CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914a5b853e83fd2f',cH: 'vD2QvdAMAfuEnl_uRE5jdnhcRSP_zh4T4ade9_LjwOk-1740011106-1.2.1.1-fETXAKrxMwa.uhHfmQcpj.KgfPOLbptzqXZ3LCQNE33tvWtJcAknm9Cbo5qToGHz',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=alkali%20treatment&__cf_chl_tk=ZgKc5FW74JW8JGCvEz9jgVR8UBYTRyFqnyHXxOk0irk-1740011106-1.0.1.1-o7acwOQRxRHaO21FcIIpBejve8EOG6qF1hC7UC_oxnE",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740011106',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/search?q=alkali%20treatment&__cf_chl_f_tk=ZgKc5FW74JW8JGCvEz9jgVR8UBYTRyFqnyHXxOk0irk-1740011106-1.0.1.1-o7acwOQRxRHaO21FcIIpBejve8EOG6qF1hC7UC_oxnE",md: "Ip9jWS.hr5DkS3VnD2HlhbVq8GS8dPbF63pr4Of5jBs-1740011106-1.2.1.1-RhhoBwb6Bt_CP4WrpRBQdW1cF.HQlTvjD2UmrRdy5pf3XvfnFfgp7Gv8SVyqRiZbii9CRNf7w1Kl8h46vIHvRYJGivnoYjuUkG4YgC50fUiXy3p7aWpf7LM8jp82smfXxOQN2xhzJvrVV5qQRfsthQI1MzOnPA_hwbvtDGOVRDcEzngileIuKYi_XD46vXSSXdgaPt2IfM7pKwSST0lInwe4Kgz.ZsGzj9ISN.gH7avkT97mZTs9QwynHD9PCmLEUmoECrPKoZz_aLVgwbN4OMjI.1SnTCaZqYnKcgD66yQlQa9oJWijflGMdC5ttyP9vw.HR3wq6A7baMHSQSsJ2EheRbbTTtv.pK8MEoKpaPW3OFXTYXSN4oMP1gadyfJ485GU6rX08.hkAWHsYhTlAnmh..AkK3ob79SwipfLP89Q9uMgMImkAdRsxNmdiSqqFFP_wYh3CKYthlNaTIHekFmA2ydEw91pMoa.p2MV6.4eKlhifu8Br73nL7RWzQMi3bM9c1sohlDYbwYinol6F_EnYdrzauzvtZhwhZExwtPC_dNI72x_rT0AAzbNY3iKecdmGUnT9VKK4eaxIXSQC3NUnOanBWQrlG43giA3O__sXjhH8ldTzSS65NBNDoZARL2OYYRqUz_10o9ra4dTC465i8RXY.JZ60F4l6C9F4oLOjcwdri5pd.2uNGknedDHOqBDWHNEEM3upsciLaotjYtiMyXc45H5FVvPwr3jkj47VCRuIqiQ5G6O9LyIbsh4SjcyIoI2cdTmTJdkZb49M_T_lEnDpbxPoPVvALrzaVCbiP4OEA947WlwaAhh.VSPJ2NXr_K2vBuv2vKxddrK3pn837VlqiVJX_U6HSeC2kPiszVwMRXMGKhNrhPYie994M_pTiIfOiBg7MieVVIN6fjarVoQmEn230c5fDUl7AByruLavFntf8jgLtm1Mbn5MjL.SdVZCOCo89hnZEshy6196qN6pLc5sJF5uJmqbcby_sgwDJ2JtdHVeUMRBNVpEgsLcIPxu0.JnwnYdL3kXT63aHdxJeVEMp3IPCvrgn5p0JK5as.hck9snumDK8U_WFQ3ip3jcVgZJhJGYDWfZmSQ3bdJxA29mt8KceWKkrqf.F8tpriWaksF62ASzlxKkoNfxtFhFMAj2mrYP7P6QnO5PoqIuJ1FT_k_HV3fu939AawuvRPRO8xuPqdG63.VbTndImyD1vdARHOfYkE97mbaAOt5J6gfnASoYMGfOiKhUvkGvsmgthmwUOogZDlAWkrJuI75cbKVw2Hto9vUVL5lxr.0rjinIITm2MwYxjTgCLZsGIEK3ej_RbmGESq7PzXb3.2spyghgz7GtVJ5VZq5pNTxmT_eCHIpibXTaNW25nUYXbIcRwPKqmG7ZjQa9s_Os6uvbm.1SwKt9ewtobviEHtOOPF7cHOC19EKOt2GrWDtUyxmzrBnbs2SfsXKkUyGKWKA8kkllAFYjkckZk0AjLx5BHETMDDr.a3vjh8BeTsLtNP9blL_oI2OfatxFvH3a4hIZ7X43xIrt2tAPjoceeJ2Pg4hsJh5gvOsVpns3nXlGku9ZZkIBPjh_2zdxHyQjJ45p_Gb6ZvvZDMEKkEB_RJB2eLsGfJyMFXv_yXMUqPhsUrS1XE5Mq.fkAkKijkudSlhA4GNWbQH9p_G5pXoua.OIo6h81V7ox_YAkJ5qQ3Nt9lC3.quUJ2GVcJCDCu25x_AQQfypvQqGtToiEOI4p42xxlIubB1kD0MOGclIMeJnT50xUU4pf8CGpW64KoZA070zhLlw6fi0r2T.jfZO8ud953VSNxfvcxFPUyNufeztUUgg_V1ZswUBRHFaj4imbyRYxrnk1Y2e5p34nUVg8IvQaN0kKco9NnCXEgnETMbha27UClAfhWgrDb3UBHX4xWkY9FPEV2Mv25rw",mdrd: "W_ti7x_Sp6RhocI9xlAufWaUu99IXQlAoDqd1Ht2Tr8-1740011106-1.2.1.1-LO4XafjgkThRuj3GXpQSfyf.xOjMLPZerhFh8VKxXhEYFZmTa3X7PP.O2BpawBz_b06PN005RMoqRU2OSoRL3jPfARBSTnObaPZLt2TRMRr0LmLxXaDeVZzEXjYldD3OYpxB3FnYkBr99vwz_0Zws77JuMju5FN7Yq3GYvk2bnMR8v2hY.2Kd1e7664iMawFTDTo9.3ImokQZU2n3v4AxsJc7Yq.QeNVquaYcy6PTlMrC5pD9rXxunHfAHxjvbvzz02QVnYy3brBQmdOhZ_sIQ14ZDkOpE7GXOZlTBvW2pb6oT5TkHbDjdajyA1aBmBeaHWEtLOuhprhTXzZd1hUAaahxPArTLZDVaGToo0hsGBWRzOl1JP778Y50Ckd9Cx3jPCbvqL.lC6hJkHaylhhTmxPif_0mx09RSEvJq2NUtGG6zk.3_k0zBXyxbSzcDPNuiXb1Ih9QZFTpWxYaJKZn9nEZT09LrNOotRW8JjyPGJgq02sOezcay64mk2sqAKFznwHdwuO_45kIMz.FudLA.J1r3Tgn0DKjv1s.fcp17N_3DOyZItUUcv3.f2D82stnznZzvhNXh3jnjNFnzuZB0vi0C8ZV23iXKU8a2j3RrqyvvR7dTefj8Fute6meTUzUWJX8Jvh8LxCRsCLVz.tgjnu5f1u44lpviQvc3B8MNTCIsMm3i6QcflT_xwI13ck9kLgup2RTwgzHvnl88kbBhf3ADsGUenLIOBuU1ldlf6uB1tbkNznW8rmLjnCIlpogs7de0_nQ2mXR.QJn6af1pbgOdoUHIrJCILZZ85mi8v8EqMfPD8Evs57zcxbgMHpAAw0CwVrFX3XLoiAonW4JDY.axZQZnbAcE2ETdzoKs4hgMRGeBg3zgTIzLKNcdrqW6ayHhdJN_fson2cGyRZ_rCVr98JiT9pKWElf7IUeClhybONbgTHS9WEc5otQLaujhx8xw.pn09wUeqKZ89f_4YEqpZrl9rAiyBDOl37kl80yfqMg86EyerDyETcXOJ3gGmIzYStY45dBkrrWTDh8Nnz9h_1336h1jcLI1CrM4bxiS9tyzoDVKEsZCKYoTSVleVCsl9JRI.0x5zGQGhXKvkGfr.xGi5zb8NWDqoPB3N3w2vdPBOcEaB7antCrnXNrNqJSAVJhmBG9I8tH_eWHzG1uvEPOFcU01L7qmCQNtsIKVohMHsCsFOtVeq9pKH.8S_TSza8ABc8abYQdrxio8i8bvoGqKONXiCt0CgIKo8UARE1HkyxY90tBNLHKtIXnQwgdgiudHPNtywmOfoktmYLtc78vJJd2FAcYXoJZW6cdasM8o5vuKM6y48EH7vwxMU_uuAd299J.zY9_7Y8NxRBPNRxkcIsxvYYWGULUMaTnSmy_tJrATDkIwvpjZPz7fX_UuUhRUxKO68ZtDuUe9hDVKgSKerA36oQPVETY8nMHfBKvBhXodd36fDTpQas2.B0KJBHfe2SIbQnMm3wpclpyIhvNBhCr30rDdoO7Ic4D3RWWrAYDJriweKu666DhcAQYZ7qYTvlWa4XrPklY3LmD2fK51M9PJyZ5fq6V1KYQz2Ytu4zdwJ5prLQuMZO9.68nCR3qBFlq29L2nl0CxGf9w7Vk9mPXSrjFiGnTANIONBtyfaahN1hMr2XJ.xWw5sAUud7KzONNfsig3mIwJQ5mTvLbi.QL80VX7NuR9jAjiNqStNCI.WZPGQYoY8gsMp3m7Szn41qyZQQpA.TKZIDPWUxB1.uBtetA6fFjWMvzsFOmm1A_3C32b4XTDQvASH07FGhXWcyQOzVdhsLgoudYwnwgw7n7zQFO1SuWVJlYSxEJz6cW17ju49SUUBDISU_wH4loXB9_aUmlncLz01wxArZU8juJEcZrjMlVplNjYbdx8oinyA8XA2wOqqnEU9vz_34DrMgxNEQWYAQlUI3Z2pDywhE7oDgMwnOCCbHK5.e.6GgBM6OGtu5oDwB5LFm7lQ0GhXzLHwD6tNdpw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914a5b853e83fd2f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=alkali%20treatment&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ZgKc5FW74JW8JGCvEz9jgVR8UBYTRyFqnyHXxOk0irk-1740011106-1.0.1.1-o7acwOQRxRHaO21FcIIpBejve8EOG6qF1hC7UC_oxnE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>