CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="cy" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tsieina - Wicipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cywikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Ionawr","Chwefror","Mawrth","Ebrill","Mai","Mehefin","Gorffennaf","Awst","Medi","Hydref","Tachwedd","Rhagfyr"],"wgRequestId":"c981656b-fc21-438d-98ff-4d2d37c982f0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tsieina","wgTitle":"Tsieina","wgCurRevisionId":11834249,"wgRevisionId":11834249,"wgArticleId":1806,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion","Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata","Erthyglau microfformat hAudio","Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers","Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tsieineeg","Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Portiwgaleg","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Tsieina","Gwladwriaethau a thiriogaethau a sefydlwyd ym 1949","Gweriniaethau","Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina","Aelod-wladwriaethau'r Cenhedloedd Unedig","Aelod-wladwriaethau'r G20","Gwledydd Asia", "Gwladwriaethau comiwnyddol"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tsieina","wgRelevantArticleId":1806,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"cy","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"cy"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q29520", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tsieina - Wicipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieina"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Golygu" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wicipedia (cy)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cy.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieina"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tsieina rootpage-Tsieina skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Tsieina" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Tsieina" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Tsieina" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Tsieina" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geirdarddiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geirdarddiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geirdarddiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geirdarddiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hanes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Hanes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cynhanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynhanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cynhanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynhanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rheol_dynastig_gynnar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rheol_dynastig_gynnar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rheol dynastig gynnar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rheol_dynastig_gynnar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsieina_Ymerodrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsieina_Ymerodrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tsieina Ymerodrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsieina_Ymerodrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teyrnasoedd_Ffiwdal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teyrnasoedd_Ffiwdal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Teyrnasoedd Ffiwdal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teyrnasoedd_Ffiwdal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ymerodraeth_Tsieina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ymerodraeth_Tsieina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ymerodraeth Tsieina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ymerodraeth_Tsieina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Gweler hefyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsieina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 77 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="الصين (منطقة) - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصين (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2_(%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90)" title="ܨܝܢ (ܐܪܥܐ) - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܝܢ (ܐܪܥܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97_(%C5%A1al%C4%97s)" title="Kėnėjė (šalės) - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėjė (šalės)" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC" title="ཀྲུང་གོ - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་གོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_(d%C3%AA-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%86)" title="Dṳ̆ng-guók (dê-kṳ̆) - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-guók (dê-kṳ̆)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85)" title="چین (ھەرێم) - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چین (ھەرێم)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82" title="རྒྱ་ནག - Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="རྒྱ་ནག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(region)" title="China (region) - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="China (region)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inio_(regiono)" title="Ĉinio (regiono) - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio (regiono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="China (región) - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="China (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_(maa)" title="Hiina (maa) - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina (maa)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinaren_izenak" title="Txinaren izenak - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinaren izenak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ملت چین - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملت چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C2%B7ina" title="Ch·ina - Arpitaneg" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ch·ina" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADn" title="An tSín - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACona_(roinn_chultarach)" title="Sìona (roinn chultarach) - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìona (roinn chultarach)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(rexi%C3%B3n)" title="China (rexión) - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="China (rexión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heen" title="Yn Çheen - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_(thi-kh%C3%AE)" title="Chûng-koet (thi-khî) - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet (thi-khî)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="סין (אזור) - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סין (אזור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_(istilah)" title="Tiongkok (istilah) - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok (istilah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_(menningarsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Kína (menningarsvæði) - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kína (menningarsvæði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaina" title="Chaina - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಚೀನಾ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD" title="중국 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Къытай (тарих регион) - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай (тарих регион)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Cwleneg" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Cwleneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinae_(regio)" title="Sinae (regio) - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinae (regio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinija_(regionas)" title="Kinija (regionas) - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinija (regionas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna_(re%C4%A3ions)" title="Ķīna (reģions) - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīna (reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചൈനീസ് സംസ്കാരം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(kawasan)" title="China (kawasan) - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="China (kawasan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina-regionen" title="Kina-regionen - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kina-regionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_(kulturomr%C3%A5de)" title="Kina (kulturområde) - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kina (kulturområde)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinne" title="Chinne - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chinne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kine" title="Kine - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Almaeneg Palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="चीन - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiny_(region)" title="Chiny (region) - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chiny (region)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa" title="Chunwa - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="चीनः (क्षेत्रम्) - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनः (क्षेत्रम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenae_(region)" title="Cheenae (region) - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenae (region)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna_(civiliz%C3%A1cia)" title="Čína (civilizácia) - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čína (civilizácia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajska" title="Kitajska - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Кина (регион) - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кина (регион)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok_(istilah)" title="Tiongkok (istilah) - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tiongkok (istilah)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina_(region)" title="Kina (region) - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kina (region)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சீனா (பக்கவழி நெறிப்படுத்துதல்) - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனா (பக்கவழி நெறிப்படுத்துதல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina_(kainkain_mining)" title="Saina (kainkain mining) - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saina (kainkain mining)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_(b%C3%B6lge)" title="Çin (bölge) - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin (bölge)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="خىتاي - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خىتاي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c_(khu_v%E1%BB%B1c)" title="Trung Quốc (khu vực) - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc (khu vực)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Ṣáínà - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghgoz_(digih)" title="Cunghgoz (digih) - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghgoz (digih)" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_(i%C5%8Dng-g%C3%AD)" title="Tiong-kok (iōng-gí) - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok (iōng-gí)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsieina" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Tsieina" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsieina"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsieina"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Tsieina" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Tsieina" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&oldid=11834249" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Tsieina&id=11834249&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsieina"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsieina"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tsieina"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tsieina&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_/_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29520" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Tsieina</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><i><b>Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó</b></i><br /><b>中华人民共和国</b><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/170px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/340px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td>Gwlad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enwyd ar ôl</th><td>Qin, Chu, Yelang, Khitan people, Jin, Tuoba, Dahe, <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Han" title="Brenhinllin Han">Brenhinllin Han</a>, Northern Wei, Rinan, Qi, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29520?uselang=cy#P138" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cylchfa amser</th><td>UTC+08:00 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29520?uselang=cy#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Daearyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfesurynnau</th><td>35°N 105°E <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29520?uselang=cy#P625" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-lat="40" data-lon="110" data-overlays="["_c1236b564770671d745edb7449a11f4c238367f7"]" href="/wiki/Arbennig:Map/8/40/110/cy"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,40,110,280x250.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Tsieina&revid=11834249&groups=_c1236b564770671d745edb7449a11f4c238367f7" width="280" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,40,110,280x250@2x.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Tsieina&revid=11834249&groups=_c1236b564770671d745edb7449a11f4c238367f7 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:CHN_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/270px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/405px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/540px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:China">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Comin</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29520" class="extiw" title="d:Q29520">golygwch ar Wicidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>Pwnc yr erthygl hon yw y gwareiddiad Tsieineeg a'r ardal ddaearyddol yn nwyrain Asia. Os am ystyron eraill y gair gweler <a href="/wiki/Tsieina_(gwahaniaethu)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tsieina (gwahaniaethu)">Tsieina (gwahaniaethu)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>Mae <b>Tsieina</b> (hefyd <b>Tseina</b> neu <b>China</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Tsieineeg" title="Tsieineeg">Tsieineeg</a> traddodiadol: 中國, Tsieineeg symledig: 中国, pinyin: <span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Zh-zhongguo.ogg" title=""Cymorth – Sain""><img alt=""Cymorth – Sain"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Zh-zhongguo.ogg" class="internal" title="Zh-zhongguo.ogg">Zhōngguó</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Tiwtorial" title="Wicipedia:Tiwtorial"><span style="cursor:help;"></span></a><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Zh-zhongguo.ogg" title="Delwedd:Zh-zhongguo.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;"></span></a></small></span>) yn endid gwleidyddol a daearyddol yn nwyrain <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. </p><p>Mae'n wlad yn <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Asia" title="Dwyrain Asia">Nwyrain Asia</a> ac yn <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth" title="Gweriniaeth">weriniaeth sosialaidd</a> un blaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwladwriaeth_unedol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwladwriaeth unedol (dim tudalen ar gael)">unedol</a> dan arweiniad <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Gomiwnyddol_Tsieina" title="Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tsieina">Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tsieina</a> (CPC). Hi yw <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwledydd_yn_nhrefn_eu_poblogaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwledydd yn nhrefn eu poblogaeth">gwlad fwyaf poblog</a> y byd, gyda phoblogaeth o fwy na 1.4 biliwn. Mae Tsieina'n dilyn un amser safonol sef UTC + 08: 00 er ei fod, mewn gwirionedd, yn rhychwantu pum <a href="/wiki/Cylchfa_amser" title="Cylchfa amser">cylchfa amser</a> daearyddol ac yn ffinio â 14 gwlad, yr ail fwyaf o unrhyw wlad yn y byd, ar ôl <a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a>. Mae ei harwynebedd oddeutu 9.6 miliwn cilometr sgwâr (3.7 miliwn milltir<sup>2</sup>), hi yw trydedd neu bedwaredd wlad fwyaf y byd. Rhennir y wlad yn swyddogol yn 23 talaith (Saesneg<i>: provin</i>ce, Mandarin: <i>Shěng-jí xíngzhèngq)</i>, pum rhanbarth ymreolaethol, a phedair bwrdeirefyn <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (y <a href="/wiki/Prifddinas" title="Prifddinas">brifddinas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (y ddinas fwya), a <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, yn ogystal â dau ranbarth gweinyddol arbennig: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong">Hong Cong</a> a <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macu</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:ChinaGeography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ChinaGeography.png/400px-ChinaGeography.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ChinaGeography.png/600px-ChinaGeography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ChinaGeography.png/800px-ChinaGeography.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Daeth Tsieina i'r amlwg fel un o wareiddiadau cynta'r byd, ym masn ffrwythlon yr <a href="/wiki/Huang_He" title="Huang He">Afon Felen (y</a> <a href="/wiki/Huang_He" title="Huang He">Huang He</a>) ynng Ngwastadedd Gogledd Tsieina. Roedd Tsieina yn un o bwerau economaidd mwyaf blaenllaw'r byd ar gyfer y rhan fwyaf o'r ddwy fileniwm o <a href="/wiki/1g" class="mw-redirect" title="1g">1g</a> tan y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>. Am filoedd o flynyddoedd, roedd system wleidyddol Tsieina wedi'i seilio ar frenhiniaeth etifeddol absoliwt, neu linach (<i>dynasty</i>), gan ddechrau gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Xia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Xia (dim tudalen ar gael)">llinach Xia</a> yn 21g CC. Ers hynny, mae Tsieina wedi ehangu, chwalu ac ail-uno sawl gwaith. Yn y 3g CC, adunodd y Qin y rhan fwyaf o Tsieina a sefydlu'r <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qin" title="Brenhinllin Qin">ymerodraeth Tsieineaidd gyntaf</a> sef <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qin" title="Brenhinllin Qin">Brenhinllin Qin</a>. Gwelodd <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Han" title="Brenhinllin Han">Brenhinllin Han</a> a'i holynodd (206 ÔC-220 ÔC) beth o'r dechnoleg fwyaf datblygedig ar yr adeg honno, gan gynnwys cynhyrchu papur a'r <a href="/wiki/Cwmpawd" title="Cwmpawd">cwmpawd</a>, ynghyd â gwelliannau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amaethyddol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amaethyddol (dim tudalen ar gael)">amaethyddol</a> a <a href="/wiki/Meddygol" class="mw-redirect" title="Meddygol">meddygol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powdwr_gwn" title="Powdwr gwn">powdwr gwn</a> ac argraffu yn ystod <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Tang" title="Brenhinllin Tang">Brenhinllin Tang</a> (618-907) a Brenhiniaeth y Song Gogleddol (960–1127). </p><p>Ymledodd diwylliant Tang yn eang drwy <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, wrth i'r <a href="/wiki/Ffordd_y_Sidan" title="Ffordd y Sidan">Ffordd y Sidan</a> newydd ddod â masnachwyr gyn belled â <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> a <a href="/wiki/Corn_Affrica" title="Corn Affrica">Chorn Affrica</a>. </p><p>Dioddefodd <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qing" title="Brenhinllin Qing">Brenhinllin Qing</a> yn drwm dan ormes imperialaeth tramor, negis Lloegr. Dyma linach olaf Tsieina, a sail tiriogaethol ar gyfer y Tsieina fodern. Cwympodd brenhiniaeth Tsieineaidd ym 1912 gyda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chwyldro_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chwyldro 1911 (dim tudalen ar gael)">Chwyldro 1911</a>, pan ddisodlodd <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Tsieina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gweriniaeth Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Tsieina (ROC)</a> <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qing" title="Brenhinllin Qing">Brenhinllin Qing</a>. Ymosododd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodraeth_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymerodraeth Japan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ymerodraeth Japan</a> ar Tsieina yn ystod yr <a href="/wiki/Ail_Ryfel_Byd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ail Ryfel Byd">Ail Ryfel Byd</a>. </p><p>Yn 1948 arweiniodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyfel_Cartref_Tseina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyfel Cartref Tseina (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhyfel Cartref Tseina</a> at rannu tiriogaethau pan sefydlodd <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Gomiwnyddol_Tsieina" title="Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tsieina">Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tseiniaidd</a> (CCP), dan arweiniad <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, Weriniaeth Pobl Tsieina ar dir mawr Tsieina tra enciliodd Kuomintang dan arweiniad llywodraeth ROC i ynys Taiwan. Yn 2021 roedd y PRC a'r ROC ill dau'n honni mai nhw yw unig lywodraeth gyfreithlon Tsieina, gan arwain at anghydfod parhaus hyd yn oed ar ôl i'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Y Cenhedloedd Unedig">Cenhedloedd Unedig</a> gydnabod y PRC fel y llywodraeth sqyddogol. </p><p>Mae'r wlad yn aelod parhaol o <a href="/wiki/Cyngor_Diogelwch_y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Cyngor Diogelwch y Cenhedloedd Unedig">Gyngor Diogelwch y Cenhedloedd Unedig</a> ac yn aelod o sawl sefydliad fel Banc Buddsoddi Seilwaith Asiaidd, Cronfa'r Ffordd y Sidan, y Banc Datblygu Newydd, Sefydliad Cydweithredol Shanghai, a'r Partneriaeth Economaidd Cynhwysfawr Rhanbarthol, ac mae hefyd yn aelod o <a href="/w/index.php?title=BRICS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRICS (dim tudalen ar gael)">BRICS</a>, y G8 + 5, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=G20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G20 (dim tudalen ar gael)">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/APEC" title="APEC">APEC</a>, ac Uwchgynhadledd Dwyrain Asia. </p><p>Mae ymhlith yr isaf o holl wledydd y byd mewn mesuriadau rhyngwladol o ran: rhyddid sifil, tryloywder ei llywodraeth, rhyddid y wasg, rhyddid crefydd a lleiafrifoedd ethnig. Mae awdurdodau Tsieineaidd wedi cael eu beirniadu gan wleidyddol ac actifyddion <a href="/wiki/Hawliau_dynol" title="Hawliau dynol">hawliau dynol</a> am gam-drin hawliau dynol ar raddfa fawr, gan gynnwys <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gormes_gwleidyddol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gormes gwleidyddol (dim tudalen ar gael)">gormes gwleidyddol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensoriaeth_yn_Tsieina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensoriaeth yn Tsieina (dim tudalen ar gael)">sensoriaeth</a> dorfol, monitro torfol o'u dinasyddion ac atal protestiadau mewn modd treisgar. </p><p>Ar ôl diwygiadau economaidd ym 1978, a'i mynediad i <a href="/wiki/Sefydliad_Masnach_y_Byd" title="Sefydliad Masnach y Byd">Sefydliad Masnach y Byd</a> yn 2001, daeth economi Tsieina yn wlad ail-fwyaf trwy <a href="/wiki/Cynnyrch_Mewnwladol_Crynswth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynnyrch Mewnwladol Crynswth">Gynnyrch Mewnwladol Crynswth</a> enwol yn 2010 a thyfodd i'r mwyaf yn y byd o ran PPP yn 2014. Tsieina yw'r economi sy'n tyfu gyflymaf yn y byd, y genedl ail gyfoethocaf yn y byd, a <a href="/wiki/Gweithgynhyrchu" title="Gweithgynhyrchu">gwneuthurwr</a> ac allforiwr mwya'r byd. Mae gan y genedl fyddin sefydlog gryfaf yn y byd - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Byddin_Rhyddid_y_Bobl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byddin Rhyddid y Bobl (dim tudalen ar gael)">Byddin Rhyddid y Bobl</a> - y gyllideb amddiffyn ail-fwyaf, ac mae'n <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_o_wledydd_sydd_ag_arfau_niwclear" title="Rhestr o wledydd sydd ag arfau niwclear">wladwriaeth arfau niwclear</a> gydnabyddedig. Caiff ei chyfri'n uwch-bŵer posib oherwydd ei heconomi fawr a'i grym milwrol. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geirdarddiad">Geirdarddiad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Geirdarddiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geirdarddiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benthyciodd y Gymraeg y gair <i>Tsieina</i> o'r Saesneg <i>China</i> ers yr <a href="/wiki/16g" class="mw-redirect" title="16g">16g</a>; fodd bynnag, nid y gair hwn a ddefnyddiwyd gan y Tsieineaid eu hunain yn ystod y cyfnod hwn. Mae ei darddiad wedi cael ei olrhain trwy'r <a href="/wiki/Portiwgaleg" title="Portiwgaleg">Bortiwgaleg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maleisia" title="Maleisia">Maleieg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Perseg" title="Perseg">Pherseg</a> <i>čin</i> (چین) yn ôl i'r gair <a href="/wiki/Sansgrit" title="Sansgrit">Sansgrit</a> <i>cīna</i> (चीन), a ddefnyddir yn yr <a href="/wiki/Hanes_India" title="Hanes India">India hynafol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defnyddiwyd <i>cīna</i> yn gyntaf yn yr ysgrythur Hindŵaidd gynnar, gan gynnwys y <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/5g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="5g CC">5g CC</a>) a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manusmṛti (dim tudalen ar gael)">Deddfau Manu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/2g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="2g CC">2g CC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-wade_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn 1655, awgrymodd Martino Martini fod y gair <i>China</i> yn deillio yn y pen draw o enw <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qin" title="Brenhinllin Qin">Brenhinllin Qin</a> (221–206 CC).<sup id="cite_ref-wade_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martini_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er bod defnydd mewn ffynonellau Indiaidd yn rhagflaenu'r frenhiniaeth hon, rhoddir y tarddiad hwn mewn amryw ffynonellau o hyd.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae tarddiad y gair Sansgrit yn destun dadl, yn ôl <i>Geiriadur Saesneg Rhydychen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceir awgrymiadau niferus gan gynnwys yr enwau ar gyfer Yelang a thalaith Jing neu Chu.<sup id="cite_ref-wade_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd><span class="boilerplate seealso"><i>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Hanes_Tsieina" title="Hanes Tsieina">Hanes Tsieina</a></i></span></dd></dl></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cynhanes">Cynhanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Cynhanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Cynhanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption> Crochenwaith 10,000 mlwydd oed, diwylliant Ogof Xianren (18000-7000 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ceir tystiolaeth archeolegol sy'n awgrymu bod <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominidau</a> cynnar yn byw yn Tsieina 2.25 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl (CP).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darganfuwyd ffosiliau hominid <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_pekinensis" title="Homo erectus pekinensis">Dyn Peking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_pekinensis" title="Homo erectus pekinensis">Homo erectus pekinensis</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> a ddefnyddiai dân,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mewn ogof yn Zhoukoudian ger <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>; dyddiwyd y gweddillion yma i rhwng 680,000 a 780,000 o <a href="/wiki/CP" title="CP">flynyddoedd yn ôl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated198_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated198-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darganfuwyd <a href="/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil">dannedd ffosiledig</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> (dyddiedig i 125,000-80,000 <a href="/wiki/CP" title="CP">CP</a>) yn Ogof Fuyan yn Sir Dao, <a href="/wiki/Hunan_(talaith)" title="Hunan (talaith)">Hunan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gwyddom fod ysgrifennu cynnar yn bodoli yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiahu (dim tudalen ar gael)">Jiahu</a> tua 7000 CC,<sup id="cite_ref-earliest_writing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earliest_writing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hefyd yn Damaidi tua 6000 BCE, Dadiwan rhwng 5800 a 5400 BCE, a Banpo a ddyddiwyd i'r 5ed mileniwm CC. Mae rhai ysgolheigion wedi awgrymu mai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolau_Jiahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolau Jiahu (dim tudalen ar gael)">symbolau Jiahu</a> (7fed mileniwm BCE) oedd y system ysgrifennu Tsieineaidd gynharaf.<sup id="cite_ref-earliest_writing_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earliest_writing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rheol_dynastig_gynnar">Rheol dynastig gynnar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Rheol dynastig gynnar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Rheol dynastig gynnar"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption> Yinxu, adfeilion prifddinas <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Shang" title="Brenhinllin Shang">Brenhinllin Shang</a> hwyr (o'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=14g_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14g CC (dim tudalen ar gael)">14g CC</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Yn ôl traddodiad Tsieineaidd, y brenhinllyn cyntaf oedd y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Xia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Xia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Xia</a>, a ddaeth i'r amlwg tua 2100 CC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd llinach Xia yn nodi dechrau system wleidyddol o frenhiniaeth etifeddol, neu linach, a barhaodd am mileniwm gyfan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ystyriwyd y linach yn ffuglen chwedlonol gan haneswyr nes i dystiolaeth gwyddonol drwy archaeoleg ddod o hyd i safleoedd <a href="/wiki/Oes_yr_Efydd" title="Oes yr Efydd">cynnar yn yr Oes Efydd</a> yn Erlitou, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> ym 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'n parhau i fod yn aneglur ai olion llinach Xia neu ddiwylliant arall o'r un cyfnod yw'r safleoedd hyn.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Shang" title="Brenhinllin Shang">Brenhinllin olynol Shang</a> yw'r cynharaf i gael ei gadarnhau gan gofnodion cyfoes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roedd y Shang yn rheoli gwastadedd yr <a href="/wiki/Huang_He" title="Huang He">Afon Felen (</a><a href="/wiki/Huang_He" title="Huang He">Huang He</a>) yn nwyrain Tsieina o'r 17g i'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=11g_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11g CC (dim tudalen ar gael)">11g CC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gorchfygwyd y Shang gan y <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Zhou" title="Brenhinllin Zhou">Zhou</a>, a deyrnasodd rhwng yr 11g a'r <a href="/wiki/5g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="5g CC">5g CC</a>. Yn y pen draw, daeth rhai tywysogaethau i'r amlwg o'r Zhou gwan, nad oeddent bellach yn ufuddhau'n llawn i frenin Zhou, ac a oedd yn rhyfela'n barhaus gyda'i gilydd dros gyfnod o 300 mlynedd. Erbyn cyfnod y <a href="/wiki/Cyfnod_y_Gwladwriaethau_Rhyfelgar" title="Cyfnod y Gwladwriaethau Rhyfelgar">Gwladwriaethau Rhyfelgar</a> o'r 5ed - <a href="/wiki/3g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="3g CC">3</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=G_CC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G CC (dim tudalen ar gael)">g CC</a>, dim ond saith talaith bwerus oedd ar ôl.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsieina_Ymerodrol">Tsieina Ymerodrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Tsieina Ymerodrol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tsieina Ymerodrol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/220px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/330px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/440px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>Mae ymerawdwr cyntaf Tsieina, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, yn enwog am iddo uno waliau'r Taleithiau Rhyfelgar i ffurfio <a href="/wiki/Mur_Mawr_Tsieina" title="Mur Mawr Tsieina">Mur Mawr Tsieina</a>. Mae'r rhan fwyaf o'r strwythur presennol, fodd bynnag, yn dyddio i linach Ming.</figcaption></figure> <p>Daeth <a href="/wiki/Cyfnod_y_Gwladwriaethau_Rhyfelgar" title="Cyfnod y Gwladwriaethau Rhyfelgar">Cyfnod y Gwladwriaethau Rhyfelgar</a> i ben yn <a href="/wiki/221_CC" title="221 CC">221 CC</a> ar ôl i Frenhinllyn Qin orchfygu'r chwe theyrnas arall, aduno Tsieina a sefydlu trefn ddominyddol awtocrataidd. Cyhoeddodd y Brenin Zheng o <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin</a> ei hun yn <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Ymerawdwr Cyntaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qin" title="Brenhinllin Qin">llinach Qin</a>. Deddfodd ddiwygiadau cyfreithiiol Qin ledled Tsieina, gan safoni <a href="/wiki/Arwyddlun_Tsieineaidd" title="Arwyddlun Tsieineaidd">cymeriadau (ysgrifen) Tsieineaidd</a>, mesuriadau safonol, lled ffyrdd (h.y., hyd echelau cart), ac arian cyfred. Gorchfygodd ei linach lwythau Yue yn <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fietnam" title="Fietnam">Fietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dim ond pymtheng mlynedd y parhaodd llinach Qin, gan ddymchwel yn fuan ar ôl marwolaeth yr Ymerawdwr Cyntaf, wrth i’w bolisïau awdurdodol, llym arwain at wrthryfel eang.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodde1986_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodde1986-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teyrnasoedd_Ffiwdal">Teyrnasoedd Ffiwdal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Teyrnasoedd Ffiwdal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Teyrnasoedd Ffiwdal"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2205 CC – 1706 CC <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Xia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Xia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin Xia</a></li> <li>1750 CC – 1122 CC <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Shang" title="Brenhinllin Shang">Brenhinllin Shang</a></li> <li>1122 CC – 256 CC <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Zhou" title="Brenhinllin Zhou">Brenhinllin Zhou</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ymerodraeth_Tsieina">Ymerodraeth Tsieina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Ymerodraeth Tsieina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ymerodraeth Tsieina"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>221 CC – 206 CC <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qin" title="Brenhinllin Qin">Brenhinllin Qin</a></li> <li>206 CC – 220 OC <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Han" title="Brenhinllin Han">Brenhinllin Han</a></li> <li>220 – 280 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y_Tair_Teyrnas_(Tsieina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y Tair Teyrnas (Tsieina) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cyfnod y Tair Teyrnas</a></li> <li>265 – 420 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Jin_(265-420)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Jin (265-420) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin Jin</a></li> <li>316 – 439 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfnod_yr_Un_Teyrnas_ar_Bymtheg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfnod yr Un Teyrnas ar Bymtheg (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cyfnod yr Un Teyrnas ar Bymtheg</a></li> <li>420 – 589 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_y_De_a%27r_Gogledd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin y De a'r Gogledd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin y De a'r Gogledd</a></li> <li>581 – 618 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Sui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Sui (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin Sui</a></li> <li>618 – 907 <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Tang" title="Brenhinllin Tang">Brenhinllin Tang</a></li> <li>907 – 960 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfnod_y_Pum_Brenhinllin_a%27r_Deg_Brenin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfnod y Pum Brenhinllin a'r Deg Brenin (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cyfnod y Pum Brenhinllin a'r Deg Brenin</a></li> <li>916 – 1125 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Liao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Liao (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin Liao</a></li> <li>960 – 1279 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Song (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin Song</a></li> <li>1032 – 1227 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia_Gorllewinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xia Gorllewinol (dim tudalen ar gael)">Xia Gorllewinol</a></li> <li>1115 – 1234 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenhinllin_Jin_(1115-1234)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenhinllin Jin (1115-1234) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brenhinllin Jin</a></li> <li>1279 – 1368 <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Yuan" title="Brenhinllin Yuan">Brenhinllin Yuan</a></li> <li>1368 – 1644 <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Ming" title="Brenhinllin Ming">Brenhinllin Ming</a></li> <li>1644 – 1911 <a href="/wiki/Brenhinllin_Qing" title="Brenhinllin Qing">Brenhinllin Qing</a></li></ul> <p>Yn dilyn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwrthyfel_Xinhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwrthyfel Xinhai (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gwrthyfel Xinhai</a>, ymddiswyddodd yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodres_Longyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymerodres Longyu (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ymerodres Longyu</a> ar ran yr ymerawdwr olaf, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puyi (dim tudalen ar gael)">Puyi</a>, ar <a href="/wiki/12_Chwefror" title="12 Chwefror">12 Chwefror</a> <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> rhannwyd Tsieina yn ddwy <a href="/wiki/Wladwriaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladwriaeth">wladwriaeth</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a> (中华人民共和国, <i>Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó</i>) (y tir mawr), a</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Tsieina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gweriniaeth Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Tsieina</a> (中華民國, <i>JhongHuá MínGuó</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong">Hong Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/31735?">"China"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F31735%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wade-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wade_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wade_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wade_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Geoff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martini-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Martini_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martino, Martin, <i>Novus Atlas Sinensis</i>, Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBodde,_Derk1978" class="citation book">Bodde, Derk (1978). Denis Twitchett; Michael Loewe (gol.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC&pg=PA20"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220</i></a>. t. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+220&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft.au=Bodde%2C+Derk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2HKxK5N2sAC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYule,_Henry1866" class="citation book">Yule, Henry (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&pg=PA3"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither</i></a>. tt. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-206-1966-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-206-1966-1"><bdi>978-81-206-1966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=1866&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1966-1&rft.au=Yule%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqgAb41ifIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCiochonLarick2000" class="citation web">Ciochon, Russell; Larick, Roy (1 Ionawr 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/china.html">"Early Homo erectus Tools in China"</a>. Archaeology (magazine)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">30 Tachwedd</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Homo+erectus+Tools+in+China&rft.pub=Archaeology+%28magazine%29&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.aulast=Ciochon&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Larick%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0001%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fchina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160018/http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm">"The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian"</a>. UNESCO. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 23 Mehefin 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">6 Mawrth</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Peking+Man+World+Heritage+Site+at+Zhoukoudian&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fext%2Ffield%2Fbeijing%2Fwhc%2Fpkm-site.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated198-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated198_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Shen, G.; Gao, X.; Gao, B.; Granger, De (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e">"Age of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus determined with (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>458</b> (7235): 198–200. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.458..198S">2009Natur.458..198S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07741">10.1038/nature07741</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19279636">19279636</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e">https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d502c36487e27d90c7962fc60d28c48ab16c8f0e</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2015" class="citation news">Rincon, Paul (14 Hydref 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861">"Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">14 Hydref</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fossil+teeth+place+humans+in+Asia+%2720%2C000+years+early%27&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-34531861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earliest_writing-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-earliest_writing_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-earliest_writing_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2003" class="citation news">Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2956925.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Earliest writing' found in China"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">14 Ionawr</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Earliest+writing%27+found+in+China&rft.date=2003-04-17&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F2956925.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2009" class="citation book">Tanner, Harold M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA35"><i>China: A History</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. tt. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIWC9wCX2c8C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project (dim tudalen ar gael)">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a> by People's Republic of China</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725062916/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/chbro_bron.shtm">"Bronze Age China"</a>. National Gallery of Art. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/chbro_bron.shtm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 25 Gorffennaf 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">11 Gorffennaf</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+China&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fexhibitions%2Fchbro_bron.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA25"><i>China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization</i></a>. City University of HK Press. 2007. t. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-962-937-140-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-962-937-140-1"><bdi>978-962-937-140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Five+Thousand+Years+of+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=City+University+of+HK+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-962-937-140-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-fAxn_9f8wC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2011" class="citation book">Pletcher, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1nwvKNPMWkC&pg=PA35"><i>The History of China</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. t. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61530-181-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61530-181-2"><bdi>978-1-61530-181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+China&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-181-2&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA1nwvKNPMWkC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerFowler2008" class="citation book">Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC&pg=PA17"><i>Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. t. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6"><bdi>978-1-84519-172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religions%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-172-6&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Merv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpJNfIAZltoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Warring-States">"Warring States"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warring+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWarring-States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Qian, Translated by Burton Watson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodde1986-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bodde1986_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bodde, Derk. (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2007_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book">Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo"><i>The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han</i></a>. London: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-674-02477-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-674-02477-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Chinese+Empires%3A+Qin+and+Han&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02477-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofimperia00broo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATsieina" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="toccolours" style="clear: both; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="lightsteelblue"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th style="background:#ccf; font-size:90%"><span style="font-size:small;"><a href="/wiki/Rhanbarthau_gwleidyddol_Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Rhanbarthau gwleidyddol Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Israniadau gweinyddol Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="whitesmoke">Taleithiau </th> <td bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="center" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hunan_(talaith)" title="Hunan (talaith)">Hunan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="whitesmoke">Taleithiau dinesig </th> <td bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="center" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="whitesmoke">Rhanbarthau ymreolaethol </th> <td bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="center" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_Fewnol" title="Mongolia Fewnol">Mongolia Fewnol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rhanbarth_Ymreolaethol_Tibet" title="Rhanbarth Ymreolaethol Tibet">Tibet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="whitesmoke">Rhanbarthau Gweinyddol Arbennig </th> <td bgcolor="whitesmoke" align="center" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong">Hong Cong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nodyn:Asia" title="Nodyn:Asia"><span title="Gweld y nodyn hwn" style=";">gw</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs_Nodyn:Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sgwrs Nodyn:Asia (dim tudalen ar gael)"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="Sgwrs am y nodyn hwn">sg</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Asia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="Golygu'r nodyn hwn">go</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia </a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwladwriaethau_sofranaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwladwriaethau sofranaidd">Gwladwriaethau sofranaidd</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Affganistan" title="Affganistan">Affganistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bhwtan" title="Bhwtan">Bhwtan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Corea" title="Corea">Corea</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_Corea" title="De Corea">De Corea</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Corea" title="Gogledd Corea">Gogledd Corea</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Emiradau_Arabaidd_Unedig" title="Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig">Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Fietnam" title="Fietnam">Fietnam</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Cyprus" title="Gogledd Cyprus">Gogledd Cyprus</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Iorddonen" title="Gwlad Iorddonen">Gwlad Iorddonen</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Irac" title="Irac">Irac</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Coweit" title="Coweit">Coweit</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cirgistan" title="Cirgistan">Cirgistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus">Libanus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maleisia" title="Maleisia">Maleisia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan">Pacistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Y_Philipinau" title="Y Philipinau">y Philipinau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sawdi_Arabia" title="Sawdi Arabia">Sawdi Arabia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Singap%C3%B4r" title="Singapôr">Singapôr</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanca" title="Sri Lanca">Sri Lanca</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tajicistan" title="Tajicistan">Tajicistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Tai" title="Gwlad Tai">Gwlad Tai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsieina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Tsieina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gweriniaeth Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Tsieina</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan">Tyrcmenistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wsbecistan" title="Wsbecistan">Wsbecistan</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_drawsgyfandirol" title="Gwlad drawsgyfandirol">Gwladwriaethau trawsgyfandirol</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-eilrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">Yr Aifft</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan">Aserbaijan</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Timor" title="Dwyrain Timor">Dwyrain Timor</a><sup><small>5</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a><sup><small>6</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a><sup><small>6</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Twrci</a><sup><small>6</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen">Iemen</a><sup><small>7</small></sup> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Tiriogaeth_ddibynnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiriogaeth ddibynnol">Tiriogaethau dibynnol</a>,<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardal_ymreolaethol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardal ymreolaethol (dim tudalen ar gael)">ardaloedd ymreolaethol</a>,<br />a <a href="/wiki/Tiriogaeth_(israniad_gwladol)" title="Tiriogaeth (israniad gwladol)">thiriogaethau</a> eraill</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong">Hong Cong</a><sup><small>8</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a><sup><small>8</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Y_Tiriogaethau_Palesteinaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Tiriogaethau Palesteinaidd">Tiriogaethau Palesteinaidd</a><sup><small>9</small></sup> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;" colspan="2">Dynodir <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwledydd_anghydnabyddedig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwledydd anghydnabyddedig">gwlad anghydnabyddedig neu a gydnabyddir yn rhannol</a> gan <i>lythrennau italig</i>.<br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Cydnabyddir gan <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Dwrci</a> yn unig. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Gyda'r mwyafrif o'i thir yn <a href="/wiki/Affrica" title="Affrica">Affrica</a>. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Yn <a href="/wiki/De_Orllewin_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Orllewin Asia">Ne Orllewin Asia</a> yn gyfan gwbwl, ond ystyrir yn rhan o <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> am resymau hanesyddol, gwleidyddol, ac/neu diwylliannol. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> Yn rhannol neu ddim o gwbwl yn Ewrop, yn dibynnu ar ddiffiniadau'r ffiniau rhwng Ewrop ac Asia. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> Ystyrid weithiau yn rhan o <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> Gyda lleiafrif o'i thir yn Asia. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>7</sup></span> Ystyrid ynysfor <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> yn rhan o Affrica. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>8</sup></span> Gweinyddir gan Weriniaeth Pobl Tsieina. </span> <span class="nowrap"><span style="position:relative; top:0.2em;"><sup>9</sup></span> Nid yn llwyr annibynnol. </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132441531">132441531</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573772">00573772</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&oldid=11834249">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&oldid=11834249</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tsieina" title="Categori:Tsieina">Tsieina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gwladwriaethau_a_thiriogaethau_a_sefydlwyd_ym_1949" title="Categori:Gwladwriaethau a thiriogaethau a sefydlwyd ym 1949">Gwladwriaethau a thiriogaethau a sefydlwyd ym 1949</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gweriniaethau" title="Categori:Gweriniaethau">Gweriniaethau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Categori:Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau%27r_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau'r Cenhedloedd Unedig">Aelod-wladwriaethau'r Cenhedloedd Unedig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau%27r_G20" title="Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau'r G20">Aelod-wladwriaethau'r G20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gwledydd_Asia" title="Categori:Gwledydd Asia">Gwledydd Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gwladwriaethau_comiwnyddol" title="Categori:Gwladwriaethau comiwnyddol">Gwladwriaethau comiwnyddol</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_gyda_meysydd_deublyg_yn_y_Nodion" title="Categori:Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion">Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_defnyddio_Nodyn_Gwybodlen_lle_Wicidata" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata">Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_microfformat_hAudio" title="Categori:Erthyglau microfformat hAudio">Erthyglau microfformat hAudio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Wikipedia_articles_with_VIAF_identifiers" title="Categori:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_Tsieineeg" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tsieineeg">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tsieineeg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_Portiwgaleg" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Portiwgaleg">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Portiwgaleg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Categori:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 13 Gorffennaf 2023, am 15:02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. Gweler y <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Telerau Gwasanaeth</a> am fanylion.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polisi preifatrwydd</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Yngl%C5%B7n_%C3%A2_Wicipedia">Ynglŷn â Wicipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Gwadiad_Cyffredinol">Gwadiadau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod Ymddygiad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Datblygwyr</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/cy.wikipedia.org">Ystadegau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Datganiad cwcis</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsieina&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Golwg symudol</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zpn8c","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_c1236b564770671d745edb7449a11f4c238367f7":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q29520","properties":{"title":"Tsieina","marker-symbol":"marker","stroke-width":0.5,"marker-color":"#1E90FF","fill":"#F5A9A9"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q29520","properties":{"title":"geomask3","marker-symbol":"marker","stroke-width":0.5,"fill-opacity":0.33,"marker-color":"#1E90FF","fill":"#FFFFE0"}},{"features":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[110,40],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#1E90FF","title":"Tsieina","marker-symbol":"marker"}}],"type":"FeatureCollection"}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.466","walltime":"0.614","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19486,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":74141,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":38378,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":47406,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 526.014 1 -total"," 47.62% 250.502 1 Nodyn:Lle"," 45.10% 237.256 1 Nodyn:Infobox"," 23.43% 123.242 1 Nodyn:Cyfeiriadau"," 20.69% 108.837 1 Nodyn:Asia"," 19.99% 105.126 1 Nodyn:Blwch_llywio"," 19.00% 99.939 73 Nodyn:If_first_display_both"," 13.24% 69.646 101 Nodyn:ISO-gwlad"," 10.90% 57.330 5 Nodyn:Cite_web"," 6.12% 32.176 1 Nodyn:Dylunio_map"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.191","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5232160,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7d588db968-wrlqr","timestamp":"20241105002357","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tsieina","url":"https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsieina","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29520","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29520","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-26T01:14:13Z","dateModified":"2023-07-13T15:02:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg"}</script> </body> </html>