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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#評價"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>評價</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-評價-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">宣信者马克西姆</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。45种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81" title="مكسيموس المعترف – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكسيموس المعترف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81" title="ماكسيموس المعترف – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكسيموس المعترف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim" title="Maksim – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maksim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0xim_el_Confessor" title="Màxim el Confessor – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màxim el Confessor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Vyznava%C4%8D" title="Maxim Vyznavač – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maxim Vyznavač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_Confessor" title="Maximus Confessor – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maximus Confessor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Μάξιμος ο Ομολογητής – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάξιμος ο Ομολογητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maximus the Confessor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Maksimo_la_Konfesanto" title="Sankta Maksimo la Konfesanto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Maksimo la Konfesanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_el_Confesor" title="Máximo el Confesor – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máximo el Confesor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ماکسیموس اعتراف‌گیرنده – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکسیموس اعتراف‌گیرنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimos_Tunnustaja" title="Maksimos Tunnustaja – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maksimos Tunnustaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_le_Confesseur" title="Maxime le Confesseur – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maxime le Confesseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo_o_Confesor" title="Máximo o Confesor – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máximo o Confesor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מקסימוס הקונפסור – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקסימוס הקונפסור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Ispovijedalac" title="Maksim Ispovijedalac – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maksim Ispovijedalac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitvall%C3%B3_Szent_Maximosz" title="Hitvalló Szent Maximosz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hitvalló Szent Maximosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Մաքսիմոս Խոստովանող – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքսիմոս Խոստովանող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimus_Pengaku_Iman" title="Maksimus Pengaku Iman – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maksimus Pengaku Iman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_il_Confessore" title="Massimo il Confessore – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massimo il Confessore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9" title="聖マクシモス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖マクシモス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მაქსიმე აღმსარებელი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქსიმე აღმსარებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90_%EB%A7%89%EC%8B%9C%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="고백자 막시모스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고백자 막시모스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_Confessor" title="Maximus Confessor – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maximus Confessor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksims_Apliecin%C4%81t%C4%81js" title="Maksims Apliecinātājs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maksims Apliecinātājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim%C3%B4sy_avy_any_K%C3%B4nstantin%C3%B4p%C3%B4lisy" title="Maksimôsy avy any Kônstantinôpôlisy – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maksimôsy avy any Kônstantinôpôlisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Максим Исповедник – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Максим Исповедник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വേദസാക്ഷി മാക്സിമസ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേദസാക്ഷി മാക്സിമസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_Confessor" title="Maximus Confessor – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maximus Confessor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_bekjenneren" title="Maximus bekjenneren – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maximus bekjenneren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maime_lo_Confessaire" title="Maime lo Confessaire – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maime lo Confessaire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksym_Wyznawca" title="Maksym Wyznawca – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maksym Wyznawca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ximo,_o_Confessor" title="Máximo, o Confessor – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máximo, o Confessor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_M%C4%83rturisitorul" title="Maxim Mărturisitorul – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maxim Mărturisitorul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Максим Исповедник – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Максим Исповедник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Ispovednik" title="Maksim Ispovednik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maksim Ispovednik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maximus the Confessor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Vyzn%C3%A1va%C4%8D" title="Maxim Vyznávač – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maxim Vyznávač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Spoznavalec" title="Maksim Spoznavalec – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maksim Spoznavalec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Максим Исповедник – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Максим Исповедник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximos_Bek%C3%A4nnaren" title="Maximos Bekännaren – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maximos Bekännaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimo_Muungamadini" title="Maksimo Muungamadini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maksimo Muungamadini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimos_(aziz)" title="Maksimos (aziz) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maksimos (aziz)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Максим Сповідник – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Максим Сповідник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="معترف ماکسیموس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معترف ماکسیموس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>没有列出任何<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">参考或来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年10月31日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>維基百科所有的內容都應該<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">可供查證</a>。请协助補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximus_Confessor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Maximus_Confessor.jpg/220px-Maximus_Confessor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Maximus_Confessor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>宣信者聖马克西姆</figcaption></figure> <p><b>宣信者马克西姆</b>（英語：St Maximus the Confessor，580年—661年8月13日），或稱認信者馬克西姆。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>神学家、学者、教父、修道士，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="东正教">东正教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="圣公会">圣公会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="路德宗">路德宗</a>圣徒、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E4%BF%AE%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" title="精修聖人">宣信者</a>。曾受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%95%A5" title="希拉克略">希拉克略</a>的邀請，擔任私人國事秘書一職，但就任不久即離職，入了幾個修道院，成為修道士。聽到有关<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>的內容就開啟他的反對争论生涯，他支持迦克墩派观点，因此遭到审判受到酷刑，舌头和右手被割并流放至死<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a>。後來皇帝、主教們和信徒們都認定他是迦克墩偉大的信仰辯護者，所以尊稱他為「任信者（或宣信者）」。他極力支持的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%BA%8C%E5%BF%97%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督二志說（页面不存在）">基督二志說</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="第三次君士坦丁堡公會議">第三次君士坦丁堡公会议</a>得到承认，他的著作也得到平反，成為詮釋與教導信仰的正統標準著作。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="思想"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>思想</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：思想"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>馬克西姆身為教父，是被東西方教會皆認可的，其神學也是當代普世教會所知道的。他的神學呈現出清晰的宇宙觀，也有天主教傳統的一部份。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在馬克西姆的宇宙論中有解釋到：「獨一的道就是萬有的理，萬有的理即是獨一的道。」，<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而基督就是那道與真理，這是宇宙論的出發點，神是從虛無、混沌中，形成、創造了可見的與不可見的。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>這觀點在七世紀時，無論是從神學還是哲學，都還沒有融入在當時的文化。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>儘管如此，馬克西姆依然堅持其所信。 </p><p>馬克西姆認為，「神的意願就是在萬有之先的理」，也就是說，神所創造的萬物之所以可以成為自己，就是因為是在神裡面，在神良善的意願當中，而這創造的行動也是神自由的行動。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>上述提到的神的自由，是馬克西姆反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>的論證。他表示神是不必受到必然性的束縛，神的本性就是神，就是造物主，本性是美善的。這樣想，誰賦予神必然性？<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>馬克西姆對創造的神學性描述，提到「事物並非屬性的集合，事物可以被屬性表達，但屬性不能被事物表述。」，也提到神的意願是萬有生存的依據，萬有因著神的意願（萬有之理）而活動。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以人來舉例說明，人性的本質屬性，是神賦予人的；人始終是人，但也是自由的，在自己本性的範圍內，可以自主地去思考與行動；而這一切都是在神的意願之下。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>總結上述所說，這是馬克西姆的本體論，是他基督教的實體觀，所有受造物在某種意義上皆是神的啟示，<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>都在神裡面、在神之下。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神學論爭－基督一志論vs.基督二志說"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E5.AD.B8.E8.AB.96.E7.88.AD.EF.BC.8D.E5.9F.BA.E7.9D.A3.E4.B8.80.E5.BF.97.E8.AB.96vs..E5.9F.BA.E7.9D.A3.E4.BA.8C.E5.BF.97.E8.AA.AA"></span>神學論爭－基督一志論vs.基督二志說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：神學論爭－基督一志論vs.基督二志說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在第三次君士坦丁堡會議有涉及一場神學論爭，即是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%BA%8C%E5%BF%97%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督二志說（页面不存在）">基督二志說</a>，最後獲勝的基督二志說是以馬克西姆的作為主要代表。馬克西姆對基督二志說的堅持，反映出對人的自由意志的肯定。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 馬克西姆的基督二志說，不只是他神學的其中一環，而是體現了他神學的一個基調－即聯合即分別的神學（theology of simultaneous union and distinction）：「結合的事物在一不可分離的聯合中仍然保持別殊而又不混淆（thing united remain distinct and without confusion in an inseparable union）」，這也不只是在他的基督論體現，也體現在他的三一論及教會論。<sup id="cite_ref-#1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>雖說馬克西姆支持迦克墩派觀點，但迦克墩的傳統對於馬克西姆來說只是神學資源的一部份，馬克西姆真正想說的不只是基督論的條文，而是基督的奧秘；而這奧秘並非只關於基督，而是整個宇宙。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對於「愛」的思想及著作"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E6.96.BC.E3.80.8C.E6.84.9B.E3.80.8D.E7.9A.84.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3.E5.8F.8A.E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>對於「愛」的思想及著作</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：對於「愛」的思想及著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於愛，馬克西姆強調愛是生於無情慾，信徒需要克服以及自愛。這樣無情慾的詮釋是積極地指向完全的愛，其中包含平等對待鄰舍，是一種豐盛的新生，積極參與愛裡的平等。因為整個受造的合一是神對世界的心意，情慾與自愛的目標可說是相反，因此需要去克服。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>馬克西姆嚮往神與人的合一，在他的著作＜論愛四百則＞中有說到：「只有神才是本來就美善，只有仿傲神的人才從本意而成為美善的。因為他的目的就是要把壞人與本來美善的他聯合一處，使他們也變成美善。」<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他不僅表達了神平等的愛世人，也表示信徒也應平等愛世人。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會政治與背景"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E8.88.87.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>社會政治與背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：社會政治與背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>481年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%A2%A9%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="迦克墩公會議">迦克墩公會議</a>標誌著一個未分裂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>的結束。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 當時皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%95%A5" title="希拉克略">希拉克略</a>為了將使教會重新團結起來，避開談論 “一個精力（energy）”，而強調基督只有一個意志，即神的意志。期待這樣的方案能夠將教會合一起來，調節<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%A2%A9%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="迦克墩公會議">迦克墩公會議</a>後的在基督“神人二性”的神學爭論點。但“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>”卻引起了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>的神學爭議。<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瑪定一世">教宗馬丁</a>贊成基督具有兩個意志。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而在此期間，馬克西母也是支持"耶穌二志說"的主導者。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>580年</b>：他出生于<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>一個很有名望的家庭；長大後成為一名鼎鼎大名的政府官員，受皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%95%A5" title="希拉克略">希拉克略</a>的邀請，擔任他的私人國事秘書。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>614年</b>：但後來辭去皇室職位，去作修道士。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 三十出頭時開始了修道生涯，馬克西母成為修道士後，就投身於希臘集體生活的祈禱和苦行戒律生活中。馬克西姆在希臘文學上受過良好訓練，語言思維分析習慣上都是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德">亞里斯多德</a>學派的。他在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="小亞細亞">小亞細亞</a>和北非的幾座修道院待過。在其中一個地方，他遇到了未來耶路撒冷主教聖索菲羅尼烏斯，影響他的生活與思想方向，以新的思維來提高人們對危險的意識。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 修道生涯中，第一個地方在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%88%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="于斯屈达尔">克裡索波斯</a>, 10年後，他輾轉到了<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a>，最後來到<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA" title="迦太基">迦太基</a>的郊區。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>632年</b> ：抵達<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA" title="迦太基">迦太基</a>時，他第1次聽到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>，並立志反對這個學說。之後便自己提出基督二志說。因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>的提出，這一爭議也引起了教會與民間的熱烈爭議，但同時大家也已經厭倦了細微之處教義之爭，皇帝期望急於恢復統一，以抵禦東方的入侵，得到一個簡單的答案，就妥協了。但馬克西母卻沒有。馬克西母的反對理由很充分。快速地尋求簡單的答案、妥協和快速解決方案，至少是早期神學家從一個異端邪說轉向另一個的原因之一。他提到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>會引起嚴重的問題，例如，如何理解耶穌在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A5%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E5%9B%AD" title="客西马尼园">客西馬尼園</a>的痛苦，如果他只有一個意志，那他的掙扎是什麼呢？於是痛苦就變成了一種假像。馬克西姆便輕鬆地贏得了辯論。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>649年</b>：他前往羅馬與教宗<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瑪定一世">瑪定一世</a>磋商，並於參加了拉特蘭會議，在那裡辯論占了上風。但皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦斯二世">君士坦斯二世</a>和君斯坦丁堡的牧首卻依然支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-#2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>653年</b>：皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦斯二世">君士坦斯二世</a>下令逮捕馬克西姆和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瑪定一世">瑪定</a>，由於兩人都拒絕接受新方案，他們被流放了。<sup id="cite_ref-#2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>655年5月</b>：拜占庭軍隊逮捕馬克西姆及與其同一站線的<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瑪定一世">瑪定一世</a>，將他們帶到<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>審判，並以叛國罪定罪，因為拜占庭軍隊想重建羅馬帝國，絕不允許不合一的聲音出現。而馬克西姆卻不願與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>妥協，公然駁斥皇帝對於教會與神學的權威。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>661年8月13日</b>：他被召回<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>，皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦斯二世">君士坦斯二世</a>讓他撤回“基督二志說”的看法，他卻不願與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>妥協，於是公然拒絕，法官決定讓馬克西姆永遠閉嘴。他命令折磨他的人割掉他的舌頭，砍掉他的右手，這樣他就再也不能反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>了。最後便受到酷刑致死。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>680-681年</b>：皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦丁四世">君士坦丁四世</a>想調和羅馬與君斯坦丁的張力，在伊斯蘭大軍壓近東部時，他認為平息羅馬爭議很重要，於是舉辦了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="第三次君士坦丁堡公會議">第三次君士坦丁堡公会议</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>會議最終譴責了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%B8%80%E5%BF%97%E8%AE%BA" title="基督一志论">基督一志論</a>，並聲明基督具有兩個天賦意志。馬克西母也成為東正教的大英雄，東正教也把他的宇宙救贖觀視為合法教義。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 儘管馬克西姆到死也沒有看見他一生所堅持的，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="第三次君士坦丁堡公會議">第三次君士坦丁堡公会议</a>迴應了他堅持最好的答案！ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="評價"><span id=".E8.A9.95.E5.83.B9"></span>評價</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：評價"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一位<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="東正教">東正教</a>神學家說：馬克西母可以稱為真正<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>神學之父。過去的合法傳統，即<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="俄立根">俄立根</a>、艾華格留斯、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E7%88%B6" title="迦帕多家教父">迦帕多家教父</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%85" title="亞歷山大的區利羅">亞歷山大的區利羅</a>，惟有透過馬克西母的系統，才能適得其所，保存於東方的基督教中。要瞭解<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>的整個神學，但不認識馬克西母的綜合法，至今仍是走不通的巷子。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 認信者馬克西母是偉大的神學家，希臘教會屬靈教師。<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他對<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="迦帕多家">迦帕多家</a>、埃瓦格留斯的修道院傳統與儀式，以及狄奧尼修斯都有較大的影響力。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>古代教會史上，曾有像馬克西姆同樣堅持教義不妥協的神學家--<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BB%96%E9%82%A3%E4%BF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="亞他那修">亞他那修</a>，認為沒有打折的真理，對於真理妥協一點點，也不能認識真理。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著作"><span id=".E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>他的代表作《神秘學》，他以一種莊嚴、教條主義的風格或一篇冗長的文章反映了上帝的全般神秘。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>馬克西母的神學風格和方法相當引人注目，他很容易從神學轉向靈性實踐，他也比任何其他教父時代的神學家都更好地融合東西方思想的最佳品質。以下是馬克西姆一些優秀作品的譯文。這些是用於修士默想時候使用，譯作“世紀（Centuries）”,這里列舉83-85：<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>標題：<b>當別人對你流言蜚語</b> </p><p>83：有人在背後說你壞話。不要恨他，總要恨那搬弄是非和鼓勵搬弄是非的鬼。你們若恨那搬弄是非的人，就是違背了戒命，他用口犯罪，你就用行為犯罪。但如果你遵守這個命令，這就是你愛的證明了，如果你還能幫助他，他也可以脫離這樣的惡。 </p><p>84：基督不要你恨其他人，或者因任何短暫原因引發的痛苦、悲傷或怨恨，這是清楚明白地在四福音書裡面宣稱的。 </p><p>85：如果你真心為散佈流言蜚語的人禱告，上帝就會向那些聽到流言蜚語的人揭露真相。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">奧爾森(Roger E. Olson)，＜神學的故事＞，吳瑞誠、徐成德譯（臺北市：校園書房，2002），350。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">潘少鐸，＜《願你受讚頌》中生態神學思想的宇宙論基礎－以宣信者馬克西姆的神學為據＞，《道風：基督教文化評論》第四十九A期（2018）：4。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximus the Confessor, On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua (2 volumes; ed. & trans. Nicolas Constas; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014), vol. 1, p. 101。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximus the Confessor, On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua, vol. 1, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">潘少鐸，＜《願你受讚頌》中生態神學思想的宇宙論基礎－以宣信者馬克西姆的神學為據＞，9。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximus the Confessor, On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua, vol. 1, 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">潘少鐸，＜《願你受讚頌》中生態神學思想的宇宙論基礎－以宣信者馬克西姆的神學為據＞，10。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opuscula Theologica et Polemica 28 (Dispute with Pyrrhus), PG 91, 293B-C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambiguum 17:3-6; PG91, 1225A-1228A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">潘少鐸，＜《願你受讚頌》中生態神學思想的宇宙論基礎－以宣信者馬克西姆的神學為據＞，11。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">潘少鐸，＜《願你受讚頌》中生態神學思想的宇宙論基礎－以宣信者馬克西姆的神學為據＞，12。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">奧爾森(Roger E. Olson)，《神學的故事》，351。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph P. Farrell, Free Choice in St Maximus the Confessor (South Canan, PA: St Tikhon’s Seminary Press, 1989), p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">賴品超，＜神愛、人愛與自他不二－一個漢語基督宗教的觀點＞，《道風：基督教文化評論》第四十九期（2018）：4。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">賴品超，＜神愛、人愛與自他不二－一個漢語基督宗教的觀點＞，5。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melchisedec Törönen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St Maximus the Confessor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), P. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melchisedec Törönen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St Maximus the Confessor, 2-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St Maximus the Confessor, On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ (trans. Paul M. Blowers & Robert Louis Wilken; Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">馬克西姆，＜論愛四百則＞，1:2；見頁233。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lars Thunberg, Man and the Cosmos: The Vision of St Maximus the Confessor (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1985), p.94-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">賴品超，＜神愛、人愛與自他不二－一個漢語基督宗教的觀點＞，6。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">馬克西姆，＜論愛四百則＞，3:90；見頁300。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">賴品超，＜神愛、人愛與自他不二－一個漢語基督宗教的觀點＞，6-7。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">馬克西姆，＜論愛四百則＞，1:17、1:25、1:71、2:10；見頁235-236、242、249。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">賴品超，＜神愛、人愛與自他不二－一個漢語基督宗教的觀點＞，7。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bentley Hart, “The Story of Christianity” (New York: Quercus, 2015): 126-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everett Ferguson, “Church History Volume One: The Rise and Growth of the Church in Its Cultural, Intellectual, And Political Context” (Michigan: Zondervan, 2005), 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">華爾克，《基督教會史》，基督教神學教育叢書4，謝受靈、趙毅之譯（香港：基督教文藝出版，1970），258。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">奧爾森（Roger E. Olson），《神學的故事》，吳瑞誠，徐成德譯（臺北：校園書房出版社，2002），349-50。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Benedetto, “The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: Volume One.” (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008), 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Aquilina, “The Fathers of the Church 3rd Edition: An Introduction to the First Christian Teachers”, (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Vistor,2013), 298-302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian E. Daley, SJ. “Maximus the Confessor and John of Damascus on the Trinity,” (Michigan, IN: Baker Academic, 2014), 83-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Aquilina, “The Fathers of the Church 3rd Edition: An Introduction to the First Christian Teachers”,300-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_34-0"><sup><b>34.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_34-1"><sup><b>34.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">奧爾森（Roger E. Olson），《神學的故事》，349-50。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Aquilina, “The Fathers of the Church 3rd Edition: An Introduction to the First Christian Teachers”,298-302；奧爾森（Roger E. Olson），《神學的故事》，349-50。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everett Ferguson, “Church History Volume One, 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">奧爾森，《神學的故事》，355。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">同上，351。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">華爾克，《基督教會史》，258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Benedetto, “The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: Volume One.” 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian E. Daley, SJ. "Maximus the Confessor and John of Damascus on the Trinity," 83-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Aquilina, "The Fathers of the Church 3rd Edition: An Introduction to the First Christian Teachers" 301-2.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=宣信者马克西姆&oldid=80801720">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=宣信者马克西姆&oldid=80801720</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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