/ } #search_form > input[type=submit]:nth-child(5):hover { background-color: #002464; /* Old background-color: #006e9b;*/ transition: background-color .5s; } :root { --shadow-color: 204deg 7% 64%; --shadow-elevation-low: 0.3px 0.5px 0.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.54), 0.3px 0.7px 0.6px -2.3px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.38), 0.9px 1.9px 1.7px -4.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.22); --shadow-elevation-medium: 0.3px 0.5px 0.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.46), 0.4px 0.8px 0.7px -1.1px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.37), 0.9px 1.8px 1.6px -2.3px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.29), 2.2px 4.3px 3.9px -3.4px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.21), 4.7px 9.4px 8.6px -4.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.13); --shadow-elevation-high: 0.3px 0.5px 0.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.42), 0.4px 0.8px 0.7px -0.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.38), 0.7px 1.5px 1.4px -1px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.35), 1.4px 2.7px 2.5px -1.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.31), 2.5px 5px 4.6px -2px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.27), 4.3px 8.6px 7.9px -2.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.23), 6.9px 13.9px 12.7px -3px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.19), 10.6px 21.2px 19.4px -3.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.16), 15.5px 31px 28.3px -4px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.12), 21.8px 43.5px 39.8px -4.5px hsl(var(--shadow-color) / 0.08); } .min-shadow-blueBack { box-shadow: var(--shadow-elevation-low); } .med-shadow-blueBack, .vc_custom_1671550346366 { box-shadow: var(--shadow-elevation-medium); } .big-shadow-blueBack { box-shadow: var(--shadow-elevation-high); } .big-text-shadow-blueBack { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #333333; }; } .vc_general.vc_btn3.vc_btn3-size-md.vc_btn3-shape-rounded.vc_btn3-style-outline-custom, .vc_general.vc_btn3.vc_btn3-size-lg.vc_btn3-shape-rounded.vc_btn3-style-outline-custom { border-style: none; } .cq-expandgrid-item.cq-expandgrid-initstate.cq-transparent:hover .cq-expandgrid-avatar { filter: brightness(0) saturate(100%) invert(36%) sepia(61%) saturate(1359%) hue-rotate(170deg) brightness(97%) contrast(104%); } .cq-expandgrid-item.cq-transparent.cq-expandgrid-openstate .cq-expandgrid-avatar { filter: brightness(0) saturate(100%) invert(13%) sepia(61%) saturate(4127%) hue-rotate(214deg) brightness(89%) contrast(103%); } .project-card-image { border-radius: 50%; } .projects-template-default.single.single-projects .header-image img { display:none; } .your-theme-name-post-info-author { display: none; } .unlinked-item > a { pointer-events: none; } .wp-block-image figcaption { text-align: left; } .post > ul > li, .wpb_wrapper > ul > li { list-style: disc; } @media (hover: hover) { .backgroundscroll { background-repeat:no-repeat; background-attachment:fixed; min-height:400px; } } .icon-flex-align .cq-expandgrid-item .cq-expandgrid-face { display: flex; } .icon-flex-align .cq-expandgrid-item .cq-expandgrid-face .cq-expandgrid-facecontent { position:relative; } </style> <noscript><style> .wpb_animate_when_almost_visible { opacity: 1; }</style></noscript> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-95341 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo visualcomposerstarter fixed-header header-full-width wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-8.0 vc_responsive">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P3F4WX3" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header id="header"> <nav class="navbar fixed" style="padding:0px;"> <div style="background-color:#F5F5F5;font-size:11px;margin:0px;padding:3px;width:100%;"> <section id="banneridless"> <img src="/images/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag" height="13px" style="float:left;margin:3px;" /> An official website of the United States government <span style="text-decoration:underline;color:#0099d8;cursor:pointer;" onclick="document.getElementById('banneridless').style.display='none';document.getElementById('banneridmore').style.display=''">Here鈥檚 how you know <img src="/images/expand_more.svg" height="13px" /></span> </section> <section id="banneridmore" style="display:none;"> <img src="/images/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag" height="13px" style="float:left;margin:3px;" /> An official website of the United States government <span style="text-decoration:underline;color:#0099d8;cursor:pointer;" onclick="document.getElementById('banneridmore').style.display='none';document.getElementById('banneridless').style.display=''">Here鈥檚 how you know <img src="/images/expand_less.svg" height="13px" /></span> <br><br> <table style="width:100%"><tr><td style="width:50%;"> <img src="/images/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="U.S. flag" height="40px" style="float:left;padding:0px 10px;" /> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong><br /> A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </td><td style="width:50%;"> <img src="/images/icon-https.svg" alt="U.S. flag" height="40px" style="float:left;padding:0px 10px;" /> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS </strong> <br /> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="15" viewBox="0 0 52 64" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title-default banner-lock-description-default" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title-default">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description-default">A locked padlock</desc> <path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z" /></svg></span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you鈥檝e safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </td></tr></table> </section> </div> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="navbar-brand"> <a href="/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="401" height="101" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/400x100.png" class="custom-logo lazyload" alt="NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory" decoding="async" data-srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/400x100.png 401w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/01/400x100-300x76.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 401px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 401/101;"></a> </div> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div id="main-menu"> <div class="button-close"><span class="vct-icon-close"></span></div> <ul id="menu-main-menu" class="nav navbar-nav"><li id="menu-item-1256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1256"><a href="/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1583" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-1583"><a href="/research/">Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-45927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-45927"><a href="/projects/">Projects</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1586" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1586"><a href="/hurricane-research-division/">Hurricane Research Division</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1584" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1584"><a href="/ocean-chemistry-ecosystems-division/">Ocean Chemistry & Ecosystems Division</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1585"><a href="/physical-oceanography-division/">Physical Oceanography Division</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-53467" class="unlinked-item menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-53467"><a>Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-15290" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15290"><a href="/data-products/">Data</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65448"><a href="/media-resources/">Media Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1588" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1588"><a href="/outreach-education/">Outreach & Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-4659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-4659"><a href="/about-aoml/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-4658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4658"><a href="/about-aoml/#orgchart">Our Organization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16024" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16024"><a href="/partnerships/">Our Partners</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7463"><a href="/history/">Our History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-23106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-23106"><a href="/about-aoml/#awards">Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14054" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14054"><a href="/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-31769" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31769"><a href="/research-seminars/">Research Seminars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1587"><a href="/contact-us/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15315" class="sitesearch menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15315"><a href="https://search.noaa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=aoml"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a></li> </ul> <div class="header-widgetised-area"> <section id="block-4" class="widget widget_block"></section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="header-image"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="fade-in-img"> <div class="fade-in-img-inner-wrap"> <img width="1600" height="900" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg" class="attachment-visualcomposerstarter-featured-single-image-full size-visualcomposerstarter-featured-single-image-full wp-post-image" alt="Image shows researchers and scientists in their flight suits, gathered around the center of the Hurricane Hunter P-3 Orion as they listen intently to the preflight briefing before flying into the storm." data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg 1600w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-300x169.jpg 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-768x432.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1536x864.jpg 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-848x477.jpg 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1140x641.jpg 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1170x658.jpg 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px"> <noscript> <img width="1600" height="900" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Image shows researchers and scientists in their flight suits, gathered around the center of the Hurricane Hunter P-3 Orion as they listen intently to the preflight briefing before flying into the storm." decoding="async" srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED.jpg 1600w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-300x169.jpg 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-768x432.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1536x864.jpg 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-848x477.jpg 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1140x641.jpg 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Briefing_REVISED-1170x658.jpg 1170w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px"> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="main-content"> <article class="entry-full-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="col-md-2"> <div class="entry-author-data"> <div class="author-avatar"> <div class="fade-in-img"> <img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/24fea8ce5ef4b1fdb74f279b5f2f7b06?s=100&d=blank&r=g" data-src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/24fea8ce5ef4b1fdb74f279b5f2f7b06?s=100&d=blank&r=g" alt="AOML Communications"> <noscript> <img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/24fea8ce5ef4b1fdb74f279b5f2f7b06?s=100&d=blank&r=g" alt="AOML Communications"> </noscript> </div> </div> <p class="author-name"><span class="author vcard">AOML Communications</span></p> <p class="author-biography"></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-10"> <div class="entry-meta"> On <span class="date"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-12-02T12:19:54-05:00">December 2, 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-08T14:17:04-05:00">January 8, 2025</time></a></span> by <a href="/author/editing-team/"><span class="author vcard">AOML Communications</span></a> to <a href="/category/hrd/" rel="category tag">Hurricane Research</a>, <a href="/category/ifex-hurricane-field-program/" rel="category tag">IFEX - Hurricane Field Program</a>, <a href="/category/modeling-and-prediction/" rel="category tag">Modeling and Prediction</a> </div> <h1 class="entry-title">Innovation, insight and impact: groundbreaking research through the 2024 hurricane season</h1> <div class="entry-content"> <article id="post-95341" class="post-95341 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-hrd category-ifex-hurricane-field-program category-modeling-and-prediction tag-hurricane-field-program tag-hurricane-forecasting tag-hurricane-forecasts tag-hurricane-hunters tag-hurricane-research tag-hurricane-season division-hrd partner-organization-aircraft-operations-center partner-organization-cimas partner-organization-national-hurricane-center"> <p>November 30th marks the official end of the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/atlantic-hurricane-season-races-to-finish-within-range-of-predicted-number-of-named-storms">2024 Atlantic hurricane season</a>. Throughout this active season, NOAA scientists set new records in tropical cyclone research that will improve forecasting accuracy, enhance our understanding of storm behavior, and strengthen preparedness efforts for communities in hurricane-prone regions. Their dedication and innovation contribute to a safer and more resilient future for those facing the impacts of extreme weather events.</p> <p><a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/">NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML)</a> and <a href="https://www.omao.noaa.gov/aircraft-operations">NOAA’s Aircraft Operations Center (AOC)</a> flew into eight different tropical cyclones and conducted a total of 67 operational and research missions aboard the NOAA Hurricane Hunter aircraft. These missions started as early as June with Category 5 <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane-beryl-looking-from-sea-sky-and-space/">Hurricane Beryl</a> as it rapidly intensified in the Caribbean, and continued as late as November as Hurricane Rafael moved northward towards Cuba and the Gulf. </p> <p>Research missions were conducted in partnership with <a href="https://www.omao.noaa.gov/">NOAA’s Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO)</a>, and operational missions were requested by <a href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/index.shtml">NOAA’s National Hurricane Center</a> and the <a href="https://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/emc.php">Environmental Modeling Center</a> to collect data and observations that are crucial for improving track and intensity forecasts.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="729" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-1024x729.png" alt="" class="wp-image-95361 lazyload" data-srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-1024x729.png 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-300x214.png 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-768x547.png 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-1536x1093.png 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-2048x1458.png 2048w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-848x604.png 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-1140x811.png 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-1170x833.png 1170w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1-1920x1367.png 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024/729;"></figure></div> <a href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Hurricane_infographic_v6-1.png" download="2024HurricaneSeason"> <button type="button" style="float: right; padding:1em; background-color: #0085ca; color: #f2f5f7; border: none; border-radius: 1em; font-weight:400; font-family: " open="">Download Image</button> </a> <p><em>Select research instruments used in the 2024 hurricane season: Hurricane Hunter aircraft, GPS dropsondes, Skyfora StreamSondes, Black Swift drones, Airborne eXpendable BathyThermographs, saildrones, underwater gliders.</em> Image credit: Maria Raykova</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gathering-observations"><strong>Gathering Observations</strong></h2> <p>AOML researchers took to the skies alongside NOAA aviators to gather data from inside the storms. The <a href="https://www.omao.noaa.gov/aircraft-operations/noaa-hurricane-hunters">Hurricane Hunters</a> conducted missions aboard both the <a href="https://www.omao.noaa.gov/aircraft-operations/aircraft/lockheed-wp-3d-orion">P-3 Orion</a> and the high altitude <a href="https://www.omao.noaa.gov/aircraft-operations/aircraft/gulfstream-iv-sp">Gulfstream G-IV</a> to gather observations from above and inside the storms. Throughout a total of 67 flight missions, researchers released 1,411 GPS Dropsondes, 70 <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dhos/axbt.php">Airborne eXpendable BathyThermographs,</a> and collected 190 <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/real-time-doppler-radar/">Tail Doppler Radar</a> analyses. These instruments were critical in gathering data from inaccessible regions within the storms and improving forecast accuracy for future storms. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-1024x576.jpg" alt="Image shows scientists and aviators inside the cockpit of the Hurricane Hunter P-3 Orion. The aviators are facing out the front window as they look at their instruments and prepare to fly into the storm. Kermit is seen hanging above the dash. " class="wp-image-95346 lazyload" data-srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-300x169.jpg 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-768x432.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-1536x864.jpg 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-848x477.jpg 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-1140x641.jpg 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED-1170x658.jpg 1170w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Cockpit_REVISED.jpg 1600w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024/576;"></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Aviators inside the Hurricane Hunter P-3 Orion prepare to fly into a developing storm to gather critical data to improve hurricane forecasts.</em></p> <p><br>In addition to collecting atmospheric data, AOML and partners deployed instruments to gather data from regions extending deep into the ocean waters. Throughout the season, AOML and partners operated six <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane-glider-project/">underwater glider</a> missions in the tropical Atlantic basin, gathering temperature and salinity data to depths of 900 meters. These missions collected approximately 6,000 temperature and salinity profiles during over 500 glider-days, including data from one glider located within 50 nautical miles of Hurricane Ernesto. Glider data is giving researchers a clearer understanding of how the ocean can impact hurricanes, and furthering the scientific understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions.</p> <p>NOAA also partnered with <a href="https://www.saildrone.com/">Saildrone, Inc.</a> to deploy 12 Saildrone uncrewed surface vehicles that collected observations from the air-sea interface. During their time at sea, the saildrones traveled over 32,000 miles and gathered 768 total days of observations. Saildrone intercepted hurricanes 16 times for a total of 102 hours in tropical storm-force wind conditions, providing near-real time data on pressure, wind speed, temperature, and more. Saildrone measured a maximum 3-second wind gust of 114 mph and maximum significant wave height of 44 feet. <a href="https://www.saildrone.com/news/hyperactive-hurricane-season-provides-wealth-research-data">This season</a> resulted in the most hurricane intercepts so far for Saildrone, with 6 occurring in the Gulf of Mexico. These observations give us a better understanding of the boundary layer where the ocean and atmosphere interact, which is critical in driving storm formation and intensification.</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe title="Saildrone sd1083 inside Hurricane Milton Oct 9 2024" width="848" height="477" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/79XDFP-sIiw?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen="" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" class="lazyload" data-load-mode="1"></iframe> </div></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Footage from a camera onboard Saildrone shows the conditions at the ocean’s surface as Hurricane Milton develops and moves across the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall on Florida’s Gulf Coast.</em></p> <p></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-records-nbsp"><strong>Breaking Records </strong></h2> <p>AOML researchers repeatedly broke records in hurricane data collection throughout the 2024 hurricane season. Through a partnership with<a href="https://bst.aero/"> Black Swift Technologies</a>, AOML successfully launched 17 <em>S0</em> small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) into four hurricanes, and set records in endurance, communications distance, and maximum recorded wind speed data collected. Inside <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hurricane-helene-breaking-records-in-hurricane-data-collection/">Hurricane Helene</a>, the Black Swift S0 flew for 105 minutes and reached a maximum communication distance of 166 nautical miles—a major advancement from a decade ago when the record was 10 nautical miles. As the Black Swift S0 flew inside Category 3 Hurricane Milton, it recorded record breaking maximum wind speeds of 209 knots at 500 meters above the sea surface, an area no crewed aircraft could gather this information. Observations from uncrewed aircraft systems like the S0 allow scientists to gather data from previously inaccessible regions of the storm, paving the way for significant advancements in hurricane forecasting.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-95347 lazyload" data-srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-300x169.jpg 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-768x432.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-1536x864.jpg 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-848x477.jpg 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-1140x641.jpg 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE-1170x658.jpg 1170w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Dr.-Jack-Elston-CEO-of-Black-Swift-Technologies-and-Dr.-Joseph-Cione-NOAA-principal-investigator-studying-use-of-air-launched-sUAS-with-Blackswift-UAS_REVISE.jpg 1600w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024/576;"></figure></div> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Jack Elston (Left), CEO and founder of Black Swift Technologies and Joseph Cione (Right), NOAA Lead Meteorologist for Emerging Technologies, standing in front of the NOAA WP-3D Orion Hurricane Hunter aircraft, holding a Black Swift S0 model.</em></p> <p>Throughout the 2024 season, researchers had the unique opportunity to test the newest hurricane observation instrument: the <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/unveiling-the-newest-hurricane-research-instrument-skyfora-streamsondes/">Skyfora StreamSonde</a>. These innovative sondes are the lightest available, and allow scientists to release many individual sondes simultaneously, at a maximum rate of 50 within one minute, providing a dense array of measurements in a concentrated area over a short period of time. Researchers released a total of 91 StreamSondes in the 2024 season, and were able to hone the new “swarm system.” By experimenting with emerging technologies like StreamSondes, AOML aims to pioneer advancements that revolutionize hurricane research technology, ensuring more accurate forecasting and enhanced understanding of storm dynamics.<br></p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-95348 lazyload" data-srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-300x169.jpg 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-768x432.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-1536x864.jpg 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-848x477.jpg 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-1140x641.jpg 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE-1170x658.jpg 1170w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/DSC03781_REVISE.jpg 1600w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024/576;"></figure></div> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>Skyfora StreamSondes are seen sitting in a box, preparing for deployment from the bottom of the NOAA P3-Orion Hurricane Hunter aircraft.</em></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-forecasts"><strong>Improving Forecasts</strong></h2> <p>This season, AOML’s hurricane researchers focused on evaluating the accuracy of their newest hurricane forecast model, the Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System (HAFS).</p> <p>HAFS enabled NOAA forecasters to accurately capture and predict Hurricane Milton’s rapid intensification, providing four days notice that a major hurricane would make landfall in Florida. HAFS also accurately captured Milton’s structural evolution, from its compact size during rapid intensification to its broader, asymmetric structure as it approached Florida. A steady influx of Hurricane Hunter data collected by OAR scientists on NOAA’s P-3 and G-IV aircraft was integrated into HAFS, leading to forecast improvements.</p> <p>Preliminary results indicate that the operational HAFS system performed best after day three. To support the goals of the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program (HFIP), AOML also tested a more advanced experimental version of the HAFS system, known as the Multi-Storm HAFS, in near real-time during this hurricane season. This experimental version demonstrated approximately a 10% improvement in track forecasts and over a 20% improvement in intensity predictions over operational HAFS, highlighting its potential to drive significant advancements in future operational implementations of HAFS.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-1024x576.jpg" alt="This graph shows the relationship between wind speed and forecast lead time. The orange line represents NOAA’s HAFS model, and the black line represents the actual recorded development of the storm. The strong correlation between these lines demonstrates the exemplary performance of the HAFS model in predicting the development and intensification of Hurricane Milton. " class="wp-image-95355 lazyload" data-srcset="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-300x169.jpg 300w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-768x432.jpg 768w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-1536x864.jpg 1536w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-848x477.jpg 848w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-1140x641.jpg 1140w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE-1170x658.jpg 1170w, /wp-content/uploads/2024/12/image-3_REVISE.jpg 1600w" data-sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" style="--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024/576;"></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><em>This graph shows the relationship between wind speed and forecast lead time. The orange line represents NOAA’s HAFS model, and the black line represents the actual recorded development of the storm. The strong correlation between these lines demonstrates the exemplary performance of the HAFS model in predicting the development and intensification of Hurricane Milton.</em></p> <p>The dedicated scientists, flight crews, and staff that supported the 2024 Hurricane Field Program spent months of long hours working diligently to gather data that will advance our understanding of storms and improve forecasts, with the ever present goal of protecting lives and property. </p> <p><br>For more information on the NOAA-wide efforts throughout the season, please visit: <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/2024-hurricane-field-program/">https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/2024-hurricane-field-program/</a><br><a href="https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/atlantic-hurricane-season-races-to-finish-within-range-of-predicted-number-of-named-storms">https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/atlantic-hurricane-season-races-to-finish-within-range-of-predicted-number-of-named-storms</a> </p> <p></p> </article> <div class="entry-tags"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags</span><a href="/tag/hurricane-field-program/" rel="tag">Hurricane Field Program</a><a href="/tag/hurricane-forecasting/" rel="tag">hurricane forecasting</a><a href="/tag/hurricane-forecasts/" rel="tag">hurricane forecasts</a><a href="/tag/hurricane-hunters/" rel="tag">hurricane hunters</a><a href="/tag/hurricane-research/" rel="tag">hurricane research</a><a href="/tag/hurricane-season/" rel="tag">hurricane season</a></div></div> <div class="nav-links post-navigation"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-5"> <div class="nav-previous"> <a href="/new-noaa-research-predicts-an-increase-in-active-atlantic-hurricane-seasons/" rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav">Previous</span><span class="screen-reader-text">Previous post:</span><span class="post-title">New NOAA research predicts an increase in active Atlantic hurricane seasons</span></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-5 col-md-offset-2"> <div class="nav-next"> <a href="/argo-the-crown-jewel-of-ocean-observing-systems-turns-25/" rel="next"><span class="meta-nav">Next</span><span class="screen-reader-text">Next post:</span><span class="post-title">Argo, the ‘crown jewel’ of ocean observing systems, turns 25</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="footer-widget-area"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <div id="nav_menu-4" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widget-title">Quicklinks</h3><div class="menu-quicklinks-container"><ul id="menu-quicklinks" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1596" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1596"><a href="/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1597" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1597"><a href="/">Homepage</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14056"><a href="/hrd-faq/">Hurricane FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25609"><a href="/publication-search/">Publication Search</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25608" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-25608"><a href="/people-search/">People Search</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14055" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14055"><a href="/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2742" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2742"><a href="mailto:aoml.communications@noaa.gov">Webmaster</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div id="nav_menu-11" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widget-title">Agency Links</h3><div class="menu-agency-links-container"><ul id="menu-agency-links" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5871"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.commerce.gov/">Department of Commerce</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5872"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.noaa.gov/">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5873"><a target="_blank" href="https://oar.noaa.gov/">NOAA Research</a></li> </ul></div></div><div id="nav_menu-9" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widget-title">About the Lab</h3><div class="menu-about-the-lab-container"><ul id="menu-about-the-lab" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-8823" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8823"><a href="/aoml-laboratory-review/">Laboratory Reviews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-96655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-96655"><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/FY24-Accomplishments-Report-508-COMPLIANT_edited_smol.pdf">2024 Accomplishments</a></li> <li id="menu-item-96653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-96653"><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/AOML-FY22-26-Strategic-Plan_Edited.pdf">Strategic Plan</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8822" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8822"><a target="_blank" href="/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Charter-AOML.pdf">Our Charter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-26939" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-26939"><a href="/history/">Our History</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div id="nav_menu-10" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widget-title">For Employees</h3><div class="menu-for-employees-container"><ul id="menu-for-employees" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-30836" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-30836"><a href="https://sites.google.com/noaa.gov/aoml/home?authuser=1">Internal AOML Google Site</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15797" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15797"><a href="/communications-services/">Communications Services</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10928"><a href="/facilities-management/">Facilities Management</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4983"><a href="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox">Check Email</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4985" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4985"><a href="http://intranet.aoml.noaa.gov/emergencyplandsandinformation.html">Emergency Plans (VPN Required)</a></li> </ul></div></div><div id="weglot-translate-2" class="widget widget_weglot-translate"><h3 class="widget-title">Translate</h3><aside data-wg-notranslate="" class="country-selector weglot-inline weglot-widget wg-" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Language selected: English"><input id="wg67b89234171604.273857031740149300293" class="weglot_choice" type="checkbox" name="menu"><label data-l="en" tabindex="-1" for="wg67b89234171604.273857031740149300293" class="wgcurrent wg-li weglot-lang weglot-language weglot-flags flag-3 en" data-code-language="en" data-name-language=""><span class="wglanguage-name"></span></label><ul role="none"><li data-l="es" class="wg-li weglot-lang weglot-language weglot-flags flag-3 es" data-code-language="es" role="option"><a title="Language switcher : Spanish" class="weglot-language-es" role="option" data-wg-notranslate="" href="/es/innovation-insight-and-impact-groundbreaking-research-through-the-2024-hurricane-season/"></a></li></ul></aside></div> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div id="nav_menu-12" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h3 class="widget-title">Legal</h3><div class="menu-legal-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-legal-footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1344" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1344"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.noaa.gov/protecting-your-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1247" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1247"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.noaa.gov/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1248" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1248"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.noaa.gov/foia-freedom-of-information-act">NOAA Freedom of Information Act</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25604" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25604"><a href="https://www.noaa.gov/office-of-chief-information-officer/it-policy-oversight/information-quality">Information Quality</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25605" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25605"><a href="https://www.noaa.gov/organization/inclusion-and-civil-rights/no-fear-act">No-Fear Act</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25606" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25606"><a href="https://www.commerce.gov/about/policies/plain-language">DOC Plain Language Information</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25607" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25607"><a href="https://www.osec.doc.gov/opog/og/">DOC Open Government</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-right-block"> <div class="footer-socials"> <ul> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="http://www.twitter.com/@NOAA_AOML"><span class="vct-icon-twitter-with-circle"></span></a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="http://instagram.com/noaa_aoml"><span class="vct-icon-instagram-with-circle"></span></a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-pHprdRFZMZNegDaZKFB9g"><span class="vct-icon-youtube-with-circle"></span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer-left-block"> <p class="copyright"> <span> Copyright © 2025 NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. All Rights Reserved.</span> <span> Proudly powered by <a href="https://visualcomposer.com/?utm_campaign=vc-theme&utm_source=vc-theme-front&utm_medium=vc-theme-footer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Visual Composer</a> and <a href="https://wordpress.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">WordPress</a></span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script async="" src="https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6294131.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" id="visualcomposerstarter-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var visualcomposerstarter = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"9d9089f386","woo_coupon_form":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="/wp-content/themes/visual-composer-starter/js/functions.min.js" id="visualcomposerstarter-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-content/plugins/wp-smushit/app/assets/js/smush-lazy-load.min.js" id="smush-lazy-load-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ document.querySelectorAll("ul.nav-menu").forEach( ulist => { if (ulist.querySelectorAll("li").length == 0) { ulist.style.display = "none"; } } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/pressextra.js"></script> </body> </html>