El Niño and La Niña

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Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/island-climate-update">Island Climate Update</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/el-nino-and-la-nina">El Niño and La Niña</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate/information-and-resources/nz-temperature-record">NZ temperature record</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/climate-and-weather/niwa-can-help-you-leverage-updated-climate-projections">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div 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Our science prevents property damage and saves lives.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/hazards"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-feb41dfc59ad1fbd2860d0f15cb814dca9cf40b2ac70183a5046f467c4ce3bb9"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-e6ce7081ecb9943427b1c1fcfe3a6584ded22ef870524bbef6745e2989e8de95"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-b20730a80f59e7dcf5fe87d031c31bcb8d35c4506c867e0f265b2dccef52bc2a"> <div class="topic-tag"><a href="/hazards/coastal-hazards" hreflang="en">Coastal hazards</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-d12dbe8fc3f6e2a7d30ef8c93d4b3b053055599239f2891d9ba0b25a85a1a686"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-866526ce01f172a1fea988c563a868be039c4ccdc39f32369236c79e63940fd0"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/hazards/weather-hazards" hreflang="en">Weather hazards</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/hazards/geological-hazards" hreflang="en">Geological hazards</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/hazards?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/future-coasts-aotearoa">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/identifying-rip-currents-using-artificial-intelligence">Identifying rip currents using AI</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/riskscape-software">Riskscape software</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/ma-te-haumaru-o-nga-puna-wai-o-rakaihautu-ka-ora-mo-ake-tonu">Mā te haumaru ō te wai: Aotearoa flood resilience</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/research-projects/responding-to-and-preparing-for-extreme-weather-events">Responding to and preparing for extreme weather events</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/forecasting-weather-systems">Forecasting weather systems</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/tsunami-generated-underwater-volcanoes">Tsunami generated by underwater volcanoes</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/weather-hazards/river-flow-forecasting">River flow forecasting</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=198">Tools & services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/coastal-hazards/extreme-coastal-flood-maps-aotearoa-new-zealand">Extreme coastal flood maps for Aotearoa New Zealand</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/physical-hazards-affecting-coastal-margins-and-continental-shelf/storm-tide-red-alert-days-2024">Storm-tide red-alert days 2024</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/tide-forecaster">Tide forecaster</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/hazards/sea-level-rise">Sea-level rise</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://shiny.niwa.co.nz/drought-forecast/">Drought dashboard</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/serious-games-tool-engage-people">Serious games as a tool to engage people</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/news/tonga-eruption-confirmed-largest-ever-recorded">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2022_10_3D_MODEL_HTHH_parsonskingDSC00900-web.jpg?h=f3f0a9e5&itok=gsi2rTI3" width="614" height="409" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Tonga eruption confirmed as largest ever recorded </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Media release</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">21 November 2022</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">A New Zealand-led team has completed the fullest investigation to date into January’s eruption of the underwater Tongan volcano.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-60e3531b6924eab9f8abfacc174d4de7806f635396ad928682e16e8a085b72a8"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-e7760df8e9fd8f886fae4931f8914271432270484f97646dfa39b70a554a1e78"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans" title="NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/6203">Coasts & Oceans</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Coasts & Oceans</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">NIWA aims to provide the knowledge needed for the sound environmental management of our marine resources.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/coasts-and-oceans"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f2cccb5ae7cfcd98824aaa03fe380ca5a13ee2d914ca3f4e0a74f0d03779e0c8"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4359c345d7bdce8f040682964b1f2c013c045e8ea70570b80191d515fc3688f2"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-088e254b19637134dbe3e1e715d0de6b87c7f0de83b98e89865b561a07f97e47"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f4f4ecbf310030d33b618a518e2ea4e2177115048e4a94de7828849136b1a95d"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-afed415a8e64383f2034c4eec0b83110321e398b31a3eea6a659e95e271f3bd4"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/fisheries" hreflang="en">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/aquaculture" hreflang="en">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/oceans" hreflang="en">Oceans</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts" hreflang="en">Coasts</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/coasts/estuaries" hreflang="en">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/antarctica" hreflang="en">Antarctica</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/research">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/antarctica?pt=10#filters">Antarctica</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=10#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=10#filters">Coasts </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/research?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158&created=All">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=10#filters">Fisheries </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=10#filters">Oceans</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/our-services">Tools & Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture?pt=13#filters">Aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts?pt=13#filters">Coasts</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-services?subtree%5Btopic%5D=6145&subtree%5Bsubtopic%5D=158">Estuaries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries?pt=13#filters">Fisheries</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/oceans?pt=13#filters">Oceans</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/niwa-vessels">NIWA Vessels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/coasts-and-oceans?pt=27">Frequently visited</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/aquaculture/yellowtail-kingfish">Kingfish aquaculture</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/113711">Future Coasts Aotearoa</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-biosecurity">Marine biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/ross-sea-toothfish-fishery">The Ross Sea toothfish fishery</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/fisheries/recreational-fishing">Recreational Fishing</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets">Marine identification guides</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/vessels/voyages">Voyages</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/coasts/edna-research-and-services">eDNA research and services</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/vessels/kaharoa-ii">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2024-06/kaharoa_II_a25_2024-03-22%2017-50-53_JN_fx%20%28Custom%29.jpeg?h=cf677393&itok=3HCaj-r9" width="614" height="409" alt="Kaharoa II" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Kaharoa II </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Facility</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">14 May 2024</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Kaharoa II sets the standard of excellence for marine research vessels</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-cc3d0e007a69a4910be6f4dd6b9c9d19bcf12400fce8b66b58773c99bb54ba8e"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-0e837b2a379a4c89f7db4a71389d4589f1625a0a2a56ea43d7a1d526871d4afb"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/freshwater" title="We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114353">Freshwater</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Freshwater</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">We provide public information on river, lake, and groundwater conditions across New Zealand including water quantity and quality.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/freshwater"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-a046798d206b6a8c4cd0d35eb93339d00b433818a21aa87bf6d8b024d2bcaf1a"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-4e8785704df5cc7a0a4e7ff429200a1b1f04569a7addf2715ae7bfb6082a2491"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-425937455d376bf19c3c6533cb547b3c42b4c8eca5c1f958e44cd9ca4b91c696"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-f07c5d75653abe1e56e9ed1e017789066d8aa4f7ad73b7c613a2cbbae553b9f0"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-topics view-id-menu_item_related_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-3329f14de4ff3f06bc96229d29eb9d884c43e5ff94c56aaf3ede98f008dda6c9"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-related-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecological-monitoring" hreflang="en">Ecological monitoring</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/ecotoxicology" hreflang="en">Ecotoxicology</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-fish" hreflang="en">Freshwater fish</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrates" hreflang="en">Freshwater invertebrates</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-quality" hreflang="en">Freshwater quality</a></div> <div class="topic-tag topic-tag--related"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-restoration" hreflang="en">Freshwater restoration</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-grouped-links field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=10">Research</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/investigating-ecological-impacts-on-freshwater-insects-from-led-streetlight-conversions">Investigating ecological impacts on freshwater insects from LED streetlights</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/effective-mitigation-systems-to-manage-contaminant-losses">Effective mitigation systems to manage contaminant losses</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/te-kuwaha/research-projects/cultural-keystone-species-co-management-and-restoration-of-our-freshwater-taonga-species">Cultural Keystone Species</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/freshwater-bioremediation-using-native-mussels-focussed-on-shallow-eutrophic-lakes">Freshwater bioremediation using native mussels</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/hauraki-integrated-land-water-modelling">Hauraki Integrated Land-Water Modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/research-projects/snow-and-ice-network">Snow and Ice Network</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Services</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/climate-change-freshwater-impacts-assessments">Climate change freshwater impacts assessments</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/our-science/freshwater/our-services/specialist-analytical-services">Specialist analytical services</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/flow-assessment-and-management">Flow assessment and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-data-online">Freshwater databases online</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/freshwater-species-and-habitat-management">Freshwater species and habitat management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/stormwater-management">Stormwater management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling">Catchment modelling</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/water-quality-monitoring-and-advice">Water quality monitoring and advice</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater?pt=13">Tools & Resources</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/riparian-buffer-design-guide">Riparian Buffer Design Guide</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/restoration-tools/constructed-wetland-guidelines">Constructed wetland guidelines</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/freshwater-update/freshwater-update-80-march-2019/the-new-zealand-water-model-nzwam-%E2%80%93-a-new-water-modelling-approach">The New Zealand Water Model (NZWaM) </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/tools/biosecurity">Biosecurity tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools">Environmental flow tools</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/fish-passage-assessment-tool">Fish Passage Assessment Tool</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/management-tools/environmental-flow-tools/new-zealand-streamflow-depletion-model">New Zealand streamflow depletion model</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/our-services/catchment-modelling/clues-catchment-land-use-for-environmental-sustainability-model">CLUES – Catchment Land Use for Environmental Sustainability model</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-grouped-links paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://niwa.co.nz/freshwater/freshwater-programme-overview">Programmes</a></h2> <div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/freshwater-species-ecology-and-management">Freshwater species ecology and management</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/Hydrological-observations-and-predictions">Hydrological observations and predictions</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/environmental-flows">Environmental flows</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/causes-and-effects-of-water-quality-degradation">Causes and effects of water quality degradation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater-biosecurity">Freshwater biosecurity</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/programme-overview/mitigation-systems">Mitigation systems</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/freshwater/freshwater-invertebrate-identification-and-e-guides">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-02/Mayfly-image-NIWA.jpg?h=999433cf&itok=sCEv1D1n" width="614" height="409" alt="Image of mayflies [from NIWA Benthic Macroinvertebrates Field Identification Guide]" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Freshwater invertebrate identification and e-guides </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-page-type field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item">Education Resource</div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">06 February 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">Downloadable and printable guides on identification of common freshwater invertebrates found in New Zealand waterways and lakes.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-4646cfc9065bf6517922741b3af192ae33ef48594c8e1d90e63141fa38ec872c"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-3cfaacfd2002078b6443b8d3c51c7dab0044cb690a35813a3738ba52176c3687"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="site__header__menu__item--primary"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori" title="Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science." class="site__header__menu__link--primary" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/114354">Te Kūwaha</a> <div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-default menu-dropdown menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-default"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--75-25"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div> <div class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="menu-link-content__heading">Te Kūwaha</h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-description field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="menu-link-content__description">Working together with hapū, iwi, Māori communities and Māori business to deliver tailored science.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-92100e7c3e81e72f8c20ba4aef60555902c657126a9f7dd59a23b2d929696eca"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic 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href="/climate/information-and-resources/climate-and-m%C4%81ori-society">Climate and Māori society</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-promoted-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="card card--mega-menu"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/te-kuwaha-and-maori/te-kuwaha-graduate-programme">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card_mega_menu/public/2023-01/koru.jpg?h=c74750f6&itok=zxI9Rh7E" width="614" height="409" alt="Koru" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Te Kūwaha Graduate Programme </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">19 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA’s Te Kūwaha Graduate Internship programme has been established to help support and create tangible pathways for the next generation of Māori researchers. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-b3e9b9f6a9c5fecacf8d81f103547106363f06577d8bd6652042c67f3ed62866"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-96a40604d31a016166150bfcbc1703fd6b2305677a080b895a6c8cb19ab2adf7"> 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consultancy services to support international development activities, with a particular focus on the Pacific and Asian regions.</div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="field field--name-link field--type-link field--label-hidden field__item menu-link-content__section-link"> <a href="/pacific"> Explore all </a> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-fcdf4de41005c64c06ee75b92f99ba2428d4f2d7b63c67bc477859b61370ad5e"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-topics view-id-menu_item_topics view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-7be7f512722ff6f46bef459fc13639abfd2bf2124efe1be5f71a12aaf404aaf6"> <div class="views-row"><div class="taxonomy-term taxonomy-term--type-topic taxonomy-term--view-mode-topic-children-tags ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-topic-children view-id-topic_children 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width="614" height="409" alt="Snapper" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> Fisheries & ecosystems </h2> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item">30 January 2023</div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">NIWA will be determining the impact of fisheries on the aquatic environment. This will inform an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management and the development methods to mitigate this impact.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-1ed597bf5bd8450adc122b09898af54f8a3c61774b835d4fa82959f157ccf470"> <div class="view view-eva view-menu-item-related-content view-id-menu_item_related_content view-display-id-entity_view_2 js-view-dom-id-75b811cb734b6a275cdc9749f378f1ec937b71d984a6848eb697b91d0a80e89f"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-niwa-secondarymenublock-menu">Secondary menu</h2> <ul class="site__header__menu__list--secondary"> <li data-disable-flyout="0" class="site__header__menu__item--secondary"> <a href="/about-niwa" title="Decision makers at all levels are seeking evidence-based analysis and advice from environmental experts. 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class="page__summary__text">El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of a naturally occurring global climate cycle known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO for short. </p> </div> <nav class="page__title-banner__icon-menu"> <a href="/climate-and-weather" class="field-group-link icon-menu__button" title="Climate and weather" hreflang="en"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"> <path d="M303.8 13.4c-.9-5.4-4.5-10-9.6-12.1s-10.9-1.5-15.4 1.6L208 52.5 137.2 2.9c-4.5-3.2-10.3-3.8-15.4-1.6s-8.7 6.7-9.6 12.1L98.1 98.1 13.4 112.2c-5.4 .9-10 4.5-12.1 9.6s-1.5 10.9 1.6 15.4L52.5 208 2.9 278.8c-3.2 4.5-3.8 10.3-1.6 15.4s6.7 8.7 12.1 9.6l84.7 14.1 14.1 84.7c.9 5.4 4.5 10 9.6 12.1s10.9 1.5 15.4-1.6l24.4-17c3.2-20.2 11-38.9 22.5-54.8l-44.4 31.1-11.8-71c-1.1-6.7-6.4-12-13.2-13.2l-71-11.8 41.4-59.2c3.9-5.5 3.9-12.8 0-18.4L43.7 139.6l71-11.8c6.7-1.1 12-6.4 13.2-13.2l11.8-71 59.2 41.4c5.5 3.9 12.8 3.9 18.4 0l59.2-41.4 11.8 71c1.1 6.7 6.4 12 13.2 13.2l71 11.8-40.2 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224 368 224z"></path> </svg> </a> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="page__title-banner__breadcrumb"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--mobile-hidden"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item breadcrumb__item--mobile-hidden"> El Niño and La Niña </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="node node--type-landing node--view-mode-full ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="body-content"> <div class="body-content__main"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"> <h2>El Niño Southern Oscillation: what is it?</h2> <p>El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of a naturally occurring global climate cycle known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO for short. ENSO influences rainfall, temperature, and wind patterns around the world, including New Zealand. El Niño and La Niña episodes occur on average every few years and last up to around a year or two.</p> <p>Although ENSO has an important influence on New Zealand’s climate, it accounts for less than 25 percent of the year-to-year variance in seasonal rainfall and temperatures at most locations. Nevertheless, its effects can be significant.</p> <div class="wp-block-drupalmedia-drupal-media-entity"><div class="media media--type-remote-video media--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <a href="https://youtu.be/A1r8ymAoe2M" class="field-group-link venobox venobox-video"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="https://niwa.co.nz/media/oembed?url=https%3A//youtu.be/A1r8ymAoe2M&max_width=0&max_height=0&hash=h16FXbzGBwkvUNL350GVAYROP6IpEfj40Op092rpNXg" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="eager" title="What is El Niño? What is La Niña?"></iframe> </div> </a> <div class="video-embed-block__details"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldmedia-play-video field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="video-embed-block__play-button"><a class="venobox" data-vbtype="video" href="https://youtu.be/A1r8ymAoe2M"><span class="visually-hidden">Play video</span></a></div></div> <div class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What is El Niño?</div> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldmedia-watch-video field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><a class="venobox" data-vbtype="video" href="https://youtu.be/A1r8ymAoe2M">Watch Video</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><strong>El Niño</strong></h2> <p>During an El Niño event, ocean water from off the coast of South America (near Ecuador and Peru) to the central tropical Pacific warm above average. The warming takes place as trade winds (the permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow around the equator) weaken or even reverse, blowing warm water from the western Pacific toward the east. As a result, sea temperatures in the far western Pacific can cool below average. The unusually warm water in the eastern Pacific then influences the <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy">Walker Circulation</a>, acting as a focal point for cloud, rainfall, and thunderstorms. It is this change in the Walker Circulation that impacts weather patterns around the world.</p> <h2>El Niño’s average influence on New Zealand</h2> <p>It’s important to bear in mind that while we know the average outcome of El Niño because of historical data, no El Niño is average—each comes with a unique set of climate characteristics and therefore can be expected to influence the weather differently.</p> <p>During El Niño, New Zealand tends to experience stronger or more frequent winds from the west in summer, which can encourage dryness in eastern areas and more rain in the west. In winter, the winds tend to blow more from the south, causing colder temperatures across the country. In spring and autumn, southwesterly winds are more common.</p> <figure class="wp-block-drupalmedia-drupal-media-entity"><div class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-landscape ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="field--image"> <a href="/sites/default/files/inline-images/el_nino_pressure_pattern.png"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/inline-images/el_nino_pressure_pattern.png?itok=t0sQQs8X" width="1030" height="600" alt="Map of El Nino pressure pattern" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> <div class="field--credit"> NIWA / data: NCEP </div> <div class="field--license"> <a class="license-badge license-badge--by-nc-nd" title="Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Work" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 " > <span class="visually-hidden">Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Work</span> <span class="license-icon license-icon--by"> </span> <span class="license-icon license-icon--nc"> </span> <span class="license-icon license-icon--nd"> </span> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption>A composite, or average, of the summer pressure and wind pattern during 4 different El Niño events. Areas of above normal pressure are shaded in red while areas of below normal pressure are shaded in blue. [NIWA / data: NCEP]</figcaption> </figure> <h2><strong>La Niña</strong></h2> <p>During a La Niña event, ocean water from off the coast of South America to the central tropical Pacific cools to below average temperatures. This cooling occurs because of stronger than normal easterly trade winds, which churns cooler, deeper sea water up to the ocean’s surface. Sea temperatures can warm above average in the far western Pacific when this happens. The unusually cool water in the eastern Pacific influences the Walker Circulation and suppresses cloud, rain, and thunderstorms. This change impacts weather patterns around the world, but in a different way than El Niño does.</p> <div class="wp-block-drupalmedia-drupal-media-entity"><div class="media media--type-remote-video media--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <a href="https://youtu.be/Jb1KTB5jhsU" class="field-group-link venobox venobox-video"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="https://niwa.co.nz/media/oembed?url=https%3A//youtu.be/Jb1KTB5jhsU&max_width=0&max_height=0&hash=_e92cvFe_cr4h0SBAlfUKSjqTApa4LlKI4fk7JuseY8" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="eager" title="What does La Niña mean for New Zealand?"></iframe> </div> </a> <div class="video-embed-block__details"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldmedia-play-video field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="video-embed-block__play-button"><a class="venobox" data-vbtype="video" href="https://youtu.be/Jb1KTB5jhsU"><span class="visually-hidden">Play video</span></a></div></div> <div class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">What does La Niña mean for New Zealand?</div> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldmedia-watch-video field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><a class="venobox" data-vbtype="video" href="https://youtu.be/Jb1KTB5jhsU">Watch Video</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2>La Niña’s average influence on New Zealand</h2> <p>Northeasterly winds tend to become more common during La Niña events, bringing moist, rainy conditions to northeastern areas of the North Island and reduced rainfall to the lower and western South Island. Warmer than average air and sea temperatures can occur around New Zealand during La Niña.</p> <figure class="wp-block-drupalmedia-drupal-media-entity"><div class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-landscape ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="field--image"> <a href="/sites/default/files/2024-03/la-nina.png"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/2024-03/la-nina.png?itok=nI1QEJ0p" width="1030" height="600" alt="La Nina pressure pattern and wind" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> <div class="field--credit"> NIWA / data: NCEP </div> <div class="field--license"> <a class="license-badge license-badge--by-nc-nd" title="Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Work" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 " > <span class="visually-hidden">Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Work</span> <span class="license-icon license-icon--by"> </span> <span class="license-icon license-icon--nc"> </span> <span class="license-icon license-icon--nd"> </span> </a> </div> </div> <figcaption>A composite, or average, of the summer pressure and wind pattern during 4 different La Niña events. Areas of above normal pressure are shaded in red while areas of below normal pressure are shaded in blue. [NIWA / data: NCEP] </figcaption> </figure> <h2><strong>Monitoring ENSO: Southern Oscillation Index</strong></h2> <p>Sir Gilbert Walker documented and named the Southern Oscillation in the 1930s. The clearest sign of the Southern Oscillation is the inverse relationship between surface air pressure at two sites: Darwin, Australia, and the South Pacific island of Tahiti.</p> <p>Over periods of a month or longer, higher pressure than normal at one site is almost always concurrent with lower pressure at the other, and vice versa. The pattern reverses every few years. It represents a "seesaw" or a mass of air oscillating back and forth across the International Date Line in the tropics and sub-tropics.</p> <p>The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) quantifies this pressure difference. Over a period of three months or more, values below -1.0 correspond to El Niño conditions while values above 1.0 correspond to La Niña conditions. Values between -0.5 and -1.0 lean toward El Niño, while values between 0.5 and 1.0 lean toward La Niña. Values between -0.5 and 0.5 are considered neutral.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-style-default"><img src="https://webstatic.niwa.co.nz/static/data/weather/soi.png" alt=""/></figure> <p>Using the SOI, NIWA has compiled a table of historical El Niño and La Niña events as well as maps that help illustrate the average rainfall patterns during historical events.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>ENSO events</strong></th><th><strong>Years</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Summer – El Niño</td><td>1972-73, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1986-87, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1994-95, 1997-98, 2004-05, 2009-10, 2015-16</td></tr><tr><td>Summer – La Niña</td><td>1973-74, 1975-76, 1988-89, 1998-99, 1999-00, 2000-01, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2020-21, 2021-22</td></tr><tr><td>Autumn – El Niño</td><td>1983, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1998, 2005, 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Autumn – La Niña</td><td>1974, 1975, 1976, 1989, 1999, 2000, 2008, 2011, 2021, 2022</td></tr><tr><td>Winter – El Niño</td><td>1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2002, 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Winter – La Niña</td><td>1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1996, 1999, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2021, 2022</td></tr><tr><td>Spring – El Niño</td><td>1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2014, 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Spring – La Niña</td><td>1973, 1974, 1975, 1988, 1998, 2000, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2017, 2020, 2021</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption>*ENSO events have been subject to an SOI filter of <em>±0.7 over a five month rolling average period. For example, if the five month rolling average ending in February is at least +0.7, the event is classified as a “La Niña summer”.</em></figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-wide"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ENSO-Spring-updated.jpg?itok=oB1de8xG" alt="New Zealand maps of percentage difference of spring rainfall from normal during La Niña and El Niño from the year 1973 to 2022." class="wp-image-51001" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="fcf56c7e-5b16-4b6e-8eb5-a5a41aefebd1" data-image-style="original"/></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-wide"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ENSO-Summer-updated.jpg?itok=u2kGznW1" alt="New Zealand maps of percentage difference of summer rainfall from normal during La Niña and El Niño from year 1973 to 2022." class="wp-image-51002" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="13405b9d-7c77-4dd0-b1d7-cd52ffe53690" data-image-style="original"/></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-wide"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ENSO-Autumn-updated.jpg?itok=IiJ2kgsN" alt="New Zealand maps of % difference of autumn rainfall from normal during La Niña and El Niño from year 1974 to 2022." class="wp-image-51003" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="cbc505d7-7d47-4fa3-84f5-bb3f68d22cbb" data-image-style="original"/></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-wide"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/ENSO-Winter-updated.jpg?itok=xd5Ck1ce" alt="New Zealand maps of percentage difference of winter rainfall from normal during La Niña and El Niño." class="wp-image-51004" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="a4eff1c4-acb8-414c-b208-8bbb2b1a767b" data-image-style="original"/><figcaption><strong><em>Maps above: brown (green) colours indicate below (above) normal seasonal rainfall.</em></strong></figcaption></figure> <h2>Useful links:</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/">Bureau of Meteorology ENSO monitoring website</a></li><li><a href="https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/MJO/enso.shtml">NCEP ENSO monitoring website</a></li></ul> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-manual-card-blocks field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--manual-cards-block paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Further reading:</h2> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="card-grid view view-eva view-manual-cards view-id-manual_cards view-display-id-entity_view_1 js-view-dom-id-92ef00ce40f5dfd0c4be31b6bf0091e1ed243bc82a1ba8d899fa56f65de8beb7"> <div class="card-grid__wrapper"> <ul class="card-grid__list"> <li> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-automated paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/climate-and-weather/el-nino-and-la-nina/impact-el-nino-and-la-nina-new-zealands-climate">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card/public/ImminentLandfall_Credit_Katja_Reidel.jpg?h=7feeb858&itok=BvAvKfIz" width="710" height="473" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> The impact of El Niño and La Niña on New Zealand's climate </h2> </div> <div class="card__datetype-wrapper"> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">El Niño accounts for less than 25 percent of the year-to year variance in seasonal rainfall and temperature at most locations in New Zealand, however its effects can be significant.</div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather" hreflang="en">Climate and weather</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/climate-and-weather/weather-forecasting" hreflang="en">Weather forecasting</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/freshwater/river-flow-forecasting" hreflang="en">River flow forecasting</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-automated paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-link-to-source field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><p class="card__link-to-source"><a class="card__link" href="/climate-and-weather/el-nino-and-la-nina/el-nino-maps-and-charts">Link to source page</a></p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-promotion-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/card/public/images/teasers/elnino_chartteaser.jpg?h=7feeb858&itok=BUdcsWGC" width="710" height="473" /> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field__item"><h2> El Niño maps and charts </h2> </div> <div class="card__datetype-wrapper"> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">View a collection of maps showing the impact of past El Niño and La Niña events.</div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-automated paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="field field--name-field-page field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <div class="card"> <div 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