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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2020 single by Hope Darst, see <a href="/wiki/Promise_Keeper" title="Promise Keeper">Promise Keeper</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Promise Keepers</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">Evangelical Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Parachurch_organization" title="Parachurch organization">parachurch organization</a> for men. It opposes <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and champions <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marital_fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="Marital fidelity">marital fidelity</a> and the man as being head of the household. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Promise Keepers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Promise Keepers logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg/220px-Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg/330px-Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg/440px-Promise_Keepers_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="181"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">December 3, 1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990-12-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_McCartney" title="Bill McCartney">Bill McCartney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">International</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ken Harrison, Chairman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$2 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">28 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://promisekeepers.org/">promisekeepers<wbr></wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Promise Keepers originated in the United States, but independent branches have also been established in Canada and New Zealand. It is a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> organization, not affiliated with any Christian church or denomination. Its most widely publicized events tend to be mass rallies held at football stadiums and similar venues. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Promise_Keepers_relaunch"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Promise Keepers relaunch</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Doctrines"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Doctrines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Same-sex_relationships"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Same-sex relationships</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Role_of_Women"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Role of Women</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Manhood"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Manhood</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Race"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Race</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Promise Keepers was founded in 1990 by <a href="/wiki/Bill_McCartney" title="Bill McCartney">Bill McCartney</a>, then the head <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> coach at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was incorporated as a nonprofit in the state of Colorado on December 3, 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>What Makes a Man?</i>, Promise Keepers' first hardbound book written for the organization, was published by <a href="/wiki/The_Navigators_(organization)" title="The Navigators (organization)">The Navigators</a>' Navpress publishing arm in 1992 for its first Folsom Field gathering in June of that year. <a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">James Dobson</a> had McCartney on his <a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a> nationwide radio program that same month. McCartney resigned his coaching position in 1994 in order to focus his attention on the organization. </p><p>Promise Keepers' most notable event was its <i>Stand in the Gap: A Sacred Assembly of Men</i> open-air gathering at the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1997. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> carried the event live in its entirety. Attendance figures vary but have been estimated to be between 600,000 and 800,000. This was probably its peak, with the organization halving its office staff four months later due to financial problems and the admission fee of $60 for regional rallies dropped in a number of regions. Rally attendance and finances continued to suffer and a planned millennial march to take part at the capital of every state was cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartkowski_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartkowski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Promise Keepers has at the same time extended its organization outside the United States, setting up <i>Promise Keepers International</i> which holds "Summit Meetings" in at least seven languages and has set up chapters in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartkowski_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartkowski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCartney resigned as president on October 1, 2003, after a personal leave of absence to take care of his ailing wife, who had a severe respiratory illness.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2018, Promise Keepers announced that the appointment of a new chairman of the board, Ken Harrison. Harrison is also CEO of WaterStone Foundation, a Christian donor-advised fund.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a former police officer with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promise_Keepers_relaunch">Promise Keepers relaunch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Promise Keepers relaunch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under Harrison's leadership, Promise Keepers then began a "relaunch" campaign with a new approach focused on having one stadium event per year and following up with Bible studies and other resources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2020, Promise Keepers announced that its relaunch event at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium" title="AT&T Stadium">AT&T Stadium</a> would become an online virtual event in light of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since moving their relaunch event at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas to a virtual platform, Promise Keepers has hosted a variety of live-streamed events and had a live, in-person AT&T Stadium event scheduled for July 16–17, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrines">Doctrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Doctrines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Promise Keepers has been lauded for its Christian focus. However, the group has also been criticized for doctrinal compromises and inconsistent doctrines. </p><p>Raymond Hartwig, a former president of the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_District_(LCMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dakota District (LCMS)">South Dakota District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>, commented: "They use the Bible in a very simplistic form, as a springboard to jump into the law."<sup id="cite_ref-tolerance_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolerance-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_relationships">Same-sex relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Same-sex relationships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Promise Keepers champion the exclusive legitimacy of heterosexuality and denigrate homosexuality as sinful. Promise Keeper founder, the late University of Colorado football coach Bill McCartney, called homosexuals "a group of people who don't reproduce, yet want to be compared with people who do reproduce," and maintained that he believed, "Homosexuality is an abomination of Almighty God."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics call the Promise Keepers approach to homosexuality "simplistic, sexist, homophobic and patriarchal," and "based on exclusion," and that within the views of the organization, "there's no place for gays and lesbians. There is no place for women except as subservient to men."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belmont_University" title="Belmont University">Belmont University</a>, a private Christian school in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, cancelled a Promise Keepers event in 2023 after the organization published a <a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride month</a> blog post that the university said was "harmful to members of our community."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Women">Role of Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role of Women" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW), an American feminist organization, has expressed the view that the Promise Keepers pose a threat to women's rights. NOW contends that the group encourages inequality within marriages and teaches a doctrine of male superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, 2020, Promise Keepers chairman Ken Harrison spoke on the topic of Promise Keepers and how it relates to women. "We're really calling men to be humble, proactive leaders in their homes. I don't feel like it's my role to tell women how they should be. That is for their pastor and other people."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Amy Schindler, "the discourse of masculinity found within conservative religious movements, such as the Promise Keepers and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> movement '<a href="/wiki/Muscular_Christianity" title="Muscular Christianity">muscular Christianity</a>,' is inherently political. Any masculinity project aimed at restoring or reclaiming a 'traditional' male role for privileged white, heterosexual males has a political impact within the tapestry of class, race, and gender power" (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-Schindler_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindler-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic Browyn Kara Conrad argued in a 2006 article that the organization reproduces problematic sexual scripts such as the <a href="/wiki/Madonna%E2%80%93whore_complex" title="Madonna–whore complex">Madonna/whore</a> view of female sexuality and a view of the male sex drive as uncontrollable.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 article from the <i>Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research</i> argued that, despite their initial appearance to be pro-feminist, the Promise Keepers build upon <a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">patriarchal</a> assumptions, including having the man as the actor in the family, church, and world, and that they expect women to be passively dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhood">Manhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manhood" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The organization places particular emphasis on godly manhood, with an emphasis on fatherhood. John Bartkowski saw Promise Keepers' leadership in 2000 as evoking two types of manhood: first, is an essentialist appeal to gender difference advocated by Edwin Louis Cole that emphasizes aggression, strength, and rationality; second, is Gary Oliver's "expressive manhood", which says that all of the traits now traditionally attributed to women were practiced by Jesus, and that men should re-connect with their sensitive side.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> study, when it comes to fatherhood, the organization tends to be more conservative, supporting heterosexist, male predominance in the family.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Race" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>, Promise Keepers launched Promise 6 Sunday, an event aimed toward "building unity" among churches. The event included resources from various evangelical leaders and American public figures including <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rodriguez" title="Samuel Rodriguez">Samuel Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Dungy" title="Tony Dungy">Tony Dungy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveda_King" title="Alveda King">Alveda King</a>, Donald Burgs Jr., <a href="/wiki/Chad_Hennings" title="Chad Hennings">Chad Hennings</a>, and Ken Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patrick Glynn argues that the Promise Keepers succeed in racial reconciliation where politics has seemed to fail.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Siphiwe Dube notes that the organization has open discussions of race that promote racial reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L. Dean Allen finds that while the organizations' leaders primarily claim that Satan is responsible for fostering racism in individuals and that the best way to counter racism is for people to personally repent and go to confession, PK participants see racism as a more multifaceted issue, citing historical animosity, economic differences, and racial fear. Further, while both leaders and participants see forming relationships with members of other races as important to battling racism, participants do not see PK events as valuable in developing these relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrea Smith also notes that race relations between Promise Keepers and Native communities is more open.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBanks2020" class="citation news cs1">Banks, Adelle (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/promise-keepers-christian-organization-to-hold-two-day-virtual-event/2020/07/31/4babe28c-d343-11ea-8d32-1ebf4e9d8e0d_story.html">"Promise Keepers Christian organization to hold two-day virtual event"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>The organization, founded by former University of Colorado coach Bill McCartney — now diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and unable to participate in the virtual event — has cut its staff from a high of 345 to 28. Its budget, not including events, is $2 million, compared with about $30 million 20 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Promise+Keepers+Christian+organization+to+hold+two-day+virtual+event&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Adelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Freligion%2Fpromise-keepers-christian-organization-to-hold-two-day-virtual-event%2F2020%2F07%2F31%2F4babe28c-d343-11ea-8d32-1ebf4e9d8e0d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall Herbert Balmer, <i>Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2002, p. 561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Hankins, <i>American Evangelicals: A Contemporary History of a Mainstream Religious Movement</i>, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, USA, 2009, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sos.state.co.us/biz/BusinessEntityDetail.do?quitButtonDestination=BusinessEntityResults&nameTyp=ENT&masterFileId=19901105332&entityId2=19901105332&fileId=19901105332&srchTyp=ENTITY">"Summary"</a>. Colorado Secretary of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary&rft.pub=Colorado+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.co.us%2Fbiz%2FBusinessEntityDetail.do%3FquitButtonDestination%3DBusinessEntityResults%26nameTyp%3DENT%26masterFileId%3D19901105332%26entityId2%3D19901105332%26fileId%3D19901105332%26srchTyp%3DENTITY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartkowski-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartkowski_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartkowski_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartkowski2004" class="citation book cs1">Bartkowski, John P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dyDJc-hDTEC&q=++Washington+stand+in+the+gap&pg=PA174"><i>The Promise Keepers: Servants, Soldiers, and Godly Men</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>4, 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813533360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813533360"><bdi>978-0813533360</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306063048/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5dyDJc-hDTEC&pg=PA174&dq=%22Promise+Keepers%22+Washington+1997&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAmoVChMIxcKw9eX2yAIVgesUCh2tnwcc#v=snippet&q=%20%20Washington%20stand%20in%20the%20gap&f=false#v=snippet&q=%20%20Washington%20stand%20in%20the%20gap&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Promise Keepers head to step down". <i>Denver Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Promise+Keepers+head+to+step+down&rft.date=2003-09-10&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christiannewswire.com/news/1684381026.html">"A New Vision for Promise Keepers - Christian Newswire"</a>. <i>christiannewswire.com</i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Vision+for+Promise+Keepers+-+Christian+Newswire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristiannewswire.com%2Fnews%2F1684381026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2190236/ken-harrison">"Ken Harrison | Penguin Random House"</a>. <i>PenguinRandomhouse.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PenguinRandomhouse.com&rft.atitle=Ken+Harrison+%7C+Penguin+Random+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fauthors%2F2190236%2Fken-harrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwaura2020" class="citation news cs1">Mwaura, Maina (9 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianindex.org/new-promise-keepers-ceo/">"New Promise Keepers CEO ready to see a revival among men"</a>. Georgia Baptist Mission Board. The Christian Index<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Promise+Keepers+CEO+ready+to+see+a+revival+among+men&rft.date=2020-08-09&rft.aulast=Mwaura&rft.aufirst=Maina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianindex.org%2Fnew-promise-keepers-ceo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrespondent2020" class="citation web cs1">Correspondent, Steve Rabey Religion (27 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/life/promise-keepers-offers-free-global-livestream/article_19bd9d92-cc40-11ea-ba6d-9b6044996a7f.html">"Promise Keepers offers free global livestream"</a>. <i>Colorado Springs Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=Promise+Keepers+offers+free+global+livestream&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft.aulast=Correspondent&rft.aufirst=Steve+Rabey+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Flife%2Fpromise-keepers-offers-free-global-livestream%2Farticle_19bd9d92-cc40-11ea-ba6d-9b6044996a7f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/cwn/2020/september/catch-the-promise-keepers-virtual-encore-event-with-special-highlights-from-2020-global-digital-experience">"Catch the Promise Keepers Virtual Encore Event with Special Highlights From 2020 Global Digital Experience"</a>. <i>CBN News</i>. 2020-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBN+News&rft.atitle=Catch+the+Promise+Keepers+Virtual+Encore+Event+with+Special+Highlights+From+2020+Global+Digital+Experience&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Fcbnnews%2Fcwn%2F2020%2Fseptember%2Fcatch-the-promise-keepers-virtual-encore-event-with-special-highlights-from-2020-global-digital-experience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolerance-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tolerance_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_pk.htm">"Promise Keepers (PK), Pro and Con: PART 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promise+Keepers+%28PK%29%2C+Pro+and+Con%3A+PART+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fchr_pk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span> "Some Christian Fundamentalists have criticized PK for being too ecumenical, too New Age and too 'sissified.' 4 PK has been criticized for its 'unionism', 'anti-denominationalism' and 'watering down of doctrine.'" - Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2005/history-anti-gay-movement-1977">"History of the Anti-Gay Movement Since 1977"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Anti-Gay+Movement+Since+1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2005%2Fhistory-anti-gay-movement-1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives1996" class="citation web cs1">Archives, L. 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"Neo-Institutionalism, Social Movements, and the Cultural Reproducation of a Mentalité: Promise Keepers Reconstruct the Madonna/Whore Complex". <i>The Sociological Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2006.00047.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00047.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146568812">146568812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Neo-Institutionalism%2C+Social+Movements%2C+and+the+Cultural+Reproducation+of+a+Mentalit%C3%A9%3A+Promise+Keepers+Reconstruct+the+Madonna%2FWhore+Complex&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2006.00047.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146568812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Browyn+Kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldén2002" class="citation journal cs1">Eldén, Sara (2002). "Gender politics in conservative men's movements: Beyond complexity, ambiguity and pragmatism". <i>Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">38–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F080387402317533871">10.1080/080387402317533871</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145712635">145712635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Feminist+and+Gender+Research&rft.atitle=Gender+politics+in+conservative+men%27s+movements%3A+Beyond+complexity%2C+ambiguity+and+pragmatism&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F080387402317533871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145712635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eld%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartkowski2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bartkowski, John (2000). "Breaking Walls, Raising Fences: Masculinity, Intimacy, and Accountability among the Promise Keepers". <i>Sociology of Religion</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3712089">10.2307/3712089</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3712089">3712089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Breaking+Walls%2C+Raising+Fences%3A+Masculinity%2C+Intimacy%2C+and+Accountability+among+the+Promise+Keepers&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3712089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3712089%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bartkowski&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilversteinAuerbachGriecoDunkel1999" class="citation journal cs1">Silverstein, Louise B.; Auerbach, Carl F.; Grieco, Loretta; Dunkel, Faith (1999). "Do Promise Keepers Dream of Feminist Sheep?". <i>Sex Roles</i>. <b>40</b> (9/10): <span class="nowrap">665–</span>688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1018852500604">10.1023/a:1018852500604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146524040">146524040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sex+Roles&rft.atitle=Do+Promise+Keepers+Dream+of+Feminist+Sheep%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E665-%3C%2Fspan%3E688&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1018852500604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146524040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Louise+B.&rft.au=Auerbach%2C+Carl+F.&rft.au=Grieco%2C+Loretta&rft.au=Dunkel%2C+Faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klove.com/news/faith/free-resources-from-promise-keepers-to-challenge-racism-and-the-power-of-racial-reconciliation-16110">"Free Resources from Promise Keepers to Challenge Racism - and the Power of Racial Reconciliation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Resources+from+Promise+Keepers+to+Challenge+Racism+-+and+the+Power+of+Racial+Reconciliation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.klove.com%2Fnews%2Ffaith%2Ffree-resources-from-promise-keepers-to-challenge-racism-and-the-power-of-racial-reconciliation-16110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn1998" class="citation journal cs1">Glynn, Patrick (1998). "Racial Reconciliation: Can Religion Work Where Politics Has Failed?". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Behavioral_Scientist" title="American Behavioral Scientist">American Behavioral Scientist</a></i>. <b>41</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">834–</span>841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764298041006005">10.1177/0002764298041006005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145220785">145220785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Racial+Reconciliation%3A+Can+Religion+Work+Where+Politics+Has+Failed%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E834-%3C%2Fspan%3E841&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764298041006005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145220785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dube, Siphiwe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v72i1.3476">"Race, whiteness and transformation in the Promise Keepers America and the Mighty Men Conference: A comparative analysis"</a>. <i>HTS Teologiese Studies</i>. <b>72</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fhts.v72i1.3476">10.4102/hts.v72i1.3476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F61074">2263/61074</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Teologiese+Studies&rft.atitle=Race%2C+whiteness+and+transformation+in+the+Promise+Keepers+America+and+the+Mighty+Men+Conference%3A+A+comparative+analysis&rft.volume=72&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F61074&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fhts.v72i1.3476&rft.aulast=Dube&rft.aufirst=Siphiwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fhts.v72i1.3476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, L. Dean (2000). "Promise Keepers and Racism: Frame Resonance as an Indicator of Organizational Vitality". <i>Sociology of Religion</i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3712090">10.2307/3712090</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3712090">3712090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Promise+Keepers+and+Racism%3A+Frame+Resonance+as+an+Indicator+of+Organizational+Vitality&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3712090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3712090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=L.+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Andrea (2006). "The One Who Did Not Break His Promises: Native Americans in the Evangelical Race Reconciliation Movement". <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">478–</span>509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764206294058">10.1177/0002764206294058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144773802">144773802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+One+Who+Did+Not+Break+His+Promises%3A+Native+Americans+in+the+Evangelical+Race+Reconciliation+Movement&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E478-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764206294058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144773802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Brickner, Bryan W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2NkQ8Ib1SEC"><i>The Promise Keepers: Politics and Promises</i></a>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0008-0">978-0-7391-0008-0</a>.</li> <li>Bartkowski, John P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dyDJc-hDTEC"><i>The Promise Keepers: Servants, Soldiers, and Godly Men</i></a>. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3335-3">978-0-8135-3335-3</a>.</li> <li>Claussen, Dane S. (1999). <i>Standing on the Promises: The Promise Keepers and the Revival of Manhood.</i> Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8298-1307-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8298-1307-4">978-0-8298-1307-4</a>.</li> <li>Claussen, Dane S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYc2dfSbwXMC"><i>The Promise Keepers: Essays on Masculinity & Christianity</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0700-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0700-2">978-0-7864-0700-2</a>.</li> <li>Hardisty, Jean V. (1999). <i>Mobilizing Resentment: Conservative Resurgence from the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers.</i> Boston: Beacon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4316-5">978-0-8070-4316-5</a>.</li> <li>Novosad, Nancy (2000). <i>Promise Keepers: Playing God.</i> Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000.</li> <li>Williams, Rhys H. (2001). <i>Promise Keepers and the New Masculinity: Private Lives and Public Morality.</i> Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0230-5">978-0-7391-0230-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Promise_Keepers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Anderson, Connie (1997). "Visions of Involved Fatherhood: Pro-Feminists and 'Promise Keepers.'" Paper, annual meeting, American Sociological Association, Toronto.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Bellant" title="Russ Bellant">Bellant, Russ</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6Ix9HFKQEC&pg=PA81">"Promise Keepers: Christian Soldiers for Theocracy"</a>. In Berlet, Chip. <i>Eyes Right: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash</i>. Boston: South End Press. p. 81–85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-523-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-523-7">978-0-89608-523-7</a>. Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/eyes/promkeep.html">at publiceye.org</a>.</li> <li>Berkowitz, Bill (1996). "Promise Keepers: Brotherhood and Backlash." <i>Culture Watch</i>, September (1,4).</li> <li>Conason, Joe, Alfred Ross, and Lee Cokorinos (October 7, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-18717708">"The Promise Keepers Are Coming: The Third Wave of the Religious Right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverton2001" class="citation journal cs1">Everton, Sean (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/1874">"Religious Revival or Third Wave of the Religious Right?"</a>. <i>Review of Religious Research</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512243">10.2307/3512243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512243">3512243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Religious+Revival+or+Third+Wave+of+the+Religious+Right%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Everton&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.sjsu.edu%2Fetd_theses%2F1874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromise+Keepers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2003" class="citation journal cs1">Heath, Melanie A (2003). "Soft-Boiled Masculinity: Renegotiating Gender and Racial Ideologies in the Promise Keepers Movement". <i>Gender and Society</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">423–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243203017003008">10.1177/0891243203017003008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145355638">145355638</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a>, Catholic version of Promise Keepers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dads.org/about/">St. Joseph's Covenant Keepers</a> at Dads.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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