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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vies_de_transmissió" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vies_de_transmissió"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vies de transmissió</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vies_de_transmissió-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevenció" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevenció"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevenció</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevenció-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipus_de_virus_de_la_grip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipus_de_virus_de_la_grip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tipus de virus de la grip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipus_de_virus_de_la_grip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estructura,_propietats_i_nomenclatura_dels_subtipus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructura,_propietats_i_nomenclatura_dels_subtipus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Estructura, propietats i nomenclatura dels subtipus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estructura,_propietats_i_nomenclatura_dels_subtipus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Estructura, propietats i nomenclatura dels subtipus</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estructura,_propietats_i_nomenclatura_dels_subtipus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influenzavirus_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influenzavirus_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Influenzavirus A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influenzavirus_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influenzavirus_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influenzavirus_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Influenzavirus B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influenzavirus_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influenzavirus_C" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influenzavirus_C"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Influenzavirus C</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influenzavirus_C-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grip</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 147 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griep" title="Griep - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="إنفلونزا - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنفلونزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="انفلونزا - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انفلونزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurma_usu" title="Jurma usu - aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jurma usu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrip" title="Qrip - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="آنفولانزا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنفولانزا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grips" title="Grips - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grips" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Грып - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Грып - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%82%8F" title="တုတ်ကွေးရောႏဂါႏ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တုတ်ကွေးရောႏဂါႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚད་རིམས། - tibetà" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚད་རིམས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Хэжэг - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэжэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B9-h%C3%A8ng-s%C3%A9ng_g%C4%81ng-m%C3%B4%CC%A4" title="Liù-hèng-séng gāng-mô̤ - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Liù-hèng-séng gāng-mô̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ئەنفلۆنزا - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنفلۆنزا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%99ipka" title="Chřipka - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chřipka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_ffliw" title="Y ffliw - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y ffliw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%92%DE%A7" title="އިންފުލުއެންޒާ - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންފުލުއެންޒާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Γρίπη - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρίπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripo" title="Gripo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gripo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="آنفلوانزا - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنفلوانزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenssa" title="Influenssa - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Influenssa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - fijià" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grippe" title="Grippe - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grippe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryp" title="Gryp - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gryp" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fli%C3%BA" title="Fliú - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fliú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrip" title="Lagrip - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lagrip" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_cnatan-m%C3%B2r" title="An cnatan-mòr - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An cnatan-mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27asyparar%C3%A3" title="Mba'asypararã - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'asypararã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunui" title="Shunui - wayú" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Shunui" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B9-h%C3%A0ng-sin_k%C3%A1m-mo" title="Liù-hàng-sin kám-mo - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liù-hàng-sin kám-mo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="שפעת - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhaar" title="Bukhaar - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bukhaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA" title="Գրիպ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրիպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Trangkaso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzo" title="Influenzo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Influenzo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%BAensa" title="Inflúensa - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Inflúensa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6" title="インフルエンザ - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフルエンザ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გრიპი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussit" title="Tussit - cabilenc" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tussit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilenc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Тұмау - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұмау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C" title="ಇನ್ಫ್ಲುಯೆನ್ಜ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇನ್ಫ್ಲುಯೆನ್ಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%97%94%EC%9E%90" title="인플루엔자 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인플루엔자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsim" title="Arsim - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arsim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influentia" title="Influentia - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Influentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grippa" title="Grippa - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grippa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1li_na_m%C9%94p%C9%9Bp%C9%9B" title="Maláli na mɔpɛpɛ - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Maláli na mɔpɛpɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripas" title="Gripas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gripas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8" title="ഇൻഫ്ലുവെൻസ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻഫ്ലുവെൻസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्फ्लुएन्झा - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इन्फ्लुएन्झा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="တုပ်ကွေးရောဂါ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တုပ်ကွေးရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्फ्लुएन्जा - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्फ्लुएन्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griep" title="Griep - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoniig%C3%A1%C3%A1h" title="Tahoniigááh - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tahoniigááh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE" title="ଇନ୍‌ଫ୍ଲୁଏଞ୍ଜା - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇନ୍‌ଫ୍ଲୁଏଞ୍ଜା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਨਫਲੂਐਨਜ਼ਾ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਨਫਲੂਐਨਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypa" title="Grypa - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grypa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="نزلہ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نزلہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhulli" title="Chhulli - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chhulli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infuluwanza" title="Infuluwanza - rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Infuluwanza" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip%C4%83" title="Gripă - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gripă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aremi" title="Aremi - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aremi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хрипка - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хрипка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haingles" title="Haingles - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haingles" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="وبائي زڪام - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وبائي زڪام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenca" title="Influenca - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Influenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%ADpka" title="Chrípka - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chrípka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargab" title="Hargab - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hargab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripi" title="Gripi - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gripi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_ya_mafua" title="Homa ya mafua - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homa ya mafua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82" title="ఫ్లూ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్లూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ไข้หวัดใหญ่ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไข้หวัดใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCmew" title="Dümew - turcman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Dümew" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trangkaso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhuhlwana" title="Mukhuhlwana - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mukhuhlwana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="نزلہ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نزلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAm" title="Cúm - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cúm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griep" title="Griep - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Griep" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BBsse_del_gripe" title="Virûsse del gripe - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Virûsse del gripe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trangkaso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="流行性感冒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გრიპი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრიპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="גריפע - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גריפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80r%C3%B9n_g%C3%A1g%C3%A1" title="Àrùn gágá - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àrùn gágá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="流行性感冒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB-h%C3%AAng-s%C3%A8ng_k%C3%A1m-m%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Liû-hêng-sèng kám-mō͘ - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liû-hêng-sèng kám-mō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流行性感冒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2840#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificau enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grip" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Grip" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grip"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grip"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li 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hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2840" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-ind-100" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Llista_dels_1000_articles_fonamentals" title="Els 1.000 fonamentals de la Viquipèdia"><img alt="Els 1.000 fonamentals de la Viquipèdia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/40px-Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/60px-Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#b0d1ad;background-color:#b0d1ad;valign=center; padding:1px;"><span style="float:left;margin:1.5px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula malaltia"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula malaltia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg/22px-Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg/33px-Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg/44px-Arrythmia_noun_246518_cc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></span>Grip</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.1em;line-height:1.35;font-size:98%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg/250px-EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg/500px-EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="743" /></a></span><div style="padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.1em;line-height:1.35;font-size:98%"><a href="/wiki/Micrografia" title="Micrografia">Micrografia</a> <a href="/wiki/Microscopi_electr%C3%B2nic_de_transmissi%C3%B3" title="Microscopi electrònic de transmissió">TEM</a> del virus de la grip <span data-bridge-edit-flow="overwrite"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P18" title="modifica"><img alt="modifica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:100%;height:1.0em;background:#d5e0d4;position:relative;top:0.4em;"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55790495" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q55790495">infecció viral respiratòria</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18975918" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q18975918">infecció per Orthomyxoviridae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaltia_respirat%C3%B2ria" title="Malaltia respiratòria">malaltia respiratòria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infecci%C3%B3_v%C3%ADrica" title="Infecció vírica">infecció vírica</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107295072" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q107295072">malaltia vírica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaltia" title="Malaltia">malaltia</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131345497" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q131345497">malalties propenses a pandèmies i epidèmies</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P279" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Especialitat_m%C3%A8dica" title="Especialitat mèdica">Especialitat</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3505712" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3505712">medicina familiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumologia" title="Pneumologia">pneumologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectologia" title="Infectologia">infectologia</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2861470" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2861470">medicina d'urgències</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P1995" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0d1ad;background-color:#b0d1ad;">Clínica-tractament</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Símptomes</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Febre" title="Febre">febre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congesti%C3%B3_nasal" title="Congestió nasal">congestió nasal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%A0lgia" title="Miàlgia">miàlgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%A0lgia" title="Cefalàlgia">cefalàlgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiga_muscular" title="Fatiga muscular">fatiga muscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tos" title="Tos">tos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinitis" title="Rinitis">rinitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolor_tor%C3%A0cic" title="Dolor toràcic">dolor toràcic</a> i <a href="/wiki/Calfred" title="Calfred">calfred</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P780" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Exàmens</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3_f%C3%ADsica" title="Exploració física">exploració física</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemograma" title="Hemograma">hemograma</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7933598" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7933598">cultiu viral</a> i <a href="/wiki/Immunofluoresc%C3%A8ncia" title="Immunofluorescència">immunofluorescència</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P923" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="mw-collapsible" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div style="width:100%; background:#d5e0d4" align="left"> <b>Medicació</b></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q412734" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q412734">peramivir</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412734?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211509" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q211509">Oseltamivir</a> <sup>(oc)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211509?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Zanamivir" title="Zanamivir">zanamivir</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48333728" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q48333728">baloxavir marboxil</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48333728?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P2176" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0d1ad;background-color:#b0d1ad;"><a href="/wiki/Patog%C3%A8nesi" title="Patogènesi">Patogènesi</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Localització</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_respiratori" title="Sistema respiratori">sistema respiratori</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P927" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Transmissió patògena</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11986959" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q11986959">transmissió aèria</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871752" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q871752">transmissió per secrecions respiratòries</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15304504" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15304504">transmissió directa</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q88103997" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q88103997">transmissió per superfície contaminada</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P1060" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Causat per</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Ortomixovírid</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P828" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;">Causa de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2723958" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2723958">pandèmia de grip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epid%C3%A8mia" title="Epidèmia">epidèmia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brot_epid%C3%A8mic" title="Brot epidèmic">brot epidèmic</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P1542" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0d1ad;background-color:#b0d1ad;">Classificació</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/CIM-10" title="CIM-10">CIM-10</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Cap%C3%ADtol_J" class="mw-redirect" title="CIM-10 Capítol J">J</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/J10">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIM-10_Cap%C3%ADtol_J" class="mw-redirect" title="CIM-10 Capítol J">J</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/J11">11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/CIM-9" title="CIM-9">CIM-9</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saniwiki.cat/ICD/php-09/487.php">487</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Classificaci%C3%B3_Internacional_d%27Atenci%C3%B3_Prim%C3%A0ria" title="Classificació Internacional d'Atenció Primària">CIAP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hetop.eu/hetop/3CGP/en/?rr=CIP_D_R80">R80</a> <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P667" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:#b0d1ad;background-color:#b0d1ad;">Recursos externs</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopèdia Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0113006.xml">0113006</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P1296" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/614680">614680</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P492" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6791.htm">6791</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm">000080</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1170.htm">med/1170</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic3006.htm">ped/3006</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/influenza">influenza</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P1461" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2025/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D007251">D007251</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P486" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_Medical_Language_System" title="Unified Medical Language System">UMLS</a> <a href="/wiki/Concept_Unique_Identifier" title="Concept Unique Identifier">CUI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&code=C0021400">C0021400</a> i <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&code=C0021400">C0021400</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P2892" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start;"><a href="/wiki/Disease_Ontology" title="Disease Ontology">DOID</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disease-ontology.org/?id=DOID:8469">DOID:8469</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2840?uselang=ca#P699" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <b>grip</b> és una <a href="/wiki/Malaltia_infecciosa" title="Malaltia infecciosa">malaltia infecciosa</a> que afecta els <a href="/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells">ocells</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfers" title="Mamífers">mamífers</a> provocada pel <a href="/wiki/Virus_ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus ARN">virus ARN</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_(biologia)" title="Família (biologia)">família</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Ortomixov%C3%ADrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortomixovírid">ortomixovírids</a> (els virus de la grip). El terme "<a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/grip" class="extiw" title="wikt:grip">grip</a>" deriva del <a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A8s" title="Francès">francès</a> <i>gripper</i> ("agafar de sobte") o de l'<a href="/wiki/Alemany_su%C3%ADs" title="Alemany suís">alemany suís</a> <i><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/gr%C3%BCpen" class="extiw" title="wikt:grüpen">grüpen</a></i> ("tremolar de fred o de febre").<sup id="cite_ref-EncicloCat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncicloCat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El nom alternatiu, <b>influença</b>, deriva de l'<a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%A0" title="Italià">italià</a> <i>influenza</i>, que significa "influència". En els <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, els <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADmptomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Símptomes">símptomes</a> habituals de la malaltia són <a href="/wiki/Esgarrifan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Esgarrifança">esgarrifances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Febre" title="Febre">febre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faringitis" title="Faringitis">faringitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%A0lgia" title="Miàlgia">dolors musculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mal_de_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal de cap">mals de cap</a> severs, <a href="/wiki/Tos" title="Tos">tos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cansament" class="mw-redirect" title="Cansament">feblesa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Malestar" title="Malestar">malestar</a> general.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En els casos més greus, la grip provoca <a href="/wiki/Pneum%C3%B2nia" title="Pneumònia">pneumònia</a>, que pot resultar fatal, especialment en els infants i la gent gran. Tot i que sovint se la confon amb un <a href="/wiki/Refredat" title="Refredat">refredat</a>, la grip és una malaltia molt més greu i és provocada per un tipus de <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> diferent.<sup id="cite_ref-Eccles_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eccles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La grip pot causar <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0usea" title="Nàusea">nàusees</a> i <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B2mits" class="mw-redirect" title="Vòmits">vòmits</a>, especialment en els infants,<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> però aquests símptomes són més característics de la malaltia no relacionada de la <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>, que a vegades és anomenada "grip estomacal" o "grip de les 24 hores".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generalment, la grip es transmet de mamífers infectats a través de l'aire per la tos o per esternuts, creant <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> portadors del virus, i d'ocells infectats a partir dels seus <a href="/wiki/Fems" class="mw-redirect" title="Fems">excrements</a>. La grip també es pot transmetre per la <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Mucositat" title="Mucositat">secrecions nasals</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Fems" class="mw-redirect" title="Fems">excrements</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Sang" title="Sang">sang</a>. Les infeccions també es poden produir per contacte amb aquests <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquids_corporals" class="mw-redirect" title="Líquids corporals">líquids corporals</a> o amb superfícies contaminades. Els virus de la grip poden romandre infecciosos durant aproximadament una setmana a la temperatura del <a href="/wiki/Anatomia_humana" title="Anatomia humana">cos humà</a>, fins a trenta dies a 0 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsius">C</a>, i períodes molt més llargs a temperatures molt baixes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La majoria de soques de grip es poden desactivar fàcilment amb <a href="/wiki/Desinfectant" title="Desinfectant">desinfectants</a> i <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHZ2006-11-30_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHZ2006-11-30-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La grip s'estén arreu del món en <a href="/wiki/Epid%C3%A8mies" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidèmies">epidèmies</a> estacionals, causant la mort de centenars de milers de persones cada any – milions als anys amb <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandèmies">pandèmies</a>. Al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> es produïren tres pandèmies que mataren desenes de milions de persones; cadascuna d'aquestes pandèmies fou provocada per l'aparició d'una nova <a href="/wiki/Soca_(taxonomia)" title="Soca (taxonomia)">soca</a> del virus en els humans. Sovint, aquestes soques noves són el resultat de l'extensió d'un virus de la grip ja existent d'una altra espècie animal als humans. Una soca <a href="/wiki/Avi%C3%A0ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviària">aviària</a> letal anomenada <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a> representa el risc més gran d'una nova <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epid%C3%A8mia_de_grip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidèmia de grip (encara no existeix)">epidèmia de grip</a> des que començà a matar humans a Àsia a la dècada del 1990. Afortunadament, aquest virus no ha <a href="/wiki/Mutaci%C3%B3" title="Mutació">mutat</a> en una forma que s'estengui fàcilment entre les persones<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Vacuna_antigripal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuna antigripal">vacunació contra la grip</a> se sol administrar a la gent dels <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_desenvolupat" title="País desenvolupat">països desenvolupats</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHOvaccines_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOvaccines-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i a l'aviram domèstic.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La vacuna humana més comuna és la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuna_de_la_grip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuna de la grip (encara no existeix)">vacuna trivalent de la grip</a> (TIV), que conté material purificat i desactivat de tres soques víriques. Generalment, aquesta vacuna porta material de dos subtipus de <a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_A" title="Influenzavirus A">virus de la grip A</a> i una soca de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenzavirus_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Influenzavirus B (encara no existeix)">virus de la grip B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La TIV no comporta cap risc de contraure la malaltia, i té una reactivitat molt baixa. Una vacuna preparada per un any pot resultar inefectiva l'any següent, car el virus de la grip evoluciona ràpidament i diferents soques esdevenen dominants. Es poden utilitzar <a href="/wiki/Antiv%C3%ADric" title="Antivíric">medicaments antivírics</a> per tractar la grip, dels quals els <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibidor_de_la_neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibidor de la neuraminidasa (encara no existeix)">inhibidors de la neuraminidasa</a> són relativament eficients. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Etimologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El terme "<i>influenza</i>" prové de l'<a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%A0" title="Italià">italià</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i es refereix a la causa de la malaltia; inicialment, es creia que la malaltia es devia a influències <a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrològiques</a> desfavorables.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els canvis en el pensament mèdic dugueren a la seva modificació en <i>influenza del freddo</i>, que significa "influència del fred". La paraula "grip" és atestada per primer cop en català el 1864, i podria provenir o bé del francès <i>gripper</i> o de l'alemany suís <i>grüpen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncicloCat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncicloCat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alguns noms arcaics de la grip inclouen "cadarn epidèmic", "malaltia de la suor" i "febre espanyola" (particularment en referència a la soca de la <a href="/wiki/Grip_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip espanyola">pandèmia del 1918</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vies_de_transmissió"><span id="Vies_de_transmissi.C3.B3"></span>Vies de transmissió</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Vies de transmissió"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El virus entra per les vies respiratòries a través de les petites gotes de <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> dels esternuts. </p><p>Són <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADmptoma" title="Símptoma">símptomes</a> habituals de la grip la <a href="/wiki/Febre" title="Febre">febre</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Mal_de_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal de cap">mal de cap</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Cansament" class="mw-redirect" title="Cansament">cansament</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Tos_seca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tos seca">tos seca</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Mal_de_coll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal de coll">mal de coll</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Congesti%C3%B3_nasal" title="Congestió nasal">congestió nasal</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Esternut" title="Esternut">esternuts</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Irritaci%C3%B3" title="Irritació">irritació</a> d'ulls, el dolor al cos o la sensació de fred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevenció"><span id="Prevenci.C3.B3"></span>Prevenció</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Prevenció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S'aconsella la <a href="/wiki/Vacunaci%C3%B3" title="Vacunació">vacunació</a> en persones amb un risc elevat com les d'edat avançada o les debilitades però s'ha de tenir en compte que com el virus muta ràpidament la formulació d'una vacuna només serveix per a un any. </p><p>Qui pren cura d'un malalt de grip hauria de seguir les normes higièniques bàsiques per limitar-ne la transmissió. Les més importants són la neteja de mans amb aigua i sabó, neteja del terra i superfície dels mobles amb desinfectants (com aigua amb lleixiu), i la ventilació de la cambra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipus_de_virus_de_la_grip">Tipus de virus de la grip</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Tipus de virus de la grip"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:3D_Influenza_virus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png/250px-3D_Influenza_virus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png/330px-3D_Influenza_virus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Estructura del virió de la grip. Les proteïnes <a href="/wiki/Hemaglutinina" title="Hemaglutinina">hemaglutinina</a> (HA) i <a href="/wiki/Neuraminidasa" title="Neuraminidasa">neuraminidasa</a> (NA) estan a la superfície de la partícula. Els ARN vírics que formen el <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a> són mostrats com a hèlixs vermelles dins la partícula i estan units a les proteïnes ribonuclears (RNP).</figcaption></figure> <p>El virus de la grip és un <a href="/wiki/Virus_ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus ARN">virus ARN</a> de la família dels <a href="/wiki/Ortomixov%C3%ADrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortomixovírid">ortomixovírids</a>, que inclou cinc <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8neres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gèneres">gèneres</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Kawaoka_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawaoka-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_A" title="Influenzavirus A">Influenzavirus A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenzavirus_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Influenzavirus B (encara no existeix)">Influenzavirus B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenzavirus_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Influenzavirus C (encara no existeix)">Influenzavirus C</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isavirus (encara no existeix)">Isavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thogotovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thogotovirus (encara no existeix)">Thogotovirus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estructura,_propietats_i_nomenclatura_dels_subtipus"><span id="Estructura.2C_propietats_i_nomenclatura_dels_subtipus"></span>Estructura, propietats i nomenclatura dels subtipus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Estructura, propietats i nomenclatura dels subtipus"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els influenzavirus A, B i C són molt semblants en l'estructura general.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La partícula vírica mesura 80-120 <a href="/wiki/Nan%C3%B2metre" title="Nanòmetre">nanòmetres</a> de diàmetre i sol ser més o menys esfèrics, tot i que pot haver-hi formes filamentoses.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es componen d'un <a href="/wiki/Embolcall_v%C3%ADric" title="Embolcall víric">embolcall víric</a> que conté dos tipus de <a href="/wiki/Glicoprote%C3%AFna" title="Glicoproteïna">glicoproteïnes</a>, que envolta un nucli central. El nucli central conté el <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a> d'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> del virus, així com altres <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFnes_v%C3%ADriques" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïnes víriques">proteïnes víriques</a> que empaqueten i protegeixen l'ARN.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamb_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El genoma de la grip A conté onze gens repartits per vuit peces d'ARN, que codifiquen onze <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïnes">proteïnes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hemaglutinina" title="Hemaglutinina">hemaglutinina</a> (HA), <a href="/wiki/Neuraminidasa" title="Neuraminidasa">neuraminidasa</a> (NA), nucleoproteïna (NP), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prote%C3%AFna_M1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteïna M1 (encara no existeix)">M1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prote%C3%AFna_M2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteïna M2 (encara no existeix)">M2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prote%C3%AFna_de_la_grip_NS1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteïna de la grip NS1 (encara no existeix)">NS1</a>, NS2 (NEP), PA, PB1, PB1-F2 i PB2.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghedin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghedin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Hemaglutinina" title="Hemaglutinina">hemaglutinina</a> (HA) i la <a href="/wiki/Neuraminidasa" title="Neuraminidasa">neuraminidasa</a> (NA) són les dues grans glicoproteïnes de l'exterior de les partícules víriques. L'HA és una <a href="/wiki/Lectina" title="Lectina">lectina</a> que mitjança la unió del virus a les cèl·lules diana i l'entrada del genoma víric a la cèl·lula, mentre que la NA té un paper en l'alliberament de la descendència vírica de les cèl·lule infectades, fragmentant sucres que uneixen les partícules víriques madures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Així donc, aquestes proteïnes són l'objectiu dels <a href="/wiki/Antiv%C3%ADric" title="Antivíric">medicaments antivírics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Itzstein_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itzstein-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A més, hi ha <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antígens">antígens</a> contra els quals actuen els <a href="/wiki/Anticossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticossos">anticossos</a>. Els virus de la grip A es classifiquen en subtipus segons la resposta dels anticossos a l'HA i la NA. Aquests tipus diferents de HA i NA són la base de la distinció "H" i "N" en, per exemple, "H5N1".<sup id="cite_ref-Hilleman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilleman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es coneixen 16 subtipus H i 9 subtipus N, però en els humans només són habituals els tipus H1, H2 i H3 i els tipus N1 i N2.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influenzavirus_A">Influenzavirus A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Influenzavirus A"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquest gènere només té una espècie, el virus de la grip A. Els ocells aquàtics salvatges són els hostes naturals d'una gran varietat de virus de la grip A. A vegades, els virus es transmeten a altres espècies, i poden causar brots devastadors en l'aviram domèstic o provocar <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandèmies">pandèmies</a> de la grip humana.<sup id="cite_ref-sobrino6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobrino6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els virus de tipus A són els patògens més virulents pels humans entre els tres tipus de grip i causen la malaltia més greu. El virus de la grip A es pot subdividir en diferents <a href="/wiki/Serotip" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotip">serotips</a> segons la resposta dels <a href="/wiki/Anticossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticossos">anticossos</a> a aquests virus.<sup id="cite_ref-hay_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els serotips que han estat confirmats en humans, ordenats pel nombre de morts humanes que han provocat, són: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a>, que causà la <a href="/wiki/Grip_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip espanyola">grip espanyola</a> el 1918, i la <a href="/wiki/Grip_porcina" title="Grip porcina">grip porcina</a> el 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2N2" title="H2N2">H2N2</a>, que causà la <a href="/wiki/Grip_asi%C3%A0tica" title="Grip asiàtica">grip asiàtica</a> el 1957</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H3N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H3N2 (encara no existeix)">H3N2</a>, que causà la <a href="/wiki/Grip_de_Hong_Kong" title="Grip de Hong Kong">grip de Hong Kong</a> el 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a>, una amenaça de <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia" title="Pandèmia">pandèmia</a> a la temporada gripal 2007-2008</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H7N7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H7N7 (encara no existeix)">H7N7</a>, que té un potencial <a href="/wiki/Zoonosi" title="Zoonosi">zoonòtic</a> inusual<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H1N2 (encara no existeix)">H1N2</a>, endèmic dels humans i els porcs</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H9N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H9N2 (encara no existeix)">H9N2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H7N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H7N2 (encara no existeix)">H7N2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H7N3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H7N3 (encara no existeix)">H7N3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H10N7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H10N7 (encara no existeix)">H10N7</a></li></ul> <p>El 2009, un virus de la grip recombinant derivat en part d'<a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> fou detectat per primera vegada a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8xic" title="Mèxic">Mèxic</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a> (vegeu <a href="/wiki/Brot_de_grip_per_A(H1N1)_de_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Brot de grip per A(H1N1) de 2009">Brot de grip per A(H1N1) de 2009</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influenzavirus_B">Influenzavirus B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Influenzavirus B"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquest gènere només té una espècie, el virus de la grip B. La grip B infecta gairebé exclusivament els humans<sup id="cite_ref-hay_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i és menys comuna que la grip A. Els únics altres animals que se sap que són susceptibles a la infecció per grip B són les <a href="/wiki/Pinn%C3%ADpede" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnípede">foques</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i les <a href="/wiki/Fura" title="Fura">fures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest tipus de grip muta a una velocitat 2-3 vegades inferior a la del tipus A<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de manera que té una menor diversitat genètica, amb només un serotip.<sup id="cite_ref-hay_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Com a resultat d'aquesta manca de diversitat <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigènica</a>, se sol adquirir un cert grau d'<a href="/wiki/Immunitat_(medicina)" title="Immunitat (medicina)">immunitat</a> a la grip B a una edat primerenca. Tanmateix, la grip B muta prou com per fer impossible una immunitat permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta velocitat baixa de canvi antigènic, juntament amb la seva varietat limitada d'hostes (que inhibeix el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canvi_antig%C3%A8nic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canvi antigènic (encara no existeix)">canvi antigènic</a> entre espècies), impedeix que es produeixin pandèmies de grip B.<sup id="cite_ref-Zambon_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zambon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Influenza_nomenclature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Influenza_nomenclature.svg/250px-Influenza_nomenclature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Influenza_nomenclature.svg/330px-Influenza_nomenclature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Influenza_nomenclature.svg/500px-Influenza_nomenclature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Diagrama de la <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Internacional_de_Taxonomia_de_Virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité Internacional de Taxonomia de Virus">nomenclatura</a> d'un virus de la grip (per un virus de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip_de_Fujian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grip de Fujian (encara no existeix)">grip de Fujian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influenzavirus_C">Influenzavirus C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Influenzavirus C"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquest gènere només té una espècie, el virus de la grip C, que infecta humans, <a href="/wiki/Gossos" title="Gossos">gossos</a> i porcs, causant a vegades malalties greus i epidèmies locals.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsuzaki_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsuzaki-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanmateix, la grip C és menys comuna que la resta de tipus i habitualment només causa malalties lleus als infants.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katagiri_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katagiri-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Articles principals: <a href="/wiki/Grip_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip espanyola">Grip espanyola</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_grip_per_A(H1N1)_de_2009" title="Pandèmia de grip per A(H1N1) de 2009">pandèmia de grip per A(H1N1) de 2009</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Influenza_virus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Influenza_virus.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>El virus de la grip que provocà la <a href="/wiki/Grip_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip espanyola">grip espanyola</a> (a uns 100.000 augments).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:W_curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/W_curve.png/250px-W_curve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/W_curve.png/330px-W_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/W_curve.png/500px-W_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>La diferència entre les distribucions de mortalitat per edat de l'epidèmia del 1918 i de les epidèmies normals. Es mostren les morts per cada 100.000 persones a cada franja d'edat als Estats Units, pels anys interpandèmics (1911-1917, línia discontínua) i per l'any de la pandèmia (1918, línia contínua).<sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Els símptomes de la grip humana foren descrits clarament per <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B2crates" title="Hipòcrates">Hipòcrates</a> fa uns 2.400 anys.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Des d'aleshores, el virus ha provocat nombroses pandèmies. Les dades històriques sobre la grip són difícils d'interpretar, car els símptomes poden assemblar-se als d'altres malalties, com ara la <a href="/wiki/Dift%C3%A8ria" title="Diftèria">diftèria</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Pesta_pneum%C3%B2nica" title="Pesta pneumònica">pesta pneumònica</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Febre_tifoide" title="Febre tifoide">febre tifoide</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Dengue" title="Dengue">dengue</a> o el <a href="/wiki/Tifus" title="Tifus">tifus</a>. El primer registre convincent d'una pandèmia de grip fou un brot produït el 1580, que començà a Rússia i s'estengué a Europa via Àfrica. A <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> hi moriren gairebé 8.000 persones, i la població d'algunes ciutats espanyoles quedà gairebé exterminada. Les pandèmies continuaren esporàdicament al llarg dels segles <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span> i XVIII; la pandèmia de 1830-1833 fou particularment estesa, afectant aproximadament un quart de la gent exposada.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El brot més cèlebre i letal fou l'anomenada pandèmia de la <a href="/wiki/Grip_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip espanyola">grip espanyola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_A" title="Influenzavirus A">grip de tipus A</a>, subtipus <a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a>), que durà entre el <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> i el <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a>. Es desconeix exactament quanta gent morí, però s'estima el nombre de morts en entre 20 i 100 milions de persones.<sup id="cite_ref-Knobler_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knobler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patterson1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta pandèmia ha estat descrita com "l'holocaust mèdic més gran de la història" i podria haver mort tanta gent com la <a href="/wiki/Pesta_negra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesta negra">pesta negra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Potter_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta mortalitat tan desproporcionada fou provocada per una taxa d'infecció extremament alta de fins al 50% i per l'extrema gravetat dels símptomes, que se sospita que era causada per <a href="/wiki/Tempesta_de_citocines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempesta de citocines">tempestes de citocines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En efecte, els símptomes de la grip del 1918 eren tan inusuals que al principi la malaltia fou diagnosticada erròniament com a <a href="/wiki/Dengue" title="Dengue">dengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2lera" title="Còlera">còlera</a> o <a href="/wiki/Febre_tifoide" title="Febre tifoide">febre tifoide</a>. Un observador escrigué: "Una de les complicacions més sorprenents eren les hemorràgies de les <a href="/wiki/Membrana_mucosa" title="Membrana mucosa">membranes mucoses</a>, especialment del nas, l'estómac i l'intestí. També es produïen dessagnament per les orelles i <a href="/wiki/Pet%C3%A8quia" title="Petèquia">hemorràgies petequials</a> a la pell."<sup id="cite_ref-Knobler_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knobler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La majoria de morts es degueren a <a href="/wiki/Pneum%C3%B2nia_bacteriana" title="Pneumònia bacteriana">pneumònia bacteriana</a>, una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infecci%C3%B3_secund%C3%A0ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infecció secundària (encara no existeix)">infecció secundària</a> causada per la grip, però el virus també matà gent directament, provocant <a href="/wiki/Hemorr%C3%A0gia" title="Hemorràgia">hemorràgies</a> massives i <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edemes</a> pulmonars.<sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La pandèmia de grip espanyola fou realment global, estenent-se fins i tot a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80rtida" title="Àrtida">Àrtida</a> i a remotes <a href="/wiki/Illes_del_Pac%C3%ADfic" title="Illes del Pacífic">illes del Pacífic</a>. Aquesta malaltia particularment greu matà entre el 2% i el 20% dels infectats, en contrast amb la <a href="/wiki/Taxa_de_mortalitat" title="Taxa de mortalitat">taxa de mortalitat</a> més habitual del 0,1%.<sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knobler_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knobler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una altra característica inusual d'aquesta pandèmia és que matà principalment adults joves; el 99% de les morts per grip pandèmica es produïren en els menors de 65 anys, i més de la meitat en adults joves d'entre vint i quaranta anys.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Això és rar, car la grip sol ser més perillosa per la gent molt jove (de menys de 2 anys) o molt gran (més de 70). Es desconeix la mortalitat total de la pandèmia de 1918-1919, però es calcula que morí entre el 2,5% i el 5% de la població mundial. Durant les 25 primeres setmanes podrien haver mort fins a 25 milions de persones; en contrast, la <a href="/wiki/Sida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sida">sida</a> ha mort 25 milions de persones en els seus primers 25 anys.<sup id="cite_ref-Knobler_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knobler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les pandèmies de grip posteriors no foren tan devastadores. En són exemples la <a href="/wiki/Grip_asi%C3%A0tica" title="Grip asiàtica">grip asiàtica</a> del 1957 (tipus A, soca <a href="/wiki/H2N2" title="H2N2">H2N2</a>) i la <a href="/wiki/Grip_de_Hong_Kong" title="Grip de Hong Kong">grip de Hong Kong</a> del 1968 (tipus A, soca <a href="/w/index.php?title=H3N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H3N2 (encara no existeix)">H3N2</a>), però fins i tot aquests brots més petits mataren milions de persones. En pandèmies posteriors es disposava d'<a href="/wiki/Antibi%C3%B2tic" title="Antibiòtic">antibiòtics</a> per controlar les infeccions secundàries, i això pot haver contribuït a reduir-ne la mortalitat en comparació amb la grip asiàtica del 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia" title="Pandèmia">Pandèmies</a> de grip conegudes<sup id="cite_ref-Hilleman_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilleman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Potter_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nom de la pandèmia</th> <th>Data</th> <th>Morts</th> <th>Subtipus</th> <th>Índex de gravetat de pandèmies </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grip_asi%C3%A0tica" title="Grip asiàtica">Grip asiàtica (russa)</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1889" title="1889">1889</a> – <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a></td> <td>1 milió</td> <td>possiblement <a href="/wiki/H2N2" title="H2N2">H2N2</a></td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grip_espanyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip espanyola">Grip espanyola</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> – <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a></td> <td>20-100 milions</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grip_asi%C3%A0tica" title="Grip asiàtica">Grip asiàtica</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a> – <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a></td> <td>1-1,5 milions</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H2N2" title="H2N2">H2N2</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grip_de_Hong_Kong" title="Grip de Hong Kong">Grip de Hong Kong</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> – <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a></td> <td>0,75-1 milió</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=H3N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H3N2 (encara no existeix)">H3N2</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS">SARS</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> – <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a></td> <td>774</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Grip_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip A">Grip A</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>–</td> <td>5.712</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H1N1" title="H1N1">H1N1</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>La causa <a href="/wiki/Etiologia" title="Etiologia">etiològica</a> de la grip, la família vírica dels ortomixovírids, fou descoberta inicialment en <a href="/wiki/Porcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcs">porcs</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Shope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Shope (encara no existeix)">Richard Shope</a> el 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest descobriment fou seguit aviat per l'aïllament del virus d'humans per part d'un grup encapçalat per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Laidlaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Laidlaw (encara no existeix)">Patrick Laidlaw</a> del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_Research_Council_(Regne_Unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical Research Council (Regne Unit) (encara no existeix)">Medical Research Council</a> del <a href="/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a> el 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanmateix, no fou fins que <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell Stanley">Wendell Stanley</a> aconseguí cristal·litzar el <a href="/wiki/Virus_del_mosaic_del_tabac" title="Virus del mosaic del tabac">virus del mosaic del tabac</a> el 1935 que s'aprecià la naturalesa sub<a href="/wiki/Cel%C2%B7lular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cel·lular">cel·lular</a> dels virons. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Influenza_subtypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Influenza_subtypes.svg/250px-Influenza_subtypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Influenza_subtypes.svg/330px-Influenza_subtypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Influenza_subtypes.svg/500px-Influenza_subtypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Els diversos tipus de virus de la grip en els humans. Els quadres sòlids indiquen l'aparició d'una nova soca, provocant <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia" title="Pandèmia">pandèmies</a> recurrents. Les línies discontínues indiquen identificacions incertes de soques.<sup id="cite_ref-Palese_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palese-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>El primer pas significatiu vers la prevenció de la grip fou el desenvolupament el 1944 d'una vacuna amb el virus mort per part de <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Jr." title="Thomas Francis Jr.">Thomas Francis Jr.</a>. Es basava en el treball de l'australià <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a>, que demostrà que el virus perdia virulència quan se'l cultivava en ous de gallina fertilitzats.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'aplicació d'aquesta observació per part de Francis permeté al seu grup d'investigadors de la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Michigan" title="Universitat de Michigan">Universitat de Michigan</a> desenvolupar la primera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuna_de_la_grip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuna de la grip (encara no existeix)">vacuna de la grip</a>, amb el suport de l'<a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_dels_Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Exèrcit dels Estats Units">Exèrcit dels Estats Units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'Exèrcit es comprometé en aquesta investigació a causa de la seva experiència amb la grip durant la <a href="/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial">Segona Guerra Mundial</a>, quan milers de tropes foren mortes pel virus en qüestió de mesos.<sup id="cite_ref-Knobler_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knobler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tot i que hi hagué alarmes a l'estat de <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a> el 1976 (amb una soca de la <a href="/wiki/Grip_porcina" title="Grip porcina">grip porcina</a>), arreu del món el 1977 (amb la grip russa), i a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> i altres països asiàtics el 1997 (amb la grip aviària <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a>), no hi ha hagut pandèmies de rellevància des de la grip de Hong Kong del 1968. La immunitat a soques de grip pandèmiques anteriors i la vacunació poden haver limitat l'extensió del virus i contribuït a evitar més pandèmies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilleman_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilleman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EncicloCat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EncicloCat_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EncicloCat_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.grec.net/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0071606">Entrada "grip"</a>».  Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana. [Consulta: 20 abril 2009].</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html">Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition</a>».  www.merck.com. [Consulta: 15 març 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eccles-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eccles_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEccles2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eccles</span>, R «Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza». <i>Lancet Infect Dis</i>, 5, 11, 2005, pàg. 718–25. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2805%2970270-X">10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253889?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16253889">16253889</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">R.N.</span>, Kristina Duda. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm">Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu</a>» (en anglès).  About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm">original</a> el 2011-07-07. [Consulta: 12 març 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Reid A. H., Fanning T. G., Hultin J. V., Taubenberger J. K. «Origin and evolution of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus hemagglutinin gene». <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i>, 96, 4, 1999, pàg. 1651–6. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.4.1651">10.1073/pnas.96.4.1651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990079?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9990079">9990079</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Mase M., Tanimura N., Imada T., Okamatsu M., Tsukamoto K., Yamaguchi S. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010194653/http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/12/3655">Recent H5N1 avian influenza A virus increases rapidly in virulence to mice after a single passage in mice</a>». <i>J Gen Virol.</i>, 87, Pt 12, Desembre 2006, pàg. 3655–9. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/12/3655">original</a> el 2008-10-10. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.81843-0">10.1099/vir.0.81843-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098982?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17098982">17098982</a> [Consulta: 20 abril 2009]. «Per preparar la població vírica original per aquest estudi, es propagaren virus una vegada a la cavitat al·lantoica d'ous embrionats a 37 °C durant 1-2 dies i després se'ls emmagatzemà a -80 °C fins que calgué utilitzar-los.»</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSuarez2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Suarez</span>, D.; Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K «The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR». <i>Avian Dis</i>, 47, 3 Suppl, 2003, pàg. 1091–5. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14575118?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:14575118">14575118</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617170122/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html">Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Implications for Human Disease. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses.</a>».  UMN CIDRAP. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html">original</a> el 2013-06-17.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHZ2006-11-30-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NHZ2006-11-30_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=204&objectid=10413124">Flu viruses 'can live for decades' on ice</a>».  NZ Herald, 30-11-2006.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/">Avian influenza ("bird flu") fact sheet</a>».  OMS, Febrer 2006. [Consulta: 20 octubre 2006].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOvaccines-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOvaccines_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf">WHO position paper: influenza vaccines</a> <i>WHO weekly Epidemiological Record</i> 19 d'agost del 2005, vol. 80, 33, p. 277–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFVillegas1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Villegas</span>, P. «Viral diseases of the respiratory system». <i>Poult Sci</i>, 77, 8, 1998, pàg. 1143–5. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9706079?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9706079">9706079</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Horwood F., Macfarlane J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364707">Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects</a>». <i>Thorax</i>, 57, Suppl 2, Octubre 2002, pàg. II24–II30. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1766003">1766003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364707?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:12364707">12364707</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKellyWilson2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kelly</span>, Evelyn B.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wilson</span>, Claire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=QI4rTRFTqnYC&pg=PA31&dq=Influenza+1357+influence&hl=ca&sa=X&ei=VsEsUry7Aqap0QXyr4HgAg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Influenza%201357%20influence&f=false"><i>Investigating Influenza and Bird Flu</i></a> (en anglès).  Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2010, p. 31. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0766033414" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0766033414">ISBN 0766033414</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Influenza+and+Bird+Flu&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Evelyn+B.&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=31&rft.isbn=0766033414&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQI4rTRFTqnYC%26pg%3DPA31%26dq%3DInfluenza%2B1357%2Binfluence%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DVsEsUry7Aqap0QXyr4HgAg%26ved%3D0CDEQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DInfluenza%25201357%2520influence%26f%3Dfalse"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Influenza</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary</a>, segona edició.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Smith</span>, P. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214231742/http://www.paul_smith.doctors.org.uk/ArchaicMedicalTerms.htm">Archaic Medical Terms</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paul_smith.doctors.org.uk/ArchaicMedicalTerms.htm">original</a> el 2007-12-14. [Consulta: 23 octubre 2006].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawaoka-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kawaoka_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Kawaoka Y. (editor).. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/flu"><i>Influenza Virology: Current Topics</i></a>.  Caister Academic Press, 2006. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-904455-06-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-904455-06-6">ISBN 978-1-904455-06-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Influenza+Virology%3A+Current+Topics&rft.au=Kawaoka+Y.+%28editor%29.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-06-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fflu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm">Descripcions del Comité Internacional de Taxonomia de virus d'Orthomyxoviridae</a>».</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm"><i>Influenzavirus B</i></a> i <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm"><i>Influenzavirus C</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Comité Internacional de Taxonomia de Virus. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm">The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A</a>».</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lamb_20-1">20,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Lamb R. A., Choppin P. W. «The gene structure and replication of influenza virus». <i>Annu. Rev. Biochem.</i>, 52, 1983, pàg. 467–506. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.52.070183.002343">10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6351727?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:6351727">6351727</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghedin-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghedin_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGhedin2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ghedin</span>, E.; Sengamalay N., Shumway M., Zaborsky J., Feldblyum T., Subbu V., Spiro D., Sitz J., Koo H., Bolotov P., Dernovoy D., Tatusova T., Bao Y., St George K., Taylor J., Lipman D., Fraser C., Taubenberger J., Salzberg S. «Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution». <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, 437, 7062, 20 d'octubre 2005, pàg. 1162–6. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04239">10.1038/nature04239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16208317?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16208317">16208317</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSuzuki2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Suzuki</span>, Y. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf">Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses</a>». <i>Biol Pharm Bull</i>, 28, 3, 2005, pàg. 399–408. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf">original</a> el 2009-01-12. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1248%2Fbpb.28.399">10.1248/bpb.28.399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15744059?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15744059">15744059</a> [Consulta: 4 maig 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itzstein-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Itzstein_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWilson2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wilson</span>, J.; von Itzstein M «Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies». <i>Curr Drug Targets</i>, 4, 5, Juliol 2003, pàg. 389–408. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1389450033491019">10.2174/1389450033491019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12816348?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:12816348">12816348</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilleman-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hilleman_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hilleman_24-1">24,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hilleman_24-2">24,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHilleman2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hilleman</span>, M. «Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control». <i>Vaccine</i>, 20, 25–26, 19 d'agost 2002, pàg. 3068–87. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0264-410X%2802%2900254-2">10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163258?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:12163258">12163258</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Lynch J. P., Walsh E. E. «Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention». <i>Semin Respir Crit Care Med</i>, 28, 2, Abril 2007, pàg. 144–58. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-976487">10.1055/s-2007-976487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458769?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17458769">17458769</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sobrino6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sobrino6_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Klenk <i>et al</i>.. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/avir">Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range</a>». A: <i>Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology</i>.  Caister Academic Press, 2008. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-904455-22-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-904455-22-6">ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Viruses%3A+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Avian+Influenza%3A+Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Pathogenesis+and+Host+Range&rft.au=Klenk+%27%27et+al%27%27.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-22-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hay-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hay_27-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hay_27-1">27,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hay_27-2">27,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHay2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hay</span>, A.; Gregory V., Douglas A., Lin Y. «The evolution of human influenza viruses». <i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i>, 356, 1416, desembre 29 2001, pàg. 1861–70. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0999">10.1098/rstb.2001.0999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779385?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:11779385">11779385</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFouchier2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fouchier</span>, R.; Schneeberger P., Rozendaal F., Broekman J., Kemink S., Munster V., Kuiken T., Rimmelzwaan G., Schutten M., Van Doornum G., Koch G., Bosman A., Koopmans M., Osterhaus A. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356">Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>». <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a</i>, 101, 5, 2004, pàg. 1356–61. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0308352100">10.1073/pnas.0308352100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745020?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:14745020">14745020</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFOsterhaus2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Osterhaus</span>, A.; Rimmelzwaan G., Martina B., Bestebroer T., Fouchier R. «Influenza B virus in seals». <i>Science</i>, 288, 5468, 2000, pàg. 1051–3. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5468.1051">10.1126/science.288.5468.1051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807575?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:10807575">10807575</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Jakeman K. J., Tisdale M., Russell S., Leone A., Sweet C. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7986023">Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets</a>». <i>Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.</i>, 38, 8, agost 1994, pàg. 1864–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC284652">284652</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986023?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:7986023">7986023</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNobusawa2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nobusawa</span>, E.; Sato K «Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses». <i>J Virol</i>, 80, 7, abril 2006, pàg. 3675–8. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006">10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537638?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16537638">16537638</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-webster_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFR.1992"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">R.</span>, Webster; Bean W., Gorman O., Chambers T., Kawaoka Y. «Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses». <i>Microbiol Rev</i>, 56, 1, 1992, pàg. 152–79. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372859">372859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579108?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:1579108">1579108</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zambon-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zambon_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFZambon1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zambon</span>, M. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3">Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza</a>». <i>J Antimicrob Chemother</i>, 44 Suppl B, novembre 1999, pàg. 3–9. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F44.suppl_2.3">10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877456?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:10877456">10877456</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsuzaki-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Matsuzaki_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMatsuzaki2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Matsuzaki</span>, Y.; Sugawara K., Mizuta K., Tsuchiya E., Muraki Y., Hongo S., Suzuki H., Nakamura K. «Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998». <i>J Clin Microbiol</i>, 40, 2, 2002, pàg. 422–9. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.40.2.422-429.2002">10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153379">153379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825952?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:11825952">11825952</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMatsuzaki2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Matsuzaki</span>, Y.; Katsushima N., Nagai Y., Shoji M., Itagaki T., Sakamoto M., Kitaoka S., Mizuta K., Nishimura H. «Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children». <i>J Infect Dis</i>, 193, 9, 1 de Maig 2006, pàg. 1229–35. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F502973">10.1086/502973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16586359?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16586359">16586359</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katagiri-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Katagiri_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKatagiri1983"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Katagiri</span>, S.; Ohizumi A., Homma M. «An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home». <i>Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>, 148, 1, juliol 1983, pàg. 51–6. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6309999?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:6309999">6309999</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taubenberger2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger2_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTaubenberger2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Taubenberger</span>, J; Morens D «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm">1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics</a>». <i>Emerg Infect Dis</i>, 12, 1, 2006, pàg. 15-22. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494711?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16494711">16494711</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMartin2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Martin</span>, P.; Martin-Granel E «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit">2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic</a>». <i>Emerg Infect Dis</i>, 12, 6, Juny 2006. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16707055?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16707055">16707055</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Hippocrates; Adams, Francis (traduc.). «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html">Of the Epidemics</a>», 400 aC. [Consulta: 18 octubre 2006].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Potter_40-0">40,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Potter_40-1">40,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Potter_40-2">40,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Potter C. W. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART">A History of Influenza</a>». <i>Journal of Applied Microbiology</i>, 91, 4, Octubre 2001, pàg. 572–579. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01492.x">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11576290?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:11576290">11576290</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knobler-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Knobler_41-0">41,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Knobler_41-1">41,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Knobler_41-2">41,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Knobler_41-3">41,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Knobler_41-4">41,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&page=58">1: The Story of Influenza</a>». A: Knobler S., Mack A., Mahmoud A., Lemon S.. <i>The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005)</i>.  Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, p. 60–61.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Threat+of+Pandemic+Influenza%3A+Are+We+Ready%3F+Workshop+Summary+%282005%29&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Story+of+Influenza&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=60%E2%80%9361"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterson1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Patterson1_42-0">42,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Patterson1_42-1">42,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPatterson1991"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Patterson</span>, K. D.; Pyle GF «The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic». <i>Bull Hist Med.</i>, 65, 1, Primavera 1991, pàg. 4–21. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2021692?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:2021692">2021692</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taubenberger-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger_43-0">43,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger_43-1">43,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger_43-2">43,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTaubenberger2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Taubenberger</span>, J.; Reid A., Janczewski T., Fanning T. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/(3sud2455cjw1ut55yowx1d45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,3,22;journal,61,225;linkingpublicationresults,1:102022,1">Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus</a>». <i>Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</i>, 356, 1416, 29 de desembre 2001, pàg. 1829–39. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.1020">10.1098/rstb.2001.1020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779381?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:11779381">11779381</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSimonsen1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Simonsen</span>, L.; Clarke M., Schonberger L., Arden N., Cox N., Fukuda K. «Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution». <i>J Infect Dis</i>, 178, 1, Juliol 1998, pàg. 53–60. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9652423?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9652423">9652423</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFShimizu1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shimizu</span>, K. «History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus». <i>Nippon Rinsho</i>, 55, 10, Octubre 1997, pàg. 2505–201. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360364?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9360364">9360364</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSmith1933"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Smith</span>, W.; Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP «A virus obtained from influenza patients». <i>Lancet</i>, 2, 1933, pàg. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2800%2978541-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palese-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Palese_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Palese P. «Influenza: old and new threats». <i>Nat. Med.</i>, 10, 12 Suppl, Desembre 2004, pàg. S82–7. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1141">10.1038/nm1141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577936?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15577936">15577936</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html">Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography</a> <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Nobel" title="Fundació Nobel">Fundació Nobel</a>. Consultat el 22 d'octubre del 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKendall2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kendall</span>, H. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docstore.ingenta.com/cgi-bin/ds_deliver/1/u/d/ISIS/32620254.1/pal/jphp/2006/00000027/00000001/art00005/FB2494BF0313967611615398189A7A906334373166.pdf?link=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/error/delivery&format=pdf">Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II</a>» (<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.cat/scholar?hl=ca&lr=&q=author%3AKendall+intitle%3AVaccine+Innovation%3A+Lessons+from+World+War+II&as_publication=Journal+of+Public+Health+Policy&as_ylo=2006&as_yhi=2006&btnG=Search">Scholar search</a></sup>). <i>Journal of Public Health Policy</i>, 27, 1, 2006, pàg. 38–57. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jphp.3200064">10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grip&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="external text" href="http://canalsalut.gencat.cat/ca/vida-saludable/consells-per-a-tot-lany/consells_hivern/preveniu_grip_i_refredat">Grip i refredats</a>». <i>Canal Salut</i>.  <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat de Catalunya</a>.</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumclinic.org/actualidad/la-grip">Article divulgatiu sobre la grip humana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221115849/http://www.forumclinic.org/actualidad/la-grip">Arxivat</a> 2008-12-21 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspb.cat/quefem/documents_grip.htm">Informe epidemiològic sobre la situació de la grip a la ciutat de Barcelona (setmanal durant el període epidèmic)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222212817/http://www.aspb.cat/quefem/documents_grip.htm">Arxivat</a> 2014-02-22 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspb.cat/quefem/docs/doc_grip_cuidadors_09.pdf">Document informatiu sobre com tenir cura d'un malalt de grip a casa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180059/http://www.aspb.cat/quefem/docs/doc_grip_cuidadors_09.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2015-09-23 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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